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resolution would require a court to interpret religious doctrine. The motion was granted
September 29, 2003. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Montana in 2004, and a decision came February 15, 2005: "This dispute revolves around two basic issues: the composition of the Board, and the powers of the presidency in relation to the church property... The District Court has no power either to anoint a successor to any religious office, or to invalidate any claim thereto. If these two issues can be resolved on purely secular grounds, then the District Court can apply corporate, property, and tort law in deciding the merits of the Board's conversion and other claims against Chase." The case was remanded to the lower court for further proceedings.
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238:. In 1979, approximately 6 years after being released from prison, Jensen began teaching his followers that on 29 April 1980 a nuclear holocaust would kill a third of the world's population, and that over the next twenty years, the planet would be ravaged until in the year 2000 "God's Kingdom" would be established and a thousand years of peace would follow. On the fateful night, Jensen led a group of followers into fallout shelters in Missoula, Montana.
310:. Balch noted that Chase responded to the 18 disconfirmed prophecies with a number of "face-saving strategies", including drawing a distinction between prediction and prophecy, claiming miscalculation, reprieve, and tests of faith. Chase later proclaimed "We didn't make a mistake," and that they have "a 100 percent track record!"
107:'s attempt at schism. He later left Remey's group due to infighting and began teaching that he would re-establish the Baháʼí Faith after a nuclear holocaust, which he predicted would occur in 1980. At its peak, his movement had 150-200 followers, mostly in Montana, but declined in size significantly by 1990 and beyond.
216:
He recruited many followers in prison. After he was paroled in 1973 and before Remey's death, Jensen formed a group called the Baháʼís Under the
Provisions of the Covenant. By 1979, his apocalyptic prophecy was receiving national press coverage and he had attracted followers in Wyoming, Colorado, and
305:
With Jensen's approval, in the early 1990s his protege Neal Chase made a total of 18 predictions which pertained to small-scale disasters that he claimed would lead step-by-step towards apocalypse, as well as dates for a nuclear attack on New York City. He based these predictions on
Biblical or Hopi
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As opposed to the first prediction, this time his followers made very little commitments to the prophecy and began making disclaimers even before the 1986 event. When the members gathered on the night before the comet was supposed to enter Earth's orbit, nobody mentioned the comet. Jensen later said
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would enter Earth's orbit on 29 April 1986, and collide with the Earth exactly one year later. In the interim year, he taught that the comet would break apart, pelt the Earth with debris, and produce massive earthquakes. The new prophecy rekindled his followers, who became excited with the new idea.
110:
Jensen and his followers gained national media attention for their commitment to his prophecy of nuclear annihilation on 29 April 1980. They built fallout shelters, distributed leaflets, and urged others to take heed of the warning. Due to the "painfully obvious" nature of the failed prophecy, they
318:
Jensen's followers consisted of roughly 150 people leading up to 1980, but declined in size following the disconfirmed prophecy, with almost all of the believers outside of
Montana eventually rejecting Jensen's teachings. By 1990 there were fewer than 100 adherents, and defection continued in the
225:
Between 1979 and 1995 Jensen, and his companion Neal Chase, made twenty specific predictions centering nuclear attacks, worldwide catastrophes, and some smaller scale disasters. Jensen himself set two of the dates, while Chase set the other 18. Between 1980 and 1996, four researchers took part in
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The majority members of the sIBC filed a complaint on 26 April 2002, seeking an order granting damages against Chase, including interest and attorney's fees; and an injunction forbidding Chase to represent the council. Chase filed a motion to dismiss on July 15, 2003, arguing that a judicial
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Jensen's followers had made substantial commitments to the prophecy, building shelters, writing letters to government agencies and newspapers, and distributed thousands of leaflets urging fellow
Missoulians to build fall-out shelters. To them the disconfirmation was "painfully obvious", and
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It was in prison that Jensen claimed to have a revelation, and converted several dozen inmates to his idea of being the "Establisher" of the Baháʼí Faith, stemming from his belief that the administration of the religion had been corrupted, and that he was chosen by God to re-establish the
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on his mother's side. He and his wife, Opal, received doctorates in natural medicine, becoming chiropractic doctors. They attended the School of
Drugless Physicians and graduated in 1944. Opal was the valedictorian and Jensen graduated with distinction (cum laude).
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Jensen considered himself restoring the rightful Baháʼí leadership, which he believed had been passed to Remey's adopted son Pepe Remey. Pepe denied this claim, refused association with Jensen's group, and died in 1994 while Jensen was still alive.
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The disconfirmed prophecy resulted in Jensen losing several contingents of adherents, and his response was that he was right all along. Over the following years Jensen used several types of explanations, as noted by researcher Robert Balch,
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In 1963 Mason Remey set up a
National Assembly in the United States, which was dissolved in 1966. Leland Jensen was among the members elected in 1963, and in 1964 he left the group during a time of disputes among the members and moved to
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A Montana university researcher has noted that since 1980, BUPC membership has never exceeded 200 nationwide. During a phone survey by a
Harvard researcher, someone representing the community claimed 30 members in the headquarters of
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In 2001, Neal Chase claimed to have been secretly adopted by Pepe and that he was the
Guardian and rightful heir to the council's funds and property. The treasurer of the council responded by declaring Neal Chase a
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Jensen approached old age with disconfirmed prophecies, declining membership, and no
Guardian to speak of. Jensen began hinting that Neal Chase might be the next Guardian before he died in 1996.
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in 1963. However, in 1960 Remey declared himself to be the successor of Shoghi Effendi, and expected the allegiance of the world's Baháʼís. Subsequently, Remey was unanimously declared a
143:, which aimed at bringing the message of Baháʼu'lláh to the entire world. Jensen and his wife gave up their practice and went to two tiny islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of
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had begun on the date of his prediction of a nuclear holocaust, and thus committed himself to another event happening on the same date in 1987. In 1985 he made the prediction that
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When Shoghi Effendi died in 1957 there were no eligible appointees who met the required conditions for successorship, and he died without having appointed a successor Guardian.
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In 1969 he was convicted of performing "a lewd and lascivious act" for sexually molesting a 15-year-old female patient, and served four years of a twenty-year sentence in the
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When asked by a UPI reporter Jensen did not express concern that the prediction might not come true, remarking "There will be a nuclear holocaust some day."
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Neal Chase (shown here in 2017) considers himself the leader of the BUPC but that role is disputed by most of the sIBC members leading to a court case.
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Appellant Brief, p. 8, 4/23/2004. Respondent Brief, p. 9, 5/21/2004. Montana Supreme Court, Case No. 04-214. Cases are accessible online at
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that the massive earthquakes were fulfilled by a "spiritual earthquake" when one of his important followers defected and left him.
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1990s and beyond. In 1994 a membership phone list showed 66 members in Missoula, Montana, and less than 20 in other states. A
159:. More than 200 Baháʼís received the title after moving to areas designated by Shoghi Effendi. His wife Opal died in 1990.
1230:(1997) . "Fifteen Years of Failed Prophecy: Coping with Cognitive Dissonance in a Baha'i Sect". In Stone, Jon R. (ed.).
948:(1997) . "Fifteen Years of Failed Prophecy: Coping with Cognitive Dissonance in a Baha'i Sect". In Stone, Jon R. (ed.).
922:(April 1983) . "When the Bombs Drop: Reactions to Disconfirmed Prophecy in a Millennial Sect". In Stone, Jon R. (ed.).
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155:. Jensen and his wife were the first Baháʼís to visit these islands, and therefore received the title of
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set up by Shoghi Effendi, and Jensen registered it in 1993 as a non-profit corporation in Montana.
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In 1991 Jensen appointed 12 members to a second International Baháʼí Council (sIBC), modeled on the
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from 2001-2005 fractured the few remaining members. Adherents were mostly concentrated in Montana.
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Opinion/Order, Montana Supreme Court, 2/15/2005 Case No. 04-214. Cases are accessible online at
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Baha'is in Exile: An Account of followers of Baha'u'llah outside the mainstream Baha'i religion
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Baha'is in Exile: An Account of followers of Baha'u'llah outside the mainstream Baha'i religion
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Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective
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Jensen began teaching as early as 1971 that in 1980 the world would be cleansed of evil by a
95:(22 August 1914 – 6 August 1996) was the leader of a small apocalyptic cult called the
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The leaders had a moral responsibility to warn the public despite the date's uncertainty.
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1191:“Ezekiel's Temple in Montana!” (9 February 1991). The Montana Standard. Front Page.
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group activities and even stayed the night in three BUPC fallout shelters in 1980.
852:. Robbins, Thomas, 1943-, Palmer, Susan J. New York: Routledge. 1997. p. 78.
151:, which practiced Catholicism as the State Religion. He then stayed six months in
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by the Hands and expelled. Jensen was among about 100 supporters of Remey.
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Millennium, messiahs, and mayhem : contemporary apocalyptic movements
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314:
Size and demographics of the Baháʼís Under the Provisions of the Covenant
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The prophecy was fulfilled physically, but not in the manner expected.
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After they graduated, and after practicing for a while, they moved to
1188:"Millennial Fever" (July 17, 1997). Missoula Independent. Front Page.
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After the 1980 event, Jensen introduced the idea that the seven-year
1043:
Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem: Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements
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514:, Leland and Opal can be found in the second row, fourth column.
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The prediction was fulfilled spiritually rather than physically.
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elected as an interim authority until the election of the first
1194:
Federal appeals court rules in favor of splinter Baha'i group (
1233:
Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy
951:
Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy
925:
Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy
769:. Harvard University, Committee on the Study of Religion.
744:. Harvard University, Committee on the Study of Religion.
99:(BUPC). Jensen was originally a member of the mainstream
1163:"Baháʼí: Deer Lodge Sanctuary" (January 29, 1991). The
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How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science
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in 2003, as well as some members in Denver and Alaska.
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with his wife where they opened a chiropractic clinic.
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Founder of Baha'is Under the Provisions of the Covenant
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1181:“Local Baháʼí Leader dead at 81”. August 8, 1996.
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264:The prediction had been a test of members' faith.
18:Bahá'ís Under the Provisions of the Covenant
767:"Mapping Religious Diversity in Montana (2003)"
306:prophecies, planetary conjunctions, dreams, or
70:Doctorate in natural medicine and chiropractic
551:, 153 Mont. 233, 455 P.2d 631 (Montana, 1969)
252:The date was off because of a miscalculation.
8:
512:Roll of Honor Baháʼí World Crusade 1953-1963
147:. The first island was the French island of
97:Baháʼís Under the Provisions of the Covenant
1155:"A Baháʼí perspective on spiritual destiny"
1172:"Local Baháʼís Share Covenant Celebration"
1091:A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1040:Robbins, Thomas; Palmer, Susan J. (1997).
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255:The date was a prediction, not a prophecy.
29:
1236:. New York: Routledge. pp. 269–282.
954:. New York: Routledge. pp. 269–282.
928:. New York: Routledge. pp. 129–143.
269:researchers used them as a case study in
1021:The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963
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501:Proof for the Establisher Fireside pg 3
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1046:. Psychology Press. pp. 78, 87.
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385:Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith
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261:God had given the world a reprieve.
1170:Woods, Victor (23 November 2002).
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1212:. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books.
1153:Bradlee, Eva (24 November 2001).
998:. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books.
1067:, W.H. Freeman & Company,
123:Jensen was a third generation
1:
1292:20th-century apocalypticists
1196:25 Nov 2010).Chicago Tribune
896:State Law Library of Montana
829:State Law Library of Montana
353:International Baháʼí Council
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183:Universal House of Justice
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1063:Shermer, Michael (1999),
1208:Johnson, Vernon (2020).
994:Johnson, Vernon (2020).
27:Founder of a Baha'i sect
1024:, Baháʼí World Centre,
662:The Florida Times-Union
221:Disconfirmed prophecies
111:became a case study in
971:Hyslop, Scott (2004),
880:: CS1 maint: others (
805:, p. 282, Note 5.
793:, p. 282, Note 6.
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157:Knights of Baháʼu'lláh
1097:Oneworld Publications
742:"Baháʼí Faith Center"
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279:
731:, pp. 271, 280.
271:cognitive dissonance
207:Montana State Prison
113:cognitive dissonance
177:was among the nine
1148:Newspaper articles
901:2009-04-02 at the
834:2009-04-02 at the
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347:Leadership dispute
321:leadership dispute
179:Hands of the Cause
1219:978-1-6453-0574-3
1130:978-90-474-0746-1
1123:. Leiden: Brill.
1053:978-0-415-91649-3
1016:Rabbani, Ruhiyyih
1005:978-1-6453-0574-3
974:Pluralism Project
526:, pp. 28–30.
329:Missoula, Montana
236:nuclear holocaust
230:Nuclear holocaust
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58:6 August 1996
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34:Leland Jensen
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1302:Cult leaders
1262:Find a Grave
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1085:Smith, Peter
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979:the original
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101:Baháʼí Faith
96:
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60:(1996-08-06)
1287:1996 deaths
1282:1914 births
565:Hyslop 2004
308:Nostradamus
286:Tribulation
175:Mason Remey
169:Mason Remey
163:Mason Remey
105:Mason Remey
1271:Categories
1183:Missoulian
1176:Missoulian
1165:Missoulian
1159:Missoulian
985:2016-04-23
912:References
803:Balch 1997
791:Balch 1997
777:2007-08-19
752:2007-08-19
729:Balch 1997
717:Balch 1983
705:Balch 1983
693:Balch 1997
678:Balch 1997
648:Balch 1997
631:Balch 1997
604:Balch 1997
592:Balch 1997
580:Balch 1997
536:Smith 2000
489:Balch 1997
477:Balch 1983
453:Balch 1997
438:Balch 1997
403:Smith 2000
301:Neal Chase
217:Arkansas.
145:Madagascar
135:. In 1953
119:Background
46:1914-08-22
1139:234309958
876:cite book
391:Citations
153:Mauritius
133:St. Louis
67:Education
1119:(2006).
1087:(2000).
899:Archived
868:36727121
832:Archived
771:Archived
746:Archived
379:See also
149:Réunion
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201:Prison
125:Baháʼí
83:Spouse
1238:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1135:OCLC
1125:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1026:ISBN
1000:ISBN
956:ISBN
930:ISBN
882:link
864:OCLC
854:ISBN
86:Opal
55:Died
40:Born
1260:at
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