37:
322:
Zoon initially identified this phenomenon in eight male patients suffering from persistent balanitis in 1952. Zoon dubbed this ailment "balanoposthite chronique circonscrite bénigne á plasmocytes" or "balanitis chronica circumscripta plasmacellularis" and regarded it as a separate entity because
158:
deposition, there may be several pinpoint, brighter red spots scattered across the orange-red plaque's backdrop. These spots are referred to as "cayenne pepper spots." On regions that are in close proximity to the lesions, prepuce occasionally exhibits "kissing lesions." These could then deteriorate
218:
in the setting of "dysfunctional prepuce" is assumed to be the cause, which can result in poor genital hygiene and recurrent local infections. Furthermore, there's a chance that heat, friction, shock, and continuous rubbing are contributing factors. Therefore, the two most significant initiating
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1321:
882:
Marconi, Barbara; Campanati, Anna; Simonetti, Oriana; Savelli, Andrea; Conocchiari, Luca; Santinelli, Alfredo; Pisa, Eleonora; Offidani, Annamaria (2010). "Zoon's balanitis treated with imiquimod 5% cream".
839:
Kyriakou, A.; Patsatsi, A.; Patsialas, C.; Sotiriadis, D. (2014). "Therapeutic
Efficacy of Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors in Plasma Cell Balanitis: Case Series and Review of the Literature".
103:
Balanitis plasmacellularis is typically asymptomatic. It appears as a orange-red, moist, glossy macular to slightly elevated plaques. Balanitis plasmacellularis most commonly effects the
1566:
349:
1314:
1125:"Successful Management of Zoon's Balanitis with Topical Mupirocin Ointment: A Case Report and Literature Review of Mupirocin-Responsive Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacelluaris"
154:
Balanitis plasmacellularis appears as one or more orange-red, glossy, moist, glistening, well-circumscribed, macular to slightly elevated plaque(s). Due to microhemorrhage and
1307:
1489:
1086:
Kumar, Bhushan; Narang, Tarun; Radotra, Bishan Dass; Gupta, Somesh (2006). "Plasma Cell
Balanitis: Clinicopathologic Study of 112 Cases and Treatment Modalities".
1705:
131:"), although its existence is controversial due to the possibility of diagnostic error in many of the cases that have been reported in the medical literature.
796:
Santos-Juanes, Jorge; Sánchez del Río, José; Galache, Cristina; Soto, Jorge (2004-12-01). "Topical
Tacrolimus: An Effective Therapy for Zoon Balanitis".
665:
Retamar, Roberto Adrián; Kien, M. C.; Chouela, E. N. (2003). "Zoon's balanitis: presentation of 15 patients, five treated with a carbon dioxide laser".
214:
This condition's etiology and pathogenesis are currently unknown. Since it primarily affects uncircumcised men, discomfort from urine retention and
536:
Edwards, SK; Bunker, CB; Ziller, Fabian; van der
Meijden, Willem I (2014-05-14). "2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis".
283:
Encouraging proper hygiene is a simple and maybe helpful action. Patients should be taught to gently clean their entire preputial sac, glans, and
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406:
1626:
378:
1004:
KORTING, G W; THEISEN, H (November 1963). "Circumscribed Plasma Cell
Balanoposthitis and Conjunctivitis in the Same Patient".
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1484:
139:
The patient typically just exhibits a change in genital look and no other symptoms. On the other hand, symptoms including
1501:
110:
The cause of balanitis plasmacellularis is unknown however heat friction and rubbing are possible contributing factors.
231:
is required to confirm the presumed clinical diagnosis. Histological alterations affecting the dermal vasculature and
117:
is needed to make the diagnosis. Balanitis plasmacellularis can be managed with good hygiene and medications.
1679:
1606:
1217:
36:
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1330:
579:
Weyers, Wolfgang; Ende, Yvonne; Schalla, Wolfgang; Diaz-Cascajo, Carlos (2002). "Balanitis of Zoon".
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247:. Single supra-basal layer epidermal cells have been characterized as lozenge or diamond-shaped
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Balanitis plasmacellularis is also known as Zoon balantitis, named after its discoverer Zoon.
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Nikolowski, Wolfgang; Wiehl, Richard (1956). "Pareiitis und
Balanitis Plasmacellularis".
147:, discomfort, and a burning sensation may occasionally accompany it. Rarely, reports of
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974:
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481:
448:
423:
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167:
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Davis, David A.; Cohen, Philip R. (1995). "Balanitis
Circumscripta Plasmacellularis".
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causes are the mucosa's ongoing exposure to humid conditions and chronic irritation.
327:
sores were observed by
Garnier in 1954. Later, Kortnig found the same lesion in the
30:
Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis, Zoon balanitis, and plasma cell balanitis.
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Zoon, JJ (1952). "Chronic benign circumscript plasmocytic balanoposthitis".
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Porter, W. M.; Bunker, C. B. (2001-04-01). "The dysfunctional foreskin".
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Neri I, Patrizi A, Marzaduri S, Marini R, Negosanti M (October 1995).
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all of these patients shared identical histological findings. Similar
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are typically identifiable. Pathological characteristics can include
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is where it is most frequently found, however it can also affect the
114:
85:
1287:
753:"Plasma cell balanitis and vulvitis (of Zoon). A study of 10 cases"
1254:
324:
397:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
271:
deposition are frequently seen. Notably, there is an absence of
195:
1303:
314:
is the only definite treatment of balanitis plasmacellularis.
127:
A similar condition has been described in women (i.e. "Zoon's
961:
170:
and prepuce's inner surface. Similar lesions can afflict the
369:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
294:
Medical management of balanitis plasmacellularis includes
716:(2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 424–426.
587:(6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 459–467.
486:
Indian
Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS
263:
are possible additional pathogenic signs. Additionally,
1567:
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis
350:
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis
492:(2). Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications: 129–138.
804:(12). American Medical Association (AMA): 1538–1539.
1190:
1041:
Archiv fur Klinische und Experimentelle Dermatologie
1006:
Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Dermatologie
1667:
1635:
1544:
1537:
1515:
1465:
1437:
1352:
1345:
1264:
1194:
751:S, Yoganathan; TG, Bohl; G, Mason (December 1994).
371:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
55:
26:
21:
480:Dayal, Surabhi; Sahu, Priyadarshini (2024-03-14).
1490:Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
531:
529:
527:
84:, is a cutaneous condition characterized by a
1315:
331:, while Nikolowski reported seeing it in the
8:
251:. A dense inflammatory infiltrate of mostly
969:(3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 77–81.
151:or blood-stained discharge have been made.
1541:
1349:
1322:
1308:
1300:
1191:
424:"Vulvitis plasmacellularis: two new cases"
392:
390:
35:
18:
1156:
1088:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
507:
497:
447:
401:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 72.
159:and leave a "rusty stain" in their wake.
581:The American Journal of Dermatopathology
482:"Zoon balanitis: A comprehensive review"
74:balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis
624:International Journal of STD & AIDS
538:International Journal of STD & AIDS
361:
259:and an increase in vertically oriented
1495:Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
1123:Bari, Omar; Cohen, Philip R. (2017).
7:
1706:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts
1554:Balanoposthitis / Balanitis
891:(1). John Libbey Eurotext: 134–135.
757:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
667:International Journal of Dermatology
1627:Persistent genital arousal disorder
975:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1957.tb13232.x
275:dysplasia and frank vesiculation.
14:
630:(4). SAGE Publications: 216–220.
544:(9). SAGE Publications: 615–626.
722:10.1097/00005392-199502000-00043
679:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01304.x
593:10.1097/00000372-200212000-00001
1094:(1). SAGE Publications: 11–15.
885:European Journal of Dermatology
963:British Journal of Dermatology
1:
1685:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
1622:Balanitis xerotica obliterans
1485:Chronic bacterial prostatitis
763:(12). J Reprod Med: 939–944.
1502:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
810:10.1001/archderm.140.12.1538
206:) are additional locations.
1722:
1560:Balanitis plasmacellularis
847:(1). S. Karger AG: 18–23.
287:as well as to retract the
70:Balanitis plasmacellularis
47:of plasmacytosis mucosae.
22:Balanitis plasmacellularis
1141:10.1007/s13555-017-0178-1
399:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
43:
34:
636:10.1258/0956462011922922
550:10.1177/0956462414533099
499:10.4103/0253-7184.192128
1129:Dermatology and Therapy
1100:10.1007/7140.2006.00008
798:Archives of Dermatology
1680:Retrograde ejaculation
897:10.1684/ejd.2010.0829
673:(4). Wiley: 305–307.
373:. Saunders Elsevier.
291:on a frequent basis.
82:plasma cell balanitis
1595:Erectile dysfunction
440:10.1136/sti.71.5.311
243:loss, and epidermal
1525:Seminal vesiculitis
174:, particularly the
1607:Peyronie's disease
1602:Spontaneous orgasm
1590:Sexual dysfunction
1377:Testicular torsion
1265:External resources
1053:10.1007/BF00477484
1018:10.1007/BF00491347
710:Journal of Urology
302:ointment, topical
267:extravasation and
135:Signs and symptoms
1693:
1692:
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1662:
1645:Fournier gangrene
1533:
1532:
1480:Acute prostatitis
1392:Asthenozoospermia
1372:Testicular cancer
1297:
1296:
940:10.1159/000256880
853:10.1159/000357153
408:978-1-4160-2999-1
67:
66:
16:Medical condition
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1382:Male infertility
1367:Hydrocele testis
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172:female genitalia
72:, also known as
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1195:Classification
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1175:External links
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1135:(2): 203–210.
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78:Zoon balanitis
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60:
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54:
50:
49:H&E stain
46:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1580:Paraphimosis
1565:
1559:
1558:
1452:Spermatocele
1447:Epididymitis
1417:Necrospermia
1412:Oligospermia
1402:Hyperspermia
1283:
1272:
1248:
1237:
1222:
1207:
1132:
1128:
1091:
1087:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1009:
1005:
999:
966:
962:
956:
931:
927:
921:
888:
884:
877:
844:
840:
834:
801:
797:
791:
780:. Retrieved
760:
756:
746:
713:
709:
703:
670:
666:
660:
627:
623:
617:
584:
580:
574:
541:
537:
489:
485:
434:(5): 311–3.
431:
427:
417:
398:
370:
364:
321:
312:Circumcision
304:pimecrolimus
293:
282:
273:keratinocyte
255:beneath the
253:plasma cells
226:
213:
176:labia minora
161:
153:
138:
126:
123:
119:Circumcision
112:
109:
102:
100:infiltrate.
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:
1475:Prostatitis
1407:Hypospermia
1397:Azoospermia
1012:: 495–504.
841:Dermatology
333:oral mucosa
329:conjunctiva
269:hemosiderin
265:erythrocyte
261:capillaries
200:hard palate
192:oral mucosa
180:conjunctiva
164:glans penis
156:hemosiderin
149:dyspareunia
105:glans penis
98:plasma cell
90:skin lesion
62:Dermatology
27:Other names
1650:Varicocele
1457:Hematocele
1439:Epididymis
1354:Testicular
1239:DiseasesDB
1186:StatPearls
934:(1): 1–7.
782:2024-03-31
356:References
300:tacrolimus
298:, topical
241:rete ridge
237:spongiosis
188:epiglottis
186:, cheeks,
45:Micrograph
1274:eMedicine
1255:236743008
1250:SNOMED CT
1149:2193-8210
1108:1203-4754
1061:0340-3696
983:0007-0963
905:1167-1122
861:1018-8665
818:0003-987X
769:0024-7758
730:0022-5347
687:0011-9059
644:0956-4624
601:0193-1091
558:0956-4624
345:Balanitis
308:imiquimod
279:Treatment
257:epidermis
233:epidermis
223:Diagnosis
57:Specialty
1700:Category
1585:Priapism
1575:Phimosis
1538:External
1467:Prostate
1387:Aspermia
1362:Orchitis
1346:Internal
1339:genitals
1288:Q2535105
1167:28382428
1116:17241566
1069:13340789
1026:14098119
991:13413058
948:12979576
913:19889590
869:24434685
826:15611442
695:12694501
652:11319970
609:12454596
566:24828553
518:27890945
339:See also
289:foreskin
285:foreskin
141:pruritus
129:vulvitis
1637:Scrotum
1333:of the
1284:Scholia
1218:GB06.0Y
1181:DermNet
1158:5453920
777:7884748
738:7815607
509:5111296
458:7490049
449:1195548
318:History
245:atrophy
196:gingiva
184:urethra
145:dysuria
1335:pelvis
1165:
1155:
1147:
1114:
1106:
1067:
1059:
1024:
989:
981:
946:
911:
903:
867:
859:
824:
816:
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736:
728:
693:
685:
650:
642:
607:
599:
564:
556:
516:
506:
456:
446:
405:
377:
229:biopsy
216:smegma
210:Causes
202:, and
190:, and
178:. The
115:biopsy
86:benign
1668:Other
1546:Penis
1244:34284
1233:N48.2
325:vulva
96:by a
80:, or
1337:and
1163:PMID
1145:ISSN
1112:PMID
1104:ISSN
1065:PMID
1057:ISSN
1022:PMID
987:PMID
979:ISSN
944:PMID
909:PMID
901:ISSN
865:PMID
857:ISSN
822:PMID
814:ISSN
773:PMID
765:ISSN
734:PMID
726:ISSN
691:PMID
683:ISSN
648:PMID
640:ISSN
605:PMID
597:ISSN
562:PMID
554:ISSN
514:PMID
454:PMID
403:ISBN
375:ISBN
162:The
1224:ICD
1209:ICD
1153:PMC
1137:doi
1096:doi
1049:doi
1045:202
1014:doi
1010:217
971:doi
936:doi
932:105
893:doi
849:doi
845:228
806:doi
802:140
718:doi
714:153
675:doi
632:doi
589:doi
546:doi
504:PMC
494:doi
444:PMC
436:doi
1702::
1286::
1277::
1253::
1242::
1231::
1228:10
1216::
1213:11
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1151:.
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