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deep-bodied with a tough, leathery skin. The front dorsal fin has three spines, the first being very strong and much longer than the other two. The second dorsal fin has 26 to 29 soft rays and is much the same size and shape as the anal fin directly below it which has no spines and 23 to 26 soft rays. The pectoral fins are small and rounded. The outer rays of the caudal fin are elongated in larger individuals. The scales on the head and front half of the body are large while those on the hind half are smaller and smooth.
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When a female is ready to spawn, both male and female enter a nest and tightly circle round each other while she lays large numbers of minute eggs and he fertilises them. The female stays in the nest, guarding the eggs and blowing and fanning them. The male defends his territory, which may contain other nests with females guarding their eggs. In this way, the male exhibits
2315:
442:
Locomotion in the grey triggerfish is by means of undulations of the dorsal fins. If threatened, the fish can work its way into a protective crevice and wedge itself in place by erecting its front dorsal spine. It is difficult to dislodge from this position. The second spine is connected to the first
406:
The grey triggerfish is principally a fish of shallow waters in the western
Atlantic Ocean. Its native range extends from Nova Scotia to the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and Bermuda, and southwards to Argentina. It is typically found over hard bottoms on reefs and rocky areas, in lagoons and in
490:
during the breeding season, which commences in summer when the water temperature reaches about 21 °C (70 °F). The males prepare up to a dozen nests in hollows blown out of sandy seabed and then patrol the area, driving unwanted fish away. The females roam around inspecting the nest sites.
482:
and may reveal something edible. Further puffs expose more, and the prey item is gripped with the fish's sharp teeth and removed from the seabed. If it is a sand dollar, the fish drops it and picks it up again several times until the prey lands upside down. The fish then adopts its vertical stance
385:
This fish is predominantly pale grey, greenish-grey or yellowish-brown. The body has three indistinct broad dark bars and there is a pale streak on the chin. The upper part of the orbit of the eye is blue and there are some small blue spots and lines on the dorsal fins and upper parts of the body,
381:
The grey triggerfish is a medium-sized fish that can grow to 60 cm (24 in), but a more common length is 44 cm (17 in). The small beak-like mouth at the tip of the snout has fleshy lips. The eyes are set far back near the top of the head. The body is laterally compressed and
358:
except for its drab, uniformly grey colouration. It is a relatively small fish, usually less than 2.3 kg (5.1 lb) in weight. It is fished recreationally and despite its tough skin, is an excellent food-fish. The species is classified as ‘vulnerable’ by the
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bays, at depths down to about 55 m (180 ft). It is also found on the other side of the
Atlantic, around the British Isles, in the Mediterranean Sea and off the coast of Angola. It may have crossed the Atlantic as a result of the movement of water in the
478:. It has strong teeth specialised for making holes in hard-shelled prey. An interesting feeding behaviour has been observed, in which the fish positions itself vertically above a sandy seabed and puffs a stream of water out of its mouth. This disturbs the
542:
The grey triggerfish is fished recreationally around
Florida and elsewhere. It is known as a notorious bait stealer and is found over hard bottom in 20 to 40 m (66 to 131 ft) depths off the Atlantic Coast of Florida, often in association with
386:
and sometimes white dots and irregular lines on the lower parts of the body. Both the second dorsal and the anal fin present a somewhat marbled appearance. The body colour fades a little as the animal gets older: juveniles are more colourful.
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and red snappers sometimes feed on the eggs which, if they survive that long, hatch after about fifty hours. The fish larvae migrate up towards the surface of the water where they often become part of the community depending on floating
551:. Because of its bony mouth it needs a small sharp hook which is usually baited with squid or cut bait. The flesh is of high quality but the consumption of this fish has been linked to isolated cases of
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Simmons, Carrie M.; Szedlmayer, Stephen T. (2012). "Territoriality, Reproductive
Behavior, and Parental Care in Gray Triggerfish,
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once more and attacks the middle with closed jaws, crushing the soft central area. It then scoops out and devours the flesh.
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in recent years, suggesting that its range is continuing to expand northwards, with one caught as far north as the island of
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coast, may indicate it is now breeding there; in addition, it has been found in other areas along the coast of
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Once considered to be an uncommon visitor to northern
European seas, an increase in records around the
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Liu, J.; Zapfe, G.; Shao, K.-T.; Leis, J.L.; Matsuura, K.; Hardy, G.; Liu, M.; Tyler, J. (2016) .
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worms. In the autumn, when they reach about 15 cm (6 in), the juvenile fish leave the
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In its appearance and habits, the grey triggerfish is a typical member of the genus
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1348:
1300:
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Marine and
Estuarine Fish. In Red Data Book for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly
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and when it is depressed, it triggers the unlocking of the first spine.
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343:. The species is native to shallow parts of the western Atlantic from
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107:
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1146:
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507:
423:
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1221:
1125:
455:
1194:
915:
2129:
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770:(2nd ed.). Praze-an-Beeble: Croceago Press. p. 553.
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species and feeds on bottom-dwelling invertebrates such as
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Males develop a charcoal grey colouration and are highly
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890:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
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2023:
2014:
1953:
1884:
1771:
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351:Sea and off Angola on the west coast of Africa.
347:to Argentina and also the eastern Atlantic, the
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1758:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
817:South Atlantic Fishery Management Council
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218:
837:Florida Museum of Natural History site
2382:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
852:, from the Northern Gulf of Mexico".
7:
1178:9283F7F6-DFD7-4E99-B1C8-BF6F76AF7D24
1152:0D9881AD-1705-BAD1-337C-E95E8007925B
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1585:Electroreception and electrogenesis
792:"Triggerfish | British Sea Fishing"
719:. Florida Museum of Natural History
647:"Gray Triggerfish | NOAA Fisheries"
583:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
645:Fisheries, NOAA (3 October 2023).
411:and breeds in the Mediterranean.
398:School of grey triggerfish on the
25:
888:Fishing: Recreational regulations
2342:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
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2302:
2301:
2284:
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1309:
626:World Register of Marine Species
84:
1269:Environmental impact of fishing
747:Marine Life Information Network
526:and sink down to the sea bed.
1:
2367:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
1354:intramembranous ossification
2408:
2352:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
1733:Fin and flipper locomotion
1703:Sequential hermaphroditism
1590:Jamming avoidance response
1307:
854:Bulletin of Marine Science
538:Sketch of grey triggerfish
446:The grey triggerfish is a
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506:weed. There they feed on
303:Nematobalistes forcipatus
287:Balistes spilotopterygius
211:
204:
186:
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81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2392:Marine fish of Nicaragua
677:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
612:Bailly, Nicolas (2013).
390:Distribution and habitat
2249:Glossary of ichthyology
1811:Diel vertical migration
2377:Fish described in 1789
1615:Surface wave detection
1580:Hydrodynamic reception
1254:Diseases and parasites
539:
403:
378:
2362:Marine fish of Europe
2357:Fish of the Black Sea
1753:Undulatory locomotion
1570:Ampullae of Lorenzini
908:on Sealife Collection
866:10.5343/bms.2011.1012
537:
402:archipelago, Portugal
397:
374:
295:Balistes taeniopterus
247:Balistes carolinensis
1981:Genetically modified
766:Gainey, P A (2009).
737:Reeds, Kate (2008).
691:. June 2006 version.
590:: e.T193736A97662794
530:Recreational fishing
263:Balistes fuliginosus
1786:Aquatic respiration
1673:Life history theory
880:"Gray triggerfish:
813:"Triggerfish, Gray"
271:Balistes moribundus
255:Balistes forcipatus
51:Conservation status
1625:Weberian apparatus
970:Balistes_capriscus
956:Balistes capriscus
926:Balistes capriscus
882:Balistes capriscus
850:Balistes capriscus
741:Balistes capriscus
717:"Gray triggerfish"
715:Bester, Cathleen.
681:Balistes capriscus
616:Balistes capriscus
576:Balistes capriscus
540:
404:
379:
376:Balistes capriscus
332:, is a species of
325:Balistes capriscus
239:Balistes capriscus
234:Valenciennes, 1839
190:Balistes capriscus
18:Balistes capriscus
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2239:Fish common names
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1781:Aquatic predation
1605:Capacity for pain
1334:Age determination
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1134:Open Tree of Life
918:Taxon identifiers
777:978-1-901685-01-5
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279:Balistes powellii
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231:Balistes caprinus
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172:B. capriscus
138:Tetraodontiformes
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35:Grey triggerfish
16:(Redirected from
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320:grey triggerfish
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1550:Digital Library
1545:Teleost leptins
1484:Shark cartilage
1408:pharyngeal slit
1403:pharyngeal arch
1339:Anguilliformity
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334:ray-finned fish
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223:Balistes buniva
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1821:Filter feeders
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860:(2): 197–209.
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675:Froese, Rainer
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428:Inner Hebrides
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306:(Gmelin, 1789)
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618:Gmelin, 1789"
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420:Great Britain
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366:
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361:IUCN Red List
357:
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349:Mediterranean
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181:Binomial name
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38:
33:
30:
19:
2318:
2306:
2206:spiny-finned
2155:Major groups
1876:Intelligence
1856:Scale eaters
1801:Cleaner fish
1683:Mouthbrooder
1635:Reproduction
1610:Schreckstoff
1595:Lateral line
1511:Swim bladder
1501:Spiral valve
1430:hyomandibula
1413:pseudobranch
1296:Hypoxia in -
925:
887:
881:
874:
857:
853:
849:
843:
832:
820:. Retrieved
816:
807:
796:. Retrieved
794:. 2012-09-10
786:
767:
761:
750:. Retrieved
740:
732:
721:. Retrieved
686:
680:
654:. Retrieved
650:
640:
629:. Retrieved
621:
615:
592:. Retrieved
587:
581:
575:
567:
541:
523:
501:
485:
468:sand dollars
445:
441:
413:
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384:
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355:
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329:
324:
323:
319:
317:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
258:Gmelin, 1789
254:
250:Gronow, 1854
246:
242:Gronow, 1854
238:
230:
222:
197:J. F. Gmelin
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
2320:WikiProject
2279:Prehistoric
2263:Threatened
1954:Other types
1851:Sardine run
1826:Forage fish
1806:Corallivory
1658:Development
1643:Bubble nest
1516:physoclisti
1506:Suckermouth
1479:Root effect
1301:Ichthyology
1030:iNaturalist
950:Wikispecies
822:19 November
656:19 November
555:poisoning.
549:red snapper
495:behaviour.
488:territorial
464:sea urchins
409:Gulf Stream
367:Description
345:Nova Scotia
338:triggerfish
266:DeKay, 1842
2347:Balistidae
2336:Categories
1935:Groundfish
1930:Freshwater
1925:Euryhaline
1910:Coral reef
1846:Salmon run
1836:Paedophagy
1738:Amphibious
1725:Locomotion
1533:pharyngeal
1521:physostome
1474:Photophore
1420:Glossohyal
1393:gill raker
1376:dorsal fin
1326:physiology
904:Photos of
798:2024-04-14
752:2014-02-20
723:2014-02-20
631:2014-02-20
559:References
520:polychaete
298:Poey, 1860
282:Cope, 1870
274:Cope, 1871
148:Balistidae
66:Vulnerable
2372:Game fish
2184:chimaeras
2071:Predatory
2048:Salmonids
2006:Whitefish
1996:Poisonous
1971:Diversity
1905:Coldwater
1841:Predatory
1831:Migratory
1791:Bait ball
1774:behaviour
1693:Pregnancy
1688:Polyandry
1462:papillare
1457:Operculum
1452:Meristics
1398:gill slit
1361:Cleithrum
1291:Fish kill
1281:Fear of -
1274:- as food
1264:Fisheries
1249:Evolution
1239:Diversity
553:ciguatera
524:sargassum
512:barnacles
503:sargassum
480:substrate
438:Behaviour
400:Berlengas
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2308:Category
2259:Smallest
2172:lampreys
2135:flatfish
2125:Demersal
2081:mackerel
2076:billfish
2016:Commerce
1945:Tropical
1920:Demersal
1915:Deep-sea
1871:Venomous
1763:RoboTuna
1713:triggers
1708:Spawning
1668:Juvenile
1653:Egg case
1286:FishBase
1004:FishBase
941:Q1277472
935:Wikidata
688:FishBase
516:hydroids
472:starfish
460:molluscs
448:demersal
432:Scotland
356:Balistes
206:Synonyms
159:Balistes
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2254:Largest
2167:hagfish
2162:Jawless
2140:pollock
2113:sardine
2108:herring
2103:anchovy
2053:Tilapia
2043:Octopus
2038:Catfish
2025:Farming
1940:Pelagic
1900:Coastal
1887:habitat
1743:Walking
1648:Clasper
1600:Otolith
1562:systems
1560:Sensory
1494:ganoine
1469:Papilla
1320:Anatomy
1259:Fishing
1173:ZooBank
1022:2407107
594:3 April
497:Wrasses
452:shrimps
426:in the
416:Cornish
336:in the
199:, 1789
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
2272:sharks
2189:sharks
2118:sprats
2098:Forage
2086:salmon
1966:Coarse
1748:Flying
1620:Vision
1575:Barbel
1489:Scales
1349:dermal
1229:About
1165:154721
1139:135140
1126:154721
1113:187320
1087:303685
1061:193736
1048:173138
774:
341:family
328:), or
2234:Blind
2222:Lists
2001:Rough
1866:Sleep
1772:Other
1538:shark
1528:Teeth
1160:WoRMS
1147:Plazi
1035:49606
983:88383
622:WoRMS
508:algae
493:harem
456:crabs
424:Tiree
2267:rays
2201:Bony
2194:rays
2091:tuna
2033:Carp
1991:Oily
1976:Game
1961:Bait
1895:Cave
1678:Milt
1383:Gill
1371:Fins
1344:Bone
1231:fish
1222:Fish
1121:OBIS
1095:NOAA
1082:NCBI
1056:IUCN
1043:ITIS
1017:GBIF
1009:7327
996:KH43
978:BOLD
824:2023
772:ISBN
658:2023
651:NOAA
596:2024
588:2015
547:and
518:and
474:and
318:The
215:List
2130:cod
1885:By
1698:Roe
1425:Jaw
1323:and
1069:NBN
991:CoL
965:ADW
862:doi
2338::
1175::
1162::
1149::
1136::
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1110::
1097::
1084::
1071::
1058::
1045::
1032::
1019::
1006::
993::
980::
967::
952::
937::
886:.
858:88
856:.
815:.
745:.
697:^
685:.
666:^
649:.
624:.
620:.
604:^
586:.
580:.
514:,
510:,
470:,
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1200:v
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868:.
864::
826:.
801:.
780:.
755:.
743:"
726:.
683:"
679:"
660:.
634:.
614:"
598:.
578:"
574:"
322:(
73:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
