Honoré de Balzac - Knowledge (XXG)

6278: 51: 1983:. In 1878 James wrote with sadness about the lack of contemporary attention paid to Balzac, and lavished praise on him in four essays (in 1875, 1877, 1902, and 1913). In 1878 James wrote: "Large as Balzac is, he is all of one piece and he hangs perfectly together". He wrote with admiration of Balzac's attempt to portray in writing "a beast with a hundred claws". In his own novels James explored more of the psychological motives of the characters and less of the historical sweep exhibited by Balzac—a conscious style preference; he stated: "the artist of the 1463: 313: 2047: 266: 1154: 941: 616: 673:" ("Look how the academy returns the pretty ones we send them!") Balzac himself attributed his condition to "intellectual congestion", but his extended confinement in the "alcove" was surely a factor. (Meanwhile, his father had been writing a treatise on "the means of preventing thefts and murders, and of restoring the men who commit them to a useful role in society", in which he heaped disdain on prison as a form of crime prevention.) 1904: 1345: 1218: 1031: 1605: 1359: 2135: 1459:. These works lacked firsthand knowledge; Saintsbury points out that "cœlebs cannot talk of with much authority". In late April the newly-weds set off for Paris. His health deteriorated on the way, and Ewelina wrote to her daughter about Balzac being "in a state of extreme weakness" and "sweating profusely". They arrived in the French capital on 20 May, his fifty-first birthday. 7524: 1768:. "If in Paris", Rogers says, "we are in a man-made region where even the seasons are forgotten, these provincial towns are nearly always pictured in their natural setting". Balzac said, "the streets of Paris possess human qualities and we cannot shake off the impressions they make upon our minds." His labyrinthine city provided a literary model used later by English novelist 6297: 1056:), a fable-like tale about a despondent young man named Raphaël de Valentin who finds an animal skin which promises great power and wealth. He obtains these things, but loses the ability to manage them. In the end, his health fails and he is consumed by his own confusion. Balzac meant the story to bear witness to the treacherous turns of life, its "serpentine motion". 856: 726: 978:, Balzac paints the revolutionaries in a sympathetic light—even though they are the center of the book's most brutal scenes. This was the first book Balzac released under his own name, and it gave him what one critic called "passage into the Promised Land". It established him as an author of note (even if its historical fiction-genre imitates that of 1712: 996:

power", he wrote in 1830. The timing of the decision was also significant; as Robb explained: "The disappearance of the father coincides with the adoption of the nobiliary particle. A symbolic inheritance." Just as his father had worked his way up from poverty into respectable society, Balzac considered toil and effort his real mark of nobility.

1111:, a weekly magazine of society and politics. He tried to enforce strict impartiality in its pages and a reasoned assessment of various ideologies. As Rogers notes, "Balzac was interested in any social, political, or economic theory, whether from the right or the left." The magazine failed, but in July 1840 he founded another publication, the 666:, his 1832 novel about a young boy studying at an Oratorian grammar school at Vendôme. The narrator says : "He devoured books of every kind, feeding indiscriminately on religious works, history and literature, philosophy and physics. He had told me that he found indescribable delight in reading dictionaries for lack of other books." 447:. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists 7536: 1019:(which claimed widespread popular support) was disorganized and unprincipled, in need of a mediator to keep the political peace between the King and insurgent forces. He called for "a young and vigorous man who belongs neither to the Directoire nor to the Empire, but who is 1830 incarnate...." He planned to be such a 583:, who is commemorated on 16 May, four days before Balzac's birthday) was actually the second child born to the Balzacs; exactly one year earlier, Louis-Daniel had been born, but he lived for only a month. Honoré's sisters Laure and Laurence were born in 1800 and 1802, and his younger brother Henry-François in 1807. 1864:

The only absolute authority which the imagination has been able to conceive, the authority of God, works according to rules which He has imposed on Himself. He can destroy all His worlds and return to His rest, but while He allows them to exist, they continue to be governed by the laws which together

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At the same time, the characters depict a particular range of social types: the noble soldier, the scoundrel, the proud workman, the fearless spy, the alluring mistress. That Balzac was able to balance the strength of the individual against the representation of the type is evidence of the author's

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Balzac". He followed his father in the surname Balzac but added the aristocratic-sounding nobiliary particle to help him fit into respected society, a choice based on skill rather than by right. "The aristocracy and authority of talent are more substantial than the aristocracy of names and material

808:, who convinced the author to write short stories, which Le Poitevin would then sell to publishers. Balzac quickly turned to longer works, and by 1826 he had written nine novels, all published under pseudonyms and often produced in collaboration with other writers. For example, the scandalous novel 478:

An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed

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light meal at five or six in the afternoon, then sleep until midnight. He then rose and wrote for many hours, fueled by innumerable cups of black coffee. He often worked for fifteen hours or more at a stretch; he claimed to have once worked for 48 hours with only three hours of rest in the middle.

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Balzac's work habits were legendary. He wrote from 1 A.M. to 8 A.M. every morning and sometimes even longer. Balzac could write very rapidly; some of his novels, written with a quill, were composed at a pace equal to thirty words per minute on a modern typewriter. His preferred method was to eat a

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convinced many mothers of the time to nurse their own children, sending babies to wet nurses was still common among the middle and upper classes.) When the Balzac children returned home, they were kept at a frosty distance from their parents, which affected the author-to-be significantly. His 1835

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tried to dissuade him from reading these early works of Balzac. American critic Samuel Rogers, however, notes that "without the training they gave Balzac, as he groped his way to his mature conception of the novel, and without the habit he formed as a young man of writing under pressure, one can

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Balzac revised obsessively, covering printer's proofs with changes and additions to be reset. He sometimes repeated this process during the publication of a book, causing significant expense both for himself and the publisher. As a result, the finished product quite often was different from the

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After writing several novels, in 1832 Balzac conceived the idea for an enormous series of books that would paint a panoramic portrait of "all aspects of society". The moment the idea came to him, Balzac raced to his sister's apartment and proclaimed: "I am about to become a genius!" Although he

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In 1819 Passez offered to make Balzac his successor, but his apprentice had had enough of the Law. He despaired of being "a clerk, a machine, a riding-school hack, eating and drinking and sleeping at fixed hours. I should be like everyone else. And that's what they call living, that life at the

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A nearly infinite reserve of energy propels the characters in Balzac's novels. Struggling against the currents of human nature and society, they may lose more often than they win—but only rarely do they give up. This universal trait is a reflection of Balzac's own social wrangling, that of his

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of learning at the school. As a result, he was frequently sent to the "alcove", a punishment cell reserved for disobedient students. (The janitor at the school, when asked later if he remembered Honoré, replied: "Remember M. Balzac? I should think I do! I had the honour of escorting him to the

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books, strengthens the realist representation. "When the characters reappear", notes Rogers, "they do not step out of nowhere; they emerge from the privacy of their own lives which, for an interval, we have not been allowed to see". He also used a realist technique which French novelist

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in Touraine which was owned by his friend Jean de Margonne (who was also his mother's lover), between 1830 and 1837, and wrote many of his novels in the series "La Comedie Humaine" there. It is now a museum dedicated to Balzac where one can see his writing desk and quill pen and chair.

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and is considered one of Dickens' significant influences. Literary critic W. H. Helm calls one "the French Dickens" and the other "the English Balzac", while another critic, Richard Lehan, states that "Balzac was the bridge between the comic realism of Dickens and the naturalism of

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style, Flaubert once wrote: "What a man he would have been had he known how to write!" While he disdained the label of "realist", Flaubert clearly took heed of Balzac's close attention to detail and unvarnished depictions of bourgeois life. This influence shows in Flaubert's work

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to 1820s Paris in order to rage at a society bereft of all love save the love of money. The centrality of a father in this novel matches Balzac's own position—not only as mentor to his troubled young secretary, Jules Sandeau, but also the fact that he had fathered a child,

643:, where he studied for seven years. His father, seeking to instill the same hardscrabble work ethic which had gained him the esteem of society, intentionally gave little spending money to the boy. This made him the object of ridicule among his much wealthier schoolmates. 492:

Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly owing to his intense writing schedule. His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews. In 1850, Balzac married

1397:'s fortune. In Balzac Countess Ewelina found a kindred spirit for her emotional and social desires, with the added benefit of feeling a connection to the glamorous capital of France. Their correspondence reveals an intriguing balance of passion, propriety and patience; 1264:

of Paris like many of his characters. "In the first place he was too busy", explains Saintsbury, "in the second he would not have been at home there.... e felt it was his business not to frequent society but to create it". However, he often spent long periods at the

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In the late 1820s Balzac dabbled in several business ventures, a penchant his sister blamed on the temptation of an unknown neighbour. His first enterprise was in publishing which turned out cheap one-volume editions of French classics including the works of

1580:. "Finished articles" were frequently revised between editions. This piecemeal style is reflective of the author's own life, a possible attempt to stabilize it through fiction. "The vanishing man", wrote Sir Victor Pritchett, "who must be pursued from the 1136:, 1843). The novel concerns Lucien de Rubempré, a young poet trying to make a name for himself, who becomes trapped in the morass of society's darkest contradictions. Lucien's journalistic work is informed by Balzac's own failed ventures in the field. 483:, but he turned his back on the study of law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician; he failed in all of these efforts. 1827:

Balzac concerned himself overwhelmingly with the darker essence of human nature and the corrupting influence of middle and high societies. His mission was to observe humankind in its most representative state, frequently wandering through the streets

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Representations of the city, countryside, and building interiors are essential to Balzac's realism, often serving to paint a naturalistic backdrop before which the characters' lives follow a particular course; this gave him a reputation as an early

1180:). The conniving and wrangling over wills and inheritances reflect the expertise gained by the author as a young law clerk. Balzac's health was deteriorating by this point, making the completion of this pair of books a significant accomplishment. 1753:. Intricate details about locations sometimes stretch for fifteen or twenty pages. As he did with the people around him, Balzac studied these places in depth, traveling to remote locations and comparing notes that he had made on previous visits. 1640:, he wrote: "the author firmly believes that details alone will henceforth determine the merit of works". Plentiful descriptions of décor, clothing, and possessions help breathe life into the characters. For example, Balzac's friend 1201:, 1835) opens with a broad panorama of Paris but becomes a closely plotted novella of only fifty pages. According to the literary critic Kornelije Kvas, "Balzac's use of the same characters (Rastignac, Vautrin) in different parts of 717:

Jean-Baptiste Guillonnet-Merville for three years he trained and worked at the office of the notary Édouard-Victor Passez, a family friend. During this time Balzac began to understand the vagaries of human nature. In his 1840 novel

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explained, "She was certainly drily aware that she had been given to an old husband as a reward for his professional services to a friend of her family and that the capital was on her side. She was not in love with her husband".

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In 1814 the Balzac family moved to Paris, and Honoré was sent to private tutors and schools for the next two and a half years. This was an unhappy time in his life, during which he attempted suicide on a bridge over the river

1150:) in a convoluted and disastrous plan to regain social status. The book undergoes a massive temporal rift; the first part (of four) covers a span of six years, while the final two sections focus on just three days. 1501:

at Balzac's funeral. Some modern researchers have attributed a factor in his death to excessive coffee consumption or a caffeine overdose (Balzac reportedly drank over 50 cups a day) but this has yet to be proved.

1513:, Victor Hugo pronounced "Today we have people in black because of the death of the man of talent; a nation in mourning for a man of genius". The funeral was attended by "almost every writer in Paris", including 1313:

herself. Balzac had also long been suspected of being attracted to males as well. When the official records of homosexuals once maintained by the Paris police were finally released, his name was found listed.

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The loss of this opportunity caused serious discord in the Balzac household, although Honoré was not turned away entirely. Instead, in April 1819 he was allowed to live in the French capital—as English critic

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Honoré de Balzac was born into a family which aspired to achieve respectability through its industry and efforts. His father, born Bernard-François Balssa, was one of eleven children from an artisan family in

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describes it—"in a garret furnished in the most Spartan fashion, with a starvation allowance and an old woman to look after him", while the rest of the family moved to a house twenty miles outside Paris.

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says it is "like an experimental novel in which the female protagonist is always trying to pull in extraneous realities but which the hero is determined to keep on course, whatever tricks he has to use".

1273:, the home of his friend Jean de Margonne, his mother's lover and father to her youngest child. Many of Balzac's tormented characters were conceived in the chateau's small second-floor bedroom. Today the 1448:), where they were married by Abbot Ożarowski. The ten-hour journey to and from the ceremony took a toll on both husband and wife: her feet were too swollen to walk, and he endured severe heart trouble. 722:, he wrote that a young person in the legal profession sees "the oily wheels of every fortune, the hideous wrangling of heirs over corpses not yet cold, the human heart grappling with the Penal Code". 1293:) had been a failure from the outset. In this letter, Balzac also reveals that the young woman had just come to tell him she was pregnant with his child. In 1834, 8 months after the event, 6066:

Leone, Giuseppe (1999). "Honoré de Balzac, una creatività "sempre recidiva, mai stanca" – Con lui il romanzo s'è fatto uomo", su "Ricorditi di me...", in "Lecco 2000", Lecco, febbraio 1999

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Balzac's vision of a society in which class, money and personal ambition are the key players has been endorsed by critics of both left-wing and right-wing political persuasions. Marxist

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Delahanty, James J. (September 1963). "Catholic Political Thought 1789–1848. Edited by Bela Menczer. (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press. 1962. Pp. viii, 205. $ 1.95.)".

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he wrote: "Christianity, above all, Catholicism, being ... a complete system for the repression of the depraved tendencies of man, is the most powerful element of social order".

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beheaded in his person all fathers of families." Nevertheless, his keen insight regarding working-class conditions earned him the esteem of many socialists, including Marxists.

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in Paris. Her family's wealth was a considerable factor in the match: she was eighteen at the time of the wedding, and François Balzac fifty. As the author and literary critic

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wrote: "I have learned more than from all the professional historians, economists and statisticians put together". Balzac has received high praise from critics as diverse as

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Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac : Aux sources historiques de La Comédie humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p.

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is half smothered by the historian". Still, both authors used the form of the realist novel to probe the machinations of society and the myriad motives of human behavior.

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novels, designed to sell quickly and titillate audiences. In Saintsbury's view, "they are curiously, interestingly, almost enthrallingly bad". Saintsbury indicates that

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reveal sympathy for those who are pushed to one side by society. As part of the 19th-century evolution of the novel as a "democratic literary form", Balzac wrote that

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Balzac sought to present his characters as real people, neither fully good nor fully evil, but completely human. "To arrive at the truth", he wrote in the preface to

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grindstone, doing the same thing over and over again.... I am hungry and nothing is offered to appease my appetite". He announced his intention to become a writer.

2974: 812:(1822)—banned for its depiction of nearly-incestuous relations and, more egregiously, of a married priest—attributed to a "Horace de Saint-Aubin". These books were 1689:, who said: "One of the greatest tragedies of my life is the death of Lucien de Rubempré.... It haunts me in my moments of pleasure. I remember it when I laugh". 7636: 937:, and he included in it all the fiction that he had published in his lifetime under his own name. This was to be Balzac's life work and his greatest achievement. 7631: 6402: 50: 7215: 2019:, who said 1984: "I'm sure that my life in France would have been very different had I not met Balzac. the way that country and its society works." In 1970 1576:

remained unfinished at the time of his death—Balzac had plans to include numerous other books, most of which he never started. He frequently flitted between

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Although Balzac was "by turns a hermit and a vagrant", he managed to stay in tune with the social spheres which nourished his writing. He was friends with

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Balzac often fell ill, finally causing the headmaster to contact his family with news of a "sort of a coma". When he returned home, his grandmother said: "

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Chancerel, Pierrot (October–November 1955), "La véritable Eugénie Grandet : Marie du Fresnay" [The real Eugénie Grandet: Marie du Fresnay],

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saw the world through a colored lens, the naturalist sees through a clear glass—precisely the sort of effect Balzac attempted to achieve in his works.

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Balzac's extensive use of detail, especially the detail of objects, to illustrate the lives of his characters made him an early pioneer of literary

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Marshal Hański died in 1841, and his widow and her admirer finally had the chance to pursue their affections. A rival of the Hungarian composer

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example; he adored Balzac and studied his works carefully, although he criticised what he perceived as Balzac's "vulgarity". Balzac's story

7616: 6343: 6338: 475:. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films and continue to inspire other writers. James called him "really the father of us all." 1832:

among the masses of Parisian society to undertake his research. He used incidents from his life and the people around him, in works like

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and read the entire work to his family; they were unimpressed. He followed this effort by starting (but never finishing) three novels:

785:. Although it pales by comparison with his later works, some critics consider it a good-quality text. When he finished, Balzac went to 4496: 1433: 1027:. But after a near-fatal accident in 1832 (he slipped and cracked his head on the street), Balzac decided not to stand for election. 6231: 6154: 6140: 6123: 6106: 6092: 6061: 6003: 5638: 4898: 4709: 4471: 396: 356: 6395: 2061:

Balzac has also influenced popular culture. Many of his works have been made into popular films and television serials, including:

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famously read Balzac in the middle of meetings of the Central Committee, much to the consternation of his colleagues and comrades.

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Once his studies were completed, Balzac was persuaded by his father to follow him into the Law; after a stint in the office of the

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Balzac's literary mood evolved over time from one of despondency and chagrin to that of solidarity and courage—but not optimism.

1506: 1467: 877:. This business failed miserably, with many of the books "sold as waste paper". Balzac had better luck publishing the Memoirs of 7606: 595:; the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home. (Although Genevan philosopher 439:

Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of

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dungeon more than a hundred times!") Still, his time alone gave the boy ample freedom to read every book which came his way.

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Loosely translated by Pritchett from a letter written by Balzac to his sister August 15th, 1821. See Correspondance, Pierrot

2142: 991:—about a 30-year-old man who kills his father (Balzac was 30 years old at the time). This was the first work signed "Honoré 2093:). Balzac is mentioned, along with Chaucer and Rabelais, to humorous effect (as authors of allegedly unreliable morals) in 7330: 7011: 6933: 6880: 2850: 2730: 904: 7514: 7141: 4727: 1976:. However, Proust wrote later in life that the contemporary fashion of ranking Balzac higher than Tolstoy was "madness". 544:(he had also changed his name to the more noble sounding "Balzac", his son later adding—without official recognition—the 7561: 6441: 6388: 6374: 6358: 2181: 1995: 6873: 6426: 4663: 2363: 7586: 7391: 7383: 7367: 7270: 7262: 7246: 2865: 1708:

later termed "retrospective illumination", whereby a character's past is revealed long after she or he first appears.

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Balzac worked these scenes from his boyhood—as he did many aspects of his life and the lives of those around him—into

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In 1833, as he revealed in a letter to his sister, Balzac entered into an illicit affair with fellow writer

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there. Near the end of his life Balzac was captivated by the idea of cutting 20,000 acres (81 km) of

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in 1843 and won her heart. After a series of financial setbacks, health problems and objections from

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was also substantially influenced by Balzac. Praising his portrayal of society while attacking his

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Balzac borrowed money from his family and friends and tried to build a printing business, then a

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in 1955 confirmed what was already suspected by several historians: the dedicatee of the novel

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had a good knowledge of hanging wallpaper. Balzac transferred this to his descriptions of the

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extends to a thousand pages after starting inauspiciously in a small-town print shop, whereas

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skill. One critic explained that "there is a center and a circumference to Balzac's world".

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at Place Pablo-Picasso. Rodin featured Balzac in several of his smaller sculptures as well.

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Henry James, The Art of Fiction, 'The Lesson of Balzac', p.102 of the 1956 Vintage edition

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is key to Balzac's legacy as a realist. "Realism is nothing if not urban", notes critic

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Although he married late in life, Balzac had already written two treatises on marriage:

1344: 7410: 6848: 6792: 6630: 6588: 6518: 5929: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 3157: 2896: 2842: 2459: 2435: 2395: 2269: 2040: 2020: 2012: 1622: 1441: 1410: 1162: 636: 625: 537: 427: 418: 5029: 5027: 5000: 4998: 3593: 1556:. Cast in bronze, the Balzac Monument has stood since 1939 nearby the intersection of 7550: 7528: 7109: 6757: 6311: 6260: 6205: 6128: 4448: 3103: 2205: 2109: 2099: 2090: 2036: 2016: 1955: 1930: 1912: 1705: 1660: 1614: 1553: 1016: 833: 705: 647: 456: 448: 56: 4487:

Balzac (1994) . "Maximes et pensées". In d'Aurevilly, Barbey; Menczer, Béla (eds.).

3124: 1217: 1030: 6841: 6353: 6236: 4379:

Robb and Sir Victor Pritchett cite specific examples, included in Biography, above.

4092: 4044: 2086: 2062: 1892: 1729: 1633: 1581: 1302: 1290: 885: 786: 526: 209: 5120: 1604: 895:. It resurfaced painfully later when—as a renowned and busy author—he traveled to 489:

reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience.

5953: 5900: 5874: 5848: 5822: 5796: 5770: 5744: 5692: 5661: 5626: 5600: 5574: 5548: 5496: 5444: 5418: 5389: 5337: 5311: 5259: 5233: 5086: 5034: 5005: 4976: 4950: 4924: 4886: 4855: 4829: 4798: 4772: 3825: 1233:

original text. Although some of his books never reached completion, some—such as

612:

features a cruel governess named Miss Caroline, modeled after his own caregiver.

507:), a Polish aristocrat and his longtime love. He died in Paris six months later. 6926: 6024: 3005: 2173: 2051: 1980: 1887: 1853: 1765: 1686: 1668: 1626: 1490: 1418: 1406: 1398: 1358: 1253: 971: 966: 961: 826: 772: 759: 568: 561: 464: 432: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4027:

Perciaccante, A.; Riva, M. A.; Coralli, A.; Charlier, P.; Bianucci, R. (2016).

417:; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The 6595: 6560: 6269: 4432: 2786: 2333: 2055: 1849: 1761: 1494: 1008: 874: 767: 640: 619: 499: 480: 152: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4440: 1869:

Balzac was influenced by the counter-revolutionary philosopher and statesman

1422: 704:, lectured on French and classical literature; and, most influential of all, 567:

Balzac's mother, born Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier, came from a family of

6901: 6827: 6455: 6214:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–301. 5687: 5685: 5683: 2770: 2691: 2619: 2031: 1979:

Perhaps the author most affected by Balzac was American expatriate novelist

1874: 1437: 1085: 1020: 813: 592: 541: 525:, a region in the south of France. In 1760 he set off for Paris with only a 6306: 5421:

Scènes de la vie poitique : L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine, etc.

4052: 3152: 1924:

Balzac influenced writers of his time and beyond. He has been compared to

6291: 3934: 2113:. Truffaut believed Balzac and Proust to be the greatest French writers. 1474: 1473:

Five months after his wedding, on Sunday, 18 August 1850, Balzac died of

1375: 1348: 1119: 957: 896: 755: 713: 708:'s courses on philosophy encouraged his students to think independently. 671:

Voilà donc comme le collège nous renvoie les jolis que nous lui envoyons!

6199: 6189: 6080:

Dictionnaire biographique des personnages fictifs de la comédie humaine.

6019: 1812: 855: 725: 7163: 6567: 6248: 6047: 5986: 2888: 2643: 1711: 1652:, making the wallpaper speak of the identities of those living inside. 1645: 1445: 1379: 1274: 1147: 1325:" ("The Foreigner")—expressing sadness at the cynicism and atheism in 1083:, 1835) was his next success, in which Balzac transposes the story of 17: 5266:. 1837, Société belge de librairie, etc. Hauman, Cattoir et cie. 1837 3073: 1882: 1593: 1543: 1498: 1318: 1146:, 1847) continues Lucien's story. He is trapped by the Abbé Herrera ( 1024: 985:

Soon afterwards, around the time of his father's death, Balzac wrote

841: 829:

suggests that as he discovered the Novel, Balzac discovered himself.

6321: 6168: 4489:

Tensions of Order and Freedom: Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848

1952:. "What Balzac started", observes Lehan, "Flaubert helped finish". 1740:

exemplifies the danger of withdrawing from other people's company.

6226:. Edited by Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. 3760:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 26. 2045: 1940: 1902: 1710: 1603: 1461: 1357: 1343: 1270: 1216: 1152: 1029: 939: 854: 724: 678: 614: 557: 79: 6287: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 1764:, in contrast to descriptions of the weather and wildlife in the 1329:

and its negative portrayal of women. His response was to place a

1205:

is a consequence of the realist striving for narrative economy".

3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 1425: 1386: 1157:

Portrait of Honoré de Balzac by Jean Alfred Gérard-Séguin (1842)

900: 7427: 7319: 7197: 6384: 6184:, Vol. I. Philadelphia: Avil Publishing Company, pp. vii–xivi. 2129: 2025: 908: 1728:

family, and an interest in the Austrian mystic and physician

385: 1696:

Balzac's use of repeat characters, moving in and out of the

1183:

Many of his novels were initially serialized, like those of

982:) and provided him with a name outside his past pseudonyms. 4927:Études philosophiques : La Recherche de l'absolu, etc. 1317:

In February 1832 Balzac received an intriguing letter from

5981:. English version by Richard Monges. New York: NYU Press. 4730:

Scènes de la vie militaire et Scènes de la vie de campagne

4066:

https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29iht-edjohnson

2116:

His life was dramatised as the 1950 Australian radio play

832:

During this time Balzac wrote two pamphlets in support of

956:

After the collapse of his businesses, Balzac traveled to

345: 336: 4775:

Scènes de la vie privée : Maison du chat-qui-pelote

6042:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 109–159. 5037:

Scènes de la vie de province : Les Rivalités, etc.

5008:

Scènes de la vie privée : Contrat de mariage, etc.

4881: 4879: 4877: 2146: 1891:

also makes some references to the works of Balzac, and

1250:

Pierre-Marie-Charles de Bernard du Grail de la Villette

1118:

These dismal business efforts—and his misadventures in

1015:, but not without qualifications. He felt that the new 5932:(1986). "Le Père Goriot devant la critique anglaise". 3175:

Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L

3054: 3052: 7512: 6339:

Balzac on mimetism, language, desire for the absolute

5318:. 1902, Société d'éditions littéraires et artistiques 4893:. 1876, Calmann Lévy & Maison Michel Lévy. 1876. 1885:

declared that Balzac was his favorite writer. Marx's

397: 357: 348: 342: 6218:

Stowe, William W. (1983). "Systematic Realism". In:

4390:"Balzac: A Fight Against Decandence and Materialism" 1856:'s democratic republicanism. He wrote, in his essay 1655:

Some critics consider Balzac's writing exemplary of

1596:

can construct a settled dwelling only in his work".

974:

royalist forces. Although he was a supporter of the

779:

In 1820 Balzac completed the five-act verse tragedy

388: 382: 339: 333: 7467: 7402: 7359: 7297: 7238: 7172: 7151: 7126: 6975: 6943: 6918: 6865: 6728: 6640: 6433: 1993:wrote a short story about Balzac in his 1971 book, 1362:Portrait of Balzac in his famous dressing gown, by 1301:, was born. This revelation from French journalist 911:in Ukraine and transporting it for sale in France. 379: 330: 305: 280: 260: 181: 173: 163: 143: 133: 110: 100: 86: 64: 41: 4642:Literature and Art: Selections from Their Writings 1998:or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody 1489:had gone to bed. He had been visited that day by 729:Drawing of Balzac in the mid-1820s, attributed to 688:, where he studied under three famous professors: 4805:. 1831, Charles Gosselin & Urbain Canel. 1831 4302:Histoire des Treize: Ferragus, chef des dévorants 3872:, Quintes-Feuilles, Paris 2012, pp26-427 passim; 3830:. Bureau de la Revue de Paris. 1960. p. 122. 3579: 3577: 1625:. While he admired and drew inspiration from the 1256:. Nevertheless, he did not spend as much time in 4832:Études philosophiques : Louis Lambert, etc. 4640:Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick Engels (1947). 1852:; in many ways, his views are the antithesis of 1552:) was created by the celebrated French sculptor 1023:, appealing especially to the higher classes in 960:and stayed with the De Pommereul family outside 6033:. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 84–189. 3454:Balzac (1840). "Le Notaire". Quoted in Robb, 44 1862: 7622:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights 6344:Reader's Guide: Themes in the Novels of Balzac 6056:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. 5973:Balzac and the Tradition of the European Novel 844:, illustrated his lifelong admiration for the 7439: 7331: 7209: 6396: 5695:Études philosophiques : Les Marana, etc. 5366:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, vol. I 4555: 4553: 3758:The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature 1098:, who had been his source of inspiration for 556:(1793–94), François Balzac was despatched to 30:"Balzac" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 6220: 6078: 4366: 4364: 3706: 3704: 1481:, in the presence of his mother — his wife, 1277:is a museum dedicated to the author's life. 6330:by Professor Albert Keim and M. Louis Lumet 5881:. 1900, The Gebbie Publishing Company. 1900 5829:. 1900, The Gebbie Publishing Company. 1900 4115:"Honoré de Balzac – La grande chancellerie" 1321:—with no return address and signed simply " 1281:Marriage, romantic relationships, and death 1071:, arguably the most sublime of his novels. 970:(1829), a tale of love gone wrong amid the 7446: 7432: 7424: 7338: 7324: 7316: 7216: 7202: 7194: 6403: 6389: 6381: 4664:"James Baldwin, The Art of Fiction No. 78" 3859:, Volume 1, Routledge, Abingdon 1990, p105 3415: 1873:, and once remarked that "hen it beheaded 1822:"les livres sont faits pour tout le monde" 1241:, 1841)—are nonetheless noted by critics. 49: 38: 27:French novelist and playwright (1799–1850) 6354:Victor Hugo's eulogy for Honoré de Balzac 5803:. 1837, Société typographique belge. 1837 3936:Адреса музею Оноре де Бальзака у Верхівні 3800:"Musée Balzac – Les châteaux de la Loire" 1385:, a wealthy Polish landowner living near 536:; by 1776 he had become Secretary to the 6314:: text, concordances and frequency lists 6149:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 4466:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 260–261. 3868:Collectif (Prefecture de Paris Police), 3780:Balzac, A Biography, Graham Robb, p. 243 2975:Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress 2534:Annette et le Criminal (Argow le Pirate) 2029:, a detailed analysis of Balzac's story 430:French life, is generally viewed as his 7602:19th-century French short story writers 7519: 6814:Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan 6261:Works by Honoré de Balzac in eBook form 5607:. 1899, Little, Brown and Company. 1896 5210:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées, Vol. I 5093:. 1839, Méline, Cans et Compagnie. 1839 4704:. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000. 3048: 3022: 2684:Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan 881:, with whom he also had a love affair. 532:in his pocket, intent on improving his 5240:. 1898, The Gebbie Publishing Co. 1898 1444:'s former banking city in present-day 1187:. Their length was not predetermined. 660:. His time at Vendôme is reflected in 646:Balzac had difficulty adapting to the 7637:Obscenity controversies in literature 6737:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 6133:Against Sainte-Beuve and Other Essays 2452:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 1824:("books are written for everybody"). 1309:, a certain "Maria", turns out to be 1139:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 498: 408: 252:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 7: 5998:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5581:. 1897, Henry Holt and Company. 1896 3962:"Distinguished Shrines of Berdichev" 3827:La Revue de Paris, Volume 67, Part 3 2986:List of works by Alexandre Falguière 2468:L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine 1535:, as well as representatives of the 1409:, Balzac visited Countess Hańska in 1107:In 1836 Balzac took the helm of the 1094:, with his otherwise-married lover, 804:In 1821 Balzac met the enterprising 426:, which presents a panorama of post- 7142:Petites misères de la vie conjugale 5451:. 1896, The Macmillan Company. 1896 5142:A distinguished provincial at Paris 4931:. 1860, A. Bourdilliat et cie. 1860 3802:. 30 September 2015. Archived from 1354:miniature by Holz von Sowgen (1825) 1007:in 1830, Balzac declared himself a 891:Balzac never lost his penchant for 696:, was Professor of Modern History; 6279:Works by or about Honoré de Balzac 5236:A Woman of Thirty; A Start in Life 4491:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. 3216:"Généalogie de Honoré BALZAC (de)" 2488:As "Lord Rhône", in collaboration 2349:Un grand homme de province à Paris 1760:: nature defers to the artificial 1663:declared Balzac the father of the 632:At age ten Balzac was sent to the 591:As an infant Balzac was sent to a 25: 7632:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 6118:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. 6097:Prendergast, Christopher (1978). 5907:. 1870, Alexandre Houssiaux. 1870 4779:. 1870, Alexandre Houssiaux. 1870 4421:American Political Science Review 1816:developed, and the characters of 1756:The influence of Paris permeates 1667:. Zola indicated that whilst the 899:in the hopes of reprocessing the 185: 147: 114: 7534: 7522: 6295: 6135:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 5668:. 1896, Macmillan & Co. 1896 5425:. 1869, Michel Lévy Frères. 1869 5041:. 1857, Librairie Nouvelle. 1857 5012:. 1870, Michel Lévy Frères. 1870 4644:. New York. Quoted in Rogers, ix 4464:Balzac and the French Revolution 4304:, XIII, 13; quoted in Rogers, 45 2559:Histoire impartiale des Jésuites 2133: 2081:(1974 BBC mini-series, starring 964:. There he drew inspiration for 860:Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès 375: 326: 311: 264: 7597:French male short story writers 7557:Knights of the Legion of Honour 6526:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées 6350: (archived 27 October 2009) 4957:. 1856, Libraire Nouvelle. 1856 4077:Zweig, Stefan (9 August 2019). 3172:Classe, O. (26 November 2017). 2372:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées 1126:in which to set the two-volume 560:to coordinate supplies for the 295: 7182:Armorial de la Comédie Humaine 6071:Prométhée ou la vie de Balzac. 5503:. 1896, Roberts Brothers. 1896 5184:Une ténébreuse affaire, Vol. I 5067:. 1888, Roberts Brothers. 1888 4091:The full text is available at 4045:10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.09.005 3130:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1948:which owes a debt to Balzac's 1: 7627:19th-century French novelists 7592:French Roman Catholic writers 6303:Honoré de Balzac's Collection 6182:The Works of Honoré de Balzac 6101:. London: Edward Arnold Ltd. 6099:Balzac: Fiction and Melodrama 5633:. Lulu.com. 19 January 2015. 5555:. 1907, Clarendon Press. 1907 3857:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality 3544:. Retrieved: 27 October 2014. 1973:À la recherche du temps perdu 1776:. The centrality of Paris in 1732:, who pioneered the study of 1716:The Works of Honoré de Balzac 1617:at Place Pablo-Picasso, Paris 1434:St. Barbara's Catholic Church 1252:, and he was acquainted with 1199:The Girl with the Golden Eyes 821:hardly imagine his producing 754:Balzac's first project was a 628:– engraving by Armand Queyroy 6944:Scènes de la vie de campagne 6765:Les Comédiens sans le savoir 6641:Scènes de la vie de province 6442:La Maison du chat-qui-pelote 5961:. 20. Garnier Frères. 1999. 3034:Légion d'honneur - Chevalier 2238:Ferragus, chef des Dévorants 2182:La Maison du chat-qui-pelote 2077:(1968 BBC mini-series), and 1996:Letters from 74 rue Taitbout 1115:. It produced three issues. 840:. The latter, regarding the 700:, a recent arrival from the 7617:French historical novelists 6729:Scènes de la vie Parisienne 6294:(public domain audiobooks) 6163:. New York: Octagon Books. 5979:Balzac and The Human Comedy 5977:Bertault, Philippe (1963). 5903:Les Cent Contes drolatiques 5603:Scènes de la vie parisienne 5214:. 1842, Hippolyte Souverain 5188:. 1842, Hippolyte Souverain 5162:. 1841, Hippolyte Souverain 5144:. London: J.M. Dent. 1897 . 4734:. 1874, Hébert et Cie. 1874 3843:Revue des sciences humaines 3351:. Patay. Quoted in Robb, 15 2866:Les Cent Contes drolatiques 2572:Incomplete at time of death 2505:As "Horace de Saint-Aubin" 1958:similarly learned from the 1374:Rzewuska) was married to a 1011:, supporting King Charles' 684:In 1816 Balzac entered the 7653: 7582:University of Paris alumni 7577:Writers from Tours, France 7068:Un drame au bord de la mer 6934:Une passion dans le désert 6919:Scènes de la vie militaire 6881:Un épisode sous la Terreur 6866:Scènes de la vie politique 6243:. New York: Viking Press. 6030:French Poets and Novelists 5855:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875 5777:. 1900, Calmann Lévy. 1900 5699:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875 4836:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875 4700:Truffaut, François et al. 4682:Jaggi, Maya (5 May 2001). 4033:Journal of Cardiac Failure 2851:Un épisode sous la Terreur 2795:Un drame au bord de la mer 1917:Victoria and Albert Museum 1858:Society and the Individual 1468:Cimetière du Père-Lachaise 1457:Scènes de la Vie Conjugale 921: 29: 7135:La Physiologie du mariage 6424: 6288:Works by Honoré de Balzac 6270:Works by Honoré de Balzac 6201:"Balzac, Honoré de" 6014:. London: Eveleigh Nash. 4862:. 1839, Charpentier. 1839 4702:Correspondence, 1945–1984 4433:10.1017/s0003055400287844 4349:Quoted in Prendergast, 26 3364:. Quoted in Pritchett, 29 3195:– via Google Books. 3158:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2969:Balzac Society of America 2905:Les Ressources de Quinola 2015:. He was also praised by 1915:(1892), displayed at the 1378:twenty years her senior, 1299:Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay 1172:(1848) tell the story of 1122:—provided an appropriate 1092:Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay 948:is one of three Parisian 410:[ɔnɔʁed(ə)balzak] 310: 48: 7096:Sur Catherine de Médicis 6991:La Recherche de l'absolu 6312:Honoré de Balzac's works 5971:Adamson, Donald (2001). 5725:. 1831, Charles Gosselin 5529:. 1831, Charles Gosselin 5477:. 1831, Charles Gosselin 4983:. 1836, Ad. Wahlen. 1836 3935: 3756:Kvas, Kornelije (2020). 3178:. Taylor & Francis. 2859:Short Stories Collection 2484:Published pseudonymously 2254:La Recherche de l'absolu 1946:L'éducation sentimentale 1493:, who later served as a 1479:congestive heart failure 1331:classified advertisement 1059:In 1833 Balzac released 1042:1831 saw the success of 7612:French literary critics 7500:The Duchess of Langeais 7492:The Duchess of Langeais 7460:La Duchesse de Langeais 7173:Related works by others 7012:Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu 6998:Jésus-Christ en Flandre 6779:La Duchesse de Langeais 6705:Le Cabinet des Antiques 6434:Scènes de la vie privée 6334:Balzac and anthropology 6211:Encyclopædia Britannica 6159:Rogers, Samuel (1953). 6076:Lotte, Fernand (1952). 6069:Maurois, André (1965). 6052:Lehan, Richard (2005). 5751:. 1854, P. Jannet. 1854 4462:Butler, Ronnie (1983). 3463:Quoted in Pritchett, 42 3080:Oxford University Press 3011:Popular novel in France 2731:Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu 2522:Le Vicaire des Ardennes 2318:Le Cabinet des Antiques 2246:La Duchesse de Langeais 1638:Scènes de la Vie privée 1539:and other dignitaries. 1466:Balzac's statue in the 1391:marriage of convenience 1297:'s daughter by Balzac, 1144:The Harlot High and Low 1068:La Duchesse de Langeais 879:the Duchess of Abrantès 867:"Une bonne spéculation" 698:Abel-François Villemain 32:Balzac (disambiguation) 7607:French fantasy writers 7082:L'Elixir de longue vie 6952:Le Médecin de campagne 6888:Madame de la Chanterie 6874:Une ténébreuse affaire 6786:La Fille aux yeux d'or 6744:Un prince de la bohème 6691:La Muse du département 6540:La Femme de trente ans 6221: 6161:Balzac & The Novel 6079: 6054:Realism and Naturalism 5158:Ursule Mirouët, Vol. I 4672:. No. 91: Spring 1984. 3033: 2929:Mercadet ou le faiseur 2676:La Fille aux yeux d'or 2565:Code des gens honnêtes 2493:L'Héritière de Birague 2388:La Femme de trente ans 2364:Une ténébreuse affaire 2310:La Muse du département 2230:Le Médecin de campagne 2089:; 1998 film, starring 2058: 1921: 1867: 1724: 1618: 1562:Boulevard Montparnasse 1507:Père Lachaise Cemetery 1470: 1453:Physiologie du Mariage 1367: 1355: 1229: 1194:La Fille aux yeux d'or 1158: 1039: 1013:Royal House of Bourbon 953: 862: 818:Robert Louis Stevenson 750:First literary efforts 733: 629: 581:Saint-Honoré of Amiens 105:Père Lachaise Cemetery 6976:Études philosophiques 6712:Le Lys dans la vallée 6684:L'illustre Gaudissart 6575:Le Contrat de mariage 6145:Robb, Graham (1994). 6036:James, Henry (1914). 4979:Le Lys dans la vallée 4210:Quoted in Rogers, 161 4165:Quoted in Rogers, 144 3966:The Berdichev Revival 3099:CollinsDictionary.com 3076:UK English Dictionary 2547:Published anonymously 2286:Le Contrat de mariage 2278:Le Lys dans la vallée 2049: 1906: 1714: 1682:Le Lys dans la vallée 1607: 1465: 1361: 1347: 1239:The Government Clerks 1220: 1156: 1034:Balzac caricature by 1033: 943: 929:originally called it 893:une bonne spéculation 858: 728: 618: 609:Le Lys dans la vallée 597:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 238:Le Lys dans la vallée 7255:The Conquering Power 6856:Les Petits Bourgeois 6582:Un début dans la vie 6505:Autre étude de femme 5721:La Comédie du diable 5370:. 1845, L. de Potter 3972:on 23 September 2015 3870:Le Registre Infamant 3806:on 30 September 2015 3347:Champfleury (1878). 2763:La Comédie du diable 2510:Clotilde de Lusignan 2412:Un début dans la vie 2147:adding missing items 2103:. He is included in 2039:literary criticism. 1505:Balzac is buried at 918:and literary success 848:. In the preface to 810:Vicaire des Ardennes 599:'s influential book 579:Honoré (named after 573:Sir Victor Pritchett 7159:Eugène de Rastignac 7054:Le Réquisitionnaire 6751:Un homme d’affaires 6617:La Messe de l'athée 6547:La Femme abandonnée 6491:La Fausse Maîtresse 6369:Études balzaciennes 6147:Balzac: A Biography 6008:Helm, W.H. (1905). 5954:L'Année balzacienne 5934:L'Année balzacienne 5799:La Messe de l'athée 5396:. 1911, George Wahr 4889:Histoire des Treize 4529:Quoted in Robb, 422 4093:Victor Hugo Central 3999:Quoted in Robb, 404 3635:Quoted in Robb, 190 3418:, pp. 298–301. 3069:"Balzac, Honoré de" 2960:L'Année balzacienne 2881:L'École des ménages 2803:La Messe de l'athée 2747:Le Réquisitionnaire 2380:La Fausse Maîtresse 1964:Une Heure de ma Vie 1793:Balzac visited the 1772:and Russian author 1174:Les Parents Pauvres 1050:The Wild Ass's Skin 806:Auguste Le Poitevin 702:Collège Charlemagne 692:, who later became 445:European literature 138:University of Paris 7587:French monarchists 7376:Man Without a Name 7127:Études analytiques 7005:Melmoth réconcilié 6984:La Peau de chagrin 6959:Le Curé de village 6807:La Maison Nucingen 6610:Le Colonel Chabert 6512:La Grande Bretèche 6477:Une double famille 6413:La Comédie humaine 6196:Saintsbury, George 6178:"Honoré de Balzac" 6174:Saintsbury, George 6039:Notes on Novelists 5664:La Grande Bretèche 5551:Le Colonel Chabert 4801:La Peau de Chagrin 4684:"The Latin Master" 4662:Elgrably, Jordan. 3990:Pritchett, 261–262 3000:Mme. Eve de Balzac 2739:La Grande Bretèche 2660:Le Colonel Chabert 2628:Une double famille 2553:Du Droit d'aînesse 2342:Le Curé de village 2198:La Peau de chagrin 2145:; you can help by 2059: 2035:and a key work in 1968:An Hour of my Life 1922: 1808:La Peau de Chagrin 1778:La Comédie Humaine 1738:La Peau de Chagrin 1725: 1718:(1901), including 1619: 1610:Monument to Balzac 1549:Monument to Balzac 1515:Frédérick Lemaître 1471: 1368: 1356: 1327:La Peau de Chagrin 1230: 1222:Initial proofs of 1178:The Poor Relations 1159: 1109:Chronique de Paris 1045:La Peau de chagrin 1040: 954: 935:La Comédie Humaine 924:La Comédie Humaine 916:La Comédie Humaine 863: 850:La Comédie Humaine 823:La Comédie Humaine 734: 657:La Comédie humaine 630: 546:nobiliary particle 486:La Comédie Humaine 423:La Comédie humaine 203:La Peau de chagrin 189:La Comédie humaine 82:, Touraine, France 55:Revised detail of 7510: 7509: 7476:The Eternal Flame 7421: 7420: 7313: 7312: 7191: 7190: 6909:Le Député d'Arcis 6719:Illusions perdues 6484:La Paix du ménage 6359:Special Issue of 6327:Project Gutenberg 6274:Project Gutenberg 6011:Aspects of Balzac 5967:978-2-13-050961-5 5292:. 1844, de Potter 5262:Illusions perdues 4613:James (1914), 115 4604:James (1914), 127 4119:Legiondhonneur.fr 3941:Balzac-museum.com 3878:978-2-9532885-6-8 3767:978-1-7936-0910-6 3349:Balzac au Collège 3185:978-1-884964-36-7 3133:. Merriam-Webster 2636:La Paix du ménage 2599:Le Député d'Arcis 2420:Illusions perdues 2163: 2162: 2105:François Truffaut 1950:Illusions Perdues 1818:Illusions Perdues 1787:Illusions Perdues 1774:Fyodor Dostoevsky 1642:Henri de Latouche 1631:Scottish novelist 1584:to ... 1578:works in progress 1558:Boulevard Raspail 1509:in Paris. At his 1335:Gazette de France 1246:Théophile Gautier 1189:Illusions Perdues 1129:Illusions perdues 1081:Old Father Goriot 743:George Saintsbury 504:Contessa Rzewuska 469:François Truffaut 467:, and filmmakers 367: 319: 318: 245:Illusions perdues 174:Years active 164:Literary movement 16:(Redirected from 7644: 7562:Honoré de Balzac 7539: 7538: 7537: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7518: 7455:Honoré de Balzac 7448: 7441: 7434: 7425: 7347:Honoré de Balzac 7340: 7333: 7326: 7317: 7305:Maria Du Fresnay 7225:Honoré de Balzac 7218: 7211: 7204: 7195: 7089:Maître Cornélius 6842:La Cousine Bette 6698:La Vieille Fille 6670:Le Curé de Tours 6449:Le Bal de Sceaux 6418:Honoré de Balzac 6405: 6398: 6391: 6382: 6371:(Balzac Studies) 6329: 6322:Honoré de Balzac 6307:One More Library 6299: 6298: 6283:Internet Archive 6224: 6222:Honoré de Balzac 6215: 6203: 6112:Pritchett, V. S. 6087:. Paris: Corti. 6086: 6082: 6073:Paris: Hachette. 5938: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5689: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5577:Le Curé de Tours 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5340:La Cousine Bette 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5288:Honorine, vol. I 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5031: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4883: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4724: 4713: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4679: 4673: 4669:The Paris Review 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4596: 4595:James (1878), 89 4593: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4396:. 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It had been a 1311:Maria Du Fresnay 1295:Maria Du Fresnay 1287:Maria Du Fresnay 1267:Château de Saché 1203:The Human Comedy 1169:La Cousine Bette 1113:Revue Parisienne 1096:Maria Du Fresnay 980:Sir Walter Scott 950:literary museums 946:Maison de Balzac 931:Etudes des Mœurs 838:Society of Jesus 506: 461:Gustave Flaubert 412: 407: 400: 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 384: 381: 374: 365: 360: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 322:Honoré de Balzac 315: 299: 297: 270:Legion of Honour 268: 210:La Cousine Bette 93: 76: 74: 53: 43:Honoré de Balzac 39: 21: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7513: 7511: 7506: 7463: 7452: 7422: 7417: 7398: 7392:Colonel Chabert 7384:Colonel Chabert 7368:Colonel Chabert 7355: 7352:Colonel Chabert 7344: 7314: 7309: 7293: 7287:Eugénie Grandet 7271:Eugenia Grandet 7263:Eugenia Grandet 7247:Eugenia Grandet 7234: 7230:Eugénie Grandet 7222: 7192: 7187: 7179:Fernand Lotte: 7168: 7147: 7122: 7075:L'Auberge 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4, 167–8 3241: 3232: 3207: 3198: 3184: 3164: 3161:(Online). n.d. 3144: 3116: 3085: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2993: 2983: 2971: 2966: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2901: 2897:Pierre Grassou 2893: 2885: 2871: 2870: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2843:Pierre Grassou 2839: 2831: 2823: 2815: 2807: 2799: 2791: 2783: 2775: 2767: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2727: 2719: 2715:Étude de femme 2705: 2704: 2700:L'Amour masqué 2696: 2688: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2648: 2640: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2464: 2460:Le Cousin Pons 2456: 2448: 2440: 2436:Modeste Mignon 2432: 2424: 2416: 2408: 2400: 2396:Albert Savarus 2392: 2384: 2376: 2368: 2360: 2356:Ursule Mirouët 2352: 2346: 2338: 2330: 2322: 2314: 2306: 2298: 2290: 2282: 2274: 2270:Le Père Goriot 2266: 2258: 2250: 2242: 2234: 2226: 2218: 2210: 2202: 2194: 2186: 2178: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2140: 2138: 2127: 2124: 2107:'s 1959 film, 2075:Le Père Goriot 2041:Carlos Fuentes 2021:Roland Barthes 2013:Camille Paglia 1909:Bust of Balzac 1907: 1900: 1897: 1865:create order. 1845: 1842: 1803: 1800: 1745: 1742: 1721:Le Père Goriot 1676: 1673: 1650:Le Père Goriot 1601: 1598: 1569: 1566: 1411:St. Petersburg 1352:Ewelina Hańska 1339:Ewelina Hańska 1282: 1279: 1221: 1210: 1207: 1163:Le Cousin Pons 1134:Lost Illusions 1076:Le Père Goriot 1054:The Magic Skin 922:Main article: 919: 913: 869: 864: 825:". Biographer 751: 748: 694:Prime Minister 637:grammar school 588: 585: 552:"). After the 538:King's Council 517: 514: 512: 509: 495:Ewelina Hańska 419:novel sequence 317: 316: 308: 307: 303: 302: 291: 287:Ewelina Hańska 285: 284: 282: 278: 277: 262: 261:Notable awards 258: 257: 256: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 220: 217:Le Père Goriot 213: 206: 199: 192: 183: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 159: 158: 155: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 129: 128: 123: 120: 117: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 94:(aged 51) 90:18 August 1850 88: 84: 83: 66: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7649: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7520: 7516: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7442: 7437: 7435: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7386: 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6544: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6361:Lingua Romana 6357: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6237:Zweig, Stefan 6235: 6233: 6232:0-7910-7042-5 6229: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6155:0-393-03679-0 6152: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6141:0-14-018525-9 6138: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6124:0-394-48357-X 6121: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107:0-7131-5969-3 6104: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6093:0-320-05184-6 6090: 6083: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6062:0-299-20870-2 6059: 6055: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6005: 6004:0-300-10680-7 6001: 5997: 5993: 5992:Brooks, Peter 5990: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5867: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5828: 5826: 5818: 5815: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5789: 5776: 5774: 5766: 5763: 5750: 5748: 5747:La Grenadière 5740: 5737: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5711: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5642: 5640:9781326009243 5636: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5541: 5528: 5526: 5518: 5515: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5463: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5382: 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3199: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3105: 3104:HarperCollins 3101: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913:Paméla Giraud 2910: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779:La Grenadière 2776: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2708:Short Stories 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2516:Le Centenaire 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214:Louis Lambert 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206:Les Proscrits 2203: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2141:This list is 2139: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2110:The 400 Blows 2106: 2102: 2101: 2100:The Music Man 2096: 2092: 2091:Jessica Lange 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2037:structuralist 2034: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2017:James Baldwin 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:Marcel Proust 1953: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1913:Auguste Rodin 1910: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848:Balzac was a 1843: 1841: 1839: 1838:Louis Lambert 1835: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1706:Marcel Proust 1699: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1615:Auguste Rodin 1612: 1611: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1592:, Italy, and 1591: 1590:Ville d'Avray 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568:Writing style 1567: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:Auguste Rodin 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:Wacław Hański 1381: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:Roger Pierrot 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 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Marcas 6828:Sarrasine 6663:Pierrette 6456:La Bourse 6363:on Balzac 5949:1969-6752 5473:Sarrasine 5121:Le Siècle 4653:Robb, 423 4559:Lehan, 48 4520:Lehan, 38 4511:Helm, 124 4449:147289085 4441:0003-0554 4340:Helm, 130 4246:Lehan, 45 4228:Robb, 156 4219:Robb, 254 4192:Robb, 421 4183:Robb, 152 4138:Robb, 405 4104:Robb, 412 4008:Robb, 404 3976:30 August 3915:Robb, 340 3906:Robb, 230 3897:Robb, 227 3789:Robb, 106 3746:Robb, 365 3728:Robb, 326 3710:Robb, 272 3698:Robb, 246 3689:Robb, 258 3653:Robb, 178 3644:Robb, 193 3626:Robb, 162 3617:Robb, 169 3571:Robb, 138 3562:Robb, 130 3508:Robb, 103 3266:Robb, 5–6 3137:22 August 3109:22 August 2771:La Bourse 2692:Z. Marcas 2620:Sarrasine 2589:Falthurne 2262:Séraphîta 2032:Sarrasine 1919:in London 1875:Louis XVI 1830:incognito 1669:Romantics 1629:style of 1542:Later, a 1438:Berdychiv 1423:Verhivnya 1370:Ewelina ( 1086:King Lear 1021:candidate 1005:Charles X 999:When the 903:from the 814:potboiler 795:Falthurne 634:Oratorian 593:wet nurse 542:Freemason 511:Biography 306:Signature 177:1829–1850 6895:L'Initié 6772:Ferragus 6603:Honorine 6292:LibriVox 6239:(1946). 6198:(1911). 6176:(1901). 6169:75-76005 6131:(1994). 6114:(1973). 6027:(1878). 5994:(2005). 5119:. 1858, 4370:Robb, 70 4300:Balzac. 4237:Helm, 23 4079:"Balzac" 4053:27638234 3526:Robb, 63 3499:Robb, 60 3481:Robb, 59 3445:Robb, 48 3436:Robb, 30 3427:Robb, 24 3373:Robb, 22 3329:Robb, 14 3293:Robb, 18 3220:Geneanet 3153:"Balzac" 3125:"Balzac" 3094:"Balzac" 2953:See also 2944:Cromwell 2605:Novellas 2428:Honorine 2073:(1947), 2069:(1915), 1844:Politics 1627:Romantic 1499:eulogist 1497:and the 1485:formerly 1475:gangrene 1430:Volhynia 1376:nobleman 1349:Countess 1120:Sardinia 962:Fougères 958:Brittany 909:oak wood 897:Sardinia 836:and the 782:Cromwell 756:libretto 686:Sorbonne 7515:Portals 7414:(opera) 7164:Vautrin 7152:Related 7026:Gambara 6596:Béatrix 6568:Gobseck 6377:, Paris 6346:at the 6281:at the 6208:(ed.). 6190:6314807 6020:2321317 5924:Sources 5851:Gambara 5499:Gobseck 5115:Béatrix 4712:, p. 61 4273:Helm, 5 3311:Robb, 9 3284:Robb, 8 3257:Robb, 5 2889:Vautrin 2827:Gambara 2644:Gobseck 2594:Corsino 2580:(opera) 2334:Béatrix 1960:Realist 1893:Trotsky 1698:Comédie 1623:realism 1600:Realism 1446:Ukraine 1380:Marshal 1333:in the 1275:chateau 1269:, near 1225:Béatrix 1185:Dickens 1148:Vautrin 1038:in 1850 875:Molière 842:Jesuits 799:Corsino 762:called 641:Vendôme 623:Oratory 620:Vendôme 441:realism 413:; born 406:French: 300: 292: 168:Realism 126:printer 7529:France 7503:(2007) 7495:(1942) 7487:(1927) 7479:(1922) 7395:(1994) 7387:(1943) 7379:(1932) 7371:(1920) 7290:(1993) 7282:(1965) 7274:(1953) 7266:(1945) 7258:(1921) 7250:(1918) 7233:(1833) 6249:342322 6247: 6241:Balzac 6230: 6188: 6180:. 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