256:
the western quay of the
Vieille Darse, called the "Grand Rang". This building had a vast vaulted first floor with three bays; the hospital occupied the first floor. Two square corner towers with pyramidal roofs completed the north and south sides; the convicts' chapel was housed in the northern tower. The rest of the building was used for administrative services. The able-bodied convicts had been housed where the hospital used to be. In 1814, they were moved to a 115-meter-long east-west building, perpendicular to the hospital, built in 1783 on the south-west quay of the Vieille Darse, between the Chaîne Vieille de la passe and the Grand Rang. Nearby, a ship known as the "Admiral" was moored to guard the channel and fire the morning and evening cannons.
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292:) forced France to try to compete with the British fleet. The development of galleys in the arsenals of Toulon, Cherbourg, Brest, and Rochefort was directly linked to the need for forced labor to build and rebuild the French fleet. Although rare, galleys continued to be used during the Revolution, as demonstrated by the law of August 22, 1790, which imposed the penalty on thieves or carriers ashore of a ship's ammunition worth more than fifty francs. Some prisoners were convicted under the Ancien régime, with the penal code of 1791.
325:. They must serve a double sentence of relegation equivalent to the duration of their hard labor sentence. This is known as "doubling". Convicts refer to each other as "toughs", "those below", "crowbars", or "those above", to distinguish between first-time offenders ("toughs") and repeat offenders ("those above"). The prison administration does not mix them. This would refer to the location of each group in the holds (top or bottom) of the prison ship (the Loire, then the Martinière) making the Atlantic crossing.
533:
556:
497:, the Sainte-Anne agricultural penal colony was officially authorized to open. Its aim was to clear the island's land for cultivation. The first contingent arrived on March 23, 1861. When the Ajaccio children's prison closed, 65 convicts were transferred to Sainte-Anne on September 28, 1866. A revolt broke out on October 2, leading to the deaths of more than a dozen children, before order was restored on the island on October 4 by an army and
482:
Prison were sent to work in the fields daily. A colony was set up there in 1847 due to the acquisition of the
Douaires farm. This institution closed in 1925. In 1832, Count d'Argout proposed apprenticeships for these children, but this proposal was not accepted, and in 1836, a prison was set up for children: Petite-Roquette in Paris. In 1840, the first private agricultural colony was set up in
223:
63:
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568:, in the Ajaccio region, in the Saint-Antoine valley, under the name of Colonie correctionnelle de Saint-Antoine. The establishment was a state-run detention center, a veritable children's penal colony. They were abolished, along with the agricultural colonies, with the 1945 Ordinance on delinquent children.
481:
The agricultural and maritime penal colonies for minors were veritable schools for crime. Following the 1810 penal code's separation of adults and children, some experiments were made on juvenile delinquents. Another agricultural colony experiment began in 1824. Young inmates from the
Gaillon Central
332:
in 1864, at a time when the Navy was switching from sail to steam, making the need for manpower less important. This transfer was also because convicts from mainland France were taking work away from honest workers and were considered too dangerous to be kept in the country (police reports point to a
486:. It was intended for juvenile delinquents who were to be employed in agricultural work. Following this, the law of August 5, 1850, generalized this type of establishment, and some fifty private agricultural colonies were set up throughout France. An agricultural penal colony was also established at
369:
On
September 4, 1891, the implementing decree on prison disciplinary regulations prohibited convicts from receiving any remuneration for their work. However, after the publication of the decree, convicts (the lightest sentences and transported prisoners who had completed their sentence) continued to
593:
studied the island's agricultural penal colony. This former children's penitentiary on îlet à Guillaume was founded in 1864 and run by the
Missionary Congregation of the Holy Spirit. Up to 4,000 children were confined here. Its closure was ordered in 1871, but only became effective in 1879. It has
464:
The French army also set up colonial military prisons in North Africa, intended for strong-headed convicts and the military service of common-law convicts. The convicted soldiers were derisively called "joyeux" (happy). From 1889 (introduction of compulsory national service for convicts from civil
255:
Due to the poor sanitary conditions, in 1777, a hospital was set up in the casemates of the southeast rampart of Darse Vauban, where additional buildings were erected against the rampart. Then, in 1797, the hospital moved to a huge 200-meter-long building, oriented north-south, built-in 1783 along
414:
After 1868, the cost of the return journey to France or North Africa remained the responsibility of the convict. However, due to the lack of work in the region, most released convicts were rarely able to pay for their return. For sentences of hard labor exceeding eight years: after serving their
238:
had to house the convicts. At first, this was done on the galleys, to which vessels were added, and which came to be known as floating bagnes. By the end of the 18th century, there were some 3,000 convicts in Toulon. They were mainly employed in heavy labor, earthworks, and construction, in the
1305:
366:'s imagination. The Toulon penal colony ceased to exist in 1873. Its buildings were distributed among various military services involved in coastal defense, including the Centre d'études de la Marine and the Artillerie de côte. They survived until 1944 when they were almost destroyed.
438:
The first three categories could be authorized to work outside penitentiaries and camps for private individuals (family boys) or the administration. They could also receive a concession (land to develop) and, later, an urban concession (bakery or other work of collective interest).
349:
In 1836, the Toulon prison had 4,305 inmates, 1,193 of whom were sentenced to life: 174 to over 20 years, 382 to between 16 and 20 years, 387 to between 11 and 15 years, 1,469 to between 5 and 10 years and 700 to less than 5 years. Many famous convicts spent time here, including
251:
was a disciplinary punishment, along with caning with rope. These punishments gradually eased. Food, which included little meat and a ration of wine for the workers, was mostly based on dried vegetables, hence the name "gourgane" ("beans" in Provençal) given to their guards.
341:
instituted colonial penal colonies with the law of May 30, 1854, article 1 of which stipulates that "in future, the penalty of hard labor will be served in establishments created by decree of the
Emperor, on the territory of one or more French possessions other than
563:
For insubordinate offenders from the agricultural colonies and for children under 16 sentenced to more than 2 years, the state set up a more repressive structure called "Colonie
Correctionnelle". This penal institution for young inmates was set up in
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501:
detachment. A trial followed in
January 1867. The colony was finally evacuated on November 23, 1878. A memorial has been erected on the site of the cemetery, consisting of a stone with plaques listing the names of the children who died there.
299:
transformed the galley sentence into an iron penalty. This sentence did not change the way convict labor was carried out in the arsenals. It wasn't until the transportation policy was introduced in 1850 that the French prison system changed.
320:
The law of May 27, 1885, introduced relegation for repeat offenders, leading to "perpetual internment on the territory of French colonies or possessions": after their sentence, convicted repeat offenders could not return to
406:
applied to convicts sentenced to forced labor. It was accompanied by doubling the sentence: anyone sentenced to less than 8 years of hard labor had to reside in the colony for a period equal to that of the sentence, under
447:
The sentence of relegation did not apply to any particular offense. It was enough to have been convicted several times to be relegated to French Guiana. Relegation was always for life. There were two types of relegués:
30:
was enforced. These establishments were typically in penal colonies or galleys where there were the port bagnes (or maritime bagnes). Not all convicts in the penal system were sentenced to forced labor.
2330:
559:
Congé issued to a convict released from
Lorient in March 1810, authorizing him to go to his commune and report to the police commissioner in application of the imperial decree of July 17, 1806.
402:, though subsequently found innocent, was sentenced to deportation). As French political prisoners, deportees were not required to work. This was not the case for prisoners from the colonies.
1579:
2018:
2990:
Maréchal de France, vice-Amiral, & vice-Roi de l'Amérique et de Victor-Marie d'Estrées, son fils, Duc & Pair, Maréchal de France, vice-Amiral, & vice (Roi de l'Amérique)
313:
From the 1840s onwards, politicians wanted to remove criminals from France. This policy of transportation began with the military prisons (disciplinary companies) set up in
264:
Attaching the penal colony to the navy made it easier to organize the workforce. Equipping and fitting out a first-rank vessel (over 100 guns, 3 decks) cost an average of 1
2254:
2979:
Barbé de
Marbois, François (1835). "Journal d'un déporté non jugé, ou déportation en violation des lois, décrétée le 18 fructidor an V, t. 1, Paris, Chatet, Fourcier J".
2229:
295:
From the time of the Directoire and then the Empire, there was a return to a policy of repression. The number of convicts rose from 4,000 in 1795 to 10,000 in 1812. The
2586:"Un établissement pénitentiaire singulier dans «l'archipel punitif» de l'armée française en Algérie : L'établissement des fers de Douera puis de Bône (1855-1858)"
716:
346:. Nevertheless, in the event of an impediment to the transfer of convicts, and until such impediment has ceased, the sentence will be temporarily served in France".
614:
abolished deportation, but detention in a penal colony remained in force until 1945. On August 1, 1953, the last convicts and their supervisors returned to France.
179:, known as chrome, were then assigned to the port bagnes (except galley slaves selected for rowing) and were required to work in the Navy's ports and arsenals. The
2477:
1886:
508:
2279:
520:
247:, convicts were branded with red iron. One foot was encircled by a ring fitted with a chain to immobilize them. The "toughest" were chained two by two; the
109:), and definitively abolished in 1945 (detention in a bagne). However, the last prisoners had to complete their sentences and were not released until 1953.
211:
where all the prison facilities were located until the middle of the eighteenth century. The rowers generally remained on board when the galleys stayed in
2305:
532:
465:
courts), many of the soldiers from the special corps (from Biribi) made their way through the following bagne archipelago: correctional homes for minors (
2567:
Note d'orientation dans les archives relatives aux bagnes pour des recherchers d'ordre généalogique/biographique - archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr
831:
Camp Crique Anguille (Montsinéry-Tonnegrande), also known as the "Bagne des Annamites", where Indochinese opponents of French colonization were held.
317:
at the start of the colonial conquest. This transfer was justified by promoting the colony's development, which transformed it into a penal colony.
2069:
544:
119:, doubling the sentence meant that all convicts had to stay on after serving their sentence, for a period equivalent to their initial sentence.
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sentence, convicts were assigned to reside in the colony for the rest of their lives. Convicts were divided into categories (law of May 1854):
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La transportation pénale et la relégation d'après les lois des 30 mai, 1854 et 27 mai, 1885: étude historique, juridique et critique ...
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A livre tournois in 1720 corresponded to 0.31 grams of pure gold, and the Franc germinal from 1805 to 1914 to 0.322 5 g of pure gold.
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convicts were transported to other French prison sites to make up for the shortage of manpower due to losses in living conditions.
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in 1852 and 1853, supplemented by the Transportation Act of 1854. They were only abolished in 1938 (transportation to a bagne by
3078:
127:
1046:
The figure of the convict and the penitentiary were to inspire the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. Victor Hugo, in
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internment of political opponents in a bagne: Communards in Nouméa, anarchists, and anti-militarists in Biribi, Dreyfus, on
431:
transported 4th class, 1st section (commonly known as doublage): released prisoners required to reside in French Guiana.
200:
188:
351:
3068:
1913:"Les archives des bagnes de Cayenne et de Nouvelle-Calédonie : la sous-série colonies H aux archives nationales"
1890:
2622:
281:
3032:
interview with Marion Godfroy, collected by Marianne Payot, published 03/05/2004 (updated 23/10/2006), lexpress.fr
1800:
1743:
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to be organized on a kingdom-wide scale. With the September 27, 1748 decree, Louis XV abolished the galley corps.
1467:
443:
Assignees worked for private individuals, including prison officials, who received their wages (the family boys).
296:
285:
1917:
Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle. Société d'histoire de la révolution de 1848 et des révolutions du XIXe siècle
3083:
2382:
960:
3036:
2331:"La colonie pénitentiaire de l'Ilet à Guillaume : un bagne pour enfants dans les hauts de Saint-Denis"
3058:
2503:
2121:
1306:"The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, 1838 - National Gallery Picture Library"
156:
2280:"De l'isolement aux « bagnes pour enfants » : l'impitoyable justice des mineurs française"
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1148:
383:
148:
688:
452:
collectives, living in a camp, fed and housed, obliged to work, but receiving only 2/3 of their salary,
2406:
983:
979:
370:
receive a salary when they worked for the prison administration. They can also work on their account.
1201:
1191:
483:
470:
403:
379:
2928:
Les bagnes: histoires, types; mœurs, mystères, Paris, Gustave Havard, Dutertre et Michel Lévy Frères
2542:"Terre de bagne en mer de Chine : Poulo Condore (1862-1953) - Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières"
1255:
583:. Jean Genet recounts his journey from the Mettray penal colony to the Fontevrault power station in
428:
transported 3rd class, 2nd section: affiliated with secret societies (these are political convicts).
3031:
3027:
3022:
466:
322:
277:
164:
1056:
journalistic investigations by writer Jacques Dhur on the Biribi penal colony before 1914, and by
808:
There is only one prison in French Guiana, but it is made up of several camps and penitentiaries.
2459:
2000:
1449:
1375:, Horizons anglophones, Montpellier: Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée, pp. 91–112,
675:
607:
391:
1105:
576:
967:
555:
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Système pénitentiaire : le bagne, la prison cellulaire, la déportation, Le Mans, Monnoyer
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2180:
2101:
1990:
1965:
1928:
1866:
1841:
1776:
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1722:
1675:
1619:
1537:
1498:
1441:
1408:
1376:
1349:
1261:
1211:
1068:
1048:
595:
204:
1657:
2901:
Mémoires de Vidocq, chef de la police de Sûreté, jusqu'en 1827, coll. « Bouquins »
2856:
La colonie horticole de Saint Antoine, le bagne pour enfants d'Ajaccio sous le second Empire
2724:
2593:
2443:
1955:
1920:
1665:
1555:
1527:
1339:
434:
transported, 4th class, 2nd section: released prisoners required to reside in French Guiana.
333:
relaxation of discipline in the maritime convict colonies). It was against this backdrop of
244:
240:
39:
1017:
During the Napoleonic era, Italy boasted the bagnes of Genoa, Civitavecchia and La Spezia.
998:
2044:
1772:
Etablissements pénitentiaires coloniaux, 1792-1952, série Colonies H: répertoire numérique
681:
289:
269:
70:
66:
2177:
Jeunesse irrégulière : Moralisation, correction et tutelle judiciaire au XIXe siècle
140:
1947:
1468:"BAGNARDS A BREST by PHILIPPE HENWOOD: Bon Couverture souple (1986) | Le temps retrouvé"
1367:
Forsdick, Charles (2019), Aje, Lawrence; Lacroix, Thomas; Misrahi-Barak, Judith (eds.),
2205:
1769:
nationales (France), Archives; Clair, Sylvie; Krakovitch, Odile; Préteux, Jean (1990).
1156:
1057:
825:
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni penal colony (Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Saint-Jean-du-Maroni)
399:
314:
248:
3013:
Site with some information, quotations from Vidocq's "Mémoires" about the penal colony
1519:
3052:
2585:
1331:
1221:
1152:
1079:
636:
611:
494:
355:
329:
243:, differed in color according to the nature and reason for their sentence. Under the
184:
152:
113:
27:
2802:
Bagnard pour la République, journal d'Hilaire Maréchal, proscrit du 2 décembre 1851
2179:, Histoire (in French), Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp. 81–125,
2004:
1984:
1196:
1186:
1181:
633:
610:, undersecretary for the Colonies, a decree-law of June 17, 1938, signed by French
408:
359:
338:
219:
decreed the abolition of the Galères corps and their attachment to the Royal Navy.
176:
116:
973:
695:
572:
2639:
2356:
2095:
1820:
1770:
1613:
1492:
90:
were originally port bagnes (or maritime bagnes), which explains why part of the
498:
363:
334:
143:
in the 15th century. The penalty of the galleys was systematically applied from
106:
2729:
2716:
2447:
1532:
2883:
Les compagnons de la belle traduit de l'Américain « Dry guillotine »
2821:
Cayenne, matricule 51793 / Bande-dessinée de Stéphane Blanco et Laurent Perrin
2598:
1670:
1344:
1125:
590:
222:
91:
62:
2738:
2607:
2455:
1969:
1932:
1679:
1541:
1445:
1353:
657:
239:
Arsenal and even in town. The convicts' clothing, consisting of a cap and a
231:
208:
160:
144:
1598:
Toulon. Nouveau guide du voyageur dans l'ancienne et la nouvelle ville, etc
913:
3017:
2172:
1912:
1694:"La loi instaurant la relégation des récidivistes (1885) – Famille Ginoux"
1404:
The Sun King at Sea: Maritime Art and Galley Slavery in Louis XIV's France
1402:
1368:
455:
individuals who have their resources and only receive a quarterly call-up.
1960:
650:
216:
1520:"Bohémiens condamnés aux galères à l'époque du Roi-Soleil (1677 à 1715)"
1453:
1429:
1281:
959:
There were 11 penitentiaries in this territory. Until 1938, some of the
473:
and other colonies), colonial bagnes in North Africa, Bagne de Cayenne.
2964:
La grande géhenne, Paris, Librairie des sciences politiques et sociales
2463:
2431:
1662:
Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
1524:
Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
1336:
Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
1061:
992:
813:
643:
565:
395:
343:
95:
54:
50:
1948:"Le Château de Gaillon : un passé carcéral volontairement oublié"
2910:
Histoire de la déportation à Cayenne, Chalons-sur-Marne, J.-L. Le Roy
2690:
1216:
1206:
487:
328:
The maritime bagnes were then transferred to Cayenne in 1852, and to
235:
212:
180:
136:
102:
87:
74:
46:
3012:
1257:
Histoire des galères, bagnes et prisons en France de l'ancien régime
2695:
Saint-Laurent du Maroni, Capitale de l'ouest de la Guyane Française
1924:
139:, the use of convicts as rowers on the royal galleys dates back to
2436:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2097:
Le bagne des enfants: la colonie pénitentiaire de Belle-Île-en-Mer
1986:
Mettray: A History of France's Most Venerated Carceral Institution
554:
425:
transported 3rd class, 1st section: convicts in breach of the law.
221:
126:
61:
3043:
2478:"Ile de Ré : derrière le décor de carte postale, la prison"
2306:"A La Réunion, un "bagne d'enfants" sous l'œil des archéologues"
2146:
2019:"Sur l'île du Levant, le bagne des enfants revient à la mémoire"
1863:
Beyond Papillon: the French overseas penal colonies, 1854 - 1952
1840:. London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic.
1005:
668:
94:
of bagne and the prison comes from the vocabulary of the galley
35:
2624:
Aristide Bruant. - Paris: La Nouv. Soc. d'ed. (1930). 236 S. 8°
2173:"Chapitre II. Les colonies pénitentiaires (loi du 5 août 1850)"
1052:, Jean Valjean and the chain gang to the Toulon penal colony.
387:
1369:"'Bagne pas mort': Exploring Penal Heritage in French Guiana"
2955:
Ange Pitou: Agent royaliste et chanteur des rues (1767-1846)
798:
627:
2840:
Forçats corses, déportations au bagne de Toulon (1748-1873)
1865:. France overseas. Lincoln, Neb.: Univ. of Nebraska Press.
234:
for good, as its penal colony was abolished. From then on,
2848:
Histoire des prisons en France 1789-2000 ouvrage collectif
949:
The Nosy Lava penal colony is on the island of Nosy Lava.
589:
In October 2020, an archaeological excavation campaign on
1128:'s memories of the Mettray penal colony and of prison in
575:
colony that led to the 1945 reform. This revolt inspired
3037:
Le bagne des Iles du Salut (Royal, Saint Joseph, Diable
207:
and served by a special corps, was originally based in
101:
French colonial bagnes were established by a series of
26:
is a term used to describe a penal establishment where
2937:
Journal de ma déportation à la Guyane française, Paris
2774:
Collectif sous la direction de Claude Liauzu (2007).
2230:"1934. La révolte des enfants du bagne de Belle-Île"
2045:"Colonie agricole et pénitentiaire du Luc (Genèse)"
1171:, a 2009 documentary directed by Nicolas Lévy-Beff.
2988:Richer; Vies de Jean d’Estrées; Duc; Pair (1786).
1887:"Famous Lasts The Last Prisoner on Devil's Island"
989:Son La Prison (vi), established in 1932 in Tonkin.
469:and other prisons for minors) and penal colonies (
358:in 1840, and the impostor Pierre Coignard. As for
422:transported 2nd class: sentenced to imprisonment.
230:Toulon became the base for the galleys that left
195:Attachment of the Galères Corps to the Royal Navy
16:A place for forced labor in french penal colonies
2939:. Société d’éditions littéraires et artistiques.
2206:"Enfants en justice - Saint-Antoine (1855-1866)"
203:, headed by a galley general independent of the
1838:A global history of convicts and penal colonies
1430:"Ransoming "Turks" from France's Royal Galleys"
1093:, Mac Orlan Le Bataillon de la mauvaise chance.
828:Camp Charvein (also known as "Camp de la Mort")
419:transported 1st class: sentenced to hard labor.
276:million euros today. Successive conflicts (the
2358:Enfants du malheur ! Les bagnes d'enfants
1332:"Le siècle des bagnes coloniaux (1852 - 1953)"
819:Bagne des Îles du Salut (dependent on Cayenne)
2800:Cherrier, Bernard; Tierchant, Hélène (2014).
2502:MacLeod, Catriona; Wood, Sarah (2018-05-01).
2383:"Colonies pénitentiaires pour mineurs | ENAP"
8:
3023:History of the penal colony in French Guiana
2665:Vidocq, François; Lacassin, Francis (1998).
2122:"l'Ile du Levant et les bagnes pour enfants"
1819:Terrail, Pierre Alexis de Ponson du (1866).
1717:Calloch, Jean Marie; Arnaut, Robert (1979).
1026:Tataouine penal colony (Tataouine, Tunisia).
2627:(in French). La Nouvelle société d'édition.
1165:, a documentary film shot in Saint Laurent.
986:prison, established in 1932 in Cochinchina.
940:Islet à Guillaume penal colony for children
822:Mana penal colony (or women's penal colony)
151:, and particularly after 1685 to eradicate
1112:Dry guillotine, Les compagnons de la belle
687:Dépôt de Condamnés de Saint-Martin-de-Ré (
490:in the Gard department from 1856 to 1904.
2776:Dictionnaire de la colonisation française
2728:
2597:
1959:
1669:
1531:
1401:Martin, Meredith; Weiss, Gillian (2022).
1343:
2935:Laffon de Ladébat, André-Daniel (1912).
2917:Almire Lepelletier de la Sarthe (1853).
1032:Douera/Bône penal colony (Algeria).
131:Galère ordinaire la Dauphine (1690–1715)
2962:Darquitain, V.; Le Boucher, L. (1928).
2754:
2361:(in French). La Manufacture de livres.
2255:"La colonie pénitentiaire de Belle-Ile"
1254:Castan, Nicole; Zysberg, André (2002).
1233:
1074:song, in particular Aristide Bruand in
504:
159:. The Galleys's arsenal was located in
2528:
1814:
1812:
1794:
1792:
937:Domaine de la Providence Penitentiary
765:
723:
226:Toulon penal colony, mid-19th century
191:bagne were created for this purpose.
7:
3028:1854-1953 : C'était le bagne...
1658:"La relégation (loi du 27 mai 1885)"
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
737:
514:Plan of the Sainte-Anne penitentiary
374:Sentence categories in French Guiana
2715:Sanchez, Jean-Lucien (2017-09-01).
2644:(in French). Hachette Livre - BNF.
2023:France 3 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
1656:Sanchez, Jean-Lucien (2005-01-01).
792:Bagne (penal establishment) (Earth)
538:View of the children's penitentiary
3018:Les bagnes descendants des galères
3001:. Paris: les Éditions du Scorpion.
2304:Feuvre, Delphine Le (2021-01-27).
1775:(in French). Archives nationales.
1742:Sellin, J. Thorsten (2016-04-29).
1282:"BAGNE : Définition de BAGNE"
606:On the initiative of the Guyanese
14:
2999:Au plus chaud de l'enfer du bagne
2717:"La discipline au bagne colonial"
2432:"Postwar Prison Reform in France"
1581:Nouveaux témoignages sur le bagne
779:
751:
73:(Musée du Bagne, Fort Balaguier,
2259:patrimoines-archives.morbihan.fr
1911:Krakovitch, Odile (1985-06-01).
1494:L'arsenal de Toulon et la Royale
928:Communards were deported there.
778:
764:
750:
736:
722:
715:
543:
531:
519:
507:
2721:Criminocorpus, revue hypermédia
2669:. Bouquins. Paris: R. Laffont.
1518:Filhol, Emmanuel (2020-06-02).
976:Prison, built in 1896 in Annam.
386:, deportation was reserved for
59:, an ancient Roman Bathhouse.
2638:Darien, Georges (2013-04-14).
2508:. Liverpool University Press.
1952:In Situ. Revue des patrimoines
1946:Poulain, France (2022-08-23).
1042:Literature on the penal colony
1029:Biribi penal colony (Algeria).
571:It was the 1934 revolt of the
309:Transportation to the colonies
147:onwards, under the impetus of
1:
2858:. René Santoni édition. 2009.
1836:Anderson, Clare, ed. (2018).
1615:Le temps des bagnes 1748-1953
1612:Pierre, Michel (2017-01-19).
1330:Pierre, Michel (2006-01-01).
1151:, released in 1973, starring
1098:memories of former convicts:
163:. The galleys were the first
2641:Biribi: Discipline Militaire
2584:Biskri, Nadia (2019-06-15).
2355:Danjou, Henri (2020-05-06).
2171:Messineo, Dominique (2015),
1989:. Cornell University Press.
1889:. 2008-07-20. Archived from
1745:Slavery and the Penal System
1308:. 2016-03-12. Archived from
1118:Biribi, discipline militaire
1021:Location of military prisons
980:Buôn Ma Thuột (Buon Ma Thuat
897:Kourou Penitentiary (Kourou)
282:American War of Independence
260:Arsenal and the penal colony
2946:Forçats et proscrits, Paris
2278:NatGeoFrance (2021-03-29).
2094:Belser, Christophe (2022).
1639:Teisseire, Édouard (1893).
1491:Roumagnac, Cyrille (2001).
1064:and Biribi in 1923 and 1924
909:New Caledonia penal colony
694:Bagne de Belle-Île-en-Mer (
3100:
2953:Engerand, Fernand (1899).
2863:Kalifa, Dominique (2009).
2730:10.4000/criminocorpus.3570
2448:10.1177/000271625429300117
1533:10.4000/criminocorpus.7317
1497:(in French). Alan Sutton.
837:Camp du kilomètre quarante
2890:Charrière, Henri (1968).
2819:Blanco, Stéphane (2013).
2804:. Éditions Le Sémaphore.
2599:10.4000/anneemaghreb.4458
2592:(in French) (20): 35–57.
2430:Germain, Charles (1954).
1983:Toth, Stephen A. (2019).
1861:Toth, Stephen A. (2006).
1671:10.4000/criminocorpus.130
1618:(in French). Tallandier.
1345:10.4000/criminocorpus.174
919:Ile des Pins penal colony
894:Îlet la Mère Penitentiary
618:Location of French bagnes
3074:Penal systems by country
2972:Albert Londres: Au Bagne
2899:Laffont, Robert (1998).
2881:Belbenoît, René (1938).
2876:. éditions Albin Michel.
2872:Londres, Albert (1923).
2850:. éditions Privat. 2002.
2546:www.europe-solidaire.org
1434:African Economic History
1373:Re-Imagining the Guyanas
1091:Un civil chez les joyeux
2926:Alhoy, Maurice (1845).
2908:Aubert, Pierre (1868).
2838:Denis, Jacques (2011).
2621:Landre, Jeanne (1930).
2484:(in French). 2013-08-13
2337:(in French). 2021-01-31
2236:(in French). 2020-03-01
2076:(in French). 2014-06-12
2070:"Les oubliés du causse"
2025:(in French). 2013-06-03
1428:Weiss, Gillian (2014).
612:President Albert Lebrun
493:On January 8, 1861, on
484:Mettray, Indre-et-Loire
53:built on the site of a
38:"bagne" comes from the
3079:Penal system in France
2997:Flotat, Roger (1959).
2974:. Édition Seuil. 1997.
2944:Minande, Paul (1897).
2043:legadjo (2014-10-08).
1805:. West & Johnston.
1407:. Getty Publications.
1122:Vidocq in his memoirs.
867:Camp de Saint Philippe
852:Sainte Marguerite camp
843:Montagne d'Argent camp
812:Cayenne penal colony (
560:
227:
157:Edict of Fontainebleau
132:
78:
2885:. éditions de France.
1799:Hugo, Victor (1863).
1260:(in French). Privat.
1149:Franklin J. Schaffner
1130:Le Miracle de la Rose
912:Nouméa penal colony (
864:Camp de Saint Maurice
840:Îlet Saint Louis camp
558:
225:
130:
65:
2667:Mémoires Les voleurs
2151:www.greffiernoir.com
2126:www.greffiernoir.com
1961:10.4000/insitu.35989
1645:(in French). Larose.
1595:LESUEUR, H. (1862).
1556:"Le bagne de Toulon"
1202:Mettray Penal Colony
1192:Penal transportation
1169:Les enfants du Bagne
1089:popular literature:
656:Bagne de Cherbourg (
581:La chasse à l'enfant
335:European imperialism
2387:www.enap.justice.fr
2284:National Geographic
2005:10.7591/j.ctvfc53fk
1825:(in French). Dentu.
1163:Les Ombres du Bagne
982:, Buon Me Thuat or
846:Saint Augustin camp
585:Miracle de la Rose.
392:political activists
323:metropolitan France
165:penitentiary system
22:In French history,
3069:Penal imprisonment
2842:. Éditions Privat.
2590:L'Année du Maghreb
2210:Enfants en justice
1954:(in French) (48).
1822:Le Bagne de Toulon
1748:. Quid Pro Books.
1719:La Mort au ralenti
1116:Georges Darien in
1110:René Belbenoit in
885:Camp La Forestière
876:Camp des Malgaches
861:Camp de Saint Jean
858:Saint Georges camp
689:Saint-Martin-de-Ré
674:Rochefort lagoon (
642:Bagne de Lorient (
608:Gaston Monnerville
561:
471:Colonie de Mettray
228:
133:
79:
3042:Authority notes:
2867:. édition Perrin.
2830:978-2-9545678-0-8
2676:978-2-221-08040-5
2651:978-2-01-287287-5
2515:978-1-78694-866-3
2407:"La fin du bagne"
2368:978-2-35887-427-4
2186:978-2-7535-6062-8
2107:978-2-8129-2778-2
2100:(in French). DB.
1996:978-1-5017-4018-3
1919:(in French) (1).
1872:978-0-8032-4449-8
1847:978-1-350-00069-8
1782:978-2-86000-185-4
1755:978-1-61027-339-8
1728:978-2-85620-071-1
1721:. Paris: Mengès.
1625:979-10-210-0509-9
1560:www.netmarine.net
1504:978-2-84253-602-2
1414:978-1-60606-730-7
1382:978-2-36781-363-9
1312:on March 12, 2016
1267:978-2-7089-6840-0
1038:
1037:
870:Saint Pierre camp
855:Sainte Marie camp
704:
703:
596:Historic Monument
594:been listed as a
205:Admiral of France
3091:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2967:
2958:
2957:. Ernest Leroux.
2949:
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2015:
2009:
2008:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:on July 20, 2008
1883:
1877:
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1851:
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1807:
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1760:
1759:
1739:
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1732:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1698:ginoux.community
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1630:
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1609:
1603:
1602:
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1546:
1545:
1535:
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1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1472:www.abebooks.com
1464:
1458:
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1251:
849:Sainte Anne camp
799:
782:
781:
768:
767:
754:
753:
740:
739:
726:
725:
719:
696:Belle-Île-en-Mer
649:Bagne de Havre (
628:
573:Belle-Île-en-Mer
547:
535:
526:The pipe factory
523:
511:
278:Seven Years' War
275:
267:
3099:
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3090:
3089:
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3009:
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2987:
2978:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2948:. Calmann Lévy.
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2894:. Poche Pocket.
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
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2799:
2796:
2794:Further reading
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2523:
2516:
2505:Locating Guyane
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2349:
2340:
2338:
2335:Réunion la 1ère
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2154:
2147:"Greffier Noir"
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1141:
1106:Henri Charrière
1084:Mon légionnaire
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1039:
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1015:
957:
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934:
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888:Camp Saut Tigre
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710:
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682:Bagne of Toulon
667:Bagne de Nice (
625:
620:
604:
577:Jacques Prévert
551:
548:
539:
536:
527:
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479:
477:Bagnes for kids
467:Petite-Roquette
462:
460:Military bagnes
376:
311:
306:
304:Colonial bagnes
297:1810 Penal Code
290:Napoleonic wars
284:, and then the
273:
272:, or around 150
270:livres tournois
265:
262:
215:. But in 1748,
201:Galères Royales
197:
173:
125:
84:
71:Bagne of Toulon
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3084:1850 in France
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249:ball and chain
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2778:. Larousse.
2775:
2768:Bibliography
2757:
2720:
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2694:
2685:
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2660:
2640:
2633:
2623:
2616:
2589:
2579:
2566:
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2536:
2529:Liauzu (2007
2524:
2504:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
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2435:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2411:Geneablog.fr
2410:
2401:
2390:. Retrieved
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2339:. Retrieved
2334:
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2314:. Retrieved
2309:
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2283:
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2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:France Inter
2233:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
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2190:, retrieved
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2150:
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2130:. Retrieved
2125:
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2096:
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2078:. Retrieved
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2053:. Retrieved
2048:
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2022:
2013:
1985:
1978:
1951:
1941:
1916:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1881:
1862:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1801:
1771:
1764:
1744:
1737:
1718:
1712:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
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1601:(in French).
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1563:. Retrieved
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1475:. Retrieved
1471:
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1335:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1286:www.cnrtl.fr
1285:
1276:
1256:
1197:Vichy France
1187:Penal labour
1182:Penal colony
1168:
1162:
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1111:
1101:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1047:
1045:
1016:
968:Poulo Condor
958:
948:
927:
891:Nouveau Camp
807:
744:Poulo Condor
634:Brest prison
605:
598:since 2008.
588:
584:
580:
570:
562:
492:
480:
463:
446:
437:
413:
409:house arrest
377:
368:
360:Jean Valjean
348:
339:Napoleon III
327:
319:
312:
294:
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229:
198:
175:Disembarked
174:
141:Jacques Cœur
134:
117:penal colony
111:
100:
85:
55:
45:, name of a
42:
33:
28:forced labor
23:
21:
18:
2823:. BDlibre.
2697:(in French)
2482:SudOuest.fr
2442:: 139–151.
2312:(in French)
2286:(in French)
2153:(in French)
2128:(in French)
2051:(in French)
2049:Baguenaudes
1139:Filmography
961:Indochinese
834:Hattes camp
499:gendarmerie
364:Victor Hugo
183:bagne, the
107:deportation
3053:Categories
2701:2024-06-07
2551:2024-06-07
2488:2024-06-07
2416:2024-06-07
2392:2024-07-10
2341:2024-06-07
2316:2024-06-07
2290:2024-07-10
2264:2024-07-10
2240:2024-06-07
2215:2024-07-11
2192:2024-07-11
2157:2024-06-07
2132:2024-06-07
2080:2024-06-07
2055:2024-06-07
2029:2024-06-09
1897:2024-07-11
1703:2024-07-08
1565:2024-07-10
1477:2024-06-06
1388:2024-07-10
1316:2024-07-11
1291:2024-06-06
1228:References
1126:Jean Genet
1080:Édith Piaf
945:Madagascar
378:Under the
92:vocabulary
2739:2108-6907
2608:1952-8108
2456:0002-7162
1970:1630-7305
1933:1265-1354
1680:2108-6907
1542:2108-6907
1446:0145-2258
1440:: 37–57.
1354:2108-6907
955:Indochina
922:Camp Brun
786:Tataouine
758:Nosy Lava
676:Rochefort
658:Cherbourg
623:Metropole
602:Abolition
362:, he was
354:in 1799,
232:Marseille
209:Marseille
189:Rochefort
161:Marseille
145:Louis XIV
69:, from a
2892:Papillon
2874:Au bagne
2691:"Bébélé"
1454:44329666
1176:See also
1145:Papillon
1102:Papillon
1076:A Biribi
999:Phú Quốc
708:Overseas
684:(Toulon)
651:Le Havre
579:'s poem
396:traitors
382:and the
268:million
217:Louis XV
2464:1028405
1062:Cayenne
1001:prison.
995:prison.
993:Kon Tum
974:Lao Bảo
814:Cayenne
644:Lorient
566:Corsica
344:Algeria
315:Algeria
149:Colbert
112:At the
103:decrees
88:galleys
82:History
67:Bagnard
51:Livorno
40:Italian
2981:Manioc
2865:Biribi
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2310:Geo.fr
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1264:
1217:Galley
1207:Bagnio
970:prison
914:Nouméa
698:)
637:(Brest
488:Le Luc
394:, and
352:Vidocq
280:, the
274:
266:
236:Toulon
213:Toulon
181:Toulon
137:France
96:slaves
75:Toulon
56:therma
47:prison
2750:Notes
2571:(PDF)
2460:JSTOR
2001:JSTOR
1450:JSTOR
1013:Italy
388:spies
337:that
241:habit
185:Brest
43:bagno
24:bagne
2825:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2735:ISSN
2671:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2604:ISSN
2510:ISBN
2452:ISSN
2363:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2102:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1966:ISSN
1929:ISSN
1867:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1777:ISBN
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1499:ISBN
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1409:ISBN
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1350:ISSN
1262:ISBN
1155:and
1006:Laos
669:Nice
288:and
199:The
86:The
36:word
34:The
3044:GND
2725:doi
2594:doi
2444:doi
2440:293
1956:doi
1921:doi
1666:doi
1528:doi
1340:doi
1147:by
1104:by
1082:in
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