203:
168:(1770). The use of the latter transformed the nature of porter. The first porters were brewed from 100% brown malt. Now, brewers were able to accurately measure the yield of the malt they used, and noticed that brown malt, though cheaper than pale malt, only produced about two-thirds as much fermentable material. When the malt tax was increased to help pay for the Napoleonic War, brewers had an incentive to use less malt. Their solution was to use a proportion of pale malt and add colouring to obtain the expected hue. When a law was passed in 1816 allowing only malt and
151:
554:
40:
339:
2104:
585:) and could only be sold in bottles. In terms of adjuncts, German Porter could contain up to 0.45 kg/hl of caramel colouring, as well as up to 100 g/hl of salt. TGL 7764 also prescribed the colour of beer labels: those for German Porter had to use carmine red to indicate the beer type. German Porter was also the only beer in the GDR in which
437:
193:
After 1860, as the popularity of porter and the aged taste began to wane, porter was increasingly sold "mild". In the final decades of the century, many breweries discontinued their porter, but continued to brew one or two stouts. Those that persisted with porter, brewed it weaker and with less hops.
189:
Until about 1800, all London porter was matured in large vats, often holding several hundred barrels, for six to 18 months before being racked into smaller casks to be delivered to pubs. Ageing all porter was found to be unnecessary. A small quantity of highly aged beer (18 months or more) mixed with
98:
styles, was either performed by the publican or a dealer, with blends of Milds and Stales often sold to the public. Porter was one of the first beer styles to be aged at the brewery and dispatched in a condition fit to be drunk immediately. It was also a style that could be made on a large scale, and
376:
After the invention of malted barley roasted until black to impart a darker colour and distinct burnt taste to the beer in 1817, Irish brewers dropped the use of brown malt, using patent malt and pale malt only, while
English brewers continued using some brown malt, giving a difference in style
86:
Porter was first mentioned in 1721, as a development of the brown beer already being produced across London, and delivered to publicans to age and blend to their customers' tastes; the term had become common in print by the 1760s but was often not used by the brewers themselves before then. The
237:
there. They were considerably weaker than the pre-war versions (down from 1.055–1.060 to 1.040–1.042) and around the strength that porter had been in 1914. The drinking of porter, with its strength slot now occupied by single stout, steadily declined, and the last porter was produced in 1941.
138:
pushed its gravity down to around 1.055, where it remained for the rest of the 19th century. The popularity of the style prompted brewers to produce porters in a wide variety of strengths. These started with Single Stout Porter around 1.066, Double Stout Porter (such as
72:
was originally called "Extra
Superior Porter" and was not given the name "Extra Stout" until 1840. Today, the terms stout and porter are used by different breweries almost interchangeably to describe dark beers, and have more in common than in distinction.
373:'s poem "The Workman's Friend": "A pint of plain is your only man." By contrast, extra-strong porter was called "stout porter". The last Guinness Irish porter was produced in 1974, though the company launched a "revival" based upon a 1796 recipe in 2014.
190:
fresh or "mild" porter produced a flavour similar to that of aged beer. It was a cheaper method of producing porter, as it required less beer to be stored for long periods. The normal blend was around two parts young beer to one part old.
122:
According to Martyn
Cornell, "London-brewed Porter was the first beer to be widely exported, reaching Ireland by the 1730s, North America and the Baltic lands by the 1740s, Northern Europe by the 1760s, and India around the same time".
420:, and Porterine. Porterine was developed in America as a brewer's tool, added in the wort of lighter beers, to add colour and flavour to emulate that of a porter. Porterine is made from the slow cooking of
1065:
233:, this period was not technically considered wartime, but the country suffered similar resource scarcities and consequent rationing to the United Kingdom, thus this period was officially named
221:, allowing Irish brewers such as Guinness to continue to brew beers closer to pre-war strengths. English breweries continued to brew a range of bottled, and sometimes draught, stouts until the
2134:
87:
innovation is attributed to Ralph
Harwood, a brewer at the Bell Brewhouse in Shoreditch. The first delivery of porter was claimed to be to The Blue Last pub in Shoreditch.
68:
and porter are intertwined. The name "stout", used for a dark beer, came about because strong porters were marketed as "stout porter", later being shortened to just stout.
577:, Porter was a beer type specified in the industry standard TGL 7764. According to this industry standard, East German Porter had an original gravity of 17.7 to 18.3
2129:
589:
could be used for fermentation. Unlike Baltic Porter, German Porter was top-fermented, often involving a mixed fermentation with
Brettanomyces yeast. Historically,
1069:
384:
in
Kildare produce highly regarded interpretations of the style. As with Guinness stout, many porters from Irish craft breweries are carbonated with nitrogen/CO
666:"The Picture of London", John Feltham, 1802, p. 26, states it "obtained the name porter" because it was "very suitable for porters and other working people".
424:, which concentrates the sugars in the substance. With this concentration comes the caramel-like colour and consistency of Porterine. With the advent of the
581:, an apparent attenuation of at least 64%, a carbon dioxide content of at least 0.42%, an isohumulone content of 35 to 50 mg/L (equivalent to 35 to 50
61:
Porter became the first beer style brewed around the world, being produced in
Ireland, North America, Sweden, and Russia by the end of the 18th century.
1420:
1403:
1581:
1319:
1254:
1225:
979:
639:
582:
408:. After the introduction of lagers in the United States in the 1850s, breweries began brewing their porters with lager yeast rather than a
245:
started brewing a porter in 1972, and was bottled in 1974 that kickstarted the revival of the style which began in 1978, when the
Penrhos
202:
126:
Early London porters were strong beers by modern standards. Early trials with the hydrometer in the 1770s recorded porter as having an
1495:
380:
Today, porter remains an important style in the burgeoning Irish craft-beer scene. A number of notable Irish craft breweries such as
1354:
1279:
1173:
1126:
194:
Between 1860 and 1914, the gravity dropped from 1.058 to 1.050 and the hopping rate from two to one pound per 36-gallon barrel.
262:
54:
first brewed in London, England, in the early 18th century. The name is believed to have originated from its popularity with
545:
Baltic Porter Day, started in Poland in 2016 by Marcin
Chmielarz, is celebrated annually on the third Saturday of January.
2063:
1039:
676:
452:
in the 19th century. Imperial stouts exported from
Britain in the 18th century were popular in the countries around the
369:
In Ireland, especially Dublin, the porter was known as "plain porter" or just "plain". This is the drink referred to in
1292:
428:
movement, many microbreweries produce porters and stouts with traditional methods, as well as the American techniques.
257:
London Porter winning gold and silver medals at the 1999, 2000 and 2002 International Beer and Cider Competitions, and
309:
on November 4, 1760, arguing for a rise in the price of beer. The letter was reprinted in various journals, including
311:
553:
150:
2149:
782:
1535:
1574:
605:
381:
2139:
217:
in Britain, shortages of grain led to restrictions on the strength of beer. Less strict rules were applied in
178:), they were left in a quandary. Their problem was solved by Wheeler's invention of the almost black (kilned)
1397:
1246:
234:
31:
597:
yeast has been associated with secondary fermentation in Porter and Stout to give it its typical flavour.
250:
242:
744:
1213:
327:
258:
108:
2144:
1708:
1567:
586:
570:
355:
266:
69:
1626:
1594:
359:
254:
147:
Porter at 1.095 and more. As the 19th century progressed, the porter suffix was gradually dropped.
1323:
1347:
Brewing porters and stouts : origins, history, and 60 recipes for brewing them at home today
1127:"Chocolate Stout – Limited Edition – Harpoon Brewery – Brewers of Harpoon IPA and UFO Hefeweizen"
864:
456:, and were recreated locally using local ingredients and brewing traditions. Early versions were
253:, Yorkshire, began to brew a porter. Now, dozens of breweries in Britain are making porter, with
116:
104:
523:
160:
The large London porter breweries pioneered many technological advances, such as the use of the
39:
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131:
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Porter was being commercially brewed in the United States in the 18th century, especially in
322:
Obadiah Poundage was also used as a pen-name by the author of a long-running diary column in
2078:
2058:
1888:
1803:
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539:
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347:
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135:
319:, and has since been used by beer historians for the basis of information about porter.
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1798:
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409:
174:
144:
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was the pen-name of a London brewer of the 18th century who published a letter in the
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772:
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did not start brewing until 1787, he had phased out all other types of beer from his
464:, so are technically lagers. Baltic porters typically have a minimum gravity of 18°
1908:
882:
566:
515:
405:
246:
112:
969:
629:
460:
until the late 19th century, when many breweries began to brew their porter with
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2011:
2004:
1999:
1982:
1977:
1938:
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1631:
1201:
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562:
401:
363:
183:
179:
161:
1488:
The Beer Bucket List: Over 150 essential beer experiences from around the world
2016:
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1703:
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resumed production of an old recipe. It was followed by other brewers such as
453:
421:
218:
165:
51:
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17:
1972:
1945:
1928:
1915:
1898:
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1750:
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1641:
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601:
481:
100:
1833:
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186:, though most London brewers continued to use some brown malt for flavour.
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1989:
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1950:
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140:
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1040:"'Station Porter' steams in to be voted Best Winter Beer in the Land!"
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in 1817. It was now possible to brew porter from 95% pale malt and 5%
1903:
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1823:
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477:
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and a high alcohol content, even over 10% ABV. They are produced in
284:, and chocolate. Specialised porter brews continue the tradition of
392:
carbonation remains more common for canned and bottled variations.
2021:
1955:
1853:
1790:
1765:
1755:
1421:"Protz: Back to black: Baltic porter is heading for pole position"
949:
Whitbread brewing records held at the London Metropolitan Archives
445:
273:
272:
Many breweries brew porters in wide varieties, including pumpkin,
65:
38:
538:
with "imperial stout" and Wiibroe's Baltic porter (now brewed by
1808:
1698:
281:
169:
1563:
717:"Picking Apart The Minute Differences Between Porter And Stout"
90:
Before 1700, London brewers sent out their beer very young, as
1603:
574:
1470:
346:
Porter was first brewed in Ireland in 1776, and although
608:
and Bergquell Brewery who brew an 8% abv Baltic porter.
412:
one. In addition, these American porters often included
225:
and beyond. During the Second World War, because of the
172:
to be used in the production of beer (a sort of British
908:"Porter History - In Collaboration With Martyn Cornell"
366:
followed suit and abandoned ales in favour of porter.
1320:"American Porters: Marching to Revolutionary Drummers"
745:"Porter vs Stout | A history of these entwined styles"
1345:
Foster, Terry (2014). "Flavored Porters and Stouts".
657:; Cornell, Martyn; The History Press UK, 2010, p. 54.
2034:
1869:
1862:
1789:
1602:
883:"The Oxford Companion to Beer Definition of porter"
43:
A glass of porter, showing characteristic dark body
1205:
703:Guinness's Brewery in the Irish Economy 1759–1876
342:Dark Arts Porter showing characteristic dark body
565:from 1853 until 1990, when production ceased in
1042:. Camra.org.uk. 17 January 2008. Archived from
623:
621:
440:Żywiec Porter, Poland – a typical Baltic porter
507:, with the country's oldest being produced by
388:blends when served on draught. However, all-CO
2135:Food and drink introduced in the 18th century
1575:
1517:. Deutsche Demokratische Republik. March 1980
143:) at 1.072, Triple Stout Porter at 1.078 and
8:
1293:"Guinness brings Dublin Porter back to life"
1186:Poundage, Obadiah (December 2006). "Diary".
1866:
1582:
1568:
1560:
958:"The Brewer" by William Loftus, 1863 p.50
778:The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830
1370:
1368:
1366:
552:
435:
337:
269:'s Station Porter winning gold in 2008.
201:
149:
1243:1,001 Beers You Must Try Before You Die
998:. Zythophile.wordpress.com. 22 May 2012
617:
2130:18th-century establishments in England
1155:. David and Charles, pp. 112–115.
945:
943:
941:
1084:"Four Peaks Brewery – Tempe, Arizona"
503:Baltic porter is a specialty of many
249:introduced a porter. A little later,
134:(ABV). Increased taxation during the
7:
996:"Endangered beers | Zythophile"
767:
765:
739:
737:
1322:. BrewingTechniques. Archived from
1106:"Chilli plum porter – Waen Brewery"
518:has been brewing Baltic porters in
377:between English and Irish porters.
99:the London porter brewers, such as
25:
1439:"Cellar Series — Põhjala Brewery"
1129:. Harpoon Brewery. Archived from
600:In 1998, the Hoepfner brewery of
522:since the 1860s, while Estonia's
500:, Sweden, and the United States.
209:Porter labels, Pennsylvania, 1960
2102:
1473:Wiibroe Porter (Imperial Stout).
1375:Klemp, K. Florian (March 2008).
968:Cornell, Martyn (2 March 2020).
824:. The History Press. p. 53.
715:Johnston, Zach (28 March 2018).
701:Lynch, Patrick and John Vaizey.
628:Cornell, Martyn (2 March 2020).
326:, the monthly newsletter of the
1208:300 Beers to Try Before You Die
974:. Springer Nature. p. 21.
557:Bottle cap of a Hoepfner porter
263:Champion Winter Beer of Britain
2017:Steam beer / California Common
1245:. London (UK): Octopus Books (
1241:Tierney-Jones, Adrian (2010).
1086:. Fourpeaks.com. 27 April 2004
634:. Springer Nature. p. 7.
526:is a newcomer specialising in
444:Baltic porter is a version of
1:
933:A History of Beer and Brewing
2064:Beer and breweries by region
808:The Oxford Companion to Beer
1456:> Danske Ølentusiaster.
841:The Economic History Review
810:. Ed. Garrett Oliver. 2012.
265:silver medal in 2007, with
198:The 20th and 21st centuries
82:The 18th and 19th centuries
2166:
1349:. New York, NY: Skyhorse.
835:Macdonagh, Oliver (1964).
783:Cambridge University Press
542:) is known by both names.
29:
2097:
1924:
1551:Bergquell Brauerei Löbau.
1168:, Eric Dobby Publishing,
606:Neuzeller Kloster Brewery
292:barrels is not uncommon.
119:, and financial success.
931:Hornsey, Ian S. (2003).
887:Craft Beer & Brewing
820:Cornell, Martyn (2010).
312:The Gentleman's Magazine
1536:Braukultur-franken.de.
1425:morningadvertiser.co.uk
1381:All About Beer Magazine
837:"The Origins of Porter"
822:Amber, Gold & Black
679:. CAMRA. Archived from
655:Amber, Gold & Black
448:that originated in the
296:Obadiah Poundage letter
130:(OG) of 1.071 and 6.6%
32:Porter (disambiguation)
1538:Porter in Deutschland.
1458:Oversigt over øltyper.
1406:6 October 2019 at the
1151:Corran, H. S. (1975).
802:Dornbusch, Horst, and
558:
441:
343:
243:Anchor Brewing Company
229:'s official policy of
210:
157:
44:
1486:Dredge, Mark (2018).
1214:Campaign for Real Ale
1164:Protz, Roger (1995).
971:The Geography of Beer
631:The Geography of Beer
561:Porter was brewed in
556:
534:the word "porter" is
439:
341:
328:Campaign for Real Ale
205:
164:(about 1760) and the
156:Guinness Porter, 1840
153:
42:
1709:Kentucky common beer
1400:Sinebrychoff Porter.
1326:on 28 September 2011
1247:Lagardère Publishing
1153:A history of brewing
1046:on 27 September 2011
912:Anspach & Hobday
587:Dekkera bruxellensis
356:Beamish and Crawford
70:Guinness Extra Stout
30:For other uses, see
1627:Australian pale ale
1377:"Big Baltic Porter"
1133:on 18 February 2018
1490:. UK: Dog n Bone.
1299:. 9 September 2014
1212:. St Albans (UK):
1020:. Fullers-ales.com
1018:"Fuller's Brewery"
677:"Porter and Stout"
559:
442:
344:
211:
158:
117:economies of scale
94:; any ageing into
45:
27:Dark style of beer
2150:Brewing in London
2117:
2116:
2030:
2029:
1879:American wild ale
1814:Dortmunder Export
1622:American pale ale
1398:Sinebrychoff.fi.
1274:, Flann O'Brien,
1271:At Swim-Two-Birds
1256:978-1-84403-682-0
1227:978-1-85249-273-1
1066:"Wickwar Brewing"
981:978-3-030-41654-6
641:978-3-030-41654-6
462:cool fermentation
288:, and the use of
286:ageing in barrels
154:Advertisement for
132:alcohol by volume
16:(Redirected from
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2079:Low-alcohol beer
2059:Barrel-aged beer
1889:Flanders red ale
1867:
1804:Australian lager
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360:Murphy's Brewery
352:Guinness Brewery
306:London Chronicle
301:Obadiah Poundage
227:Irish Free State
223:Second World War
128:original gravity
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
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1911:
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1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:American lager
1795:
1793:
1787:
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1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:India pale ale
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Bière de Garde
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
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1589:
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1543:
1528:
1503:
1497:978-1911026273
1496:
1478:
1463:
1448:
1430:
1412:
1390:
1362:
1355:
1337:
1310:
1284:
1262:
1255:
1233:
1226:
1193:
1188:What's Brewing
1178:
1157:
1144:
1118:
1097:
1075:
1057:
1031:
1009:
987:
980:
960:
951:
937:
924:
899:
874:
847:(3): 530–535.
827:
812:
804:Garrett Oliver
795:
761:
733:
707:
705:, pp. 150–151.
694:
668:
659:
647:
640:
616:
615:
613:
610:
550:
547:
486:Czech Republic
458:warm fermented
446:imperial stout
433:
430:
410:top-fermenting
397:
394:
389:
385:
335:
332:
324:What's Brewing
297:
294:
251:Timothy Taylor
199:
196:
175:Reinheitsgebot
145:Imperial Stout
83:
80:
78:
75:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2162:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:Seasonal beer
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
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2048:
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2040:
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2037:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
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2001:
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1984:
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1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:Baltic porter
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Irish red ale
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:Farmhouse ale
1665:
1663:
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1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
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1371:
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1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:9781629145112
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1297:Protz on Beer
1294:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:1-56478-181-X
1277:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1258:
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1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1216:Ltd. p.
1215:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1190:. p. 16.
1189:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:1-85882-041-3
1171:
1167:
1166:The Ale Trail
1161:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1107:
1101:
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1085:
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1061:
1058:
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1019:
1013:
1010:
997:
991:
988:
983:
977:
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964:
961:
955:
952:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
928:
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913:
909:
903:
900:
888:
884:
878:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
823:
816:
813:
809:
805:
799:
796:
784:
780:
779:
774:
773:Peter Mathias
768:
766:
762:
750:
746:
740:
738:
734:
722:
718:
711:
708:
704:
698:
695:
682:
678:
672:
669:
663:
660:
656:
651:
648:
643:
637:
633:
632:
624:
622:
618:
611:
609:
607:
603:
598:
596:
595:Brettanomyces
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:reunification
568:
564:
555:
549:German porter
548:
546:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:Baltic region
447:
438:
432:Baltic porter
431:
429:
427:
426:craft brewing
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
396:United States
395:
393:
383:
378:
374:
372:
371:Flann O'Brien
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
340:
333:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
317:The Gazetteer
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
236:
235:the Emergency
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
204:
197:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
152:
148:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
88:
81:
76:
74:
71:
67:
62:
59:
57:
53:
52:style of beer
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Baltic porter
1863:Other styles
1733:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1506:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1471:Wiibroe.dk.
1466:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1410:(in Finnish)
1399:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1346:
1340:
1330:13 September
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1269:
1265:
1242:
1236:
1207:
1202:Protz, Roger
1196:
1187:
1181:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1078:
1070:the original
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
990:
970:
963:
954:
932:
927:
915:. Retrieved
911:
902:
890:. Retrieved
886:
877:
844:
840:
830:
821:
815:
807:
806:. "Porter."
798:
786:. Retrieved
777:
752:. Retrieved
748:
724:. Retrieved
720:
710:
702:
697:
685:. Retrieved
681:the original
671:
662:
654:
650:
630:
599:
567:East Germany
560:
544:
530:porters. In
516:Sinebrychoff
502:
443:
406:Pennsylvania
399:
379:
375:
368:
345:
323:
321:
316:
310:
304:
300:
299:
271:
247:microbrewery
240:
212:
192:
188:
173:
159:
125:
121:
95:
91:
89:
85:
63:
60:
47:
46:
36:
2145:Beer styles
2042:Abbey beers
2012:Spruce beer
2000:Smoked beer
1978:Millet beer
1939:Banana beer
1849:Schwarzbier
1746:Pumpkin ale
1632:Barley wine
1591:Beer styles
1553:(in German)
1541:(in German)
1476:(in Danish)
1461:(in Danish)
788:21 February
528:barrel-aged
488:, Germany,
402:New England
261:'s Supreme
213:During the
184:patent malt
180:patent malt
162:thermometer
115:, achieved
2124:Categories
1995:Small beer
1968:Light beer
1934:Fruit beer
1839:Pale lager
1829:Kellerbier
1781:Wheat beer
1771:Strong ale
1761:Scotch ale
1704:Grodziskie
1652:Copper ale
1647:Burton ale
1521:19 January
1512:"TGL-7764"
1002:9 November
892:27 October
754:27 October
726:21 January
612:References
536:synonymous
492:, Russia,
454:Baltic Sea
422:corn syrup
362:, both in
231:neutrality
166:hydrometer
2005:Rauchbier
1973:Malt beer
1946:Hard soda
1929:Corn beer
1916:Oud bruin
1899:Framboise
1871:Sour beer
1751:Quadrupel
1657:Cream ale
1642:Brown ale
1617:Amber ale
935:, p. 436.
861:0013-0117
602:Karlsruhe
573:. In the
540:Carlsberg
513:Finland's
511:in 1881.
482:Lithuania
354:by 1799.
207:Neuweiler
101:Whitbread
2084:Real ale
2054:Adjuncts
2047:Trappist
2035:See also
1990:Rye beer
1961:Podpiwek
1951:Ice beer
1729:Pale ale
1719:Mild ale
1677:Grisette
1404:Archived
1204:(2010).
1111:1 August
775:(1959).
520:Helsinki
418:molasses
414:adjuncts
255:Fuller's
141:Guinness
2074:Brewery
1844:Pilsner
1724:Old ale
1612:Altbier
1303:7 April
1137:5 April
1090:5 April
1050:5 April
1024:5 April
869:2592855
687:5 April
591:Dekkera
563:Germany
532:Denmark
524:Põhjala
498:Denmark
494:Ukraine
474:Estonia
470:Finland
334:Ireland
290:bourbon
278:vanilla
219:Ireland
109:Parsons
77:History
56:porters
1904:Gueuze
1894:Lambic
1834:Märzen
1824:Helles
1819:Dunkel
1776:Tripel
1734:Porter
1714:Kölsch
1682:Saison
1662:Dubbel
1637:Bitter
1494:
1353:
1278:
1253:
1224:
1172:
978:
917:3 June
867:
859:
721:Uproxx
638:
569:after
509:Żywiec
490:Poland
484:, the
478:Latvia
113:Thrale
105:Truman
48:Porter
2022:Tella
1956:Kvass
1909:Kriek
1854:Zoigl
1791:Lager
1766:Stout
1756:Sahti
1515:(PDF)
865:JSTOR
466:plato
274:honey
259:CAMRA
96:Stale
92:Milds
66:stout
50:is a
1983:Pito
1809:Bock
1699:Gose
1595:list
1523:2022
1492:ISBN
1387:(1).
1351:ISBN
1332:2021
1305:2020
1276:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1139:2010
1113:2012
1092:2010
1052:2010
1026:2010
1004:2012
976:ISBN
919:2024
894:2021
857:ISSN
790:2024
756:2021
728:2020
689:2010
636:ISBN
404:and
364:Cork
358:and
315:and
282:plum
241:The
170:hops
111:and
1604:Ale
1218:137
849:doi
583:IBU
575:GDR
2126::
1441:.
1423:.
1385:29
1383:.
1379:.
1365:^
1295:.
1220:.
940:^
910:.
885:.
863:.
855:.
845:16
843:.
839:.
781:.
764:^
747:.
736:^
719:.
620:^
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496:,
480:,
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280:,
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1259:.
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1141:.
1115:.
1094:.
1054:.
1028:.
1006:.
984:.
921:.
896:.
871:.
851::
792:.
758:.
730:.
691:.
644:.
593:/
390:2
386:2
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
