Knowledge (XXG)

Great Baltimore Fire

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313: 298: 188: 285:: "To suppose that the spirit of our people will not rise to the occasion is to suppose that our people are not genuine Americans. We shall make the fire of 1904 a landmark not of decline but of progress." McLane then refused assistance, "As head of this municipality, I cannot help but feel gratified by the sympathy and the offers of practical assistance which have been tendered to us. To them I have in general terms replied, 'Baltimore will take care of its own, thank you.'" 1343: 1443: 2149: 714: 240:
condemned Baltimore and exaggerated locals' response during the crisis. In addition, many newspapers published accounts by travelers who, in actuality, had only seen the fire as their trains passed through Baltimore. Nonetheless, the responding agencies and their equipment did prove useful, since the uncouplable hoses only represented a small part of the transported equipment. Ultimately, the tragedy led to the standardization of hydrants nationwide.
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commendation). Meanwhile, back at the General Post Office, employees kept spraying water on the building's sides and roof and were able to minimize damage and save the 1889 Italian Renaissance edifice with its nine towers and central tall clock tower (later razed and replaced by the current 1932 building, later converted to city use as Courthouse East).
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manufacturer. By 1903, over 600 sizes and variations of fire hose couplings existed in the United States. Despite efforts to establish standards being made since the 1870s, they had little effect: no city wanted to abandon its system, few saw any reason to adopt standards, and equipment manufacturers did not want competition.
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of the city did start making coupling rings to overcome this problem. High winds and freezing temperatures further contributed to the fire's extent and firefighters' difficulties. As a result, the fire burned over 30 hours, destroying 1,545 buildings spanning 70 city blocks—amounting to over 140 acres (57 ha).
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and the Naval Brigade, were utilized during the fire to maintain order and protect the city. Police and soldiers not only kept looters away, but also prevented civilians from inadvertently interfering with firefighting efforts. The Naval Brigade secured the waterfront and waterways to keep spectators
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were blocked by a train accident; they arrived the next day – Monday, February 8). The crews brought their own equipment. Most could only watch helplessly after discovering that their hoses could not connect to Baltimore's gauge size of water hydrants, although a machine shop in the Locust Point area
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The BCFD memorializes the fire annually at the bronze statue of a firefighter at the Department's old headquarters, facing City Hall, the War Memorial Building and the broad ceremonial plaza in between at East Lexington and North Gay Streets. Observances are also held at the closest street corner to
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helped bring the blaze under control, both professional paid truck and engine companies from the Baltimore City Fire Department (B.C.F.D.) and volunteers from the surrounding counties and outlying towns of Maryland, as well as out-of-state units that arrived on the major railroads. It destroyed much
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of 1962, currently the CFG Bank Arena) in the western part of downtown Baltimore at 10:48 a.m. on Sunday, February 7, and quickly spread. Soon, it became apparent that the fire was outstripping the ability of the city's firefighting resources to fight it, and calls for help were telegraphed to
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Most agreed that the Great Fire directly caused no deaths. An autobiography written by Alice Mae Cawthorne tells of a couple named Mr. and Mrs. Chambre who lost their twin daughters in the Baltimore fire. There are also reports of a merchant suffering a heart attack while evacuating goods from his
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In centuries past, fires regularly ravaged cities, frequently destroying large areas within. Close living quarters; lax, unenforced, or non-existent building codes; and a widespread dearth of firefighting services were all contributing factors to the frequency and extent of urban fires. The rapid
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adopted a national standard for fire hydrant and hose connections. However, inertia remained. Conversion was slow and still remains incomplete. One hundred years after the Baltimore Fire, only 18 of the 48 most populous American cities were reported to have national standard fire hydrants. Hose
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While Baltimore was criticized for its hydrants, this problem was not uniquely its own. During that era, American cities had more than six hundred different sizes and variations of fire hose couplings. As outside firefighters returned to their home cities, newspapers published interviews that
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In addition, firefighting practices and equipment were largely unstandardized, with each city having its own system. As time passed, these cities invested more in the systems that they already had, increasing the costs of any conversion. In addition, early equipment was often patented by its
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Square, on North Calvert Street, between East Lexington and Fayette Streets. Lurz gathered a group of men who loaded bags of mail onto horse–drawn wagons, took them to North and Pennsylvania Avenues, and stood guard until the Maryland National Guard arrived (for which he later received a
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due to exposure during the Great Fire. Martin Mullin, the proprietor of Mullin's Hotel (on the northwest corner of West Baltimore and North Liberty Streets, above Hopkins Place), a block to the north of the John E. Hurst Building, where the fire started, also later died.
985: 147:) responding with horse-drawn pumpers, wagons and other related equipment (primitive by modern-day standards, but only steam engines were motorized in that era) carried by the railroads on flat cars and in box cars, many were unable to help since their 1266: 601:(USO), sending refreshments and break-time trucks to the sites of major alarms and fires to provide exhausted firefighters some comfort and snacks. It is named after the first alarm box pulled on the morning of Sunday, February 7, 1904. 520:, published 1941, "When I came out of it at last I was a settled and indeed almost a middle-aged man, spavined by responsibility and aching in every sinew, but I went into it a boy, and it was the hot gas of youth that kept me going." 516:(at the northwest corner of St. Paul and East Fayette Streets), were destroyed on the northern edge of the "Burnt District". Mencken related the fire and its aftermath near the end of the second volume of his autobiographical trilogy, 483:
As a result of the fire, Baltimore finally adopted a city building code after seventeen nights of hearings and multiple City Council reviews. The city's downtown "Burnt District" was rebuilt using more fireproof materials, such as
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from Sunday February 7 to Monday February 8, 1904. In the fire, more than 1,500 buildings were completely leveled, and some 1,000 severely damaged, bringing property loss from the disaster to an estimated $ 100 million. 1,231
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From North Howard Street in the west and southwest, the flames spread north through the retail shopping area as far as Fayette Street and began moving eastward, pushed along by the prevailing winds. Narrowly missing the new
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buildings around the existing fire. This tactic, however, proved unsuccessful. Not until 5:00 p.m. the next day was the fire brought under control, after burning for thirty hours.
510:, future famed columnist/commentator/author and linguist, survived the fire at the beginning of his blossoming journalism and literary career, but the offices of his newspaper, the 123:
coast in August 2005. One reason for the fire's long duration involved the lack of national standards in firefighting equipment. Despite fire engines from nearby cities (such as
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materials. Perhaps the greatest legacy of the fire was the impetus it gave to efforts to standardize firefighting equipment in the United States, especially hose couplings.
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Mayor McLane's mysterious and sudden death later that year, ruled a suicide, was also attributed by some of his contemporaries to the stress of post-fire reconstruction.
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In the aftermath, 35,000 people were left unemployed. Over $ 150 million (in 1904 USD) worth of damage was done, which is approximately $ 3.84 billion in 2014 dollars.
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Fire was reported first at the John Hurst and Company building on West German Street at Hopkins Place (modern site at the southwest corner of the
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commemorated the fire's centennial in 2004 with a website, two books and various events, lectures, and tours through the auspices of the
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reported that the city had risen from the ashes and that "One of the great disasters of modern time had been converted into a blessing."
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stream which divided the downtown business district from the old East Baltimore tightly-packed residential neighborhoods of
2187: 1649: 1562: 1532: 1425: 1309: 361:, Private John Undutch of Company 'F', and Second Lieutenant John V. Richardson of Company 'E', both fell ill and died of 1492: 256: 244: 84:. The fire's wide swath burned as far south as the wharves and piers lining the north side of the old "Basin" (today's " 832:, by Sherry H. Olson, published 1980, revised edition published 1997, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (Md.), 2207: 2127: 1990: 1844: 1730: 1542: 1383: 610: 598: 557: 488:
pavers. Public pressure, coupled with demands of companies insuring the newly re-built buildings, spurred the effort.
437: 249: 201: 108: 576:, founded 1871 and built in 1873 with its mansard roof and corner clock tower. Baltimore's oldest news publication, 329:), one of three new adjoining Centre Market structures replacing the old burned second "Centre Market" building and 325:
commemorating "The Great Fire" was placed next to the main western entrance of the "Wholesale Fish Market" (now the
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chronicles major fires and events only synonymous to the City of Baltimore like the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904
852:, by Mary Ellen Hayward, Frank R. Shivers, Richard Hubbard Howland; Published 2004, JHU Press, Baltimore (Md.), 2081: 2076: 2045: 1950: 1945: 1788: 1773: 1644: 1405: 1206: 512: 348: 104: 949: 773: 586:), was also burnt out of its offices and forced to have papers printed out-of-town and shipped back by train. 2021: 1930: 1874: 1823: 1710: 1537: 1527: 1522: 1497: 1462: 1324: 1285: 639: 614: 578: 572: 542: 334: 326: 277: 81: 566:
with its famous "Iron Building", considered the forerunner of modern steel skyscrapers, built 1851 at East
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and transported 100 miles (160 km) to Baltimore on a special train, provided free of charge by the
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Five lost lives were indirectly attributed to the fire. Two members of the 4th Regiment of the Maryland
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It is considered historically the third worst conflagration in an American city, surpassed only by the
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of central Baltimore, including over 1,500 buildings covering an area of some 140 acres (57 ha).
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Major U.S. Cities Using National Standard Fire Hydrants, One Century After the Great Baltimore Fire
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expansion of American cities during the nineteenth century also contributed to the danger.
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Much of the destroyed area was rebuilt in relatively short order, and the city adopted a
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Thomas Albert Lurz (b. January 9, 1874), a Baltimore native and letter carrier with the
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the Great Fire's beginnings at South Howard and West Lombard Streets alongside the
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of 1906. Other major urban disasters that were comparable (but not fires) were the
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other cities. By 1:30 p.m., units from Washington, D.C. were arriving on the
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Square from 1815 to 1827 at North Calvert Street, and the quarter-century-old
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store. It may be that deaths were not recorded accurately. In 1907 a bronze
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An illustration of the aftermath of the Great Baltimore Fire in February 1904
1859: 1347: 1262: 500:: although the standard hose coupling has 2.5 inches (64 mm) diameter, 362: 209: 43: 72:, built in 1875 on Holliday Street; and finally spread further east to the 213: 136: 47: 560:. The fire also devastated the city's other major newspapers, including 64:, now the Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. Courthouse, fire passed the historic 1186: 485: 411: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1222: 1040:
The Baltimore Sun, "One Life Lost in Fire." February 20, 1904, p. 12.
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Baltimore's Great Fire Marker – The Historical Marker Database.
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In addition to firefighters, outside police officers, as well as the
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of 1851. Since the late 1980s, the structure has been renamed the
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away. Officers from Philadelphia and New York also assisted the
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memorialized the fire in "Nineteen Ought Four", on their album
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printed an edition the first night of the fire on the press of
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One reason for the fire's duration was the lack of national
1086:. "Death Result of Baltimore Fire." March 13, 1904, p. 14. 1102:; published February 7, 2004; retrieved December 26, 2016 88:") of the Northwest Branch of the Baltimore Harbor and 1147:
Maryland Digital Cultural Cultural Heritage Project.
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Mayor's death, blaze still linked in mystery (page 3)
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The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History
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on York Road in Lutherville-Timonium-Cockeysville in
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John E. Hurst Building, site of the fire's outbreak
1125: 589:The "Box 414 Association", which has assisted the 301:Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, looking West from 1203:"Aftermath of the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904" 504:'s hydrants had 3-inch (76 mm) couplings. 208:. To halt the fire, officials decided to use a 27:1904 fire in Baltimore, Maryland, United States 809:National Institute of Standards and Technology 1325: 686:More recently, the Baltimore-based rock band 8: 976:"Two Years After Fire Baltimore is Booming" 830:Baltimore: The Building of an American City 532:, in exchange for providing photographs to 1332: 1318: 1310: 1151:. Enoch Pratt Free Library. Archived from 223:in firefighting equipment. Fire crews and 471:Learn how and when to remove this message 316:Same view in 1906, 2 years after the fire 905:"Eye Witnesses Tell of Rush of Flames," 550:was printed nightly on the press of the 288:Two years later, on September 10, 1906, 1518:Maryland Center for History and Culture 1247:Dynamited buildings on Baltimore Street 1009:"Great Fire of 1904 took several lives" 825: 823: 821: 765: 2133:Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area 919:Kaltenbach, Chris (February 6, 2004). 799: 797: 795: 793: 1132:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. p.  661:All the world was one sad cry of pity 7: 1049:Jensen, Brennen (September 3, 2003) 493:National Fire Protection Association 409:adding citations to reliable sources 231:and Washington that day (units from 1223:"National Photo Company Collection" 1007:Kelly, Jacques (February 5, 2011). 875:National Bureau of Standards (NIST) 496:incompatibility contributed to the 343:tells of the charred remains of a " 1257:DonMonique, Joyce (May 23, 2011). 803:Momar D. Seck and David D. Evans, 681:Fair Baltimore, the beautiful city 671:Calling out to the heavens for aid 593:for many years, acts like a local 78:Jonestown (also known as Old Town) 25: 1829:Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse 1252:Early City Hydrant Specifications 984:. 7 February 1906. Archived from 774:"The Great Baltimore Fire begins" 688:J. 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L. 1113: 1104: 1088: 1084:New York Times 1076: 1064: 1042: 1033: 1022: 999: 967: 950:After The Fire 942: 911: 898: 895:978-0938420903 879: 877:, 1974, pp. 84 862: 842: 817: 789: 764: 763: 761: 758: 725: 724: 706: 699: 696: 692:Hail Mega Boys 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 642:, recorded on 597:, or military 479: 478: 393: 391: 384: 378: 375: 359:National Guard 269: 266: 184: 181: 171: 168: 149:hose couplings 121:Gulf of Mexico 90:Patapsco River 82:"Little Italy" 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2225: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2168: 2167: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1900:T. 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Index

Baltimore Fire of 1904

Baltimore
Maryland
firefighters
1900 Circuit Courthouse
Battle Monument
Baltimore City Hall
Jones Falls
Jonestown (also known as Old Town)
"Little Italy"
Inner Harbor
Patapsco River
Pratt Street
Great Chicago Fire
San Francisco Earthquake and Fire
Galveston Hurricane of 1900
Hurricane Katrina
New Orleans
Gulf of Mexico
Philadelphia
Washington, D.C.
New York City
Virginia
Wilmington
Atlantic City
hose couplings
fire hydrants
building code
fireproof

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