264:, King of Jerusalem. Baldwin III's father was Fulk of Anjou, the former Count of Anjou. King Baldwin II died at the age of 60 when his grandson was a year old, which led to a power struggle between Melisende and Fulk. Melisende asserted her right to rule as successor to her father. She and Fulk reconciled and conceived a second child, Baldwin III's brother Amalric. Baldwin III was 13 years old when his father Fulk died in a hunting accident in 1143, and Baldwin III was crowned as co-ruler alongside his mother, echoing Melisende's own crowning alongside her father as his heir. Yet Baldwin showed little interest in the intricacies of governance.
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330:
1115:
326:, but Nur ad-Din arrived with his army and forced the Crusaders to withdraw. As the Crusaders marched back toward their own territory they were attacked by Nur ad-Din's cavalry, but Baldwin III's generalship combined with the martial prowess of his knights managed to throw off the Muslim assault. Later, Jerusalem's truce with Damascus was restored.
582:
against
Baldwin. Manuel personally attended to Baldwin when the king was thrown from his horse during the tournament. Later in 1159 Baldwin became regent of Antioch once more, after Raynald of Châtillon had been captured in battle. This offended Manuel, who considered Antioch imperial territory, and
627:
for a few months, and then continued to Beirut where he finally succumbed to his illness. As
William says, "For eight successive days, while the funeral procession moved from Beirut to Jerusalem, lamentation was unrestrained and grief was renewed almost hourly." Theodora, now queen-dowager, retired
421:
By 1152 Baldwin had been of age to rule by himself for seven years, and he began to assert himself in political affairs. Though he had not previously expressed an interest in the administration of the country, he now demanded more authority. He and his mother had become increasingly estranged since
358:
in 1148 to decide on a target; control of Aleppo in the north would allow the crusaders to restore Edessa to
Christian control, but capturing Damascus in the south would limit the power of the Zengids and add to Jerusalem's power and influence. Damascus was also considered more important in the
494:
By 1154 mother and son were reconciled, as
Baldwin was astute enough to realize his mother's expertise in statecraft. At the same time, he asserted his authority over the kingdom's nobles. Though she was "retired", she maintained great influence in her son and the court and government affairs.
600:
475:
within
Melisende's jurisdiction. Neither Baldwin nor Melisende were pleased with the decision, as Baldwin wanted to rule the entire kingdom and realized it would divide the country's resources, but in order to prevent a civil war Melisende agreed to the compromise.
527:
itself. This secured the border with Egypt, although it would later lead to aggressive campaigns against
Jerusalem's southern border. Ascalon was added to Amalric's fief of Jaffa, creating the double County of Jaffa and Ascalon. In 1152 Baldwin also defeated an
322:, the governor of Damascus, made an alliance against Jerusalem, as the kingdom had already broken the treaty by allying with one of Unur's rebellious vassals. Baldwin marched out from Jerusalem and attempted to capture the Muslim fortress
747:"...In 549/1154 Nur al-Dln ZengI, whose father's conquest of Edessa had set off the crusade, seized Damascus as a result of it. He then organized a state devoted to the prosecution of the war against the Kingdom of Jerusalem.2
503:
During the civil war, Nur ad-Din had been busy consolidating his control of
Damascus following the death of Mu'in ad-Din. With Syria united under one ruler, Jerusalem could only expand its influence to the south, towards
571:, Manuel's niece. The alliance was more favourable to Byzantium than Jerusalem, as Baldwin was forced to recognize Byzantine suzerainty over Antioch, and if Theodora were to be widowed she would be provided the city of
487:. Throughout the siege the church negotiated with Baldwin. The peace that was settled allowed for Melisende to hold Nablus for life, with a solemn oath by Baldwin not to disturb her peace. Baldwin named his supporter
575:. Though Theodora personified the Byzantine-Jerusalem alliance, she was not to exercise any authority outside of Acre. The marriage took place in September 1158, when Baldwin was 28 years old and Theodora only 13.
224:. He became king while still a child, and was at first overshadowed by his mother Melisende, whom he eventually defeated in a civil war. During his reign Jerusalem became more closely allied with the
942:
378:, was Baldwin's cousin through his mother and heiress of Antioch by right of her father. Baldwin unsuccessfully tried to marry her to an ally. Also in the north, Baldwin was unable to help defend
578:
Relations between
Jerusalem and Byzantium improved and in 1159 Baldwin met with Manuel in Antioch. The two became friends, with Manuel adopting western clothes and customs and participating in a
318:, who was just as eager to bring Damascus under his control. To counter this, Jerusalem and Damascus had made an alliance for their mutual protection. However, in 1147 Nur ad-Din and
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ended in defeat after only four days. The city fell under Nur ad-Din's control in 1154, and the loss of a Muslim counterweight to Nur ad-Din was a diplomatic disaster.
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1190:
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In 1156 Baldwin was forced to sign a treaty with Nur ad-Din. However, in the winter of 1157–1158 Baldwin led an expedition into Syria, where he besieged
1107:
426:, separate from his mother. The patriarch refused and as a kind of self-coronation Baldwin paraded through the city streets with laurel wreaths on his head.
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and exiled, and Nablus fell quickly as well. To prevent further violence, Jerusalem opened its gates to
Baldwin. Melisende and Amalric sought refuge in the
1150:
366:
By 1149 the crusaders had returned to Europe, leaving behind a weakened
Jerusalem. Nur ad-Din took advantage of the crusader defeat to invade Antioch, and
279:
increasingly asserted their independence, and there was no king to impose the suzerainty of Jerusalem as Baldwin II or Fulk had done. In the Muslim world,
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1150, and Baldwin blamed the constable Manasses for interfering with his legal succession. In early 1152 Baldwin demanded a second coronation from
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405:. When the matter was settled, Hodierna was about to return to Jerusalem with them, when Raymond was suddenly murdered by the
333:
Cracked billon coinage issued during the reign of Baldwin III (1143-1163). The coin depicts the Tower of David on the reverse.
1165:
547:, the new husband of Constance of Antioch, both of whom wanted Shaizar for themselves. Baldwin was, however, able to capture
495:
Baldwin used to consult with his mother in all serious matters, she acting as regent for Baldwin while he was on campaign.
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to Acre. She was still only 18 years old; their marriage was childless. Baldwin was succeeded by his brother, Amalric I.
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With a woman and a child ruling Jerusalem, the political situation was somewhat tense; the northern crusader states of
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260:. This made him the third generation to rule Jerusalem. Baldwin's mother Princess Melisende was heiress to her father
567:. In 1157 he sent Humphrey of Toron to negotiate with Emperor Manuel, and it was decided that Baldwin should marry
540:
760:"...With his new freedom of action Baldwin conquered Ascalon in 548/1153" Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 213
409:. Baldwin remained behind to settle the affairs of Tripoli, while Hodierna took up the regency for her young son
181:
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At the same time Baldwin III asserted his power over his nobles, making the kingdom more dangerous to its rivals
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Within weeks of the division Baldwin launched an invasion of the south. Manasses was defeated at the castle of
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in August 1150. He evacuated Turbessel's Latin Christian residents despite being attacked by Nur ad-Din in the
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Hamilton, Bernard (1978). "Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem". In Baker, Derek (ed.).
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returned a decision that would divide the kingdom into two administrative districts. Baldwin would retain
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doctor. "As soon as the king had taken the pills," says William of Tyre, "he was seized with a fever and
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on 10 February 1163. It was rumoured that he had been poisoned in Antioch by pills given to him by his
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history of Christianity than Aleppo and Edessa. Baldwin agreed to the plan to attack Damascus, but the
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397:. In 1152 Baldwin and his mother were called to intervene in a dispute between Baldwin's aunt
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from which he was never able to obtain relief or help." On the way home Baldwin remained in
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tried and failed to conquer Damascus. Baldwin captured the important Egyptian fortress of
374:. Baldwin III hurried north to take up the regency of the principality. Raymond's wife,
920:
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448:
371:
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229:
39:
508:. Egypt was weakened by civil wars as well, after the succession of a series of young
1134:
311:
257:
620:
548:
591:, preferring not to see such a close relationship between Byzantium and Antioch.
444:
406:
1114:
563:
Baldwin's modest recovery garnered him enough prestige to seek a wife from the
310:
This crusade did not reach Jerusalem until 1148, and in the meantime Zengi was
62:
616:
516:
379:
587:, Baldwin's cousin. Baldwin himself suggested Manuel marry another cousin,
252:
Baldwin III was born in 1130, during the reign of his maternal grandfather
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the emperor strengthened his ties to the principality in 1160 by marrying
1068:
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539:. The expedition was forced to withdraw when a dispute arose between
512:
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924:
775:
A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years
736:
A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years
716:
A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years
463:
and Jerusalem itself. Supporting Melisende in the south were
240:
in Syria. He died childless and was succeeded by his brother
1092:
838:
A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem
712:
The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174
777:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 513–528.
738:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 463–512.
718:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 528–563.
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Baldwin and Melisende agreed to put the matter before the
706:
704:
702:
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to place some pressure on the nearby Egyptian outpost of
342:
In 1148 the crusade finally arrived in Jerusalem, led by
773:". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
734:". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
714:". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
696:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 246–247.
236:, but also had to deal with the increasing power of
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85:
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32:
607:Queen Melisende died in 1161, and Baldwin died in
303:, which shocked the Western world and led to the
787:Boehm, Barbara Drake; Holcomb, Melanie (2016).
751:". Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 213.
555:, and in 1158 he defeated Nur ad-Din himself.
936:
532:invasion of the kingdom from northern Syria.
8:
824:(1943). Babcock, E. A.; Krey, A. C. (eds.).
299:in the south to his control. In 1144, Zengi
216:from 1143 to 1163. He was the eldest son of
1186:Burials at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
793:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 155.
943:
929:
921:
872:
849:. Oxford: Ecclesiastical History Society.
805:Portion of a Transenna Panel CTS-SB-09460
38:
29:
840:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
652:
828:. New York: Columbia University Press.
826:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
663:(Yale University Press, 2013), p. 217.
443:in the north, including the cities of
1161:12th-century deaths from tuberculosis
314:in 1146. He was succeeded by his son
7:
1191:Infectious disease deaths in Lebanon
726:
724:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
868:. Princeton: Yale University Press.
523:, and in 1153 Baldwin successfully
57:25 December 1143 – 10 February 1163
27:King of Jerusalem from 1143 to 1163
1151:12th-century monarchs of Jerusalem
515:. Around 1150 Baldwin refortified
451:, while Melisende held the richer
25:
1176:Christians of the Second Crusade
1113:
467:, and Baldwin's younger brother
386:, and was forced to cede it to
165:
1201:Tuberculosis deaths in Lebanon
972:Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre
769:Gibb, Hamilton A. R. (1969). "
732:Chapter XV. The Second Crusade
710:Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969). "
212:(1130 – 10 February 1163) was
18:Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem
1:
631:A marble screen panel in the
525:besieged and captured Ascalon
370:was killed in the subsequent
730:Berry, Virginia G. (1969). "
689:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
641:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
635:, Jerusalem, is from his or
144:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
603:Baldwin III on his deathbed
1232:
541:Thierry, Count of Flanders
382:, the last remnant of the
1103:
1090:
962:
909:
892:
880:
875:
639:'s tomb, formerly in the
37:
864:Barber, Malcolm (2013).
771:The Career of NĹ«r-ad-Din
691:Encyclopædia Britannica.
685:Barker, Ernest (1911). "
551:, a former territory of
435:, or royal council. The
1181:Medieval child monarchs
1211:Sons of queens regnant
1097:
604:
491:as the new constable.
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202:Melisende of Jerusalem
1196:Crusader–Fatimid wars
1166:Deaths from dysentery
1096:
619:which developed into
602:
352:Conrad III of Germany
332:
295:, and desired to add
956:Kingdom of Jerusalem
790:Jerusalem, 1000–1400
589:Melisende of Tripoli
545:Raynald of Châtillon
489:Humphrey II of Toron
348:Eleanor of Aquitaine
133:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1171:Deaths by poisoning
866:The Crusader States
661:The Crusader States
633:Terra Sancta Museum
465:Manasses of Hierges
399:Hodierna of Tripoli
344:Louis VII of France
287:from the cities of
1216:People from Beirut
1156:Kings of Jerusalem
1098:
605:
559:Byzantine alliance
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258:original crusaders
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1127:
1054:John I of Brienne
919:
918:
910:Succeeded by
895:King of Jerusalem
800:978-1-58839-598-6
424:Patriarch Fulcher
391:Manuel I Comnenus
388:Byzantine emperor
354:. Baldwin held a
320:Mu'in ad-Din Unur
222:Fulk of Jerusalem
214:King of Jerusalem
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192:Fulk of Jerusalem
48:King of Jerusalem
16:(Redirected from
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1079:John I of Cyprus
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565:Byzantine Empire
403:Count Raymond II
401:and her husband
395:Battle of Aintab
384:County of Edessa
226:Byzantine Empire
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157:Theodora Komnene
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122:10 February 1163
67:25 December 1143
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368:Prince Raymond
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312:assassinated
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124:(1163-02-10)
102:(until 1153)
96:Co-sovereign
1146:1163 deaths
1141:1130 births
1120:Catholicism
1108:Family tree
1059:Isabella II
999:Baldwin III
687:Baldwin III
621:consumption
411:Raymond III
407:Hashshashin
346:, his wife
210:Baldwin III
72:Predecessor
33:Baldwin III
1135:Categories
1069:Conrad III
1029:Isabella I
1009:Baldwin IV
984:Baldwin II
647:References
580:tournament
437:Haute Cour
432:Haute Cour
316:Nur ad-Din
262:Baldwin II
254:Baldwin II
248:Succession
238:Nur ad-Din
228:, and the
63:Coronation
1064:Conrad II
1014:Baldwin V
989:Melisende
979:Baldwin I
913:Amalric I
904:Melisende
899:1143–1163
888:Melisende
617:dysentery
417:Civil war
380:Turbessel
376:Constance
218:Melisende
100:Melisende
90:Amalric I
86:Successor
80:Melisende
1084:Henry II
1034:Conrad I
952:Monarchs
836:(1952).
569:Theodora
499:Recovery
297:Damascus
1039:Henry I
1019:Sibylla
1004:Amalric
967:Godfrey
954:of the
815:Sources
625:Tripoli
553:Antioch
537:Shaizar
530:Ortoqid
521:Ascalon
513:caliphs
510:Fatimid
481:Mirabel
469:Amalric
457:Samaria
441:Galilee
273:Antioch
269:Tripoli
242:Amalric
234:Ascalon
170:
162:
1074:Hugh I
1044:Aimery
901:(with
853:
797:
609:Beirut
461:Nablus
350:, and
293:Aleppo
277:Edessa
275:, and
198:Mother
188:Father
151:Spouse
139:Burial
129:Beirut
595:Death
549:Harim
506:Egypt
453:Judea
324:Bosra
289:Mosul
285:Syria
281:Zengi
182:Anjou
177:House
164:(
160:
54:Reign
1049:Mary
994:Fulk
970:(as
886:and
884:Fulk
851:ISBN
795:ISBN
637:Fulk
573:Acre
543:and
517:Gaza
455:and
449:Tyre
447:and
445:Acre
291:and
220:and
119:Died
114:1130
111:Born
78:and
76:Fulk
1024:Guy
1137::
803:.
723:^
701:^
668:^
643:.
413:.
307:.
271:,
244:.
166:m.
131:,
974:)
944:e
937:t
930:v
859:.
694:3
20:)
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