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285:: "To suppose that the spirit of our people will not rise to the occasion is to suppose that our people are not genuine Americans. We shall make the fire of 1904 a landmark not of decline but of progress." McLane then refused assistance, "As head of this municipality, I cannot help but feel gratified by the sympathy and the offers of practical assistance which have been tendered to us. To them I have in general terms replied, 'Baltimore will take care of its own, thank you.'"
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condemned
Baltimore and exaggerated locals' response during the crisis. In addition, many newspapers published accounts by travelers who, in actuality, had only seen the fire as their trains passed through Baltimore. Nonetheless, the responding agencies and their equipment did prove useful, since the uncouplable hoses only represented a small part of the transported equipment. Ultimately, the tragedy led to the standardization of hydrants nationwide.
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1286:"BALTIMORE IS BURNING! CONFLAGRATION BIDS FAIR TO ECLIPSE THE CHICAGO FIRE OF 1871. At Eight o'clock This Morning the Flames Had Swept a Path Five Blocks Wide and a Mile Long—Their Progress is Still Unchecked In Spite of the Desperate Efforts of the Firemen of Baltimore and of Neighboring Cities—Loss is From One to Two Hundred Millions—Blaze Fanned by a High Wind"
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commendation). Meanwhile, back at the
General Post Office, employees kept spraying water on the building's sides and roof and were able to minimize damage and save the 1889 Italian Renaissance edifice with its nine towers and central tall clock tower (later razed and replaced by the current 1932 building, later converted to city use as Courthouse East).
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manufacturer. By 1903, over 600 sizes and variations of fire hose couplings existed in the United States. Despite efforts to establish standards being made since the 1870s, they had little effect: no city wanted to abandon its system, few saw any reason to adopt standards, and equipment manufacturers did not want competition.
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of the city did start making coupling rings to overcome this problem. High winds and freezing temperatures further contributed to the fire's extent and firefighters' difficulties. As a result, the fire burned over 30 hours, destroying 1,545 buildings spanning 70 city blocks—amounting to over 140 acres (57 ha).
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and the Naval
Brigade, were utilized during the fire to maintain order and protect the city. Police and soldiers not only kept looters away, but also prevented civilians from inadvertently interfering with firefighting efforts. The Naval Brigade secured the waterfront and waterways to keep spectators
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were blocked by a train accident; they arrived the next day – Monday, February 8). The crews brought their own equipment. Most could only watch helplessly after discovering that their hoses could not connect to
Baltimore's gauge size of water hydrants, although a machine shop in the Locust Point area
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The BCFD memorializes the fire annually at the bronze statue of a firefighter at the
Department's old headquarters, facing City Hall, the War Memorial Building and the broad ceremonial plaza in between at East Lexington and North Gay Streets. Observances are also held at the closest street corner to
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helped bring the blaze under control, both professional paid truck and engine companies from the
Baltimore City Fire Department (B.C.F.D.) and volunteers from the surrounding counties and outlying towns of Maryland, as well as out-of-state units that arrived on the major railroads. It destroyed much
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of 1962, currently the CFG Bank Arena) in the western part of downtown
Baltimore at 10:48 a.m. on Sunday, February 7, and quickly spread. Soon, it became apparent that the fire was outstripping the ability of the city's firefighting resources to fight it, and calls for help were telegraphed to
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Most agreed that the Great Fire directly caused no deaths. An autobiography written by Alice Mae
Cawthorne tells of a couple named Mr. and Mrs. Chambre who lost their twin daughters in the Baltimore fire. There are also reports of a merchant suffering a heart attack while evacuating goods from his
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In centuries past, fires regularly ravaged cities, frequently destroying large areas within. Close living quarters; lax, unenforced, or non-existent building codes; and a widespread dearth of firefighting services were all contributing factors to the frequency and extent of urban fires. The rapid
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adopted a national standard for fire hydrant and hose connections. However, inertia remained. Conversion was slow and still remains incomplete. One hundred years after the
Baltimore Fire, only 18 of the 48 most populous American cities were reported to have national standard fire hydrants. Hose
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While
Baltimore was criticized for its hydrants, this problem was not uniquely its own. During that era, American cities had more than six hundred different sizes and variations of fire hose couplings. As outside firefighters returned to their home cities, newspapers published interviews that
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In addition, firefighting practices and equipment were largely unstandardized, with each city having its own system. As time passed, these cities invested more in the systems that they already had, increasing the costs of any conversion. In addition, early equipment was often patented by its
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Square, on North Calvert Street, between East Lexington and Fayette Streets. Lurz gathered a group of men who loaded bags of mail onto horse–drawn wagons, took them to North and Pennsylvania Avenues, and stood guard until the Maryland National Guard arrived (for which he later received a
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due to exposure during the Great Fire. Martin Mullin, the proprietor of Mullin's Hotel (on the northwest corner of West Baltimore and North Liberty Streets, above Hopkins Place), a block to the north of the John E. Hurst Building, where the fire started, also later died.
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147:) responding with horse-drawn pumpers, wagons and other related equipment (primitive by modern-day standards, but only steam engines were motorized in that era) carried by the railroads on flat cars and in box cars, many were unable to help since their
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601:(USO), sending refreshments and break-time trucks to the sites of major alarms and fires to provide exhausted firefighters some comfort and snacks. It is named after the first alarm box pulled on the morning of Sunday, February 7, 1904.
520:, published 1941, "When I came out of it at last I was a settled and indeed almost a middle-aged man, spavined by responsibility and aching in every sinew, but I went into it a boy, and it was the hot gas of youth that kept me going."
516:(at the northwest corner of St. Paul and East Fayette Streets), were destroyed on the northern edge of the "Burnt District". Mencken related the fire and its aftermath near the end of the second volume of his autobiographical trilogy,
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As a result of the fire, Baltimore finally adopted a city building code after seventeen nights of hearings and multiple City Council reviews. The city's downtown "Burnt District" was rebuilt using more fireproof materials, such as
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from Sunday February 7 to Monday February 8, 1904. In the fire, more than 1,500 buildings were completely leveled, and some 1,000 severely damaged, bringing property loss from the disaster to an estimated $ 100 million. 1,231
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From North Howard Street in the west and southwest, the flames spread north through the retail shopping area as far as Fayette Street and began moving eastward, pushed along by the prevailing winds. Narrowly missing the new
627:, and the four local television stations' and several documentaries and interviews/discussion programs on the city's public radio network (NPR) station, WYPR-FM, also commemorated the event.
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buildings around the existing fire. This tactic, however, proved unsuccessful. Not until 5:00 p.m. the next day was the fire brought under control, after burning for thirty hours.
510:, future famed columnist/commentator/author and linguist, survived the fire at the beginning of his blossoming journalism and literary career, but the offices of his newspaper, the
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coast in August 2005. One reason for the fire's long duration involved the lack of national standards in firefighting equipment. Despite fire engines from nearby cities (such as
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materials. Perhaps the greatest legacy of the fire was the impetus it gave to efforts to standardize firefighting equipment in the United States, especially hose couplings.
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Mayor McLane's mysterious and sudden death later that year, ruled a suicide, was also attributed by some of his contemporaries to the stress of post-fire reconstruction.
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In the aftermath, 35,000 people were left unemployed. Over $ 150 million (in 1904 USD) worth of damage was done, which is approximately $ 3.84 billion in 2014 dollars.
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Fire was reported first at the John Hurst and Company building on West German Street at Hopkins Place (modern site at the southwest corner of the
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commemorated the fire's centennial in 2004 with a website, two books and various events, lectures, and tours through the auspices of the
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reported that the city had risen from the ashes and that "One of the great disasters of modern time had been converted into a blessing."
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stream which divided the downtown business district from the old East Baltimore tightly-packed residential neighborhoods of
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84:. The fire's wide swath burned as far south as the wharves and piers lining the north side of the old "Basin" (today's "
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pavers. Public pressure, coupled with demands of companies insuring the newly re-built buildings, spurred the effort.
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commemorating "The Great Fire" was placed next to the main western entrance of the "Wholesale Fish Market" (now the
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chronicles major fires and events only synonymous to the City of Baltimore like the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904
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with its famous "Iron Building", considered the forerunner of modern steel skyscrapers, built 1851 at East
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and transported 100 miles (160 km) to Baltimore on a special train, provided free of charge by the
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Five lost lives were indirectly attributed to the fire. Two members of the 4th Regiment of the Maryland
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It is considered historically the third worst conflagration in an American city, surpassed only by the
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of central Baltimore, including over 1,500 buildings covering an area of some 140 acres (57 ha).
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Major U.S. Cities Using National Standard Fire Hydrants, One Century After the Great Baltimore Fire
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1297:. Vol. XXXIII, no. 94. February 8, 1904. Page 1, columns 2-4; page 7, columns 3-4
889:, Peter B. Petersen, Published 2004, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore (Md.), p. 127.
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expansion of American cities during the nineteenth century also contributed to the danger.
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Much of the destroyed area was rebuilt in relatively short order, and the city adopted a
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Thomas Albert Lurz (b. January 9, 1874), a Baltimore native and letter carrier with the
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the Great Fire's beginnings at South Howard and West Lombard Streets alongside the
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365:. Fireman Mark Kelly and Fire Lieutenant John A. McKnew also died of pneumonia and
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of 1906. Other major urban disasters that were comparable (but not fires) were the
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other cities. By 1:30 p.m., units from Washington, D.C. were arriving on the
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965:, February 2004; archived online at DuffyWriter.com; retrieved December 26, 2016
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Square from 1815 to 1827 at North Calvert Street, and the quarter-century-old
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store. It may be that deaths were not recorded accurately. In 1907 a bronze
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An illustration of the aftermath of the Great Baltimore Fire in February 1904
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500:: although the standard hose coupling has 2.5 inches (64 mm) diameter,
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560:. The fire also devastated the city's other major newspapers, including
64:, now the Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. Courthouse, fire passed the historic
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411: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The Baltimore Sun, "One Life Lost in Fire." February 20, 1904, p. 12.
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Baltimore's Great Fire Marker – The Historical Marker Database.
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In addition to firefighters, outside police officers, as well as the
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of 1851. Since the late 1980s, the structure has been renamed the
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away. Officers from Philadelphia and New York also assisted the
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memorialized the fire in "Nineteen Ought Four", on their album
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printed an edition the first night of the fire on the press of
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One reason for the fire's duration was the lack of national
1086:. "Death Result of Baltimore Fire." March 13, 1904, p. 14.
1102:; published February 7, 2004; retrieved December 26, 2016
88:") of the Northwest Branch of the Baltimore Harbor and
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Maryland Digital Cultural Cultural Heritage Project.
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Mayor's death, blaze still linked in mystery (page 3)
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The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History
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on York Road in Lutherville-Timonium-Cockeysville in
646:(15509-D, May 6, 1929) also commemorates the event.
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921:"Great Fire is history that did not go up in smoke"
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John E. Hurst Building, site of the fire's outbreak
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589:The "Box 414 Association", which has assisted the
301:Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, looking West from
1203:"Aftermath of the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904"
504:'s hydrants had 3-inch (76 mm) couplings.
208:. To halt the fire, officials decided to use a
27:1904 fire in Baltimore, Maryland, United States
809:National Institute of Standards and Technology
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686:More recently, the Baltimore-based rock band
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976:"Two Years After Fire Baltimore is Booming"
830:Baltimore: The Building of an American City
532:, in exchange for providing photographs to
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1151:. Enoch Pratt Free Library. Archived from
223:in firefighting equipment. Fire crews and
471:Learn how and when to remove this message
316:Same view in 1906, 2 years after the fire
905:"Eye Witnesses Tell of Rush of Flames,"
550:was printed nightly on the press of the
288:Two years later, on September 10, 1906,
1518:Maryland Center for History and Culture
1247:Dynamited buildings on Baltimore Street
1009:"Great Fire of 1904 took several lives"
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2133:Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area
919:Kaltenbach, Chris (February 6, 2004).
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1132:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. p.
661:All the world was one sad cry of pity
7:
1049:Jensen, Brennen (September 3, 2003)
493:National Fire Protection Association
409:adding citations to reliable sources
231:and Washington that day (units from
1223:"National Photo Company Collection"
1007:Kelly, Jacques (February 5, 2011).
875:National Bureau of Standards (NIST)
496:incompatibility contributed to the
343:tells of the charred remains of a "
1257:DonMonique, Joyce (May 23, 2011).
803:Momar D. Seck and David D. Evans,
681:Fair Baltimore, the beautiful city
671:Calling out to the heavens for aid
593:for many years, acts like a local
78:Jonestown (also known as Old Town)
25:
1829:Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
1252:Early City Hydrant Specifications
984:. 7 February 1906. Archived from
774:"The Great Baltimore Fire begins"
688:J. Roddy Walston and the Business
105:San Francisco Earthquake and Fire
2213:Urban fires in the United States
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656:From every breeze that passes by
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335:Port Discovery children's museum
327:Port Discovery children's museum
2198:1904 fires in the United States
396:needs additional citations for
1179:"Great Baltimore Fire of 1904"
1149:"Great Baltimore Fire of 1904"
591:Baltimore City Fire Department
553:Philadelphia Evening Telegraph
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2097:BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport
1650:Baltimore City Public Schools
1244:Liberty & Lombard Streets
1051:Charmed Life: Lives Lost: One
959:, by Jim Duffy, published in
651:Fire!, fire!, I heard the cry
2027:Johns Hopkins mens' lacrosse
666:Strong men in anguish prayed
275:Immediately after the fire,
2128:Baltimore metropolitan area
1845:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1237:Electric Railway Powerhouse
1098:, by Scott Calvert, in the
611:Maryland Historical Society
599:United Service Organization
202:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
109:Galveston Hurricane of 1900
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1503:Baltimore Streetcar Museum
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1294:The Kingston Daily Freeman
546:. For the next five weeks
151:could not fit Baltimore's
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1819:Howard Street Tunnel fire
1660:Colleges and Universities
1128:Newspaper days: 1899–1906
518:Newspaper Days: 1899–1906
498:Oakland firestorm of 1991
227:came from as far away as
2046:Maryland Cycling Classic
1774:Baltimore City Landmarks
1645:Enoch Pratt Free Library
1225:. Shorpy (Higginbotham).
1207:Enoch Pratt Free Library
1072:The Great Baltimore Fire
887:The Great Baltimore Fire
1890:McCormick & Company
1824:2015 Baltimore protests
1769:National Register sites
1609:Meyerhoff Symphony Hall
1523:Maryland Science Center
1508:B&O Railroad Museum
1498:Baltimore Museum of Art
1111:Seck and Evans, p. 111.
871:"Measures for Progress"
815:, August 2004, pp. 7-9.
640:North Carolina Ramblers
615:Fire Museum of Maryland
245:Maryland National Guard
183:Progression of the fire
62:1900 Circuit Courthouse
1880:JoS. A. Bank Clothiers
1814:Baltimore riot of 1968
1794:Baltimore riot of 1861
1665:City Community College
1488:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1185:. 2003. Archived from
745:39.288694°N 76.61917°W
607:old Civic Center/Arena
579:The Baltimore American
573:Baltimore Evening News
543:Baltimore Evening News
420:"Great Baltimore Fire"
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250:City Police Department
197:Baltimore Civic Center
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131:as well as units from
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1241:Church of the Messiah
869:Rexmond C. Cochrane,
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206:Camden Street Station
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2188:February 1904 events
2154:Baltimore portal
2102:Martin State Airport
2022:Baltimore Grand Prix
2001:M&T Bank Stadium
1804:Great Baltimore Fire
1584:Charm City Art Space
1269:on February 16, 2016
1061:Baltimore City Paper
1019:on January 17, 2013.
750:39.288694; -76.61917
719:Baltimore portal
634:"Baltimore Fire" by
405:improve this article
40:Great Baltimore Fire
2112:Baltimore Belt Line
2055:Pimlico Race Course
1784:Battle of Baltimore
1779:Historical timeline
1558:Washington Monument
1155:on 15 February 2004
988:on January 31, 2013
909:, February 9, 1904.
741: /
538:The Washington Post
529:The Washington Post
354:Dock (old Pier 2).
111:and most recently,
70:Baltimore City Hall
2208:1900s in Baltimore
1553:Walters Art Museum
1209:: Digital Maryland
1189:on January 4, 2020
1056:2006-02-21 at the
955:2016-12-27 at the
907:The New York Times
595:American Red Cross
331:Maryland Institute
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278:The Baltimore News
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101:Great Chicago Fire
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2193:Fires in Maryland
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2107:Port of Baltimore
1865:DeBaufre Bakeries
1624:Power Plant Live!
1533:National Aquarium
1349:City of Baltimore
1013:The Baltimore Sun
981:The Baltimore Sun
925:The Baltimore Sun
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624:The Baltimore Sun
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307:North Gay Streets
113:Hurricane Katrina
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461:February 2018
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394:This section
392:
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351:Constellation
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283:Robert McLane
281:quoted Mayor
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233:New York City
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160:building code
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153:fire hydrants
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145:Atlantic City
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133:New York City
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92:facing along
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2092:Penn Station
2041:Kinetic Race
1991:Camden Yards
1946:Gwynns Falls
1910:Under Armour
1803:
1691:City Council
1589:Hammerjack's
1528:Mount Vernon
1483:Inner Harbor
1473:Fort McHenry
1463:Federal Hill
1299:. Retrieved
1292:
1278:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:the original
1211:. Retrieved
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
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1116:
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929:the original
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781:. Retrieved
777:
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733:39°17′19.3″N
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403:Please help
398:verification
395:
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367:tuberculosis
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229:Philadelphia
225:fire engines
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162:, stressing
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125:Philadelphia
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94:Pratt Street
86:Inner Harbor
58:
53:firefighters
39:
37:
1956:Herring Run
1905:Royal Farms
1548:Skyscrapers
1478:Harborplace
1468:Fells Point
1451:Attractions
1379:Ethnicities
1273:February 9,
935:February 5,
813:NISTIR 7158
748: /
584:Felix Agnus
345:colored man
117:New Orleans
74:Jones Falls
2182:Categories
2087:MARC Train
2011:SECU Arena
1941:Druid Hill
1885:Legg Mason
1674:Government
1594:Hippodrome
1513:Public art
1228:Pictures:
992:7 February
783:2020-02-07
760:References
548:The Herald
524:The Herald
431:newspapers
303:East Pratt
170:Background
141:Wilmington
2051:Preakness
1961:Patterson
1860:CoverGirl
1701:Delegates
1696:City Hall
1638:Education
1301:March 16,
1263:Baltimore
1213:March 16,
1193:March 16,
962:Baltimore
860:, p. 237.
736:76°37′9″W
632:folk song
363:pneumonia
349:USS
268:Aftermath
221:standards
214:dynamited
210:firebreak
164:fireproof
115:that hit
44:Baltimore
42:raged in
2166:Category
2017:Marathon
1966:Sherwood
1838:Industry
1711:Archives
1706:Senators
1458:Churches
1124:(1941).
1054:Archived
953:Archived
698:See also
638:and the
540:and the
534:The Post
137:Virginia
119:and the
48:Maryland
1987:Orioles
1936:Cylburn
1931:Clifton
1926:Carroll
1870:Hecht's
1761:History
1619:Ottobar
1493:Museums
1406:Markets
1369:Culture
1159:22 June
778:HISTORY
563:The Sun
502:Oakland
486:granite
445:scholar
340:The Sun
291:The Sun
1997:Ravens
1980:Sports
1951:Leakin
1731:Police
1726:Health
1716:Courts
1426:People
1384:Events
1364:Accent
1357:Topics
893:
856:
836:
609:. The
447:
440:
433:
426:
418:
377:Legacy
212:, and
143:, and
2121:Misc.
2082:Buses
2007:Blast
1971:Wyman
1919:Parks
1681:Mayor
1614:Lyric
1543:Ships
1416:Music
1411:Media
1374:Crime
1289:(PDF)
452:JSTOR
438:books
2029:and
1721:Fire
1399:Seal
1394:Flag
1389:Film
1303:2022
1275:2016
1215:2022
1195:2022
1161:2012
994:2012
937:2011
891:ISBN
854:ISBN
834:ISBN
630:The
491:The
424:news
305:and
127:and
38:The
1563:Zoo
1134:278
407:by
204:at
2184::
1291:.
1277:.
1261:.
1239:,
1232:,
1205:.
1181:.
1011:.
978:.
923:.
873:,
820:^
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792:^
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694:.
252:.
155:.
139:,
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96:.
46:,
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2009:(
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1683:(
1333:e
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939:.
786:.
474:)
468:(
463:)
459:(
449:·
442:·
435:·
428:·
401:.
20:)
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