476:, head of the religion from 1921 to 1957, created the system of Baháʼí orthography and shared a list of examples of common terms with Baháʼís around the world in several letters in 1923. The stated need for standardized transliteration was to "avoid confusion in future, and insure in this matter a uniformity which is greatly needed at present in all Baháʼí literature." According to the standard, the most common terms are "Baháʼí", "Baháʼís", "Báb", "Baháʼu'lláh", and "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá", using accent marks to distinguish long vowels, and raised turned versus raised commas to distinguish
2776:
40:
412:
487:
Since the Baháʼís adopted their system, Middle
Eastern scholars have modified the standard academic system adopted in 1894 in various ways, and have created a separate, related system for writing Persian (a principal change being use of e and o). The Baháʼí system, however, has now been used to print
1938:
The
Unicode character for the ʻayin, the 6-like 'combining letter turned comma', is U+2BB (decimal U+699), and the character for hamza, the 9-like 'combining letter apostrophe', is U+2BC (decimal U+700). They can be written as ʻ and ʼ (decimal ʻ and ʼ), or with
602:
volumes III (1930) and VII (1939). The system has been widely adopted by Baháʼí publishers. The underdots, underscores, and sometimes the accents are frequently omitted online and in less formal writing due to the difficulty in rendering text.
2289:
488:
thousands of books and pamphlets in many languages, hence modifying it would create confusion and force authors to use two different spelling systems (one in passages being quoted exactly, the other in the rest of the text).
2305:
3067:
367:
1918:
The
Unicode character for the underline, 'combining double macron below', is U+35F (decimal U+863). It can be written as hex ͟ or decimal ͟, or with the template
470:
script. The system used in Baháʼí literature was set in 1923, and although it was based on a commonly used standard of the time, it has its own embellishments that make it unique.
441:
2809:
2804:
97:
92:
3149:
3008:
2732:
3072:
372:
516:
434:
2920:
2785:
1751:
219:
1654:
2961:
2889:
2819:
2450:
Guide to
Transliteration and Pronunciation of the Persian Alphabet: together with the Numerical Value of the letters (Abjad Reckoning).
262:
181:
107:
3129:
2358:. All three are typically ignored when speaking in English, but reflect different pronunciations in Arabic and Persian (Winters 2002).
2638:
2254:
2212:
2170:
3014:
312:
1183:
870:
3092:
3004:
2799:
427:
307:
191:
87:
3134:
1492:
627:
2935:
234:
2516:
904:
3109:
2894:
415:
186:
23:
2466:
1118:
839:
2725:
3159:
1762:
1225:
1152:
805:
3036:
334:
3139:
2491:
2281:
1796:
1394:
915:
2541:
2111:, the official pronunciation guide of the Baháʼí World News Service gives a two syllable pronunciation of "ba-HIGH"
2899:
1844:
1315:
794:
763:
729:
656:
196:
3087:
3041:
2873:
392:
387:
339:
163:
3154:
2138:
1360:
1270:
1087:
1022:
949:
3077:
2794:
504:– the Faith's founder, was written in a variety of spellings. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in 1906 instructed to write the term
377:
82:
2517:"How to pronounce 'Shoghi Effendi' - Baha'i Glossary, a Spoken Dictionary of Baha'i Words and Phrases - BahaIQ"
1523:
2966:
2925:
2824:
2718:
2105:
While the accent and phonemic diacritic marks in the word "Baháʼí" indicate a three syllable pronunciation as
267:
224:
112:
2867:
2467:"How to pronounce 'Adhirbayjan' - Baha'i Glossary, a Spoken Dictionary of Baha'i Words and Phrases - BahaIQ"
2222:
2221:(reflecting in the first syllable the difference between the UK and the US with the 'pasta' vowel), and the
1589:
1011:
980:
698:
665:
523:
in
September 1894. Shoghi Effendi changed some details of the Congress's system, most notably in the use of
157:
3082:
2755:
515:
The Baháʼí transliteration scheme that Shoghi
Effendi adopted was based on a standard adopted by the Tenth
501:
411:
382:
54:
39:
2090:
2085:
2063:
2058:
2036:
2031:
2009:
2004:
1838:
1745:
1542:
1458:
1439:
2705:
2696:, contains an introductory summary of Baháʼí terminology and transliteration used in academic literature.
2392:
Tenth
International Congress of Orientalists. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Geneva. pp. 879–892.
3144:
2976:
2492:"How to pronounce 'Fatimih' - Baha'i Glossary, a Spoken Dictionary of Baha'i Words and Phrases - BahaIQ"
1716:
1685:
1534:
1450:
1056:
524:
277:
2853:
2765:
2741:
2542:"How to pronounce 'Siyyid' - Baha'i Glossary, a Spoken Dictionary of Baha'i Words and Phrases - BahaIQ"
497:
455:
143:
64:
31:
3026:
2295:
2279:
1873:
1842:
1794:
1760:
1749:
1714:
1683:
1652:
1620:
1618:
1587:
1540:
1532:
1521:
1490:
1456:
1448:
1437:
1403:
1392:
1358:
1347:
1313:
1302:
1268:
1257:
1223:
1212:
1181:
1150:
1116:
1085:
1054:
1020:
1009:
978:
947:
913:
902:
868:
837:
803:
792:
761:
727:
696:
594:
A list of frequently used words using the new system was first shared in 1923 and later published in
324:
2814:
102:
2026:
1922:
3031:
2586:
329:
2956:
2904:
2829:
2393:
257:
201:
117:
1969:
The Baháʼí transliteration can often differ markedly from versions commonly in use in
English.
2634:
1349:
1304:
1259:
1214:
2846:
2228:
2186:
2144:
2114:
2107:
1981:
1928:. HTML underlining (i.e., <u>...</u>) should not be used, as it's not copy-safe.
1895:
463:
136:
571:). He also introduced certain spelling variations that reflect Persian pronunciation (e.g.
2180:
1986:
548:
467:
2981:
282:
2951:
2627:
2622:
2567:"Style guide, glossary and pronunciation guide | Bahá'í World News Service (BWNS)"
2566:
2449:
1953:
1943:
473:
252:
2699:
3123:
2706:
All Words – Bahaʼi
Glossary, a Spoken Dictionary of Bahaʼi Words and Phrases – BahaIQ
540:
3051:
2860:
2693:
2648:
2297:
1875:
1405:
349:
150:
2652:
2520:
2354:
The apostrophe and the two apostrophe-like letters are distinguished in the name
459:
2470:
2329:
See letters of 12 March 1923, 9 April 1923, and 26 November 1923, published in
1898:
vary regionally and the table mostly demonstrates the abstract Arabic phonemes.
2986:
2599:
1999:
287:
2607:– A Guide to Pronunciation part 1 and 2, for more pronunciation instructions.
2437:
2971:
2930:
2495:
272:
229:
16:
Romanization scheme for Arabic and
Persian words, used in Bahá'í literature
2545:
2397:
2775:
580:
2137:
for English. The realization of the English pronunciation varies. The
3019:
2080:
2053:
520:
317:
2760:
1567:
59:
2681:, vol. VII, Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 1939
2673:, vol. III, Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 1930
3046:
481:
344:
1856:
1818:
1808:
1777:
1728:
1697:
1666:
1635:
1601:
1557:
1504:
1473:
1420:
1375:
1330:
1285:
1240:
1195:
1164:
1133:
1099:
1068:
1037:
992:
961:
930:
885:
851:
820:
775:
744:
710:
679:
638:
534:
477:
2714:
2710:
2246:
2204:
2162:
2243:
2201:
2192:
2159:
1908:
In Persian, the final form of the letter is written undotted.
500:
used a variety of transliterations from Arabic. For example,
2234:
2129:
2120:
2150:
2255:
2213:
2171:
2633:. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust.
2231:
2189:
2147:
2117:
3060:
2997:
2944:
2913:
2882:
2838:
2783:
2748:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2240:
2237:
2198:
2195:
2156:
2153:
2126:
2123:
2626:
508:, and later in 1921 requested that it be written
2726:
2456:, Wilmette, IL: Bahaʼi Publishing Trust, 1957
2095:
2068:
2041:
2014:
1816:
1565:
435:
8:
1854:
1806:
1775:
1726:
1695:
1664:
1633:
1599:
1555:
1502:
1471:
1418:
1373:
1328:
1283:
1238:
1193:
1162:
1131:
1097:
1066:
1035:
990:
959:
928:
883:
849:
818:
773:
742:
708:
677:
636:
2733:
2719:
2711:
442:
428:
18:
2588:A Bahaʼi Glossary and Pronunciation Guide
2432:
2430:
598:of 1926. Minor updates were published in
2390:Report of the Transliteration Committee.
1971:
610:
2342:
2330:
2322:
2272:
30:
517:International Congress of Orientalists
2421:
2409:
2376:
2106:
7:
2702:, by the Universal House of Justice.
2096:
2069:
2042:
2015:
1855:
1817:
1807:
1776:
1727:
1696:
1665:
1634:
1600:
1556:
1503:
1472:
1419:
1374:
1329:
1284:
1239:
1194:
1163:
1132:
1098:
1067:
1036:
991:
960:
929:
884:
850:
819:
774:
743:
709:
678:
637:
555:) according to pronunciation (e.g.
552:
496:Western Baháʼís in the lifetime of
1965:Comparison to common Latinizations
543:when writing the definite article
14:
3150:Languages attested from the 1920s
664:
655:
2774:
2227:
2185:
2143:
2113:
410:
38:
2700:Arabic, Proper pronunciation of
2438:Diacritics and transliteration
1978:Common English Representation
1:
2600:"Windows to the Past Series"
2263:, all with three syllables.
2075:
2048:
2021:
1994:
1851:
1803:
1772:
1723:
1692:
1661:
1630:
1596:
1552:
1499:
1468:
1415:
1370:
1325:
1280:
1235:
1190:
1159:
1128:
1094:
1063:
1032:
987:
956:
925:
880:
846:
815:
770:
739:
705:
674:
633:
539:), and in incorporating the
3176:
2900:Universal House of Justice
1933:
1913:
1903:
1889:
197:Universal House of Justice
3106:
3068:Socioeconomic development
2772:
2571:Bahá’í World News Service
2139:Oxford English Dictionary
1566:
529:⟨s͟h⟩
458:use a standard system of
368:Socioeconomic development
2388:Plunkett, G. T. (1894).
1894:Real phonetic values of
2890:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
2868:Some Answered Questions
2223:Random House Dictionary
527:in certain cases (e.g.
182:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
158:Some Answered Questions
3135:Romanization of Arabic
3073:Progressive revelation
1991:Perso-Arabic Spelling
373:Progressive revelation
3015:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
2977:Letters of the Living
2657:Baháʼí Library Online
2629:Baháʼí Administration
2436:Jonah Winters, 2002,
2037:/fɑːˈtˤɪmæ,ˈfɑːtˤɪmæ/
1982:Persian pronunciation
589:⟨Mahdí⟩
585:⟨Mihdí⟩
313:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
278:Letters of the Living
2905:Spiritual Assemblies
2895:Administrative Order
1987:Arabic pronunciation
519:which took place in
202:Spiritual Assemblies
187:Administrative Order
3160:Persian orthography
2424:, pp. 614–615.
2412:, pp. 256–257.
2108:[bæhɒːˈʔiː]
1975:Baháʼí Orthography
607:Perso-Arabic script
596:The Baháʼí Yearbook
579:), specifically an
3140:1923 introductions
2957:Hands of the Cause
2830:Nineteen Day Feast
2598:Shahrokh, Darius,
258:Hands of the Cause
118:Nineteen Day Feast
3117:
3116:
3027:Shrine of the Báb
2810:Unity of religion
2805:Unity of humanity
2653:"Transliteration"
2103:
2102:
1883:
1882:
1826:
1769:
1758:
1627:
1575:
1549:
1530:
1465:
1446:
1412:
1401:
1367:
1356:
1322:
1311:
1277:
1266:
1232:
1221:
1125:
1029:
1018:
922:
911:
877:
812:
801:
736:
671:
662:
577:⟨w⟩
573:⟨v⟩
452:
451:
325:Shrine of the Báb
98:Unity of religion
93:Unity of humanity
3167:
3155:1923 in religion
3130:Bahá'í practices
3005:House of Worship
2861:The Hidden Words
2778:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2682:
2679:The Baháʼí World
2674:
2671:The Baháʼí World
2666:
2664:
2663:
2644:
2632:
2608:
2606:
2595:
2593:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2544:. Archived from
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2519:. Archived from
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2494:. Archived from
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2469:. Archived from
2463:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2277:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:/ʔæðeɾbiːˈdʒæːn/
2006:
2005:/ɒzæɾbɒːjˈdʒɒːn/
1972:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1893:
1879:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1840:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1015:
997:
996:
995:
984:
966:
965:
964:
953:
935:
934:
933:
920:
919:
909:
908:
890:
889:
888:
875:
874:
856:
855:
854:
843:
825:
824:
823:
810:
809:
799:
798:
780:
779:
778:
767:
749:
748:
747:
734:
733:
715:
714:
713:
702:
684:
683:
682:
669:
668:
660:
659:
643:
642:
641:
623:Transliteration
611:
600:The Baháʼí World
590:
586:
578:
574:
554:
538:
530:
484:, respectively.
444:
437:
430:
414:
308:House of Worship
192:The Guardianship
151:The Hidden Words
42:
19:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3102:
3056:
2993:
2940:
2909:
2878:
2834:
2779:
2770:
2749:Central figures
2744:
2739:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2647:
2641:
2623:Effendi, Shoghi
2621:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2454:Baháʼí Glossary
2447:
2443:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2257:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2188:
2184:
2181:Merriam-Webster
2173:
2146:
2142:
2116:
2112:
2064:/ˈʃæwʔi,ˈʃɑwqi/
1967:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1887:
1853:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1774:
1725:
1694:
1663:
1632:
1598:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1501:
1470:
1417:
1372:
1327:
1282:
1237:
1192:
1161:
1130:
1096:
1065:
1034:
989:
958:
927:
882:
848:
817:
772:
741:
707:
676:
635:
609:
588:
584:
576:
572:
532:
528:
494:
448:
403:
402:
363:
355:
354:
303:
295:
294:
248:
240:
239:
215:
207:
206:
177:
169:
168:
131:
123:
122:
78:
70:
69:
50:
49:Central figures
17:
12:
11:
5:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Shoghi Effendi
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Baháʼí history
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
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3145:1923 in Iran
3108:
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3061:Other topics
3037:World Centre
2982:Mullá Husayn
2883:Institutions
2866:
2859:
2854:Kitáb-i-Íqán
2852:
2845:
2800:Unity of God
2766:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
2742:Baháʼí Faith
2678:
2670:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:
2628:
2603:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:the original
2536:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:the original
2511:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2461:
2453:
2444:
2417:
2405:
2389:
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2355:
2350:
2343:Effendi 1974
2338:
2331:Effendi 1974
2325:
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2104:
1968:
1957:}}
1951:{{
1947:}}
1941:{{
1932:
1926:}}
1920:{{
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617:Arabic Name
599:
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560:
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514:
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498:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
495:
486:
472:
462:to romanize
456:Baháʼí Faith
453:
397:
362:Other topics
335:World Centre
283:Mullá Husayn
176:Institutions
156:
149:
144:Kitáb-i-Íqán
142:
135:
88:Unity of God
65:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
32:Baháʼí Faith
3098:Orthography
2936:Persecution
2874:Other Texts
2756:Baháʼu'lláh
587:instead of
575:instead of
531:instead of
510:Baha ʼUllah
506:Bahaʼo'llah
502:Baháʼu'lláh
460:orthography
398:Orthography
235:Persecution
164:Other Texts
55:Baháʼu'lláh
3124:Categories
3093:Statistics
3088:Prophecies
3042:Pilgrimage
3032:Síyáh-Chál
2662:2019-11-20
2552:2016-05-04
2527:2016-05-04
2502:2016-05-04
2477:2016-05-04
2422:World 1939
2410:World 1930
2377:Momen 1991
2317:References
2032:/fɒːteˈme/
2000:Azerbaijan
1923:underscore
492:Background
393:Statistics
388:Prophecies
340:Pilgrimage
330:Síyáh-Chál
3078:Cosmology
2795:Teachings
2625:(1974) .
2091:/ˈsæjjɪd/
2086:/sejˈjed/
2050:S͟hog͟hí
2016:آذربایجان
1825:(Persian)
1768:(Persian)
1626:(Persian)
1574:(Persian)
1548:(Persian)
1464:(Persian)
1411:(Persian)
1366:(Persian)
1321:(Persian)
1276:(Persian)
1231:(Persian)
1124:(Persian)
1028:(Persian)
921:(Persian)
876:(Persian)
811:(Persian)
735:(Persian)
670:(Persian)
666:/ɒː/, /æ/
657:/aː/, /a/
569:al-Ṣaddíq
561:aṣ-Ṣaddíq
378:Cosmology
83:Teachings
3110:Category
2962:Apostles
2926:Timeline
2825:Calendar
2784:Basics (
2651:(1991).
2398:25207765
2059:/ˈʃoːɣi/
2023:Fáṭimih
1757:(Arabic)
1529:(Arabic)
1445:(Arabic)
1400:(Arabic)
1355:(Arabic)
1310:(Arabic)
1265:(Arabic)
1220:(Arabic)
1017:(Arabic)
910:(Arabic)
800:(Arabic)
661:(Arabic)
581:Isfahani
565:al-Raḥím
557:ar-Raḥím
537:⟩
533:⟨
525:digraphs
416:Category
263:Apostles
225:Timeline
113:Calendar
24:a series
22:Part of
3083:Symbols
2987:Táhirih
2914:History
2786:outline
2761:The Báb
2615:Sources
2077:Siyyid
1864:hamzah
1428:g͟hayn
626:Value (
614:Letter
464:Persian
383:Symbols
288:Táhirih
214:History
60:The Báb
3020:Qiblih
2998:Places
2945:People
2931:Bábism
2820:Prayer
2637:
2396:
2081:Sayyid
2054:Shawki
2027:Fatima
1896:Arabic
1867:hamzé
1175:s͟hín
1172:s͟hín
1000:d͟hál
938:k͟háʼ
783:t͟háʼ
649:ʼalef
646:ʼalif
549:Arabic
521:Geneva
468:Arabic
318:Qiblih
302:Places
247:People
230:Bábism
108:Prayer
77:Basics
26:on the
3047:Haifa
2972:Bábis
2592:(MP3)
2394:JSTOR
2267:Notes
2043:فاطمه
1954:hamza
1944:okina
1431:qayn
1386:ʼayn
1383:ʻayn
1110:z͟hé
941:k͟hé
862:c͟hé
789:t͟h
652:á, a
482:hamza
345:Haifa
273:Bábis
3052:Acre
3009:List
2815:Laws
2635:ISBN
2596:and
2583:See
2225:has
2214:bah-
2183:has
2141:has
2070:شوقی
1949:and
1839:/iː/
1835:í, y
1829:yáʼ
1785:háʼ
1746:/uː/
1742:ú, v
1739:váv
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1515:qáf
1512:qáf
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1338:ẓáʼ
1293:ṭáʼ
1251:zád
1248:ḍád
1206:sád
1203:ṣád
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1141:sín
1113:z͟h
1076:záy
1045:ráʼ
1003:zál
972:dál
969:dál
944:k͟h
893:ḥáʼ
865:c͟h
831:jím
828:jím
752:táʼ
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