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Zoon initially identified this phenomenon in eight male patients suffering from persistent balanitis in 1952. Zoon dubbed this ailment "balanoposthite chronique circonscrite bénigne á plasmocytes" or "balanitis chronica circumscripta plasmacellularis" and regarded it as a separate entity because
169:
deposition, there may be several pinpoint, brighter red spots scattered across the orange-red plaque's backdrop. These spots are referred to as "cayenne pepper spots." On regions that are in close proximity to the lesions, prepuce occasionally exhibits "kissing lesions." These could then deteriorate
229:
in the setting of "dysfunctional prepuce" is assumed to be the cause, which can result in poor genital hygiene and recurrent local infections. Furthermore, there's a chance that heat, friction, shock, and continuous rubbing are contributing factors. Therefore, the two most significant initiating
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Marconi, Barbara; Campanati, Anna; Simonetti, Oriana; Savelli, Andrea; Conocchiari, Luca; Santinelli, Alfredo; Pisa, Eleonora; Offidani, Annamaria (2010). "Zoon's balanitis treated with imiquimod 5% cream".
850:
Kyriakou, A.; Patsatsi, A.; Patsialas, C.; Sotiriadis, D. (2014). "Therapeutic
Efficacy of Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors in Plasma Cell Balanitis: Case Series and Review of the Literature".
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Balanitis plasmacellularis is typically asymptomatic. It appears as a orange-red, moist, glossy macular to slightly elevated plaques. Balanitis plasmacellularis most commonly effects the
1577:
360:
1325:
1136:"Successful Management of Zoon's Balanitis with Topical Mupirocin Ointment: A Case Report and Literature Review of Mupirocin-Responsive Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacelluaris"
165:
Balanitis plasmacellularis appears as one or more orange-red, glossy, moist, glistening, well-circumscribed, macular to slightly elevated plaque(s). Due to microhemorrhage and
1318:
1500:
1097:
Kumar, Bhushan; Narang, Tarun; Radotra, Bishan Dass; Gupta, Somesh (2006). "Plasma Cell
Balanitis: Clinicopathologic Study of 112 Cases and Treatment Modalities".
1716:
142:"), although its existence is controversial due to the possibility of diagnostic error in many of the cases that have been reported in the medical literature.
807:
Santos-Juanes, Jorge; Sánchez del Río, José; Galache, Cristina; Soto, Jorge (2004-12-01). "Topical
Tacrolimus: An Effective Therapy for Zoon Balanitis".
676:
Retamar, Roberto Adrián; Kien, M. C.; Chouela, E. N. (2003). "Zoon's balanitis: presentation of 15 patients, five treated with a carbon dioxide laser".
225:
This condition's etiology and pathogenesis are currently unknown. Since it primarily affects uncircumcised men, discomfort from urine retention and
547:
Edwards, SK; Bunker, CB; Ziller, Fabian; van der
Meijden, Willem I (2014-05-14). "2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis".
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Encouraging proper hygiene is a simple and maybe helpful action. Patients should be taught to gently clean their entire preputial sac, glans, and
1505:
417:
1637:
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1015:
KORTING, G W; THEISEN, H (November 1963). "Circumscribed Plasma Cell
Balanoposthitis and Conjunctivitis in the Same Patient".
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1495:
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The patient typically just exhibits a change in genital look and no other symptoms. On the other hand, symptoms including
1512:
121:
The cause of balanitis plasmacellularis is unknown however heat friction and rubbing are possible contributing factors.
17:
242:
is required to confirm the presumed clinical diagnosis. Histological alterations affecting the dermal vasculature and
128:
is needed to make the diagnosis. Balanitis plasmacellularis can be managed with good hygiene and medications.
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1617:
1228:
47:
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1341:
590:
Weyers, Wolfgang; Ende, Yvonne; Schalla, Wolfgang; Diaz-Cascajo, Carlos (2002). "Balanitis of Zoon".
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258:. Single supra-basal layer epidermal cells have been characterized as lozenge or diamond-shaped
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Balanitis plasmacellularis is also known as Zoon balantitis, named after its discoverer Zoon.
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Nikolowski, Wolfgang; Wiehl, Richard (1956). "Pareiitis und
Balanitis Plasmacellularis".
158:, discomfort, and a burning sensation may occasionally accompany it. Rarely, reports of
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985:
519:
492:
459:
434:
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Davis, David A.; Cohen, Philip R. (1995). "Balanitis
Circumscripta Plasmacellularis".
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causes are the mucosa's ongoing exposure to humid conditions and chronic irritation.
338:
sores were observed by
Garnier in 1954. Later, Kortnig found the same lesion in the
41:
Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis, Zoon balanitis, and plasma cell balanitis.
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Zoon, JJ (1952). "Chronic benign circumscript plasmocytic balanoposthitis".
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Porter, W. M.; Bunker, C. B. (2001-04-01). "The dysfunctional foreskin".
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Neri I, Patrizi A, Marzaduri S, Marini R, Negosanti M (October 1995).
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all of these patients shared identical histological findings. Similar
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are typically identifiable. Pathological characteristics can include
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is where it is most frequently found, however it can also affect the
125:
96:
1298:
764:"Plasma cell balanitis and vulvitis (of Zoon). A study of 10 cases"
1265:
335:
408:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
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deposition are frequently seen. Notably, there is an absence of
206:
1314:
325:
is the only definite treatment of balanitis plasmacellularis.
138:
A similar condition has been described in women (i.e. "Zoon's
972:
181:
and prepuce's inner surface. Similar lesions can afflict the
380:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
305:
Medical management of balanitis plasmacellularis includes
727:(2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 424–426.
598:(6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 459–467.
497:
Indian
Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS
274:
are possible additional pathogenic signs. Additionally,
1578:
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis
361:
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis
18:
Balanoposthitis chronica circumscripta plasmacellularis
503:(2). Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications: 129–138.
815:(12). American Medical Association (AMA): 1538–1539.
1201:
1052:
Archiv fur Klinische und Experimentelle Dermatologie
1017:
Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Dermatologie
1678:
1646:
1555:
1548:
1526:
1476:
1448:
1363:
1356:
1275:
1205:
762:S, Yoganathan; TG, Bohl; G, Mason (December 1994).
382:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
66:
37:
32:
491:Dayal, Surabhi; Sahu, Priyadarshini (2024-03-14).
1501:Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
542:
540:
538:
95:, is a cutaneous condition characterized by a
1326:
342:, while Nikolowski reported seeing it in the
8:
262:. A dense inflammatory infiltrate of mostly
980:(3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 77–81.
162:or blood-stained discharge have been made.
1552:
1360:
1333:
1319:
1311:
1202:
435:"Vulvitis plasmacellularis: two new cases"
403:
401:
46:
29:
1167:
1099:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
518:
508:
458:
412:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 72.
170:and leave a "rusty stain" in their wake.
592:The American Journal of Dermatopathology
493:"Zoon balanitis: A comprehensive review"
85:balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis
635:International Journal of STD & AIDS
549:International Journal of STD & AIDS
372:
270:and an increase in vertically oriented
1506:Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
1134:Bari, Omar; Cohen, Philip R. (2017).
7:
1717:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts
1565:Balanoposthitis / Balanitis
902:(1). John Libbey Eurotext: 134–135.
768:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
678:International Journal of Dermatology
1638:Persistent genital arousal disorder
986:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1957.tb13232.x
286:dysplasia and frank vesiculation.
25:
641:(4). SAGE Publications: 216–220.
555:(9). SAGE Publications: 615–626.
733:10.1097/00005392-199502000-00043
690:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01304.x
604:10.1097/00000372-200212000-00001
1105:(1). SAGE Publications: 11–15.
896:European Journal of Dermatology
974:British Journal of Dermatology
1:
1696:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
1633:Balanitis xerotica obliterans
1496:Chronic bacterial prostatitis
774:(12). J Reprod Med: 939–944.
1513:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
821:10.1001/archderm.140.12.1538
217:) are additional locations.
1733:
1571:Balanitis plasmacellularis
858:(1). S. Karger AG: 18–23.
298:as well as to retract the
81:Balanitis plasmacellularis
58:of plasmacytosis mucosae.
33:Balanitis plasmacellularis
1152:10.1007/s13555-017-0178-1
410:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
54:
45:
647:10.1258/0956462011922922
561:10.1177/0956462414533099
510:10.4103/0253-7184.192128
1140:Dermatology and Therapy
1111:10.1007/7140.2006.00008
809:Archives of Dermatology
1691:Retrograde ejaculation
908:10.1684/ejd.2010.0829
684:(4). Wiley: 305–307.
384:. Saunders Elsevier.
302:on a frequent basis.
93:plasma cell balanitis
1606:Erectile dysfunction
451:10.1136/sti.71.5.311
254:loss, and epidermal
1536:Seminal vesiculitis
185:, particularly the
1618:Peyronie's disease
1613:Spontaneous orgasm
1601:Sexual dysfunction
1388:Testicular torsion
1276:External resources
1064:10.1007/BF00477484
1029:10.1007/BF00491347
721:Journal of Urology
313:ointment, topical
278:extravasation and
146:Signs and symptoms
1704:
1703:
1674:
1673:
1656:Fournier gangrene
1544:
1543:
1491:Acute prostatitis
1403:Asthenozoospermia
1383:Testicular cancer
1308:
1307:
951:10.1159/000256880
864:10.1159/000357153
419:978-1-4160-2999-1
78:
77:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1393:Male infertility
1378:Hydrocele testis
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83:, also known as
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1518:Prostate cancer
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1290:article/1122283
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1091:Further reading
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1206:Classification
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1186:External links
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1146:(2): 203–210.
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1058:(4): 347–357.
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103:characterized
89:Zoon balanitis
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132:is curative.
131:
127:
122:
119:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
99:inflammatory
98:
94:
90:
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74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
60:H&E stain
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1591:Paraphimosis
1576:
1570:
1569:
1463:Spermatocele
1458:Epididymitis
1428:Necrospermia
1423:Oligospermia
1413:Hyperspermia
1294:
1283:
1259:
1248:
1233:
1218:
1143:
1139:
1102:
1098:
1055:
1051:
1045:
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977:
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942:
938:
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791:. Retrieved
771:
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724:
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714:
681:
677:
671:
638:
634:
628:
595:
591:
585:
552:
548:
500:
496:
445:(5): 311–3.
442:
438:
428:
409:
381:
375:
332:
323:Circumcision
315:pimecrolimus
304:
293:
284:keratinocyte
266:beneath the
264:plasma cells
237:
224:
187:labia minora
172:
164:
149:
137:
134:
130:Circumcision
123:
120:
113:
111:infiltrate.
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
1486:Prostatitis
1418:Hypospermia
1408:Azoospermia
1023:: 495–504.
852:Dermatology
344:oral mucosa
340:conjunctiva
280:hemosiderin
276:erythrocyte
272:capillaries
211:hard palate
203:oral mucosa
191:conjunctiva
175:glans penis
167:hemosiderin
160:dyspareunia
116:glans penis
109:plasma cell
101:skin lesion
73:Dermatology
38:Other names
1661:Varicocele
1468:Hematocele
1450:Epididymis
1365:Testicular
1250:DiseasesDB
1197:StatPearls
945:(1): 1–7.
793:2024-03-31
367:References
311:tacrolimus
309:, topical
252:rete ridge
248:spongiosis
199:epiglottis
197:, cheeks,
56:Micrograph
1285:eMedicine
1266:236743008
1261:SNOMED CT
1160:2193-8210
1119:1203-4754
1072:0340-3696
994:0007-0963
916:1167-1122
872:1018-8665
829:0003-987X
780:0024-7758
741:0022-5347
698:0011-9059
655:0956-4624
612:0193-1091
569:0956-4624
356:Balanitis
319:imiquimod
290:Treatment
268:epidermis
244:epidermis
234:Diagnosis
68:Specialty
1711:Category
1596:Priapism
1586:Phimosis
1549:External
1478:Prostate
1398:Aspermia
1373:Orchitis
1357:Internal
1350:genitals
1299:Q2535105
1178:28382428
1127:17241566
1080:13340789
1037:14098119
1002:13413058
959:12979576
924:19889590
880:24434685
837:15611442
706:12694501
663:11319970
620:12454596
577:24828553
529:27890945
350:See also
300:foreskin
296:foreskin
152:pruritus
140:vulvitis
1648:Scrotum
1344:of the
1295:Scholia
1229:GB06.0Y
1192:DermNet
1169:5453920
788:7884748
749:7815607
520:5111296
469:7490049
460:1195548
329:History
256:atrophy
207:gingiva
195:urethra
156:dysuria
1346:pelvis
1176:
1166:
1158:
1125:
1117:
1078:
1070:
1035:
1000:
992:
957:
922:
914:
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835:
827:
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618:
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575:
567:
527:
517:
467:
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416:
388:
240:biopsy
227:smegma
221:Causes
213:, and
201:, and
189:. The
126:biopsy
97:benign
1679:Other
1557:Penis
1255:34284
1244:N48.2
336:vulva
107:by a
91:, or
1348:and
1174:PMID
1156:ISSN
1123:PMID
1115:ISSN
1076:PMID
1068:ISSN
1033:PMID
998:PMID
990:ISSN
955:PMID
920:PMID
912:ISSN
876:PMID
868:ISSN
833:PMID
825:ISSN
784:PMID
776:ISSN
745:PMID
737:ISSN
702:PMID
694:ISSN
659:PMID
651:ISSN
616:PMID
608:ISSN
573:PMID
565:ISSN
525:PMID
465:PMID
414:ISBN
386:ISBN
173:The
1235:ICD
1220:ICD
1164:PMC
1148:doi
1107:doi
1060:doi
1056:202
1025:doi
1021:217
982:doi
947:doi
943:105
904:doi
860:doi
856:228
817:doi
813:140
729:doi
725:153
686:doi
643:doi
600:doi
557:doi
515:PMC
505:doi
455:PMC
447:doi
1713::
1297::
1288::
1264::
1253::
1242::
1239:10
1227::
1224:11
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