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1502:, the militia decided to wait until the following day to pursue Black Hawk. They heard, but did not understand, Neapope's speech during the night, and to their surprise, when morning arrived their enemy had disappeared. The battle, though militarily devastating for the British Band, had allowed much of the group to escape to temporary safety across the Wisconsin River. The reprieve was short-lived for many – a group of Fox women and children who attempted to escape down the Wisconsin following the battle were captured by U.S.-allied tribes or shot by soldiers further downstream. During the night, while the non-combatants escaped in canoes, Black Hawk and the remaining warriors crossed the river near present-day
1599:
the surgical tent, where the baby's arm was amputated. The child was then taken to
Prairie du Chien, where he is believed to have recovered. The fight convinced Black Hawk that refuge lay to the north, not west across the Mississippi. In one of his last actions as commander of the British Band, Black Hawk implored his followers to flee with him, to the north. Many did not listen, and late on August 1, Black Hawk, White Cloud and about three dozen other followers left the British Band and fled northward. Most of the remaining warriors and non-combatants remained on the eastern bank of the Mississippi. Forces on the
1801:, Ho-Chunk, and other native tribes. Still others died of starvation or drowned during the Band's long trek up the Rock River toward the mouth of the Bad Axe. The entire British Band was not wiped out at Bad Axe; some survivors drifted back home to their villages. This was relatively simple for the Potawatomi and Ho-Chunk of the band. Many Sauk and Fox found return to their homes more difficult, and while some returned safely, others were held in custody by the army. Prisoners, some taken at the Battle of Bad Axe, and others taken by U.S.-aligned Native American tribes in the following weeks, were taken to
1765:, points to the writings of Wakefield as evidence that delusional beliefs about doing brave deeds and magnifying manliness spurred the U.S. forces to revel in and pursue massacring and exterminating the Sauk and Fox. Trask concluded that Wakefield's statement "I must confess, that it filled my heart with gratitude and joy, to think that I had been instrumental, with many others, in delivering my country of those merciless savages, and restoring those people again to their peaceful homes and firesides," was a viewpoint held by nearly all militia members.
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successful. The combined U.S. forces fell into formation for battle: Generals
Alexander and Posey formed the right wing, Henry the left wing, and Dodge and the regulars the center element. As the Native Americans retreated toward the river, the militia's left wing were left in the rear without orders. When a regiment stumbled across the main trail to the camp, the scouts could only fight in retreat and hope that they had given their comrades a chance to escape the militia, while the Sauk and Fox kept retreating to the river. However,
573:, Native American tribes ceded 50 million acres (200,000 km) of their land to the United States for $ 2,234.50 and an annual annuity of $ 1,000. The treaty also allowed the Sauk and Fox to remain on their land until it was sold. The treaty was controversial; Sauk war leader Black Hawk, and others disputed its validity because they said that the full tribal councils were not consulted and the council that negotiated the treaty did not have the authority to cede land. After the discovery of lead in and around
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At the time, newspaper reports stated that 23 Native
Americans were killed, including one woman estimated to be 19 years old; she was shot through her child's upper arm as she stood holding the child watching the battle. Her child was retrieved by Lieutenant Anderson after the battle, and taken to
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During the engagement we killed some of the squaws through mistake. It was a great misfortune to those miserable squaws and children, that they did not carry into execution they had formed on the morning of the battle -- that was, to come and meet us, and surrender themselves prisoners of war. It
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At 2 a.m. on August 2, Atkinson's forces awoke and began to break camp, setting out before sunrise. They had moved only a few miles when they ran into the rear scout element of the remaining Sauk and Fox forces. The Sauk scouts attempted to lead the enemy away from the main camp and were initially
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present on both days. By the second day, Black Hawk and most of the Native
American leaders had fled, though many of the band stayed behind. The victory for the United States was brutal and decisive and the end of the war allowed much of Illinois and present-day Wisconsin to be opened for further
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battle followed. Women and children fled the fight into the river, where many drowned immediately. The battle continued for 30 minutes before
Atkinson came up with Dodge's center element, cutting off escape for many of the remaining Native warriors. Some warriors managed to escape the fight to a
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language, assuming
Pauquette and his band of Ho-Chunk guides were still with the militia at Wisconsin Heights. However, the U.S. troops did not understand him, because their Sauk allies had already departed the battlefield. Following this failed attempt at peace, Neapope abandoned the cause and
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1664:. U.S. forces captured an additional 75 Native Americans. Of the total 400–500 Sauk and Fox at Bad Axe on August 2, most were killed at the scene, others escaped across the river. Those who escaped across the river found only temporary reprieve as many were captured and killed by
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Angered by the loss of his birthplace, Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the
Mississippi River into Illinois between 1830 and 1831, but each time was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the
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turned over
Neapope and several other British Band chiefs to Winfield Scott at Fort Armstrong. Black Hawk, however, remained elusive. After fleeing the battle scene with White Cloud and a small group of warriors, Black Hawk had moved northeast toward the headwaters of the
1482:, one of the key leaders accompanying Black Hawk, attempted to explain to the nearby militia officers that his group wanted only to end the fighting and go back across the Mississippi River. In a "loud shrill voice" he delivered a conciliatory speech in his native
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advised the band against wasting time building rafts to cross the
Mississippi River, because the U.S. forces were closing in, urging them instead to flee northward and seek refuge among the Ho-Chunk. However, most of the band chose to try to cross the river.
1537:, and relatively quickly closed the gap on the famished and battle-weary band of Native Americans. On August 1, Black Hawk and about 500 men, women, and children arrived at the eastern bank of the Mississippi, a few miles downstream from the mouth of the
1825:. The group camped for a few days and was eventually counseled by a group of Ho-Chunk, which included White Cloud's brother, to surrender. Though they initially resisted the pleas for surrender, the group eventually traveled to the Ho-Chunk village at
1796:
The members of the
British Band, and the Fox, Kickapoo, Sauk, Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi that later joined them, suffered unknown numbers of dead during the war. While some died fighting, others were tracked down and killed by Sioux,
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The soldiers killed everyone who tried to run for cover or cross the river; men, women and children alike were shot dead. More than 150 people were killed outright at the scene of the battle, which many combatants later termed a
1579:, Black Hawk tried to surrender, but as had happened in the past the soldiers failed to understand and the scene deteriorated into battle. The warriors who survived the initial volley found cover and returned fire and a two-hour
577:, during the 1820s, miners began moving into the area ceded in the 1804 treaty. When the Sauk and Fox returned from the winter hunt in 1829, they found their land occupied by white settlers and were forced to return west of the
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2352:
History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians, in the Years Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven, Thirty-One, and Thirty-Two
601:. A number of other engagements followed, and the militia of Michigan Territory and the state of Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.
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returned after obtaining more wood in Prairie du Chien, leaving the refueling point about midnight and arriving at Bad Axe about 10 a.m. The slaughter that followed continued for the next eight hours.
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The Black Hawk War of 1832 resulted in the deaths of at least 70 settlers and soldiers, and hundreds of Black Hawk's band. As well as the combat casualties of the war, a relief force under General
2359:, Original Publication: Jacksonville, Ill.: Calvin Goudy, 1834. Reprint Publication: Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1908, Chapter 7: Section 133, and Chapter 8: Section 144. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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Black Hawk's own account, though he was not present at the battle's second day, termed the incident a massacre. Later histories continued to assail the actions of the whites at Bad Axe. The 1887
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describing the scene at Bad Axe and the events that occurred there. He stated that most of the Sauk and Fox were shot in the water or drowned trying to cross the Mississippi to safety. Major
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that had joined were gone by the Battle of Bad Axe. Others, especially children and the elderly, had died of starvation while the band fled the pursuing militia through the swamps around
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was a horrid sight to witness little children, wounded and suffering the most excruciating pain, although they were of the savage enemy, and the common enemy of the country."
1789:. The end of the war at Bad Axe ended the large-scale threat of Native American attacks in northwest Illinois, and allowed further settlement of Illinois and what became
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published an account of the war in 1834, which included a description of the battle. His description characterized the killing of women and children as a mistake:
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on June 24 marked the end of a week that was an important turning point for the settlers. The fight was a 45-minute gun battle between defenders garrisoned inside
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and prepared to surrender. On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk, White Cloud and the remnants of the British Band surrendered to Joseph M. Street at Prairie du Chien.
1816:
Black Hawk and most of the leaders of the British Band were not immediately captured following the conclusion of hostilities. On August 20, Sauk and Fox under
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2101:), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 31 March 1997, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
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occurred on June 29, five days after the Battle of Apple River Fort. As the band fled the pursuing militia, they passed through what are now
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returned to a nearby Ho-Chunk village. The British Band had slowly disintegrated over the months of conflict; most of the Ho-Chunk and
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termed the fight a "massacre" during a speech at the battle site. He emphasized this theme again in a 1903 collection of essays.
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to regroup and resupply at Fort Blue Mounds. Under the command of Atkinson, around 1,300 men from the commands of Henry, Dodge,
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Henry's men, the entire left wing, descended a bluff into the midst of several hundred Sauk and Fox warriors, and a desperate
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1506:. The band fled west over rugged terrain toward the banks of the Mississippi River, with a week's head start on the militia.
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Near the mouth of the Bad Axe River, on August 1, 1832, Black Hawk and Winnebago prophet and fellow British Band leader
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on June 18, played a role in changing public perception about the militia after its defeat at Stillman's Run. The
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1533:. The well-fed and rested militia force picked up Black Hawk's trail again on July 28 near present-day
1939:", Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2C. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
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671:. On July 21, 1832, the militia caught up with Black Hawk's band as they attempted to cross the
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Battle of Bad Axe, engraving by Ernest Heinemann, from original by William de la Montagne Cary
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1728:, called Throckmorton's actions "inhuman and dastardly" and went on to call him a "second
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While some of the band managed to escape across the Mississippi River that afternoon, the
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Modern-day historians have continued to characterize the battle as a wholesale massacre.
647:, Black Hawk and his band fled the approaching militia through modern-day Wisconsin. The
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A few hours after midnight on July 22, with Black Hawk's band resting on a knoll on the
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2281:), A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago: 1903, pp. 186–92. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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regulars and militia that occurred on August 1–2, 1832. This final scene of the
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2441:"8 July, Fort Gratiot, Mich.: Cholera Strikes Down Gen. Winfield Scott's Army."
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How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest: And Other Essays in Western History
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trimmed his force to a few hundred men and set out to join militia commanders
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624:, all took place between mid-May and late June 1832. Two key battles, one at
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1742:]". In 1898, during events honoring the 66th anniversary of the battle,
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woman and her surviving child being discovered by a U.S. officer at Bad Axe.
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most of the dead, and cut long strips of flesh from others for use as razor
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2169:), The Century History Company: 1906, pp. 199-202. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
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since the 1850s. The fighting took place over two days, with the steamboat
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On August 3, 1832, the day after the battle, Indian Agent Street wrote to
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in late June was filled with war-related activity. A series of attacks at
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2143:, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170-171. Available online via
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eventually withdrew from battle because of lack of fuel, and returned to
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667:, where they headed west toward the Four Lakes region, near modern-day
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The History of Wisconsin: In Three Parts, Historical, Documentary, and
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1968:, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
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511:. It marked the end of the war between white settlers and militia in
2375:," via the Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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in the weeks following the battle. The United States suffered five
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2077:, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
2053:, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
2002:, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
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crossed the Wisconsin River between July 27–28 near present day
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The period between the Battle of Stillman's Run in May and the
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2228:, Misc. "Scene at the Battle of the Bad Axe," 3 November 1832.
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1985:, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
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27:
Massacre of Sauk and Meskwaki people by the United States Army
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16 June: Peter Parkinson Recalls the Battle of the Pecatonica
2394:), H.W. Rokker: 1887, pp. 467–69. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
2026:, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
1979:
14 May: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run
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16 June: Henry Dodge Describes The Battle of the Pecatonica
3242:
Battles and skirmishes of the Black Hawk War in Wisconsin
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The Driftless Area: An Inventory of the Regions Resources
1996:
21 May, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters
1672:. Sioux brought 68 scalps and 22 prisoners to the U.S.
2140:
A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I
2013:
James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek
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suffered only one casualty – a retired soldier from
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2147:, University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
640:and Sauk and Fox warriors led by Chief Black Hawk.
2206:), Courier Dover Publications: 1996, pp. 176–77, (
643:The next day, after an inconclusive skirmish at
2248:Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America
1785:suffered hundreds deserted and dead, many from
1763:Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America
1713:
534:, a few miles downstream from the mouth of the
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2305:: 1854 pp. 229–30. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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1772:Monument near the site of the Bad Axe massacre
526:The massacre occurred in the aftermath of the
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2488:St. Paul District History - Battle of Bad Axe
2373:The Massacre at Bad Axe: Black Hawk's Account
2319:Interrogating the Project of Military History
2301:), Part II: Documentary, Vol. III, B. Brown,
1640:willow island, which was being peppered with
1509:While the band fled west, Commanding General
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2119:Black Hawk's name, country's shame lives on
64:at the Battle of Bad Axe attacking fleeing
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1607:was wounded in the knee during the fight.
620:, and the war's most famous incident, the
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2425:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
2357:Wakefield's History of the Black Hawk War
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2463:Illinois Department of Natural Resources
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2125:, 28 April 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.
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1875:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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2429:, p. 2D. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
2200:Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi
335:Battle of Bad Axe (the United States)
7:
2439:Wisconsin State Historical Society,
2075:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
2051:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
2024:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
2000:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
1983:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
247:appx. 500 (including non-combatants)
80:in the last major engagement of the
72:Indians trying to escape across the
3247:Anti-Indigenous racism in Wisconsin
3237:Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin
2478:Black Hawk's account of the battle
2187:Wisconsin State Historical Society
1668:warriors acting in support of the
565:and a council of leaders from the
25:
3189:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2145:The State of Wisconsin Collection
1467:Symbols are wikilinked to article
3184:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2388:The Sauks and the Black Hawk War
1726:The Sauks and the Black Hawk War
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2183:The Battle of Wisconsin Heights
1695:An 1847 illustration of a dead
675:, near the present-day Town of
2349:; Stevens, Frank Everett, ed.
1419:Michigan Territory (Wisconsin)
698:
557:In an 1804 treaty between the
538:. Historians have called it a
1:
3232:Massacres of Native Americans
3052:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
2214:). Retrieved 22 October 2007.
1476:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
338:Show map of the United States
2427:Northern Illinois University
2332:. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
1498:Following the engagement at
628:on June 16 and the other at
499:took place near present-day
3143:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
3103:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
2137:Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed.
1593:Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
1439:Map of Black Hawk War sites
689:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
528:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
264:(including non-combatants)
204:(Not present on second day)
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3217:1832 in Michigan Territory
3179:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
3133:Battle of Apple River Fort
2945:Stillman's Run Battle Site
2483:General Atkinson's account
2465:. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
2416:The Black Hawk War of 1832
2189:. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
2123:Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel
1930:The Black Hawk War of 1832
634:Battle of Apple River Fort
491:(Fox) Native Americans by
3123:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
2457:October 17, 2007, at the
2185:," Highlights: Archives,
2093:October 31, 2007, at the
1753:, a history professor at
1504:Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin
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307:Location within Wisconsin
280:
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241:
195:
157:
87:
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39:
3113:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
3078:Battle of Stillman's Run
2324:August 14, 2009, at the
2198:Petersen, William John.
1935:August 15, 2009, at the
599:Battle of Stillman's Run
3128:Attack at Ament's Cabin
3118:Battle of Waddams Grove
2159:Campbell, Henry Colin.
1571:, commanded by Captain
1535:Spring Green, Wisconsin
606:raid at Sinsinawa Mound
3108:Spafford Farm massacre
2530:Black Hawk War of 1832
2421:June 19, 2009, at the
2291:Smith, William Rudolph
1773:
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196:Commanders and leaders
3093:Indian Creek massacre
2493:The Battle of Bad Axe
2347:Wakefield, John Allen
2330:Ohio State University
2271:Thwaites, Rueben Gold
2088:Apple River Fort Site
2086:Harmet, A. Richard. "
1807:Rock Island, Illinois
1771:
1755:Ohio State University
1694:
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622:Indian Creek massacre
614:Plum River settlement
310:Show map of Wisconsin
255:Casualties and losses
127:43.45917°N 91.21806°W
3138:Sinsinawa Mound raid
3083:Buffalo Grove ambush
1744:Reuben Gold Thwaites
1709:John Allen Wakefield
1656:. The soldiers then
659:, then followed the
649:Sinsinawa Mound raid
304:class=notpageimage|
170:affiliated with the
76:which resulted in a
3164:Black Hawk Purchase
3022:Hamilton's Diggings
2860:Joseph Throckmorton
2814:James W. Stephenson
2784:William S. Hamilton
2385:Armstrong, Perry A.
1573:Joseph Throckmorton
687:, resulting in the
132:43.45917; -91.21806
123: /
3222:August 1832 events
3098:St. Vrain massacre
2962:Michigan Territory
2303:Madison, Wisconsin
2069:2007-09-29 at the
2045:2007-09-29 at the
2018:2007-09-29 at the
1960:2007-09-05 at the
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1722:Perry A. Armstrong
1701:
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1447:Battle (with name)
517:Michigan Territory
493:United States Army
483:was a massacre of
106:Victory, Wisconsin
3227:Conflicts in 1832
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3148:Battle of Bad Axe
3073:Minor engagements
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2328:, War Historian,
2317:Grimsley, Mark. "
2117:McCann, Dennis. "
1531:Helena, Wisconsin
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2890:Apple River Fort
2850:Joseph M. Street
2845:Antoine LeClaire
2835:George Davenport
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2804:John H. Rountree
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3157:Related topics
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2997:Fort Jackson
2955:Yellow Creek
2920:Indian Creek
2764:David Bailey
2578:Wabokieshiek
2545:British Band
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2392:Google Books
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1860:. Retrieved
1853:the original
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591:British Band
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413:Indian Creek
207:
190:Dakota Sioux
176:
172:British Band
158:Belligerents
59:
40:Part of the
29:
3066:Engagements
2779:Henry Dodge
2774:John Dement
2700:U.S. people
2558:Checokalako
1761:2007 work,
1556:White Cloud
1515:Henry Dodge
681:Dane County
266:75 captured
250:appx. 1,300
216:Henry Dodge
130: /
3211:Categories
3007:Fort Union
2930:Plum River
2910:Fort Beggs
2721:Hugh Brady
2642:Potawatomi
2573:Towaunonne
2553:Black Hawk
2369:Black Hawk
1862:2019-05-18
1805:at modern
1736: [
1611:Second day
1577:white flag
1489:Potawatomi
763:Plum River
661:Rock River
657:Janesville
553:Background
521:Black Hawk
487:(Sac) and
408:Plum River
236:Wapasha II
202:Black Hawk
115:43°27′33″N
2966:Wisconsin
2660:Waubonsie
2624:Menominee
2461:," 2000,
1827:La Crosse
1799:Menominee
1777:Aftermath
1734:Calligula
1670:U.S. Army
1581:firefight
1564:steamboat
1550:First day
805:St. Vrain
685:Wisconsin
507:, in the
505:Wisconsin
418:St. Vrain
118:91°13′5″W
56:steamboat
2935:Saukenuk
2885:Illinois
2674:Meskwaki
2655:Shabbona
2606:Ho-Chunk
2568:Pamisseu
2455:Archived
2419:Archived
2322:Archived
2091:Archived
2067:Archived
2043:Archived
2016:Archived
1958:Archived
1933:Archived
1871:cite web
1654:massacre
1484:Ho-Chunk
1422:Illinois
559:governor
540:massacre
513:Illinois
489:Meskwaki
242:Strength
100:Location
78:massacre
3195:Warrior
3047:Victory
3032:Roxbury
2746:Militia
2687:Wapello
2632:Oshkosh
2596:Wapasha
2563:Neapope
1787:cholera
1687:Context
1658:scalped
1646:Warrior
1633:bayonet
1626:Warrior
1601:Warrior
1585:Warrior
1568:Warrior
1480:Neapope
1015:Bad Axe
695:Prelude
677:Roxbury
669:Madison
663:toward
587:British
545:Warrior
501:Victory
468:Bad Axe
149:victory
61:Warrior
3017:Helena
2915:Galena
2878:Places
2828:Others
2682:Keokuk
2588:Dakota
2210:
1818:Keokuk
1724:book,
1662:strops
1637:musket
1545:Battle
653:Beloit
612:, the
183:
143:Result
1856:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1833:Notes
1666:Sioux
679:, in
273:, 19
166:and
2708:Army
2672:and
2670:Sauk
2208:ISBN
2097:", (
1877:link
1791:Iowa
1730:Nero
1697:Sauk
1635:and
1525:and
1517:and
655:and
595:Iowa
569:and
567:Sauk
515:and
485:Sauk
479:The
164:Sauk
92:Date
68:and
66:Sauk
2371:. "
2277:, (
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2165:, (
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2099:PDF
2073:",
2049:",
2022:",
1998:",
1981:",
1964:",
1739:sic
1732:or
1591:at
571:Fox
561:of
275:WIA
271:KIA
262:KIA
168:Fox
70:Fox
3213::
2399:^
2337:^
2310:^
2293:.
2273:.
2259:^
2233:^
2174:^
2152:^
2130:^
2106:^
2031:^
1944:^
1885:^
1873:}}
1869:{{
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