5126:(Издателство Наука и изкуство, 1978) под редакцията на проф. Петър Хр. Петров, стр. 459; Виж бел. 2 под линия: Български език. Гръцки чужди думи, вж. Cesty po Bulharsku passim. За сполай-ти= ’s πολλὰ ἔτη. Даничич-Leskien, Jagić, Archiv, 4, стр. 513. Руссиадес, 2, стр. 281. — Е. В. Петухов, Болгарские литературные деятели древнейшей эпохи на русской почве, ЖМНПр, 1893 апрель, стр. 298—322. Климент, Йоан Екзарх, Константин — пълна библиография и ръкописите. — V. Oblak, Zur Würdigung des Altslovenischen, Archiv für slav. Philologie, XV, стр. 367: „das Altslovenische war nicht die Sprache der Slaven Pannoniens, sondern die dialektischen und ethnographischen Verhältnisse waren damals ungefahr wie heutzutage, nur reichte der Kaj-Dialect weiter nach West und Nord”. стр. 369 über крьсть und крижь. Sprache der Tessalonicher Apostol, Sprache ihrer Heimat und Umgebung. Die ersten kirchenslavischen Übersetzungen wohl nicht pannonisch: daför zu wenig pannonisch und zu sehr griechisch.
373:
99:
3407:(weak) pronoun, agreeing with the object in gender, number, and case or case function. This can be found in Romanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Albanian. In Albanian and Macedonian, this feature shows fully grammaticalized structures and is obligatory with indirect objects and to some extent with definite direct objects; in Bulgarian, however, it is optional and therefore based on discourse. In Greek, the construction contrasts with the clitic-less construction and marks the cross-referenced object as a topic. Southwest Macedonia appears to be the location of innovation.
637:
ancient dialects of Greek possessed
Balkanisms, so that the features shared with other regional languages appear to be post-classical innovations. Also, Greek appears to be only peripheral to the Balkan language area, lacking some important features, such as the postposed article. Nevertheless, several of the features that Greek does share with the other languages (loss of dative, replacement of infinitive by subjunctive constructions, object clitics, formation of future with auxiliary verb "to want") probably originated in
42:
5135:Според утвърденото мнение бълг. сполай (ти) е възникнало като резултат от декомпозицията на крайната сричка в средногръцкото (eis polla šti), словосъчетание, използувано във византийския императорски двор като формула за вежливост. Виж Сборник в чест на академик Владимир Георгиев: езиковедски проучвания. Сътрудници: Владимир Иванов Георгиев, Кристалина Чолакова, Институт за български език. Изд-во на Българската академия на науките, 1980 г. стр. 173.
661:" into Macedonian from Aromanian, which could be explained by Aromanian being a substrate of Macedonian, but this still does not explain the origin of these innovations in Aromanian. The analytic perfect with the auxiliary verb "to have" (which some Balkan languages share with Western European languages), is the only feature whose origin can fairly safely be traced to Latin.
1408:, where the future marker is still an inflected auxiliary. In modern Greek, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Albanian, Aromanian, and spoken Romanian, decategorization and erosion have given rise to an uninflected tense form, where the frozen third-person singular of the verb has turned into an invariable particle followed by the main verb inflected for person (compare Rom 1.sg.
5155:"Еден израз во нашиот јазик којшто денес го слушаме сѐ поретко, за разлика од порано, а во иднина веројатно целосно ќе се исфрли од употреба и ќе можеме да го слушнеме само во Македонските народни приказни, е токму: „сполај ти“! Иако многу ретко се користи, сите отприлика знаеме што значи – „благодарам“, „фала“ ".
2077:"being", etc.) deriving directly from the ancient Greek infinitive formation. But its substitution by the subjunctive form when the infinitive would be used as a verb is complete. Most of the times, the subjunctive form substitutes the infinitive also in the cases when it would be used as a noun (e.g.
5042:
Romani dialects outside of the
Balkans generally do not express the future tense in this way. Unlike the avoidance of the infinitive, which had already come to encompass all Romani varieties before many of them were brought out of the Balkans into the rest of Europe, the formation of the future tense
675:
The most commonly accepted theory, advanced by Polish scholar
Zbigniew Gołąb, is that the innovations came from different sources and the languages influenced each other: some features can be traced from Latin, Slavic, or Greek languages, whereas others, particularly features that are shared only by
683:, many groups of people moved to another place, inhabited by people of another ethnicity. These small groups were usually assimilated quickly and sometimes left marks in the new language they acquired. Second, the use of more than one language was common in the Balkans before the modern age, and a
636:
Another theory, advanced by
Kristian Sandfeld in 1930, was that these features were an entirely Greek influence, under the presumption that since Greece "always had a superior civilization compared to its neighbours", Greek could not have borrowed its linguistic features from them. However, no
3344:
jedan+ (n)a+ (d)es(e)t/један + (н)а + (д)ес(е)т. This is not the case only with South Slavic languages. This word is formed in the same way in most Slavic languages, e.g. Polish - "jedenaście", Czech - "jedenáct", Slovak - "jedenásť", Russian - "одиннадцать", Ukrainian - "одинадцять", etc.
1391:
way using an auxiliary verb or particle with the meaning "will, want", referred to as de-volitive, similar to the way the future is formed in
English. This feature is present to varying degrees in each language. Decategorization is less advanced in fossilized literary Romanian
676:
Romanian, Albanian, Macedonian and
Bulgarian, could be explained by the substratum kept after Romanization (in the case of Romanian) or Slavicization (in the case of Bulgarian). Albanian was influenced by both Latin and Slavic, but it kept many of its original characteristics.
657:. The weak point of this theory is that other Romance languages have few of the features, and there is no proof that the Eastern Romans were isolated for enough time to develop them. An argument for this would be the structural borrowings or "linguistic
2124:+ verb stem) and Serbo-Croatian, the infinitive shares many of its functions with the subjunctive. In these two languages, the infinitive will always be found in dictionaries and language textbooks. However, in Romanian, the inherited infinitive form (
1986:(Ser.) - "I have promised" (lit. "I am having-promised"). On the other hand, Macedonian, the third Slavic language in the sprachbund, is like Romanian and Albanian in that it uses quite typical Balkan constructions consisting of the verb
247:(i.e. those whose homeland lies almost entirely within the region) whilst other populations to whom the land is not a cultural pivot (as they have wider communities outside of it) may still adopt the features for their local register.
627:
for modern Balkan languages. But since very little is known about Paleo-Balkan languages, it cannot be determined whether the features were present. The strongest candidate for a shared Paleo-Balkan feature is the postposed article.
4625:
This feature also occurs in Greek, but it is lacking in some of the other Balkan languages; the central vowel is found in
Romanian, Bulgarian, some dialects of Albanian, and Serbo-Croatian, but not in Greek or Standard Macedonian.
3576:
Macedonian and Modern Greek have retained some of the earlier synthetic forms. In
Bulgarian and Macedonian these have become proper adjectives in their own right without the possibility of comparison. This is more evident in
5081:, Raporturile lingvistice slavo-române. I. Influența română asupra limbei bulgare, Dacoromania. Buletinul „Muzeului Limbei Române”, III, Editura Institutului de Arte Grafice „Ardealul”, Cluj-Napoca, 1922-1923, p. 123-124
2487:. Some varieties outside the Balkans have been influenced by non-Balkan languages and have developed new infinitives by generalizing one of the finite forms (e.g. Slovak Romani varieties may express "I want to write" as
2016:
is another shared feature of the Balkan languages, including
Turkish. It is used for statements that are not based on direct observation or common knowledge, but repeat what was reported by others. For example, Патот
1925:
The analytic perfect tense is formed in the Balkan languages with the verb "to have" and, usually, a past passive participle, similarly to the construction found in
Germanic and other Romance languages: e.g. Romanian
2037:
The use of the infinitive (common in other languages related to some of the Balkan languages, such as Romance and Slavic) is generally replaced with subjunctive constructions, following early Greek innovation.
2868:"Shko!" in the imperative is grammatically correct. "Të shkosh" is used in sentence only followed by a modal verbs, ex. in these cases: Ti duhet të shkosh (You should go), Ti mund të shkosh (You can go) etc.
5112:
In Greek, usually in the mediopassive voice, and applicable not only to fruits but other natural products: Babiniotis, Λεξικό της νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας (1998), gives the example "φέτος ψήθηκαν νωρίς τα
3636:
Also, some common suffixes can be found in the language area, such as the diminutive suffix of the Slavic languages (Srb. Bul. Mac.) "-ovo" "-ica" that can be found in Albanian, Greek and Romanian.
372:
687:
in one language would quickly spread to other languages. Third, the dialects that have the most "balkanisms" are those in regions where people had contact with people of many other languages.
2946:
attached to the end of the noun, instead of before it. None of the related languages (like other Romance languages or Slavic languages) share this feature, with the notable exception of the
1954:. However, a completely different construction is used in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian, which have inherited from Common Slavic an analytic perfect formed with the verb "to be" and the past
2408:
is the infinitive. Both forms are grammatically correct in standard Serbian and do not create misunderstandings, although the colloquial one is more commonly used in daily conversation.
3519:." And the clitic is obligatory in the case of a topicalized object (with OVS-word order), which serves also as the common colloquial equivalent of a passive construction. "
522:
computed a Balkanization factor, which gives each Balkan language a score proportional to the number of features shared in the Balkan language area. The results were:
2958:(Romanian or Aromanian) during the Middle Ages. However, each language created its own internal articles, so the Romanian articles are related to the articles (and
2159:
has also almost completely lost the infinitive, but not verbal nouns using the same grammatical form. This is clearly due to the influence of the Balkan sprachbund.
4712:
3628:
Another common trait of these languages is the lack of suppletive comparative degrees for the adjective "good" and "bad", unlike other Indo-European languages.
5249:
345:
criticized the notion of “Balkan linguistics,” saying that one can talk about “relationships of borrowings, of influences, but not about Balkan linguistics”.
3261:
The Slavic way of composing the numbers between 10 and 20, e.g. "one + on + ten" for eleven, called superessive, is widespread. Greek does not follow this.
5323:
360:
went further, claiming that the structure of Balkan languages could be reduced to a standard language. Many of the earliest reports on this theory were in
201:. Several features are found across these languages though not all apply to every single language. The Balkan sprachbund is a prominent example of the
2059:
resulted in the creation of the contemporary common Greek (Modern Standard Greek), where the infinitive, when used, is principally used as noun (e.g.
5414:
98:
5210:
5054:
5191:
5358:
2636:
respectively). This second syntactic construction is colloquial and more common in the eastern dialects. The forms usually coincide with the
5406:, vol. 2, eds. Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oesterreicher, & Wolfgang Raible. NY: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, pp. 1510–28.
5043:
with a devolitive particle is apparently a later development, since it is only seen in those dialect groups that have not left the Balkans.
4205:
that were passed from one Balkan language to another, most of them between Albanian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Greek, Aromanian and Romanian.
63:
4093:
3533:
The replacement of synthetic adjectival comparative forms with analytic ones by means of preposed markers is common. These markers are:
2330:
4981:
Lindstedt, J. (2000). "Linguistic Balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement". In D.G. Gilbers; et al. (eds.).
4395:
Idiomatic expressions for "whether one <verb> or not" are formed as "<verb>-not-<verb>". "Whether one wants or not":
3680:
Albanian, Aromanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian also share a large number of words of various origins:
2785:
Sentences that include only a subjunctive construction can be used to express a wish, a mild command, an intention, or a suggestion.
591:
living in the Balkans. The grammatical features shared (especially regarding the tense system) were most likely borrowed from Greek.
5174:
4992:
4852:
4040:
2342:
2329:
The use of the infinitive is preferred in writing in some cases only. In speech it is more commonly used in the northern varieties (
85:
1452:
also have an invariant future tense marker in the form of the proclitic third-person-singular present form of the verb 'to want':
2338:
2965:) in Italian, French, etc., whereas the Bulgarian articles are related to demonstrative pronouns in other Slavic languages.
2476:
to express the indicative present, while reserving the short form for the subjunctive serving as an infinitive: for example
705:
The number of cases is reduced, several cases being replaced with prepositions, the only exception being Serbo-Croatian. In
4780:
Fielder, Grace E. (1999). "The Origin of Evidentiality in the Balkans: Linguistic Convergence or Conceptual Convergence?".
292:
history of the region all seem to be relevant factors, but many disagree over the specifics and degree of these factors.
250:
While some of these languages may share little vocabulary, their grammars have very extensive similarities; for example:
3504:
2334:
1942:"I have promised". A somewhat less typical case of this is Greek, where the verb "to have" is followed by the so-called
653:
may have left its mark on all languages there, which were later the substrate to Slavic newcomers. This was proposed by
2004:= "I have promised"). Macedonian also has a perfect formed with the verb "to be", like Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.
56:
50:
4807:
Victor Friedman (2004). "The Typology of Balkan Evidentiality and Areal Linguistics". In Mišeska Tomić, Olga (ed.).
2950:, and it is thought to be an innovation created and spread in the Balkans. It is possible that postposed article in
599:
The source of these features as well as the directions have long been debated, and various theories were suggested.
5695:
3677:
directly controlled the territory throughout most of its history, strongly influencing its culture and economics.
2788:
This example translates in the Balkan languages the phrase "You should go!", using the subjunctive constructions.
4645:
2955:
2947:
423:
407:
300:
The earliest scholar to notice the similarities between Balkan languages belonging to different families was the
156:
5377:
5367:
5330:
3333:
un + spre + zece < *unu + supre + dece; unu + spre; the latter is more commonly used, even in formal speech.
67:
5215:
5148:
5090:
In Macedonian there are three types of definite articles. In this example the common definite article is given.
4717:
3513:." However, the form with an additional clitic pronoun is also perfectly normal and can be used for emphasis: "
768:
742:
331:
380:
The languages that share these similarities belong to five distinct branches of the Indo-European languages:
5426:
4826:
3670:
624:
435:
385:
233:
5628:
The Synchrony and Diachrony of the Balkan Infinitive: A Study in Areal, General, and Historical Linguistics
5480:
Einführung in die Balkanlinguistik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Substrats und des Balkanlateinischen
2113:
in Gheg Albanian, the infinitive, constructed by the particle "me" plus the past participle, is in full use
5443:, eds. Bernd Kortmann & Johan van der Auwera. Berlin–Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2011, pp. 307–24.
5385:
4754:
4749:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4571:
4562:
4555:
4542:
4517:
3666:
680:
608:
468:
31:
1314:
Note: In Romanian this is an exception, and it only applies when referring to individual countries, e.g.
4821:
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2018) "Evidentiality and language contact" in Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., (ed.)
4208:
For example, the word "ripen" (as in fruit) is constructed in Albanian, Romanian and (rarely) in Greek (
141:
5123:
356:
in 1958, when he claimed that the shared features conferred the Balkan languages a special similarity.
5220:
5058:
208:
The languages of the Balkan sprachbund share their similarities despite belonging to various separate
5640:
Christina E. Kramer. “The Grammaticalization of the Future Tense Auxiliary in the Balkan Languages”,
5557:, ed. Christina Yurkiw Bethin & David M. Bethea. Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2008, pp. 131–48.
5274:
Christina E. Kramer, “The Grammaticalization of the Future Tense Auxiliary in the Balkan Languages”,
5238:, 2nd edn. Toronto–Buffalo, NY: Matthias Corvinus, 1996 (1st edn., 1977), pp. 85–87, 88–97, 190.
4727:
4584:
4379:
3649:
Several hundred words are common to the Balkan union languages; the origin of most of them is either
3619:
sometimes) = "low, lower, inferior", it can also possess further comparative or superlative as with '
3355:, which is considered to be an remnant from a Pre-Indo-European language. The number 20 is described
537:
495:
473:
456:
229:
5264:
5690:
4987:. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 28. Amsterdam; Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. pp. 231–246.
4575:
4375:
3578:
684:
483:
276:, which is uncommon among Indo-European languages, and was likely inspired by contact with Turkish.
166:
4793:
4789:
4732:
3654:
3582:
710:
612:
505:
478:
444:
412:
327:
217:
171:
161:
151:
4697:
Not all linguists agree there are any phonological features associated with Balkan sprachbund.
2942:
With the exception of Greek, Serbo-Croatian, and Romani, all languages in the union have their
5354:
5170:
4988:
4848:
4722:
3325:
3230:
2849:
1449:
1388:
706:
616:
428:
390:
353:
313:
309:
266:
244:
225:
221:
131:
5574:
Petja Asenova. “Aperçu historique des études dans le domaine de la linguistique balkanique”,
1374:, etc. but even in this case the same preposition is used to express direction and location.
5555:
American contributions to the 14th International Congress of Slavists, Ohrid, September 2008
5346:
5324:"The Balkan Sprachbund properties: An introduction to Topics in Balkan Syntax and Semantics"
4887:
Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Classe
4737:
4707:
3662:
3658:
2943:
2013:
670:
285:
259:
255:
237:
213:
5553:
Victor Friedman. “Balkan Slavic dialectology and Balkan linguistics: Periphery as center”,
5518:
5304:
713:, on the other hand, this development has actually led to the loss of all cases except the
5446:
Piwowarczyk, Dariusz R. (2014). “The Greek Voice Aspirates and Balkan Indo-European”. In:
5409:
5152:
5078:
4759:
4282:
3400:
2637:
2585:
2022:
729:
724:
650:
620:
519:
461:
361:
357:
342:
317:
209:
5623:, ed. Olga Mišeska Tomić. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2004, pp. 101–135.
2021:затворен in Macedonian means "The road was closed (or so I heard)". Speakers who use the
5345:. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. Vol. 67. Dordrecht: Springer.
3581:: виш = "higher, superior", ниж = "lower, inferior". Compare with similar structures in
2049:(vernacular) Greek, the loss of the infinitive was complete, whereas in literary Greek (
5609:
5513:
4629:
Less widespread features are confined largely to either Romanian or Albanian, or both:
3674:
3650:
2905:
638:
584:
500:
449:
335:
305:
5241:
Victor A. Friedman, "After 170 years of Balkan Linguistics: Whither the Millennium?",
4593:
a mid-back vowel ends in a low glide before a nonhigh vowel in the following syllable.
2662:"I will come") are highly unusual today, but do occur, above all in older literature.
2345:(Wallachia) of the language. The most common form is still the form with subjunctive.
607:
Early researchers, including Kopitar, believed they must have been inherited from the
197:—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the
5684:
2959:
2951:
2451:
2046:
1890:
760:
748:
738:
714:
588:
572:
400:
395:
321:
273:
194:
146:
135:
5663:
5026:
2051:
583:
Another language that may have been influenced by the Balkan language union is the
5619:
Victor A. Friedman. “The Typology of Balkan Evidentiality and Areal Linguistics”,
5285:, 2 vols. Bucharest: Edit. Acad. RSR, 1965 (vol.1), 1969 (vol. 2); 2nd edn., 1978.
2857:"Иди!" in the imperative is grammatically correct, and has the identical meaning.
2042:
in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Tosk Albanian, the loss of the infinitive is complete
102:
Languages of the Balkan Sprachbund in the East and South Balkans, Cyprus and Italy
4982:
17:
5436:, ed. Raymond Hickey. Malden, MA–Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, pp. 618–33.
5022:
764:
734:
654:
289:
4839:
Kopitar, Jernej K. (1829). "Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache".
202:
190:
5451:
3773:
3352:
488:
349:
4678:
in unstressed syllables in Bulgarian, Romanian and Northern Greek dialects.
2055:, abolished in 1976) it was not; the natural fusion of the vernacular with
2029:затворен" imply thereby that they personally witnessed the road's closure.
5350:
4596:
a central vowel is fronted before a front vowel in the following syllable.
4950:; Gustav Weigand, “Texte zur vergleichenden Syuntax der Balkansprachen”,
4940:
Weigand, Gustav (1925). "Vorwort, zugleich Programm des Balkan-Archivs".
4587:
in stressed syllables with differing patterns depending on the language.
301:
5236:
The Origins of the Rumanians: The Early History of the Rumanian Language
4969:
The Origins of the Rumanians: The Early History of the Rumanian Language
2566:
The first part of the first three examples is the prohibitative element
2110:
in Aromanian and Southern Serbo-Croatian dialects, it is almost complete
5673:
Zuzanna Topolińska. “The Balkan Sprachbund from a Slavic perspective”,
5318:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2001, pp. 105–10.
4967:, M.A. thesis, Louisiana State University, 2006, quoting André Du Nay,
2962:
198:
119:
679:
Several arguments favour this theory. First, throughout the turbulent
5418:, 2nd edn., ed. Keith Brown. Oxford: Elsevier, 2005, pp. 657–72.
4202:
3404:
2156:
2152:
658:
5614:
Language Contact in Europe: The Periphrastic Perfect through History
5604:
The Balkan Linguistic League, “Orientalism”, and Linguistic Typology
5404:
Language Typology and Language Universals: An International Handbook
5145:
4541:
In Romanian and Albanian, the schwa is developed from an unstressed
2822:" in the imperative is more common, and has the identical meaning.
5548:
Balkansko ezikoznanie: Osnovni problemi na balkanskija ezikov sŭjuz
4904:
Trubetzkoy, N.S. (1923). "Vavilonskaja bašnja i smešenie jazykov".
5581:
Brian D. Joseph. “On the Need for History in Balkan Linguistics”,
4514:
371:
97:
5259:, eds. Keith Brown & Sarah Ogilvie (Elsevier, 2009), 119–134.
5122:История на българите с поправки и добавки от самия автор - акад.
4513:
the presence of an unrounded central vowel, either a mid-central
4382:, the term сполай(j) ти (spolaj ti) was commonly used in meaning
3391:'80' still may be used. All other Balkan languages lack at this.
2515:
But here is an example of a relict form, preserved in Bulgarian:
2101:"to see/be seeing, the act of seeing" instead of the infinitive "
5560:
Victor Friedman. “The Balkan languages and Balkan linguistics”,
4885:
Miklosich, F. (1861). "Die slavischen Elemente im Rumunischen".
284:
is not a settled question among experts. Genetic commonalities,
5616:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp. 267–87.
4965:
Language Classification and Manipulation in Romania and Moldova
4924:
Balkanfilologien: En oversigt over dens resultater og problemer
641:
and spread to the other languages through Byzantine influence.
5595:
Howard I. Aronson. “Towards a Typology of the Balkan Future”,
5441:
The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide
5101:
The Origin of the Albanians : Linguistically Investigated
5012:(2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 227–229.
35:
5647:
Christina E. Kramer. “Negation and the Grammaticalization of
5630:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983 (reprint 2009).
5527:
Grundzüge der Balkanologie: Ein Schritt in die Eurolinguistik
5487:
Tipologičeskie problemy balkanoslavjanskogo jazykovogo areala
4667:
in Romanian, Greek and very rarely in Bulgarian and Albanian.
4387:
2287:
767:
cases (or corresponding prepositional constructions) undergo
254:
They have similar case systems, in those that have preserved
4497:
This is also present in other Slavic languages, e.g. Polish
2163:
For example, "I want to write" in several Balkan languages:
5466:
Die Balkansprachen: Eine Einführung in die Balkanphilologie
364:, hence the term "Balkansprachbund" is often used as well.
5536:. Iași: Editura Universității “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 1999.
5299:. Iași: Editura Universității “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 1999.
338:(1925, 1928) developed the theory in the 1920s and 1930s.
5265:"Romanian and the Balkans: Some Comparative Perspectives"
1948:('invariant form', historically the aorist infinitive):
5657:
Canadian Slavonic Papers/Revue Canadienne des Slavistes
5612:. “The Balkan Perfects: Grammaticalizion and Contact”,
5482:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1980.
5281:
Alexandru Rosetti, B. Cazacu, & I. Coteanu, eds.
4231:
Another example is the wish "(∅/to/for) many years":
3399:
Direct and indirect objects are cross-referenced, or
2612:, are relicts of what used to be an infinitive form (
5432:
Brian D. Joseph. “Language Contact in the Balkans”,
5255:
Victor A. Friedman, “Balkans as a Linguistic Area”,
4926:. Copenhagen: Lunp, 1926; translated into French as
4742:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2403:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2364:
2354:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1402:
243:Some of the languages use these features for their
125:
113:
108:
5439:Olga Mišeska Tomić. “Balkan Sprachbund features”,
5372:Malyi dialektologiceskii atlas balkanskikh iazykov
4745:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
1099:Syncretism of locative and directional expressions
348:The term "Balkan language area" was coined by the
5675:Zbornik Matice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku
5468:. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 1975.
5055:"Concurența infinitiv-conjunctiv în limba română"
5010:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
4201:Apart from the direct loans, there are also many
3410:For example, "I see George" in Balkan languages:
2664:The last example is found only in some dialects.
27:Shared linguistic features in southeastern Europe
4873:Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Übersicht
4343:
3546:
3186:
3179:
3169:
3162:
2904:in Romanian, the "a se duce" (to go) requires a
2817:
2808:
2640:in the third person singular, as in the case of
2242:
1998:
1991:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1007:
995:
312:(1850) more explicitly developed the concept of
5489:. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka i texnika”, 1981.
5402:Jack Feuillet. “Aire linguistique balkanique”,
4928:Linguistique balkanique: problèmes et résultats
4509:The proposed phonological features consist of:
4415:
4328:
3620:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3538:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3452:
3104:
3097:
3087:
3080:
2901:compare with similar Spanish "¡Que te largues!"
2839:
2830:
2764:
2739:
2724:
2708:
2697:
2681:
2670:
2657:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2552:
2541:
2259:
2224:
1966:
1959:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1597:
1589:
1579:
1571:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1144:
893:
882:
865:
852:
5633:Dalina Kallulli & Liliane Tasmowski, eds.
5257:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
5103:. Tirana: Academy of Sciences of Albania; 2006
5033:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
3382:
3371:
2316:
2303:
2207:
2197:
2184:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
1936:
1928:
1880:
1870:
1856:
1846:
1832:
1822:
1808:
1798:
1555:
1545:
1531:
1521:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1394:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1324:
1316:
1303:
1294:
1130:
1121:
977:
959:
937:
924:
910:
834:
821:
720:A common case system of a Balkan language is:
4358:
2440:
2430:
2417:
1980:
1973:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1757:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1720:
8:
5585:, vol. 10. Ann Arbor, MI: Beech Stave, 2008.
2908:construction, literally "take yourself (to)"
2500:
2489:
2478:
2470:
2457:
2116:in standard Romanian (prepositional phrase:
1909:
1899:
649:The Roman Empire ruled all the Balkans, and
5343:Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features
4430:
3146:
3138:
3127:
3119:
2276:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
1949:
1943:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1342:” when trying to express destination, e.g.
1242:
1235:
1226:
1219:
1081:
1068:
1054:
1042:
1026:
5668:Comparative Syntax of the Balkan Languages
4601:Albanian: back vowels are fronted before
5583:Kenneth E. Naylor Memorial Lecture Series
5452:https://doi.org/10.12797/CC.17.2014.17.09
5423:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
4811:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 124.
4713:Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship
4220:by a derivation from the word "to bake" (
2498:— generalized third person singular — or
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
5670:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
5415:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
4397:
4233:
3682:
3412:
3330:"unsprezece" or, more commonly, "unșpe"
3263:
2967:
2790:
2517:
2165:
1496:
1102:
778:
524:
49:This article includes a list of general
5635:Clitic Doubling in the Balkan Languages
5425:, 4 vols., ed. William Bright. Oxford:
5305:"Linguistic areas and language history"
5292:. Bucharest: Editura Științifică, 1967.
5031:Language Contact and Grammatical Change
4772:
5655:Futures in Bulgarian and Macedonian”,
5606:. Ann Arbor, MI–NY: Beech Stave, 2006.
5167:An Introduction to Contact Linguistics
3306:"единадесет" (единайсет also allowed)
2428:In Standard Turkish in Turkey this is
2374:As opposed to the more literary form:
105:
5543:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1999.
5529:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1994.
5475:. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1978.
5421:Brian D. Joseph. “Balkan Languages”,
5190:Friedman, Victor A. (29 March 2017).
4570:The schwa phoneme occurs across some
3597:= "(the) higher, (the) superior"; '
7:
5541:Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik
5534:Introducere în lingvistica balcanică
5297:Introducere în lingvistica balcanică
4641:in Romanian and some Romani dialects
3600:най-висш(-(ия(т))/о(то)/а(та)/и(те))
2588:). The second part of the examples,
2509:— generalized third person plural).
2468:Many forms of Romani add the ending
2148:) is now used only as a verbal noun.
974:colloq. for fem. (oblig. for masc.):
921:colloq. for fem. (oblig. for masc.):
341:In the 1930s, the Romanian linguist
320:(1861) studied the relationships of
5532:Klaus Steinke & Ariton Vraciu.
5295:Klaus Steinke & Ariton Vraciu,
4825:. Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics.
4572:dialects of the Macedonian language
4386:, derived from the Byzantine Greek
3736:mësallë ‘dinner table; tablecloth’
3594:по-висш(-(ия(т))/а(та)/о(то)/и(те))
3507:) word order is without a clitic: "
2844:!" is the more common imperative.
5637:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2008.
5412:. “Balkans as a Linguistic Area”,
4794:10.13173/medilangrevi.11.1999.0059
3591:= "(the) higher, (the) superior" (
3503:Note: The neutral case in normal (
587:variant that used to be spoken by
55:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5316:Language Contact: An Introduction
5146:https://pravoslavie.mk/spolaj-ti/
3603:' = "(the) () highest, supreme";
1387:The future tense is formed in an
755:Syncretism of genitive and dative
232:branches all belong to the large
5508:Osnovy balkanskogo jazykoznanija
5434:The Handbook of Language Contact
4823:Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality
4520:or a high central vowel phoneme
3588:висш(-(ия(т))/а(та)/о(то)/и(те))
2954:is the result of influence from
2065:"speaking, fluency, eloquence",
316:as opposed to genetic ones, and
269:, although to differing degrees.
40:
5374:. Munich: Biblion Verlag, 2003-
4841:Jahrbücher der Literatur (Wien)
2033:Avoidance or loss of infinitive
1990:and a past passive participle (
240:language is non-Indo-European.
5550:. Veliko Tărnovo: Faber, 2002.
4359:
2781:Bare subjunctive constructions
1037:
954:
518:In 2000, the Finnish linguist
324:and Romance more extensively.
1:
5562:Annual Review of Anthropology
5243:Mediterranean Language Review
4782:Mediterranean Language Review
4380:Eastern South Slavic dialects
3796:руфия (rufiya) ‘thunderbolt’
2638:past aorist tense of the verb
759:In the Balkan languages, the
282:reason for these similarities
272:Some of those languages mark
5496:. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1985.
5322:Tomić, Olga Mišeska (2003).
5252:—an excellent survey article
4869:Linguistische Untersuchungen
3320:еде(и)н + (н)а(д) + (д)есет
1934:"I have promised", Albanian
1800:voi, vei, va, vom, veți, vor
281:
5659:39, no. 3–4 (1997): 407–16.
5621:Balkan Syntax and Semantics
5341:Olga Mišeska Tomić (2006).
5303:Thomason, Sarah G. (1999).
5144:Сполај ти! православие.мк,
5008:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010).
4809:Balkan Syntax and Semantics
4483:sakal - ne sakal / nejkjel
3351:Albanian has preserved the
2089:"to go, the act of going",
1999:
1967:
1876:(conjugated) + subjunctive
1770:(conjugated) + subjunctive
1673:
1642:
1634:
1527:(invariable) + subjunctive
1280:
1264:
1243:
1227:
1206:
1190:
5712:
5501:La linguistique balkanique
5192:"Languages of the Balkans"
4693:in Bulgarian and Romanian.
4605:in the following syllable.
4480:сакал - не сакал / нејќел
4388:
3403:, in the verb phrase by a
3292:"unsprãdzatsi", commonly,
2288:
2286:as opposed to older Greek
1733:(conjugated) + infinitive
1647:); "I'll see / be seeing"
1551:(conjugated) + infinitive
668:
265:They have all become more
29:
5662:Maria-Luisa Rivero &
5522:. Skopje: Logos-A., 1994.
5510:. Leningrad: Nauka, 1990.
5464:Helmut Wilhelm Schaller.
5263:Joseph, Brian D. (1999).
5216:Encyclopædia Orbis Latini
5211:"Balkan Linguistic Union"
5053:Mădălina Spătaru-Pralea.
4875:. Bonn: H.B. König, 1850.
4656:in Albanian and Romanian.
4490:
4471:
4452:
4444:
4431:
4416:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4313:
4302:
4291:
4278:
4247:
4236:
3621:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3547:
3539:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3453:
3187:
3180:
3170:
3163:
3147:
3139:
3128:
3120:
3105:
3098:
3088:
3081:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2956:Eastern Romance languages
2948:northern Russian dialects
2898:
2840:
2831:
2818:
2809:
2765:
2740:
2725:
2709:
2698:
2682:
2671:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2553:
2542:
2537:
2527:With relict "infinitive"
2404:
2387:
2365:
2277:
2260:
2243:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2025:instead and state "Патот
1992:
1974:
1960:
1950:
1944:
1866:(colloquial alternative)
1790:
1774:
1758:
1737:
1721:
1713:
1697:
1689:
1666:
1658:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1513:
1490:
1476:
1462:
1273:
1257:
1236:
1220:
1199:
1183:
1082:
1069:
1055:
1043:
1027:
1020:
1008:
996:
951:, "The book is Maria's.")
894:
883:
5677:53, no. 1 (2010): 33–60.
5169:. Blackwell Publishing.
5165:Winford, Donald (2003).
4930:. Paris: Champion, 1930.
3927:διδάσκαλος (didáskalos)
3852:кромид лук (kromid luk)
3566:Modern Greek: πιο (pió)
1494:) 'he/she/it will see'.
1330:, etc. The rule is that
651:local variation of Latin
332:Kristian Sandfeld-Jensen
212:(genetic) branches. The
5578:22, no. 1 (1979): 5–45.
5427:Oxford University Press
4827:Oxford University Press
4574:, but is absent in the
4216:, ψήνομαι), in Turkish
3787:rrufe ‘lightning bolt’
3671:Second Bulgarian Empire
3309:един + (н)а(д) + десет
2501:
2490:
2479:
2471:
2458:
2225:
1910:
1900:
1693:(inv.) + present tense
1662:(inv.) + present tense
1598:
1590:
1580:
1572:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1145:
866:
853:
386:Indo-European languages
70:more precise citations.
5642:Indiana Slavic Studies
5597:Indiana Slavic Studies
5503:. Paris: INALCO, 1986.
5450:17 (December):165-70.
5382:Južnoslovenski Filolog
5276:Indiana Slavic Studies
4829:, Oxford, pp. 148–172.
4755:Serbo-Croatian grammar
4750:Paleo-Balkan languages
4551:"shirt" > Romanian
3667:First Bulgarian Empire
3383:
3372:
3341:"jedanaest/једанаест"
2650:coincide (for example
2572:("don't", composed of
2441:
2431:
2418:
2397:
2377:
2355:
2317:
2304:
2228:sã sciru / ãngrãpsescu
2208:
2198:
2185:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
1981:
1937:
1929:
1921:Analytic perfect tense
1881:
1871:
1857:
1847:
1833:
1823:
1809:
1799:
1781:
1765:
1744:
1728:
1704:
1556:
1546:
1532:
1522:
1483:
1469:
1455:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1400:and in Serbo-Croatian
1395:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1325:
1317:
1304:
1295:
1131:
1122:
978:
960:
938:
925:
911:
835:
822:
681:history of the Balkans
609:Paleo-Balkan languages
377:
103:
32:Paleo-Balkan languages
5576:Balkansko ezikoznanie
5494:Linguistica balcanica
5478:Georg Renatus Solta.
5448:Classica Cracoviensia
5351:10.1007/1-4020-4488-7
5283:Istoria limbii române
4906:Evrazijskij Vremennik
3952:δάσκαλος (dháskalos)
3855:κρεμμύδι (kremmýdhi)
2151:Turkish as spoken in
1905:(inv.) + subjunctive
1852:(inv.) + subjunctive
1828:(inv.) + subjunctive
1754:(colloquial Serbian)
1738:Ја ћу видети (видећу)
1617:(inv.) + subjunctive
1585:(inv.) + subjunctive
970:"It is Maria's book."
376:1847 ethnographic map
375:
142:Balkan Gagauz Turkish
101:
5380:, “Antibalkanismy”,
4984:Languages in Contact
4740: – interjection
3875:λιβάδιον (livádion)
3837:κρόμμυον (krómmyon)
3802:ρομφαία (rhomphaía)
1509:Example: 'I'll see'
1078:'I gave it to her.'
854:Vivlia lju dedu ali
696:Grammatical features
538:Eastern South Slavic
496:Western South Slavic
474:Eastern South Slavic
187:Balkan language area
5602:Howard I. Aronson.
5506:Agnija Desnickaja.
5314:Sarah G. Thomason,
5290:Limba Traco-Dacilor
5209:Batzarov, Zdravko.
4867:August Schleicher,
4376:Old Church Slavonic
4260:See the note below.
3369:. In some dialects
3298:un + sprã + dzatsi
3284:një + mbë + dhjetë
2524:Without infinitive
2446:is the infinitive.
2312:(with subjunctive)
2195:as opposed to Gheg
1794:(literary, formal)
1717:(standard Serbian)
1132:për/brenda në Greqi
997:Ѝ ја дадов книгата
623:) which formed the
314:areal relationships
5564:40 (2011): 275–91.
5539:Uwe Hinrichs, ed.
5429:, 1992, 1: 153–55.
5410:Victor A. Friedman
5151:2019-12-07 at the
4733:Macedonian grammar
3497:văd pe Gheorghe."
3485:βλέπω τον Γιώργο"
3270:The word "Eleven"
2719:Don't contradict.
2413:Bulgarian Turkish
2343:Southern varieties
2325:(with infinitive)
1480:) "you will see",
1450:Torlakian dialects
1092:'It is her book.'
417:Northern Romanian
378:
328:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
203:sprachbund concept
172:Torlakian dialects
104:
5696:Balkan sprachbund
5644:7 (1994): 127–35.
5626:Brian D. Joseph.
5519:Gjuhësi balkanike
5471:Harald Haarmann.
5378:Andrej N. Sobolev
5368:Andrej N. Sobolev
5360:978-1-4020-4487-8
5278:7 (1994): 127–35.
5124:Константин Иречек
4954:IV (1928): 53-70.
4723:Bulgarian grammar
4633:frequent loss of
4495:
4494:
4369:
4368:
4262:
4194:
4193:
3897:λιβάδι (livádhi)
3609:(also spelled as
3501:
3500:
3349:
3348:
3257:Numeral formation
3254:
3253:
2938:Postposed article
2930:
2929:
2778:
2777:
2750:Can you give me?
2513:
2512:
2504:te irinen/pisinen
2493:te irinel/pisinel
2086:το να πάει κανείς
1918:
1917:
1312:
1311:
1096:
1095:
867:Vivlia easti ali
823:Librin ia dhashë
645:Latin and Romance
581:
580:
420:Eastern Romanian
354:Alexandru Rosetti
310:August Schleicher
245:standard language
183:Balkan sprachbund
179:
178:
96:
95:
88:
18:Balkan Sprachbund
16:(Redirected from
5703:
5525:Norbert Reiter.
5492:Emanuele Banfi.
5473:Balkanlinguistik
5364:
5337:
5335:
5329:. Archived from
5328:
5311:
5309:
5271:
5269:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5219:. Archived from
5196:
5195:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5162:
5156:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5120:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5057:. Archived from
5050:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4978:
4972:
4963:Chase Faucheux,
4961:
4955:
4949:
4937:
4931:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4882:
4876:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4836:
4830:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4777:
4746:
4743:
4738:More, re and bre
4718:Balkan languages
4708:Albanian grammar
4621:
4617:
4613:
4610:The presence of
4564:
4557:
4547:Example: Latin
4544:
4519:
4491:vrea - nu vrea
4434:
4433:
4419:
4418:
4407:transliteration
4398:
4392:(is polla eti).
4391:
4390:
4365:za mnogo godina
4362:
4361:
4350:za mnogu godini
4347:
4346:
4335:za mnogo godini
4332:
4331:
4258:
4243:Transliteration
4234:
3986:Byzantine Greek
3924:Byzantine Greek
3872:Byzantine Greek
3861:кромид (kromid)
3683:
3663:Byzantine Empire
3624:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3524:
3523:
3522:Георги го гледам
3518:
3517:
3516:Гледам го Георги
3512:
3511:
3460:
3459:
3413:
3389:
3378:
3353:vigesimal system
3264:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3083:
2968:
2944:definite article
2843:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2791:
2771:
2770:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2518:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2464:
2444:
2436:
2433:yazmak istiyorum
2424:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2323:
2310:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2266:
2265:
2249:
2248:
2231:
2213:
2203:
2191:
2166:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2014:renarrative mood
2008:Renarrative mood
2002:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1913:
1903:
1884:
1874:
1860:
1850:
1836:
1826:
1812:
1802:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1645:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1593:
1583:
1575:
1559:
1549:
1535:
1525:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1466:) 'I will see',
1465:
1464:
1458:
1446:
1438:
1432:> invariable
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1328:
1320:
1307:
1298:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1165:
1156:
1148:
1134:
1125:
1103:
1089:
1088:
1083:Είναι το βιβλίο
1075:
1074:
1062:
1061:
1056:Είναι το βιβλίο
1050:
1049:
1034:
1033:
1028:Έδωσα το βιβλίο
1015:
1014:
1003:
1002:
985:
967:
945:
932:
926:I-am dat cartea
918:
912:I-am dat cartea
900:
899:
889:
888:
873:
860:
842:
829:
797:I gave the book
779:
671:Language contact
665:Multiple sources
556:Eastern Romance
525:
424:Megleno-Romanian
286:language contact
260:verb conjugation
256:grammatical case
236:family, and the
106:
91:
84:
80:
77:
71:
66:this article by
57:inline citations
44:
43:
36:
21:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5681:
5680:
5599:7 (1994): 9–18.
5546:Petja Asenova.
5499:Jack Feuillet.
5394:
5392:Further reading
5361:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5321:
5307:
5302:
5267:
5262:
5226:
5224:
5208:
5205:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5153:Wayback Machine
5143:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5079:Theodor Capidan
5077:
5073:
5064:
5062:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4962:
4958:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4921:
4917:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4760:Turkish grammar
4744:
4741:
4703:
4670:the raising of
4507:
4499:chcąc nie chcąc
4464:hteo - ne hteo
4461:хтео - не хтео
4437:theli de theli
4422:shte - ne shte
4360:за много годинa
4345:за многу години
4330:за много години
4317:për shumë vjet
4283:ad multos annos
4257:is eti polla; (
4199:
4182:
4024:
3990:
3911:
3777:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3531:
3473:гледам Ѓорѓи."
3431:shoh Gjergjin"
3397:
3395:Clitic pronouns
3338:Serbo-Croatian
3281:"njëmbëdhjetë"
3259:
3145:
3126:
2940:
2935:
2783:
2350:Serbo-Croatian
2314:
2035:
2023:indicative mood
2010:
1923:
1385:
1380:
1334:translates as ”
1101:
1091:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1016:
1004:
975:
973:
958:
952:
922:
920:
901:
890:
757:
703:
698:
693:
673:
667:
647:
634:
605:
597:
536:Balkan Slavic (
520:Jouko Lindstedt
516:
408:Eastern Romance
370:
358:Theodor Capidan
343:Alexandru Graur
318:Franz Miklosich
298:
210:language family
157:Eastern Romance
115:
92:
81:
75:
72:
62:Please help to
61:
45:
41:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5709:
5707:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5671:
5660:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:Bridget Drinka
5607:
5600:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5514:Shaban Demiraj
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5419:
5407:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5375:
5365:
5359:
5338:
5336:on 2003-09-11.
5319:
5312:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5260:
5253:
5239:
5234:André Du Nay,
5232:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5182:
5175:
5157:
5137:
5128:
5115:
5105:
5092:
5083:
5071:
5045:
5035:
5015:
5000:
4993:
4973:
4956:
4932:
4915:
4896:
4877:
4860:
4853:
4831:
4814:
4799:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4679:
4668:
4657:
4642:
4623:
4622:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4539:
4534:in Romanian;
4530:in Bulgarian;
4506:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4453:ister istemez
4451:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4432:θέλει δε θέλει
4428:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:ti mullts anj
4293:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4274:khronia polla
4272:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4255:
4254:εις έτη πολλά
4252:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4179:
4172:
4169:
4168:μπογιά (boyá)
4166:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4021:
4014:
4011:
4010:κουτί (koutí)
4008:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:Ancient Greek
3831:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3675:Ottoman Empire
3673:and later the
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3543:
3530:
3527:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3396:
3393:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3177:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3136:
3124:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3095:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2737:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2584:, "do" in the
2564:
2561:
2550:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2511:
2510:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2426:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2372:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2327:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2205:"to sleep" or
2193:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2149:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2043:
2034:
2031:
2012:The so-called
2009:
2006:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:ja ću da vidim
1775:Ја ћу да видим
1771:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1734:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1586:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1270:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1158:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:'into Greece'
1110:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1052:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1005:
993:
989:
988:
979:Cartea este a
939:Cartea este a
934:
907:
903:
902:
891:
884:Дадох книгата
880:
876:
875:
862:
849:
845:
844:
831:
818:
814:
813:
803:
794:
790:
789:
786:
783:
756:
753:
752:
751:
746:
732:
727:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
666:
663:
646:
643:
639:Medieval Greek
633:
630:
604:
601:
596:
593:
585:Judaeo-Spanish
579:
578:
575:
569:
568:
565:
561:
560:
557:
553:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
533:
532:
529:
515:
514:
513:
512:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
501:Serbo-Croatian
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
466:
465:
464:
454:
453:
452:
442:
441:
440:
439:
438:
436:Istro-Romanian
433:
432:
431:
426:
415:
405:
404:
403:
398:
382:
369:
366:
336:Gustav Weigand
306:Jernej Kopitar
297:
294:
278:
277:
270:
263:
195:areal features
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
127:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
94:
93:
48:
46:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5708:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5485:G. A. Cyxun.
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5223:on 2006-03-26
5222:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5193:
5186:
5183:
5178:
5176:0-631-21251-5
5172:
5168:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5061:on 2011-04-23
5060:
5056:
5049:
5046:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4994:90-420-1322-2
4990:
4986:
4985:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4952:Balkan Archiv
4947:
4943:
4942:Balkan-Archiv
4936:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4922:K. Sandfeld,
4919:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4854:3-89131-038-2
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4810:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Greek grammar
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4583:some kind of
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4526:in Albanian;
4525:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4448:
4445:vrea nu vrea
4441:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:εἰς πολλὰ ἔτη
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4306:la mulți ani
4305:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4271:χρόνια πολλά
4270:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4149:paint, color
4148:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:Vulgar Latin
3726:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3615:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3510:Гледам Георги
3506:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:demonstrative
2957:
2953:
2952:Balkan Slavic
2949:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:Modern Greek
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:Можете ли ми
2738:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2649:
2639:
2587:
2578:, "not", and
2563:Don't write.
2562:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2452:Balkan Romani
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2273:Modern Greek
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1969:
1957:
1951:έχω υποσχεθεί
1941:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Balkan Romani
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:+ infinitive
1803:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:ja ću videti
1735:
1732:
1730:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1473:
1471:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
987:
984:
982:
976:
969:
966:
964:
955:
950:
946:
944:
942:
935:
933:
931:
929:
919:
917:
915:
908:
905:
904:
898:
892:
887:
881:
878:
877:
874:
872:
870:
863:
861:
859:
857:
850:
847:
846:
843:
841:
839:
832:
830:
828:
826:
819:
816:
815:
811:
809:
804:
802:
800:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
754:
750:
747:
744:
740:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
716:
712:
708:
700:
695:
690:
688:
686:
682:
677:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
644:
642:
640:
631:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
600:
594:
592:
590:
589:Sephardi Jews
586:
576:
574:
573:Balkan Romani
571:
570:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
523:
521:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
437:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
419:
418:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
383:
381:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
323:
322:Balkan Slavic
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
275:
274:evidentiality
271:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
252:
251:
248:
246:
241:
239:
235:
234:Indo-European
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
147:Balkan Romani
145:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
124:
121:
118:
112:
107:
100:
90:
87:
79:
69:
65:
59:
58:
52:
47:
38:
37:
33:
19:
5674:
5667:
5664:Angela Ralli
5656:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5603:
5596:
5582:
5575:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5517:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5422:
5413:
5403:
5381:
5371:
5342:
5331:the original
5315:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5256:
5248::1-15, 2000.
5245:
5242:
5235:
5225:. Retrieved
5221:the original
5214:
5185:
5166:
5160:
5140:
5131:
5118:
5113:καλαμπόκια".
5108:
5100:
5095:
5086:
5074:
5063:. Retrieved
5059:the original
5048:
5038:
5030:
5027:Tania Kuteva
5018:
5009:
5003:
4983:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4822:
4817:
4808:
4802:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4681:change from
4675:
4671:
4664:
4660:
4659:change from
4653:
4649:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4602:
4559:
4552:
4548:
4538:in Aromanian
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4394:
4383:
4378:and archaic
4371:
4370:
4259:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4214:a (se) coace
4213:
4209:
4207:
4200:
4184:
4175:
4162:
4152:
4132:
4125:
4115:
4108:
4079:
4072:
4062:
4055:
4026:
4017:
4004:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3946:
3942:
3936:dhaskal/icë
3933:
3913:
3904:
3891:
3881:
3849:
3823:) ‘thunder’
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3793:
3784:
3756:
3743:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3648:
3635:
3627:
3613:
3575:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3545:Macedonian:
3532:
3502:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3455:
3443:ved Yioryi"
3440:
3428:
3409:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3317:"единаесет"
3293:
3260:
3248:
3239:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3202:
3189:
3172:
3148:
3129:
3107:
3090:
3070:
3061:
3047:
3038:
3023:
3014:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2941:
2896:Să te duci!
2810:Да (си) одиш
2787:
2784:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2742:
2731:
2727:
2711:
2700:
2684:
2673:
2663:
2647:
2646:; some that
2555:
2544:
2530:Translation
2514:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2357:
2353:
2331:Transylvania
2319:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2290:
2279:
2262:
2245:
2227:
2223:
2209:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2162:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2057:Katharevousa
2056:
2052:Katharevousa
2050:
2036:
2026:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1987:
1979:
1965:
1958:participle:
1955:
1938:kam premtuar
1935:
1927:
1924:
1908:
1898:
1879:
1869:
1855:
1845:
1831:
1821:
1807:
1797:
1779:
1763:
1742:
1726:
1702:
1671:
1640:
1632:
1596:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1554:
1544:
1530:
1520:
1481:
1467:
1453:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1383:Future tense
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1293:
1278:
1262:
1244:stin Elládha
1241:
1228:stin Elládha
1225:
1204:
1188:
1168:
1160:
1151:
1143:
1129:
1120:
1109:'in Greece'
1084:
1070:
1057:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1010:
998:
986:
980:
971:
962:
961:Este cartea
957:
953:
948:
940:
936:
927:
923:
913:
909:
896:
885:
868:
864:
855:
851:
837:
836:Libri është
833:
824:
820:
807:
805:
798:
796:
774:
773:
758:
719:
704:
678:
674:
648:
635:
606:
603:Paleo-Balkan
598:
582:
517:
469:South Slavic
379:
347:
340:
334:(1926), and
326:
299:
290:geopolitical
279:
249:
242:
207:
186:
182:
180:
134:(especially
116:distribution
82:
76:January 2018
73:
54:
5288:Ion Russu,
5099:Demiraj S.
5023:Bernd Heine
4646:alternation
4558:, Albanian
4477:Macedonian
4404:expression
4340:Macedonian
4251:(medieval)
4240:Expression
3716:Macedonian
3692:Source word
3569:Aromanian:
3560:Romanian:
3554:Albanian:
3551:(prepended)
3537:Bulgarian:
3466:Macedonian
3314:Macedonian
3159:Macedonian
2926:S-ti duts!
2918:S-ti duts!
2865:Të shkosh!
2832:Да си ходиш
2805:Macedonian
2774:Don't read
2692:Don't eat.
2656:instead of
2239:Macedonian
2071:"writing",
2000:imam veteno
1993:имам ветено
1968:obeštal sǎm
1683:Macedonian
1448:). Certain
1404:ću, ćeš, će
1378:Verb tenses
1318:în Germania
1253:Macedonian
1237:στην Ελλάδα
1221:στην Ελλάδα
992:Macedonian
701:Case system
655:Georg Solta
68:introducing
5691:Sprachbund
5685:Categories
5590:Balkanisms
5227:2004-08-12
5203:References
5065:2011-06-26
4871:, vol. 2:
4847:: 59–106.
4590:Romanian:
4563:/kə.mi.ʃə/
4556:/kə.ma.ʃə/
4488:Aromanian
4472:do - s'do
4417:ще - не ще
4412:Bulgarian
4325:Bulgarian
4292:Aromanian
3991:(koutíon)
3707:Bulgarian
3704:Aromanian
3640:Vocabulary
3579:Macedonian
3529:Adjectives
3448:Bulgarian
3436:Aromanian
3362:and 40 as
3303:Bulgarian
3294:"unsprã"
3289:Aromanian
3273:compounds
3077:Bulgarian
3054:Aromanian
2977:Masculine
2933:Morphology
2923:Aromanian
2915:Meglenian
2827:Bulgarian
2726:Можете ли
2586:imperative
2538:Bulgarian
2483:te pišinav
2461:te pišinav
2341:) than in
2256:Bulgarian
2246:да пишувам
2220:Aromanian
2188:të shkruaj
2092:το να δεις
1982:obećao sam
1975:обећао сам
1961:обещал съм
1945:απαρέμφατο
1818:(archaic)
1674:shte vidya
1652:Bulgarian
1565:Aromanian
1533:Do të shoh
1506:Formation
1440:> mod.
1290:Romanian*
1179:Bulgarian
1163:tu Gãrtsii
1146:tu Gãrtsii
1140:Aromanian
1058:της Μαρίας
1048:το βιβλίο.
1046:της Μαρίας
1030:στην Μαρία
1009:Книгата е
981:lui Marian
928:lui Marian
895:Книгата е
879:Bulgarian
848:Aromanian
769:syncretism
730:Accusative
725:Nominative
711:Macedonian
669:See also:
484:Macedonian
457:Indo-Aryan
288:, and the
230:Indo-Aryan
167:Macedonian
114:Geographic
51:references
30:See also:
5459:Overviews
4912:: 107–24.
4788:: 59–89.
4505:Phonetics
4469:Albanian
4442:Romanian
4401:Language
4384:thank you
4314:Albanian
4303:Romanian
4268:(modern)
4237:Language
4228:, ψήνω).
3770:Thracian
3713:Romanian
3701:Albanian
3661:, as the
3655:Bulgarian
3645:Loanwords
3625:' above.
3583:Bulgarian
3490:Romanian
3424:Albanian
3416:Language
3380:'60' and
3278:Albanian
3267:Language
3231:Torlakian
3198:Romanian
3031:Albanian
2974:Feminine
2971:Language
2906:reflexive
2893:Romanian
2862:Albanian
2854:Да идеш!
2850:Torlakian
2794:Language
2521:Language
2299:Romanian
2215:"to eat"
2210:me hangër
2180:Albanian
2169:Language
2080:το να πας
1972:(Bul.) /
1930:am promis
1911:Ka dikhav
1882:Am să văd
1842:(modern)
1834:Va să văd
1810:Voi vedea
1791:Romanian
1705:kje vidam
1591:Va s'vedu
1557:Kam me pa
1514:Albanian
1500:Language
1354:la Madrid
1326:în Franța
1305:în Grecia
1296:în Grecia
1281:vo Grcija
1274:во Грција
1265:vo Grcija
1258:во Грција
1207:v Gărcija
1191:v Gărcija
1117:Albanian
1106:Language
1011:на Марија
999:на Марија
949:literally
906:Romanian
817:Albanian
788:Genitive
782:Language
707:Bulgarian
625:substrate
548:Albanian
528:Language
506:Slovenian
489:Torlakian
479:Bulgarian
413:Aromanian
368:Languages
352:linguist
308:in 1829.
302:Slovenian
152:Bulgarian
126:Languages
5384:(2011)
5149:Archived
4701:See also
4648:between
4618:but not
4576:standard
4458:Serbian
4450:Turkish
4355:Serbian
4143:Turkish
4078:видра (
4071:видра (
4054:видра (
4025:кутија (
4016:кутија (
3974:даскал (
3964:даскал (
3945:даскал (
3930:teacher
3912:ливада (
3903:ливада (
3890:ливада (
3887:livadhi
3790:rofélja
3781:polearm
3722:Turkish
3719:Serbian
3632:Suffixes
3419:Example
3326:Romanian
3057:muljari
3008:English
3002:article
2996:article
2994:without
2990:article
2984:article
2982:without
2963:pronouns
2886:Te dža!
2876:Να πας!
2797:Example
2701:да знаеш
2659:ще дойда
2545:да пишеш
2419:isterim
2394:, where
2368:да пишем
2358:da pišem
2307:să scriu
2280:να γράψω
2172:Example
2107:", etc.)
1858:O să văd
1714:Serbian
1698:Ќе видам
1599:u s'vedu
1503:Variant
1477:ће видиш
1470:će vidiš
1463:ће видим
1456:će vidim
1424:, 3.sg.
1416:, 2.sg.
1389:analytic
1346:la Atena
1200:в Гърция
1184:в Гърция
1171:tu Grecu
1154:tu Grecu
1123:në Greqi
1073:το έδωσα
897:на Мария
886:на Мария
838:i Marisë
799:to Maria
793:English
775:Example:
761:genitive
749:Vocative
739:genitive
715:vocative
691:Features
617:Thracian
613:Illyrian
445:Hellenic
429:Romanian
391:Albanian
350:Romanian
330:(1923),
304:scholar
267:analytic
262:systems.
226:Albanian
218:Hellenic
191:ensemble
162:Hellenic
132:Albanian
5666:, eds.
5569:History
5397:General
4971:, 1996.
4948:: V–XV.
4893:: 1–70.
4689:before
4637:before
4560:këmishë
4549:camisia
4320:
4309:
4298:
4287:
4226:a coace
4203:calques
4197:Calques
4153:colloq.
4131:коса (
4124:коса (
4107:коса (
4098:scythe
4090:Slavic
4061:βίδρα (
4037:Slavic
4003:кутия (
3989:κουτίον
3972:colloq.
3962:colloq.
3958:dascăl
3943:colloq.
3939:dascal
3900:livadă
3884:livadh
3882:colloq.
3878:meadow
3819:рофја (
3811:ровја (
3809:colloq.
3785:colloq.
3778:rumpīa
3774:romphea
3697:Meaning
3659:Turkish
3454:Гледам
3401:doubled
3219:bărbat
3203:muiere
3201:femeie
3132:γυναίκα
3121:γυναίκα
3066:bãrbat
3060:muljare
2883:Romany
2841:Ходи си
2674:да ядеш
2481:mangava
2459:Mangav
2421:yazayım
2339:Moldova
2320:a scrie
2263:да пиша
2200:me fjet
2104:βλέπειν
2098:βλέπεις
2068:γράφειν
2047:demotic
1988:to have
1895:(Erli)
1667:Ще видя
1635:tha dho
1491:ће види
1484:će vidi
1370:la mare
1362:la vale
808:Maria's
785:Dative
659:calques
595:Origins
296:History
238:Turkish
222:Romance
199:Balkans
120:Balkans
64:improve
5370:, ed.
5357:
5173:
5025:&
4991:
4851:
4792:
4585:umlaut
4553:cămașă
4427:Greek
4279:Latin
4248:Greek
4218:pişmek
4183:боја (
4174:боја (
4161:боя (
4121:coasă
4114:κόσα (
4104:coasã
4068:vidră
4051:vidrã
4048:vidër
4045:otter
4041:*vydra
4027:kutija
4023:kutija
4018:kutija
4013:cutie
4005:kutiya
4000:cutii
3976:daskal
3966:daskal
3947:daskal
3914:livada
3910:livada
3905:livada
3892:livada
3840:onion
3815:) and
3755:маса (
3742:маса (
3739:measã
3733:table
3710:Greek
3687:Source
3669:, the
3665:, the
3571:(ca)ma
3478:Greek
3458:Георги
3405:clitic
3222:bărbat
3212:muiere
3151:άντρας
3140:άντρας
3116:Greek
3069:bãrbat
3043:burrë
3017:woman
3011:woman
2800:Notes
2766:Недей
2755:Недей
2732:дадете
2710:Недей
2699:Недей
2683:Недей
2672:Недей
2615:писати
2554:Недей
2543:Недей
2533:Notes
2502:kamav
2491:kamav
2442:yazmak
2438:where
2405:пиcaти
2398:pisati
2390:пиcaти
2388:Желим
2380:pisati
2378:Želim
2366:Желим
2356:Želim
2337:, and
2318:Vreau
2305:Vreau
2291:γράψαι
2289:ἐθέλω
2261:Искам
2244:Сакам
2175:Notes
2153:Sliven
2140:, and
2062:λέγειν
1956:active
1872:a avea
1607:Greek
1216:Greek
1044:Έδωσα
1022:Greek
963:Mariei
941:Mariei
914:Mariei
825:Marisë
806:It is
765:dative
743:merged
735:Dative
621:Dacian
611:(e.g.
564:Greek
531:Score
462:Romani
362:German
214:Slavic
189:is an
109:Balkan
53:, but
5334:(PDF)
5327:(PDF)
5308:(PDF)
5268:(PDF)
4790:JSTOR
4767:Notes
4515:schwa
4374:: In
4210:piqem
4190:boya
4171:boia
4155:bojë
4146:boya
4101:kosë
4094:*kosa
4080:vidra
4073:vidra
4063:vídra
4056:vidra
4032:kutu
3997:kuti
3850:dial.
3821:rofja
3817:dial.
3813:rovja
3794:dial.
3765:masa
3752:masă
3730:mēsa
3651:Greek
3384:katër
3235:жена
3207:femei
3034:grua
3000:with
2988:with
2760:четеш
2743:да̀де
2648:don't
2627:знати
2569:недей
2335:Banat
2278:Θέλω
2226:Vroi
2157:Šumen
2074:είναι
1766:hteti
1759:хтети
1729:hteti
1722:хтети
1643:vlépo
1628:βλέπω
1622:Θα δω
1541:Gheg
1517:Tosk
869:Marii
856:Marii
685:drift
632:Greek
551:10.5
543:11.5
450:Greek
5653:Want
5651:and
5649:Have
5355:ISBN
5171:ISBN
4989:ISBN
4849:ISBN
4652:and
4644:the
4372:Note
4222:pjek
4185:boja
4181:boja
4176:boja
4163:boya
4158:boi
4133:kosa
4126:kosa
4116:kósa
4109:kosa
3994:box
3956:rare
3934:obs.
3800:anc.
3757:masa
3744:masa
3622:висш
3606:нисш
3244:муж
3238:жена
3171:жена
3164:жена
3089:жена
3082:жена
3046:burr
3037:grua
3026:man
3020:man
2768:чете
2653:доща
2643:писа
2633:дати
2630:and
2621:ясти
2606:and
2591:писа
2556:писа
2186:Dua
2155:and
2144:-ire
2136:-ere
2128:-are
2027:беше
1332:into
810:book
763:and
709:and
619:and
577:7.5
567:9.5
559:9.5
401:Gheg
396:Tosk
280:The
258:and
228:and
181:The
136:Tosk
5386:PDF
5347:doi
5250:PDF
4685:to
4674:to
4663:to
4620:/w/
4616:/ʋ/
4614:or
4612:/v/
4543:/a/
4518:/ə/
3657:or
3562:mai
3540:по-
3525:."
3505:SVO
3483:Τον
3461:."
3386:zet
3375:zet
3373:tre
3366:zet
3359:zet
3357:një
3247:муж
3188:маж
3181:маж
3106:мъж
3099:мъж
3024:the
3015:the
2819:Оди
2730:ми
2712:зна
2685:яде
2603:зна
2581:дей
2045:in
2019:бил
1547:kam
1420:vei
1412:voi
1396:voi
1085:της
1071:Της
193:of
185:or
5687::
5516:.
5353:.
5246:12
5213:.
5029:,
4944:.
4908:.
4891:12
4889:.
4845:46
4843:.
4786:11
4784:.
4683:ea
4501:.
4263:)
4224:,
4212:,
4187:)
4178:)
4165:)
4138:—
4135:)
4128:)
4118:)
4111:)
4085:—
4082:)
4075:)
4065:)
4058:)
4029:)
4020:)
4007:)
3981:—
3978:)
3968:)
3949:)
3919:—
3916:)
3907:)
3894:)
3867:—
3864:—
3858:—
3846:—
3843:—
3829:—
3826:—
3805:—
3762:—
3759:)
3749:—
3746:)
3653:,
3612:ни
3585::
3556:më
3548:по
3495:Îl
3471:Гo
3456:го
3441:U-
3364:dy
3249:ът
3240:та
3224:ul
3190:от
3173:та
3108:ът
3091:та
3071:lu
3039:ja
2835:!
2813:!
2757:да
2728:да
2624:,
2618:,
2609:да
2600:,
2594:,
2575:не
2472:-a
2402:/
2385:/
2363:/
2333:,
2132:,
2095:/
2083:/
1996:,
1978:,
1964:,
1901:ka
1824:va
1786:)
1762:/
1749:)
1725:/
1709:)
1690:ќе
1678:)
1659:ще
1639:/
1625:/
1614:θα
1595:/
1577:/
1573:va
1523:do
1436:va
1428:va
1366:,
1358:,
1350:,
1338:la
1322:,
1285:)
1269:)
1248:)
1232:)
1211:)
1195:)
1167:;
1150:;
1039:or
956:or
812:.
801:.
771:.
717:.
615:,
540:)
224:,
220:,
216:,
205:.
5454:.
5363:.
5349::
5310:.
5270:.
5230:.
5194:.
5179:.
5068:.
4997:.
4946:1
4910:3
4857:.
4796:.
4691:i
4687:e
4676:u
4672:o
4665:r
4661:l
4654:r
4650:n
4639:i
4635:l
4603:i
4578:.
4565:)
4536:ã
4532:ă
4528:ъ
4524:ë
3776:,
3616:ш
3614:з
3493:"
3481:"
3469:"
3451:"
3439:"
3429:E
3427:"
3214:a
3209:a
3149:ο
3130:η
3062:a
3048:i
2838:"
2816:"
2745:?
2734:?
2714:.
2703:.
2687:.
2676:.
2597:я
2558:.
2547:.
2120:a
1848:o
1778:(
1741:(
1701:(
1670:(
1631:(
1581:u
1488:(
1474:(
1460:(
1444:o
1277:(
1261:(
1240:(
1224:(
1203:(
1187:(
1087:.
1060:.
1032:.
1013:.
1001:.
983:.
972:)
968:(
965:.
947:(
943:.
930:.
916:.
871:.
858:.
840:.
827:.
745:)
741:(
737:/
138:)
89:)
83:(
78:)
74:(
60:.
20:)
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