Eastern Arabia - Knowledge (XXG)

76: 1560: 170: 1330: 5555: 425: 158: 740:, which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and domestic fowl, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia. Instances of all of these trade goods have been found. The importance of this trade is shown by the fact that the weights and measures used at Dilmun were in fact identical to those used by the Indus, and were not used in Southern Mesopotamia. 382:, but it was probably after the 15th century. Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are instead generally taken to be the bay east and west of the coast, the seas north and south of the island, or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground. In addition to wells, there are places in the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the salt water, noted by visitors since antiquity. 98: 122: 146: 1118: 134: 110: 991: 888: 967:, Saudi Arabia. Al Janbi's theory is the most widely accepted one by modern scholars, although there are some difficulties with this argument given that Al Ahsa is 60 km (37 mi) inland and thus less likely to be the starting point for a trader's route, making the location within the archipelago of islands comprising the modern 1238:. Shapur constructed a new city there and named it "Batan Ardashir" after his father. Mazun stretched from Oman in the south to the Shatt al-Arab in the north, and included the archipelago of Bahrain; thus it is roughly coterminous with the modern definition of Eastern Arabia. It was subdivided into the three districts of Haggar ( 2672:

administrators, with strong links to Persia, which they maintained close contact; a sedentary, non-tribal community of Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists; a Persian clergy, who we know for certain, used Syriac as a language of liturgy and writing more generally, probably alongside Persian as a spoken language.

1293:, which had come to dominate the southern shores of the Persian Gulf. Within the Byzantine Empire, Nestorians were persecuted as heretics, but as eastern Arabia was far enough from the empire's borders that Nestorianism flourished. Several notable Nestorian writers originated from Beth Qatraye, including 1045:

has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper

1860:

origin." Ajwad's elder brother had earlier established the dynasty in the early 15th century by deposing and killing the last Jarwanid ruler in Qatif. At their height, the Jabrids controlled the entire Arabian coast on the Persian Gulf, including the islands of Bahrain, and regularly led expeditions

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dynasty. Neo-Babylonian administrative records, dated 567 BC, stated that Dilmun was controlled by the king of Babylon. The name "Dilmun" fell from use after the collapse of Neo-Babylon in 538 BC. It is not certain what happened to the civilization itself; discoveries of ruins under the Persian Gulf

1961:. The Bani Khalid remained staunch enemies of the Saudis and their allies and attempted to invade Najd and Diriyyah in an effort to stop Saudi expansion. Their efforts failed, however, and after conquering Najd, the Saudis invaded the Bani Khalid domain in Al-Aḥsā and deposed Al-'Ura'yir in 1793. 2671:

Thus the elements in the pre-Islamic ethno-linguistic situation in eastern Arabia appear to have been a mixed tribal population of partially Christianised Arabs of diverse origins who probably spoke different old Arabian vernaculars; a mobile Persian-speaking population, possibly of traders and

1583:

The Qarmatian state had vast fruit and grain estates both on the islands and in Hasa and Qatif. Nasiri Khusru, who visited Hasa in 1051, recounted that these estates were cultivated by some thirty thousand Ethiopian slaves. He mentions that the people of Hasa were exempt from taxes. Those

1900:

The main branches of the Bani Khalid are the Humaid, the Jubur, the Du'um, the Janah, the Grusha, the Musallam, the 'Amayer, the Subaih and the Mahashir. The chieftainship of the Bani Khalid has traditionally been held by the Humaid clan. The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding

1488:

Eastern Arabia, and Bahrain more specifically, became a principal centre of knowledge for hundreds of years stretching from the early days of Islam in the 6th century to the 18th century. Philosophers of eastern Arabia were highly esteemed, such as the 13th-century mystic, Sheikh

1825:, Islamic prayers were held in the mosques under Jarwanid rule, and prayer was called under the Shi'ite formula. According to Al-Humaydan, who specialized in the history of eastern Arabia, the Jarwanids were Twelvers, and the term "Qarmatian" was simply used as a derogatory 1223:. The Parthian Empire brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. Because they needed to control the Persian Gulf trade route, the Parthians established garrisons on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf. 1021:

commanders to visit the island, and he found a verdant land that was part of a wide trading network. He recorded: “In the island of Tylos, situated in the Persian Gulf, are large plantations of cotton trees, from which are manufactured clothes called

653:". Assyrian inscriptions at this time also recorded tribute from Dilmun. There are other Assyrian inscriptions during the first millennium BC indicating Assyrian sovereignty over Dilmun; one of the sites discovered in Bahrain indicates that 1909:

oases during the 16th and 17th centuries. Under Barrak ibn Ghurayr of the Humaid, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman forces from the cities and towns in 1670 and proclaim their rule over the region. Ibn Ghurayr made his capital in

1976:

in 1818, they reoccupied Al-Aḥsā and Al-Qatif and reinstated members of Al 'Uray'ir as governors of the region on their behalf. The Bani Khalid were no longer the potent military force they once were at this time, and tribes such as the

1861:

into central Arabia and Oman. One contemporary scholar described Ajwad ibn Zamil as "the king of al-Ahsa and Qatif and the leader of the people of Najd." Following his death, his kingdom was divided among some of his descendants, with

1928:

in his realm from poaching the bird's eggs, earning the tribe the appellation of "protectors of the eggs of the habari", an allusion to the chief's absolute supremacy over his realm. The first chieftain of the “Khawalid” was Haddori.

1305:

and Ahob of Qatar. Christianity declined with the arrival of Islam in Eastern Arabia in 628. By 676, the bishops of Beth Qatraye had stopped attending synods; although Christianity persisted in the region until the late 9th century.

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Like a vast majority of their subject people, in time the Khalidis adopted Shi'ite Islam (if they were not already so at the time of their ascendency). This led to a lasting animosity between them and the staunchly anti-Shi'ite

1716:

in 1320. However, the Hormuzi rulers did not seem to have firm control of the islands, and during the 14th century Bahrain was disputed as numerous neighbours sought tribute from the wealth accumulated from its pearl fisheries.

75: 1030:, states that much of the archipelago was covered in these cotton trees and noted that textiles were a major industry. According to him, Tylos was also famous for exporting engraved walking canes popular in 743:

Mesopotamian trade documents, lists of goods, and official inscriptions mentioning Meluhha supplement Harappan seals and archaeological finds. Literary references to trade with Meluhha date from the

704:, India, as well as in Mesopotamia. These seals support the other evidence of Dilmun being an influential trading center. What the commerce consisted of is less known; timber and precious woods, 1079:

when the inhabitants are referred to as "Thilouanoi" ("inhabitants of Tylos"). Some place names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era; for instance, the residential suburb of Arad, located in

2009:

and the Saudis in 1830 brought the rule of the Bani Khalid to a close. The Ottomans appointed a governor from Bani Khalid over Al-Aḥsā once more in 1874, but his rule also was short-lived.

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For Dilmun, the land of my lady's heart, I will create long waterways, rivers and canals, whereby water will flow to quench the thirst of all beings and bring abundance to all that lives.

1160:, having migrated to the Mediterranean and settled in the parts which they now inhabit, began at once, they say, to adventure on long voyages, freighting their vessels with the wares of 689:

were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indus Valley seals have turned up at

1884:. However, one branch of the Jabrids remained active in Oman for another three centuries. It is unknown what became of the non-Omani Jabrids. Some believe they are identical with the 921:

Prior to Gerrha, the area belonged to the Dilmuni civilization. Gerrha itself was the center of an Arab kingdom from approximately 650 BC to circa 300 AD. The kingdom was attacked by

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Some Kuwaiti soap operas have become extremely popular and, although they are usually performed in the Kuwaiti dialect, they have been shown with success as far away as Tunisia.

1993:

began encroaching on Bani Khalid's desert territories. They were also beset by internal quarrels over leadership. Though the Bani Khalid were able to forge an alliance with the

1567:

For much of the 10th century the Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf and Middle East, controlling the coast of Oman, and collecting tribute from the

1584:

impoverished or in debt could obtain a loan until they put their affairs in order. No interest was taken on loans, and token lead money was used for all local transactions.

1026:, of different degrees of value, some being costly, others less expensive. The use of these is mostly confined to India, but extends also to Arabia.” The Greek historian, 4045: 1556:

society but not as a secret one; their activities were public and openly propagated, but new members had to undergo an initiation ceremony involving seven stages.

1473:

The expansion of Islam did not affect eastern Arabia's reliance on trade, and its prosperity continued to be dependent on markets in India and Mesopotamia. After

751:(c. 2600 BC). Some Meluhhan vessels may have sailed directly to Mesopotamian ports, but by the Isin-Larsa Period (c. 1900 BC), Dilmun monopolized the trade. The 1953:, the Khalidi chief ordered him to cease support for Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and expel him from his town. The emir agreed, and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab moved to neighboring 1694:, but eventually overthrew the latter and seized power themselves. The Usfurids' takeover came after Uyunid power had been weakened by invasion in 1235 by the 501:

popular culture, in the form of poetry, film, theater, and soap operas, is exported to neighbouring states. The Arab world's three largest broadcast networks (

1760:

dynasty (1076–1235) belonged. The Jarwanids came to power some time in the 14th century, after expelling the forces of Sa'eed ibn Mughamis, the chief of the

1865:(possibly his grandson) inheriting Al-Aḥsā, Qatif, and Bahrain. Migrin fell in battle in Bahrain in a failed attempt to repel an invasion of Bahrain by the 1598:, which precipitated the decline of the Qarmatian state. Around 1058, a revolt on the island of Bahrain led by two Shi'a members of the Abd al-Qays tribe, 914:

Gerrha and Uqair are archaeological sites on the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, only 100 kilometres (60 miles) from the ancient burial grounds of

1998: 5319: 5178: 1318: 1310: 1579:, whom they did not recognize. The land they ruled over was extremely wealthy, with a huge slave-based economy. According to academic Yitzhak Nakash: 3308: 1546:

society. The Qarmatians' goal was to build a society based on reason and equality. The state was governed by a council of six with a chief who was

412:. "Khaleeji" has evolved into a socio-political regional identity that distinguished the GCC inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula from the wider 5312: 5198: 3512: 3275:

Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, Harriet Crawford Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132

1914:, where remnants of his castle stand today. According to Arabian folklore, one chief of the Bani Khalid attempted to protect the prized desert 975: 959:

at the end of the 9th century, and all 300,000 inhabitants were killed. It was 3 kilometres (2 mi) from the Persian Gulf near current day

1542:, Bahrain's capital at that time, and Al-Aḥsā, which he made the capital of his republic. Once in control of the state, he sought to create a 5307: 5241: 3605: 3574: 3436: 3411: 3068: 3034: 2527: 2282: 2171:"Labor, Nationalism and Imperialism in Eastern Arabia: Britain, the Shaikhs and the Gulf Oil Workers in Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar, 1932-1956" 5302: 5266: 5205: 578:

features. The sedentary people of ancient Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a

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Curtis E. Larsen. Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University Of Chicago Press, 1984.

1815:

sect was promoted under their rule, and Twelver scholars held the judgeships and other important positions, including the chief of the

466:-focused life in the small Gulf Arab states has resulted in a sea-oriented society where livelihoods have traditionally been earned in 5164: 4038: 3489: 963:. The researcher Abdulkhaliq Al Janbi argued in his book that Gerrha was most likely the ancient city of Hajar, located in modern-day 1204:

From the 3rd century BC to arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, Eastern Arabia was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties: the

5505: 5246: 3729: 3377: 3350: 3200: 2922: 2859: 2718: 2497: 2434: 2387: 2199: 2133: 265:, was a place where people moved around, settled and married unconcerned by national borders. The people of Eastern Arabia shared a 2544: 1945:

during their earlier migration eastwards, and also cultivated clients among the rulers of the Najdi towns, such as Al Mu'ammar of

790:

Dilmun, sometimes described as “the place where the sun rises” and “the Land of the Living”, is the scene of some versions of the

5261: 5251: 5193: 5171: 5154: 5149: 5068: 1418: 1106:, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples." The people of 3873:عبداللطيف بن ناصر الحميدان، "إمارة العصفوريين ودورها السياسي في تاريخ شرق الجزيرة العربية"، مجلة كلية الآداب، جامعة البصرة، 1975 3745: 1559: 5271: 5100: 4966: 4880: 4830: 853: 510: 404:" refers, geographically, to inhabitants of eastern Arabia. However, today the term is often applied to the inhabitants of the 309: 277: 90: 1262:

The Christian name used for the region encompassing north-eastern Arabia was Beth Qatraye, which translates to "region of the

358:

means "the Two Seas". However, which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the

5215: 3158: 2976: 2812: 2765: 2664: 2083: 1485:, eastern Arabia greatly benefited from the city's increased demand for foreign goods, especially from China and South Asia. 1226:

In the 3rd century AD, the Sasanians succeeded the Parthians and held the area until the rise of Islam four centuries later.

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in 127 BC in modern-day Kuwait . A building inscription found in Bahrain indicates that Hyspoasines occupied the islands.

1941:

from the mid-18th century to the present. The Bani Khalid maintained ties with members of their tribe who had settled in

645:. Following the collapse of the Kassite dynasty, Mesopotamian documents make no mention of Dilmun, with the exception of 5558: 5210: 4840: 4567: 4272: 1095: 390: 5592: 4697: 3131: 1094:

both believed the Phoenicians originated from Bahrain. This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist

1646:

dynasty that ruled eastern Arabia for 163 years, from the 11th to the 13th centuries. They were the remnants of Bani

3769: 2602: 2235: 1552:. All property within the community was distributed evenly among all initiates. The Qarmatians were organized as an 899:. More accurately, the ancient city of Gerrha has been determined to have existed near or under the present fort of 462:. The most noticeable cultural trait of Eastern Arabia's Gulf Arabs is their orientation and focus towards the sea. 4875: 4860: 4158: 4143: 1950: 5256: 5188: 5159: 5144: 4885: 4810: 3784: 1973: 1341: 1235: 678: 441: 401: 925:

in 205-204 BC, though it seems to have survived. It is unknown exactly when Gerrha fell, but the area was under

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Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites

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and Abu'l-Walid Muslim, heralded the collapse of Qarmatian power and eventually the ascendancy to power of the

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Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in ... By Jamsheed K. Choksy, 1997, page 75

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dynasty that ruled eastern Arabia in the 14th century. It was founded by Jerwan I bin Nasser and was based in

5587: 5492: 5183: 5090: 4767: 4477: 4472: 3719: 1520: 1425: 1314: 922: 752: 614:. The demonym "Dilmun" is used to describe a type of axe and the ethnicity of an official in these tablets. 445: 3215:

Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society By Curtis E. Larsen p. 13

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were a dynasty that dominated eastern Arabia in the 15th and 16th centuries. They were descendants of the

1632: 1599: 1290: 999: 952:, 6.32) says it was 8 kilometres (5 mi) in circumference with towers built of square blocks of salt. 780: 724:

from the Persian Gulf, and shell and bone inlays were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for

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Abdullatif Al-Humaydan, "The Usfurid Dynasty and its Political Role in the History of Eastern Arabia",

1230:, the first ruler of the Sasanian dynasty, conquered Bahrain and northern Oman, and appointed his son, 1686:

group, and are named after the dynasty's founder, Usfur ibn Rashid. They were initially allies of the

1329: 1156:

began the quarrel. These people, who had formerly dwelt in the far east and then to the shores of the

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Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity

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The “Arabian Gulf” types of circular, stamped (rather than rolled) seals known from Dilmun appear at

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The Bahrein Islands (750–1951): A Contribution to the Study of Power Politics in the Persian Gulf.

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Cole, Juan R. I. (1987). "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800".

3091: 2932: 2869: 2822: 2775: 2728: 2678: 2444: 2424: 2397: 2209: 2143: 2093: 2030: 1745: 1702: 1548: 1490: 1482: 1317:, except for a short period during the mid-to-late 7th century. They were instead subject to the 1007: 544: 1997:

tribe in this period, they were eventually defeated by an alliance of several tribes along with

1812: 1144:'s account (written c. 430 BC) refers to Phoenicians inhabiting the shores of the Persian Gulf: 450:

The inhabitants of Eastern Arabia's Gulf coast share similar cultures and music styles, such as

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building on the perceived cultural homogeneity within the Gulf states and their shared history.

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who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or

5454: 5073: 4900: 4865: 4726: 4721: 4702: 4511: 4338: 4098: 3982: 3852:أنوار البدرين في تراجم علماء القطيف والإحساء والبحرين، الشيخ علي بن الشيخ حسن البلادي البحراني 3725: 3601: 3591: 3570: 3485: 3432: 3407: 3373: 3367: 3346: 3196: 3154: 3064: 3030: 2972: 2918: 2912: 2855: 2849: 2808: 2761: 2714: 2708: 2660: 2638: 2609: 2523: 2493: 2430: 2383: 2278: 2195: 2129: 2079: 2018: 1978: 1866: 1678:

were an Arab dynasty that gained control of eastern Arabia in 1253. They were a branch of the

1459: 1066: 1010: 803: 764: 638: 634: 597: 567: 498: 467: 424: 409: 386: 66: 62: 4375: 3340: 3024: 2802: 2755: 2654: 2517: 2377: 2272: 2073: 657:, king of Assyria (707–681 BC), attacked the northeastern Persian Gulf and captured Bahrain. 432:, a common item depicting the culture of seafaring in Eastern Arabia. It is displayed in the 5535: 5530: 5520: 5449: 5126: 5080: 5023: 4952: 4815: 4709: 4658: 4636: 4489: 4436: 3811: 1862: 1784: 1738: 1726: 1516: 1455: 1410: 1302: 1294: 1042: 622: 571: 3342:

Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl-fishing : Origins to the Age of Discoveries, Volume 224

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From the time when Islam emerged in the 7th century until the early 16th century, the term

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inscriptions dated to 1250 BC which proclaimed the Assyrian king to be "King of Dilmun and

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Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies, Ian Morris, Routledge, p184

1752:—the tribe of their predecessors the Usfurids and their successors the Jabrids—or to the 2315: 2005:

in 1823. Battles against a Mutayri–'Ajmani alliance in 1823 and another battle with the

1493:(d. 1299). The mosque of Sheikh Maitham and his tomb can be visited in the outskirts of 477:. Approximately 2 million Saudis (out of a population of 34 million) speak Gulf Arabic. 5566: 5515: 5414: 5378: 5358: 5341: 5281: 5045: 4937: 4915: 4905: 4757: 4735: 4619: 4614: 4599: 4594: 4521: 4467: 4419: 4390: 4296: 4286: 3597: 1881: 1691: 1619: 1603: 1406: 1271: 1157: 1149: 1006:) and was known for its pearls. From the 6th to 3rd century BC Bahrain was part of the 363: 3640:

Yitzhak Nakash, Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World, Princeton 2007

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W. B. Fisher et al. The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press 1968 p40

397:(lit. “belonging to the sea”) would have been misunderstood and so was opted against. 30:

This article is about the historical region of Arabia. For the present-day state, see

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origins, and the similarity in the words "Tylos" and "Tyre" has been commented upon.

1107: 1103: 1059: 1047: 944:, who built their houses of salt and repaired them by the application of salt water. 834: 807: 791: 776: 258: 2345: 2236:"Eastern Arabian States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman" 2125:

History of eastern Arabia, 1750-1800: the rise and development of Bahrain and Kuwait

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Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society

3295:

Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society

1954: 1808: 1708:

The Usfurids had an uneasy relationship with the main regional power at the time,

1417:. Eastern Arabians were amongst the first to embrace Islam during the time of the 775:

to reach Dilmun. Mount Mashu is usually identified with the whole of the parallel

3764:

Abdulkhaliq Al-Janbi, an online article on the history of eastern Arabia (Arabic)

3193:

Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society

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The Jabrid kingdom collapsed soon afterwards after an invasion of Al-Aḥsā by the

873:, are described as taking place in a world "before Dilmun had yet been settled". 5500: 5459: 5095: 4984: 4927: 4855: 4805: 4692: 4668: 4557: 4395: 4313: 4291: 4267: 4113: 4103: 2043: 2036: 1994: 1911: 1889: 1776: 1193: 1126: 1069:"Tilmun" (from Dilmun). The term "Tylos" was commonly used for the archipelago; 822: 795: 661: 654: 603: 529: 525: 490: 474: 375: 374:(modern Al-Aḥsā). It is unclear when the term began to refer exclusively to the 2969:

Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography

2579: 5030: 4999: 4825: 4820: 4484: 4445: 4407: 4325: 4198: 4083: 4078: 3815: 2473: 1856:, who died in 1507. He was described by his contemporaries as having been "of 1822: 1800: 1749: 1695: 1687: 1679: 1663: 1651: 1647: 1607: 1524: 1510: 1435: 1393: 1389: 1227: 1117: 956: 673:

There is both literary and archaeological evidence of extensive trade between

566:-speaking agriculturalists. Some sedentary dialects of Eastern Arabia exhibit 547: 533: 506: 486: 413: 266: 3986: 3721:

Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam

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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade

2549: 1965: 1946: 1892:

confederation, who eventually took control of the region after the Jabrids.

1804: 1683: 1357: 1333: 1247: 1189: 1173: 1153: 1141: 830: 768: 717: 600: 332: 2006: 1986: 848:, the Sumerian goddess of air and southerly winds, had her home in Dilmun. 3884:

Al-Wasit Online Newspaper, Issue 2379, March 12, 2009, citing Al-Humaydan

3165:

Hagar is the name of Bahrain and its capital Hagar destroyed by Qarmatians

1405:

referred to the wider historical region of eastern Arabia stretching from

990: 641:. These letters hint at an administrative relationship between Dilmun and 5004: 4609: 4545: 4516: 4426: 4385: 4193: 4173: 3766: 1934: 1873: 1761: 1675: 1659: 1595: 1553: 1421: 1337: 1251: 1231: 1185: 1083:, is believed to originate from "Arados", the ancient Greek name for the 1080: 1014: 926: 862: 858: 799: 626: 606:

dated to the end of fourth millennium BC, found in the temple of goddess

367: 3994: 3970: 1380:, are close to the sea ... Tuwwam has been dominated by a branch of the 998:

The island of Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as "Tylos" (

637:, to his friend Enlil-kidinni in Mesopotamia. The names referred to are 4976: 4714: 4604: 4562: 4450: 4262: 4257: 4186: 1982: 1958: 1925: 1915: 1838: 1826: 1780: 1757: 1572: 1568: 1543: 1531: 1528: 1474: 1463: 1381: 1130: 1070: 1051: 1031: 971:, particularly the main island of Bahrain itself, another possibility. 968: 941: 937: 887: 737: 701: 686: 682: 650: 646: 642: 630: 563: 494: 281: 219: 103: 31: 3823: 1589:

Yitzhak Nakash, Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World

895:

Gerrha was an ancient city of Eastern Arabia, on the west side of the

385:

An alternate theory offered by al-Hasa was that the two seas were the

5482: 4586: 4540: 4247: 4234: 2002: 1990: 1877: 1817: 1769: 1698: 1498: 1494: 1478: 1467: 1443: 1430: 1373: 1353: 1091: 933: 915: 882: 845: 733: 725: 697: 618: 607: 591: 451: 371: 289: 270: 227: 211: 127: 3846:

Anwar al-badrayn fi tarajim 'ulama' al-Qatif wa'l-Ahsa' wa'l-Bahrayn

2851:

Non-Arabic Semitic elements in the Arabic dialects of Eastern Arabia

994:

Asia in 600 CE, showing the Sassanid Empire before the Arab conquest

974:

Various other identifications of the site have been attempted, with

366:—originally known to the Arabs as “Awal”—but rather to the oases of 3950: 3450: 3448: 633:. These letters were from a provincial official located in Dilmun, 5390: 5333: 5228: 4772: 4070: 4054: 3664:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Genealogical and Chronological Manual

3593:

Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates

2631:"Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War" 2603:"Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War" 2024: 1906: 1885: 1842: 1796: 1792: 1734: 1713: 1709: 1576: 1558: 1369: 1328: 1279: 1263: 1243: 1239: 1116: 1099: 989: 960: 900: 870: 772: 755:

assesses that its "Golden Age" lasted from c. 2200 BC to 1600 BC.

721: 705: 521: 423: 359: 297: 235: 207: 151: 3006:"Lost ancient civilisation's ruins lie beneath Gulf, says boffin" 2914:

Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500 BC to 300 AD

4367: 1942: 1938: 1857: 1765: 1730: 1643: 1539: 1535: 1439: 1365: 1055: 866: 826: 713: 611: 429: 293: 285: 231: 223: 139: 115: 4027: 1424:, who ruled eastern Arabia through one of his representatives, 1219:

lost their territories to the Parthians, an Iranian tribe from

389:

and a peaceful lake on the mainland; still another provided by

3513:"Christianity in the Gulf during the first centuries of Islam" 2757:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 5

794:, and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, 729: 463: 3060:

The Harps that once--: Sumerian poetry in translation, p. 150

1428:. Eastern Arabia embraced Islam in 628 (the seventh year of 1563:

Map of eastern and central Arabia in the 9th–10th centuries

747:

period (c. 2300 BC), but the trade probably started in the

690: 685:). Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of 257:

Until very recently, the whole of Eastern Arabia, from the

250:. The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as " 1454:, another companion of Muhammad, as governor of the area. 1450:

was the governor of eastern Arabia. Umar I also appointed

3257:

Phillip Ward, Bahrain: A Travel Guide, Oleander Press p68

2804:

Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary

2710:

Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature

2656:

Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary

2075:

Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary

1062:. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests. 903:, 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Al-Aḥsā in the 617:

Dilmun was also mentioned in two letters, recovered from

1289:

By the 5th century, Beth Qatraye was a major center for

80:

Eastern Arabia (historical region of Bahrain) on a 1745

1065:

The name Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the

3890:الشيعة المتصوفون وقيادة في مسجد الخميس، حسين محمد حسين 2316:"Understanding the Evolution of the Khaleeji Identity" 2191:

Eastern Arabia Historic Photographs: Kuwait, 1900-1936

1538:

in present-day Iraq. Al-Jannabi took over the city of

3969:

Khan, Mu'inuddin Ahmad; Jones, Harford (March 1968).

2261:

Vol. I. “Bahrayn”, p. 941. E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1960.

1594:

The Qarmatians were defeated in battle in 976 by the

1234:, as the governor of eastern Arabia, the province of 473:

The Arabs of Eastern Arabia speak a dialect known as

2545:"Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation" 1783:," a term for Shi'ites who rejected the first three 1637: 1396:, The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions 1254:, Bahrain), which included the Bahrain archipelago. 660:

The most recent reference to Dilmun came during the

201: 5491: 5468: 5435: 5399: 5332: 5226: 5134: 5125: 5054: 4975: 4781: 4585: 4366: 4324: 4233: 4224: 4172: 4129: 4069: 2519:

Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties

2426:

International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Volume 1

89: 42: 3482:The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century 1058:was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god 524:is dominant in Eastern Arabia. The main sects are 3787:, al-Durar al-Kamina fi A'yan al-mi'a al-Thamina 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2346:"Khaleeji Identity in Contemporary Gulf Politics" 1712:, which took control of Bahrain (the island) and 485:Khaleeji entertainment is popular throughout the 319:is not geographically a part of Eastern Arabia. 3767:عبدالخالق الجنبي، جروان الأحساء غير جروان القطيف 3176:Gerrha, The Ancient City Of International Trade 2379:Iranians in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates 1037:It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the 550:, the population of Eastern Arabia consisted of 2911:Crawford, Harriet E. W.; Rice, Michael (2000). 2353:Oxford Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum 2323:Oxford Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum 1949:. When the emir of Uyayna adopted the ideas of 1581: 1347: 1146: 3680:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 3345:. American Philosophical Society. p. 48. 2854:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 270–279. 1748:. It is disputed whether they belonged to the 1658:in 1077-1078 AD. The Uyunids then fell to the 5598:Geographical regions of the Arabian Peninsula 4039: 1571:caliph in Baghdad and from the rival Ismaili 513:) are all located in Eastern Arabia as well. 8: 3971:"A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia" 3888: 3871: 3804:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3454:Bahrain By Federal Research Division, page 7 3177: 2429:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 38. 50: 3695:, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 94-95. 3651:The Ismāı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 3569:. Georgetown University Press. p. 43. 3518:. Oxford Brookes University. Archived from 3462: 3460: 2522:. Georgetown University Press. p. 75. 1799:, describes them as being "remnants of the 5131: 4230: 4046: 4032: 4024: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3023:P. T. H. Unwin; Tim Unwin (18 June 1996). 2296: 2294: 1360:trees; it lies in the direction of Hajar { 1121:Phoenicians men their ships in service to 802:), was taken by the gods to live forever. 276:Nowadays, Eastern Arabia is a part of the 39: 3590:Morton, Michael Quentin (15 April 2016). 2304:Verry, Fisher & Co. (New York), 1951. 1779:describe the Jarwanids as being "extreme 1188:Greek power, Tylos was incorporated into 732:, woolen textiles, olive oil and grains. 493:dialect, its influence reaches as far as 3905:University Of Chicago Press, 1984 pp66-8 3195:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1152:, who are best informed in history, the 886: 3666:, Edinburgh University Press, 2004, p95 3653:, Cambridge University Press 1990, p221 3057:Thorkild Jacobsen (23 September 1997). 2169:Saleh, Hassan Mohammad Abdulla (1991). 2057: 2001:, who had re-established Saudi rule in 596:The Kingdom of Dilmun first appears in 218:coast and included parts of modern-day 88: 72: 3676:A Thirteenth Century Poet from Bahrain 3225:Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (1854). 3132:"Pliny the Elder, the Natural History" 2991: 2940: 2930: 2877: 2867: 2830: 2820: 2783: 2773: 2736: 2726: 2686: 2676: 2452: 2442: 2405: 2395: 2217: 2207: 2151: 2141: 2101: 2091: 1744:The Jarwanids belonged to the clan of 1650:tribe and seized the country from the 1041:, although the archaeological site at 1017:is believed to have been the first of 818:and a “faraway, half-mythical place”. 3297:University Of Chicago Press, 1984 p13 2702: 2700: 2372: 2370: 2254: 2252: 2117: 2115: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 1924:) from extinction by prohibiting the 1701:of Fars (at that time vassals of the 7: 3863:Journal of the College of Literature 3797: 3795: 3793: 3552:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim. p. 1. 2917:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 217. 2601:Al-Rumaihi, Mohammed Ghanim (1973). 1344:, governor of Bahrain in AD 628 3889: 3872: 3724:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 35. 3480:; Al-Murikhi, Saif Shaheen (2014). 3429:The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf 3404:The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf 3178: 1807:concludes from this that they were 1627: 1606:, an Arab dynasty belonging to the 1110:in particular have long maintained 1090:The Greek historians Herodotus and 976:Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville 857:, the main events, which center on 837:occurred. Enki says to Ninhursag: 681:(which most scholars identify with 621:, which were dated to the reign of 344: 191: 51: 3718:Juan Ricardo Cole (28 June 2002). 3179:جره مدينة التجارة العالمية القديمة 3029:. Psychology Press. pp. 80–. 2188:Abu-Hakima, Ahmad Mustafa (1986). 2122:Abu-Hakima, Ahmad Mustafa (1965). 1957:, where he joined forces with the 1737:. The dynasty was a vassal of the 907:. This site was first proposed by 25: 3484:. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 24. 2713:. Psychology Press. p. 305. 1242:, Saudi Arabia), Batan Ardashir ( 891:Gerrha and its neighbors in 1 AD. 5554: 5553: 4886:West South Central United States 3369:Bahrain Through The Ages - Archa 3121:Strabon, Geography, i6. 4. 19-20 2612:. pp. 46–47. Archived from 1654:with the military assistance of 1458:, built during the reign of the 1313:of Beth Qatraye did not form an 905:Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia 821:Dilmun is also described in the 168: 156: 144: 132: 120: 108: 96: 74: 5101:Latin America and the Caribbean 4967:Latin America and the Caribbean 3708:, Taylor and Francis, 2006, p95 3372:. Routledge. pp. 401–402. 2967:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (1999). 1852:Their most prominent ruler was 854:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 278:Arab states of the Persian Gulf 2895:Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours 929:Persian control after 300 AD. 693:and other Mesopotamian sites. 206:), is a region stretched from 1: 3706:Medieval Islamic Civilization 3314:. p. 274. Archived from 2659:. BRILL. pp. XXIV–XXVI. 2175:Hassan Mohammed Abdulla Saleh 1849:, like the earlier Usfurids. 1775:Contemporary sources such as 1200:Parthian and Sasanian periods 1129:, during his war against the 552:partially Christianized Arabs 393:is that the more formal name 308:are the most commonly listed 4568:Middle East and North Africa 4273:Middle East and North Africa 2971:. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. 2807:. BRILL. pp. XXIX–XXX. 2543:Habib Toumi (13 July 2011). 2489:Kuwait: vanguard of the Gulf 2243:David E. Long, Bernard Reich 1364:}, and the mosque is in the 1054:was in everyday use), while 955:Gerrha was destroyed by the 625:(c. 1370 BC), a king of the 489:. Although performed in the 481:Mass media and entertainment 362:, but does not refer to the 3629:A History of Medieval Islam 2492:. Hutchinson. p. 113. 2277:. McFarland, Incorporated. 1972:invaded Arabia and deposed 1638: 1477:emerged as the seat of the 1376:, both in the direction of 851:However, in the early epic 785:gap between these mountains 280:. The modern-day states of 202: 37:Historical region of Arabia 27:Historical region of Arabia 18:Bahrayn (historical region) 5614: 4861:Northeastern United States 3869:, Volume 15, 1979 (Arabic) 3309:"Canaan. Phoenicia. Sidon" 3191:Larsen, Curtis E. (1983). 1999:Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud 1951:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1690:and their successors, the 1508: 1466:, was one of the earliest 1003: 918:on the island of Bahrain. 880: 771:had to pass through Mount 589: 439: 29: 5549: 3844:'Ali b. Hasan al-Bahrni, 3816:10.1017/S0020743800031834 3693:The New Islamic Dynasties 3431:. Routledge. p. 21. 3406:. Routledge. p. 20. 3284:Jean Francois Salles p132 3239:Arnold Heeren, ibid, p441 3063:. Yale University Press. 2486:Mansfield, Peter (1990). 2470:Languages of Saudi Arabia 2423:Frawley, William (2003). 2314:Al-Misned, Lulwa (2016). 1974:Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud 1821:. Also, unlike under the 1470:built in eastern Arabia. 1342:Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi 833:as the site at which the 787:constituting the tunnel. 679:Indus Valley civilization 442:Culture of Eastern Arabia 400:The term "Gulf Arab" or " 73: 60: 5342:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4346:Transantarctic Mountains 3596:(1st ed.). London: 932:Gerrha was described by 783:ranges, with the narrow 720:and glazed stone beads, 532:(dominant in Oman); and 267:culture based on the sea 48: 5091:Caribbean South America 3567:Qatar: A Modern History 2754:Houtsma, M. Th (1993). 2642:. 1973. pp. 46–47. 2344:Abdulla, Gaith (2016). 2078:. BRILL. pp. XIX. 1497:, near the district of 1413:along the coast of the 1319:Metropolitanate of Fars 1315:ecclesiastical province 1192:, the state founded by 923:Antiochus III the Great 861:'s construction of the 753:Bahrain National Museum 716:, luxury goods such as 446:Eastern Arabian cuisine 4871:Southern United States 4674:Scandinavian Peninsula 3785:Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani 3627:John Joseph Saunders, 3478:Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim 3427:Rice, Michael (1994). 3402:Rice, Michael (1994). 2899:Harriet E. W. Crawford 2848:Jastrow, Otto (2002). 2259:Encyclopedia of Islam, 1592: 1564: 1515:At the end of the 3rd 1438:). During the time of 1399: 1345: 1291:Nestorian Christianity 1182: 1138: 995: 892: 843: 806:'s translation of the 545:Before the 7th century 437: 5347:Antarctic Convergence 4891:Western United States 3631:, Routledge 1978 p130 3366:Michael Rice (1986). 3339:R. A. Donkin (1998). 2801:Holes, Clive (2001). 2760:. BRILL. p. 98. 2707:Smart, J. R. (2013). 2653:Holes, Clive (2001). 2572:"About Al Arabiya TV" 2271:Room, Adrian (2006). 2072:Holes, Clive (2001). 1666:in 651 AH (1253 AD). 1600:Abul-Bahlul al-'Awwam 1562: 1481:in 750 following the 1332: 1246:, Saudi Arabia), and 1215:By about 250 BC, the 1120: 993: 890: 839: 749:Early Dynastic Period 736:ingots from Oman and 427: 4413:Greater Central Asia 3867:University of Basrah 3103:Potts (1990), p. 56. 2516:Clive Holes (2004). 1970:Muhammad Ali dynasty 1534:sect originating in 1525:Qarmatian Revolution 1521:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi 1452:Uthman ibn Abi al-As 1426:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadhrami 1336:of a letter sent by 1013:. The Greek admiral 436:of Kuwait and Qatar. 306:United Arab Emirates 254:" for a millennium. 248:United Arab Emirates 176:United Arab Emirates 5559:Continents of Earth 5086:Brazilian Highlands 4495:Indian subcontinent 4356:Antarctic Peninsula 4154:Southern Hemisphere 4149:Northern Hemisphere 3951:شبكة قبيلة بني خالد 3662:Clifford Bosworth, 3392:Arnold Heeren, p441 3112:Bibby, pp. 317-318. 3010:www.theregister.com 2582:on 10 February 2010 1880:, and later by the 1764:tribe based in the 1656:Great Seljuq Empire 1527:, a rebellion by a 1184:With the waning of 982:preferring Kuwait. 978:choosing Qatif and 675:Ancient Mesopotamia 580:liturgical language 354:'sea'), so 5593:Historical regions 5374:Great Barrier Reef 4995:Mainland Australia 4703:Apennine Peninsula 4164:Western Hemisphere 4139:Eastern Hemisphere 3956:2006-11-04 at the 3923:Mandaville, p. 503 3901:Curtis E. Larsen. 3772:2012-02-20 at the 3293:Curtis E. Larsen. 3092:Enki and Ninhursag 2382:. pp. 67–68. 2194:. Hurtwood Press. 2031:Musandam Peninsula 1845:, a branch of the 1565: 1549:primus inter pares 1491:Maitham Al Bahrani 1483:Abbasid Revolution 1346: 1139: 1085:island of Muharraq 996: 969:Kingdom of Bahrain 893: 665:may be of Dilmun. 503:Al Jazeera Network 438: 5575: 5574: 5455:Mediterranean Rim 5328: 5327: 5267:Mediterranean Sea 5121: 5120: 5074:Amazon Rainforest 4901:Canadian Prairies 4866:Pacific Northwest 4727:Iberian Peninsula 4512:Arabian Peninsula 4339:Antarctic Plateau 4099:Three/Four Worlds 4016:Al-Rasheed, p. 36 3607:978-1-7802-3580-6 3576:978-1-58901-910-2 3565:(13 April 2012). 3438:978-0-415-03268-1 3413:978-0-415-03268-1 3070:978-0-300-07278-5 3036:978-0-415-14416-2 2639:Durham University 2610:Durham University 2529:978-1-58901-022-2 2300:Faroughy, Abbas. 2284:978-0-7864-2248-7 2019:Achaemenid Arabia 1937:and the House of 1791:, a 15th-century 1636: 1628:ٱلْعُيُوْنِيُّوْن 1505:Qarmatian Kingdom 1148:According to the 804:Thorkild Jacobsen 765:Epic of Gilgamesh 610:, in the city of 468:marine industries 410:Arabian Peninsula 387:Great Green Ocean 353: 271:seafaring peoples 263:mountains of Oman 200: 181: 180: 63:Historical region 16:(Redirected from 5605: 5557: 5556: 5536:Global Southwest 5531:Global Southeast 5521:Global Northwest 5516:Global Northeast 5506:Global Heartland 5450:Indian Ocean Rim 5132: 5024:Island Melanesia 4715:Balkan Peninsula 4490:Himalayan states 4437:Russian Far East 4231: 4159:Water Hemisphere 4048: 4041: 4034: 4025: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3966: 3960: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3859: 3853: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3799: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3750:, archived from 3742: 3736: 3735: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3678:, Safa Khulusi, 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3649:Farhad Daftary, 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3455: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307:Ju. B. Tsirkin. 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2994:, p. 50-51. 2989: 2983: 2982: 2964: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2908: 2902: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2818: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2635: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2607: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2578:. Archived from 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2483: 2477: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2393: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2069: 1863:Migrin ibn Zamil 1739:Kingdom of Ormus 1727:Jarwanid dynasty 1721:Jarwanid dynasty 1641: 1631: 1629: 1590: 1456:Al Khamis Mosque 1411:Strait of Hormuz 1397: 1325:Post-6th century 1303:Gabriel of Qatar 1295:Isaac of Nineveh 1180: 1043:Qalat Al Bahrain 1005: 936:as inhabited by 623:Burna-Buriash II 348: 346: 310:Gulf Arab states 244:Eastern Province 205: 195: 193: 174: 172: 171: 162: 160: 159: 150: 148: 147: 138: 136: 135: 126: 124: 123: 114: 112: 111: 102: 100: 99: 78: 54: 53: 40: 21: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5545: 5487: 5464: 5431: 5395: 5324: 5313:South China Sea 5222: 5165:Central America 5117: 5050: 4971: 4923:Northern Mexico 4911:Northern Canada 4896:Atlantic Canada 4851:Mountain states 4777: 4632:European Russia 4625:Southern Russia 4581: 4534:Iranian Plateau 4362: 4351:West Antarctica 4334:East Antarctica 4320: 4220: 4168: 4144:Land Hemisphere 4125: 4065: 4052: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3975:Islamic Studies 3968: 3967: 3963: 3958:Wayback Machine 3949: 3945: 3941:Ibn Agil, p. 78 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3801: 3800: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3774:Wayback Machine 3765: 3763: 3759: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3691:C.E. Bosworth, 3690: 3686: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3563:Fromherz, Allen 3561: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3499: 3492: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3136:Perseus Project 3130: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2966: 2965: 2952: 2939: 2929: 2925: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2893: 2889: 2876: 2866: 2862: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2829: 2819: 2815: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2782: 2772: 2768: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2735: 2725: 2721: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2685: 2675: 2667: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2619:on 17 Aug 2022. 2616: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2468: 2464: 2451: 2441: 2437: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2404: 2394: 2390: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2250: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2216: 2206: 2202: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2150: 2140: 2136: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2100: 2090: 2086: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2055: 2015: 1898: 1888:section of the 1854:Ajwad ibn Zamil 1835: 1829:for "Shi'ite." 1813:Twelver Shi'ite 1811:. However, the 1754:Banu Abdul Qays 1723: 1672: 1670:Usfurid dynasty 1616: 1591: 1588: 1513: 1507: 1398: 1388: 1327: 1299:Dadisho Qatraya 1260: 1202: 1181: 1172: 1039:Seleucid Empire 988: 980:Carsten Niebuhr 950:Natural History 946:Pliny the Elder 885: 879: 761: 671: 594: 588: 542: 519: 483: 448: 440:Main articles: 422: 380:Gulf of Bahrain 325: 169: 167: 166: 157: 155: 154: 145: 143: 142: 133: 131: 130: 121: 119: 118: 109: 107: 106: 97: 95: 85: 69: 56: 47: 45: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5611: 5609: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5588:Eastern Arabia 5580: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5567:Physical Earth 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5406: 5404: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5379:Mariana Trench 5376: 5366: 5361: 5359:Atlantic Ocean 5356: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5338: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5320:Southern Ocean 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5308:East China Sea 5300: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5242:Atlantic Ocean 5239: 5233: 5231: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5046:Remote Oceania 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4916:Western Canada 4913: 4908: 4906:Eastern Canada 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4695: 4690: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4620:South Caucasus 4617: 4615:North Caucasus 4607: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4522:South Caucasus 4514: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4391:Aralkum Desert 4388: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4289: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4182:Africa-Eurasia 4178: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3961: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3894: 3877: 3854: 3849:online version 3837: 3810:(2): 177–203. 3789: 3777: 3757: 3737: 3730: 3710: 3697: 3684: 3668: 3655: 3642: 3633: 3620: 3606: 3598:Reaktion Books 3582: 3575: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3525:on 28 May 2015 3497: 3491:978-1463203559 3490: 3476:Kozah, Mario; 3468: 3456: 3444: 3437: 3419: 3412: 3394: 3385: 3378: 3358: 3351: 3331: 3299: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3217: 3208: 3201: 3183: 3169: 3159: 3153:. E.J. Brill. 3149:Yaqut (1959). 3141: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3083: 3069: 3049: 3035: 3015: 2996: 2984: 2977: 2950: 2923: 2903: 2887: 2860: 2840: 2813: 2793: 2766: 2746: 2719: 2696: 2665: 2645: 2622: 2593: 2563: 2535: 2528: 2508: 2498: 2478: 2462: 2435: 2415: 2388: 2366: 2336: 2306: 2290: 2283: 2263: 2248: 2227: 2200: 2180: 2161: 2134: 2111: 2084: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2011: 1897: 1894: 1882:Ottoman Empire 1834: 1831: 1756:, to whom the 1722: 1719: 1671: 1668: 1615: 1614:Uyunid dynasty 1612: 1586: 1509:Main article: 1506: 1503: 1407:Bubiyan Island 1386: 1326: 1323: 1270:. It included 1259: 1256: 1201: 1198: 1170: 1158:Erythraean Sea 1011:Persian Empire 987: 984: 881:Main article: 878: 875: 760: 757: 670: 667: 662:Neo-Babylonian 590:Main article: 587: 584: 541: 538: 518: 515: 482: 479: 421: 418: 324: 321: 184:Eastern Arabia 179: 178: 93: 87: 86: 79: 71: 70: 61: 58: 57: 44:Eastern Arabia 43: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5610: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5369:Pacific Ocean 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5303:Pacific Ocean 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:Caribbean Sea 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5225: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5199:by population 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5172:South America 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5155:North America 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5106:Southern Cone 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Andean States 5079: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5056:South America 5053: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4783:North America 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4746:Low Countries 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722:South-western 4720: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4710:South-eastern 4708: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4698:South-central 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4688:Mediterranean 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4654:British Isles 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4551:Levantine Sea 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243:Mediterranean 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3932:Fattah, p. 83 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3754:on 2012-02-22 3753: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3731:9781860647369 3727: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704:Joseph Meri, 3701: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3379:9780710301123 3375: 3371: 3370: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3352:9780871692245 3348: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3332: 3321:on 2017-10-10 3317: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3229:. p. 38. 3228: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3202:0-226-46906-9 3198: 3194: 3187: 3184: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3050: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3004:Page, Lewis. 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2934: 2926: 2924:9781860647420 2920: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2871: 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