Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

1609:...it was felt within the service that officers were likely to be questioned about the true political affiliation of Mrs. Joan Ruddock, who became chair of CND in 1983. It was fully recognised by the service that she had no subversive affiliations and therefore should not be recorded under any of the usual subversive categories. In fact, she was recorded as a contact of a hostile intelligence service after giving an interview to a Soviet journalist based in London who was suspected of being a KGB intelligence officer. In Joan Ruddock's file, MI5 recorded special branch references to her movements—usually public meetings—and kept press cuttings and the products of mail and telephone intercepts obtained through active investigation of other targets, such as the Communist party and John Cox. There were police reports recording her appearances at demonstrations or public meetings. There were references to her also in reports from agents working, for example, in the Communist party. These would also appear in her file. 1099:

that it lacked any clear idea of how nuclear disarmament was to be implemented and that its demonstrations had become ends in themselves. The sociologist Frank Parkin said that, for many supporters, the question of implementation was of secondary importance anyway because, for them, involvement in the campaign was "an expressive activity in which the defence of principles was felt to have higher priority than 'getting things done'." He suggested CND's survival in the face of its failure was explained by the fact that it provided "a rallying point and symbol for radicals", which was more important for them than "its manifest function of attempting to change the government's nuclear weapons policy." Despite setbacks, it retained the support of a significant minority of the population and became a mass movement, with a network of autonomous branches and specialist groups and an increased participation in demonstrations until about 1963.

721: 1123:

The executive committee's lack of authority made possible the inclusion within CND of a wide range of views, but it resulted in lengthy internal discussions and the adoption of contradictory resolutions at conferences. There was friction between the founders, who conceived of CND as a campaign by eminent individuals focused on the Labour Party, and CND's supporters (including the more radical members of the executive committee), who saw it as an extra-parliamentary mass movement. Collins was unpopular with many supporters because of his strictly constitutional approach and found himself increasingly out of sympathy with the direction the movement was taking. He resigned in 1964 and put his energies into the

1244:

eco-feature of the festival (from 1984 on). The radical peace movement and the rise of the greens in Britain are interwoven at Glastonbury. The festival has offered these campaigns and groups space on-site to publicise and disseminate their ideas, and it has ploughed large sums of money from the festival profits into them, as well as other causes. June 1981 saw the first Glastonbury CND Festival, and over the 1980s as a decade Glastonbury raised around £1m for CND. The CND logo topped Glastonbury's pyramid stage, while publicity regularly proclaimed proudly: 'This Event is the most effective Anti-Nuclear Fund Raiser in Europe'.

1111:

campaigning, but, largely under the influence of its chairman, Canon Collins, the CND leadership opposed any sort of unlawful protest. The Committee of 100 was created as a separate organisation, partly for that reason and partly because of personal animosity between Collins and Russell. Although the committee was supported by many in CND, it has been suggested that the campaign against nuclear weapons was weakened by the friction between the two organisations. The Committee organised large sit-down demonstrations in London and at military bases. It later diversified into other political campaigns, including

713: 1226: 47: 4971: 1621:, of being a communist sympathiser because she shared a house with a communist. When Michael Heseltine became Secretary of State for Defence in 1983, Massiter was asked to provide information for Defence Secretariat 19 (DS19) about leading CND personnel but was instructed to include only information from published sources. Ruddock claims that DS19 released distorted information regarding her political party affiliations to the media and Conservative Party candidates. 222: 1314: 1043: 1514:...that Holihan had organised aerial propaganda, had entered CND offices under false pretences, and that CPS workers had joined CND in order to gain access to the Campaign's 1982 Annual Conference. When Bruce Kent went on a speaking tour of America, Holihan followed him around. Offensive material on Kent was sent to newspapers and radio stations, and demonstrations were organised against him with support from the College Republican Committee. 654: 5449: 1567:, says Moore, Foot was regularly visited by KGB agents who identified themselves as diplomats and gave him money. "A leading supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Foot ... passed on what he knew about debates over nuclear weapons. In return, the KGB gave him drafts of articles encouraging British disarmament which he could then edit and publish, unattributed to their real source, in 1473:, Director of the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, became concerned about the growing unilateralist movement. According to Dorril, Rostow helped to initiate a propaganda exercise in Britain, "aimed at neutralising the efforts of CND. It would take three forms: mobilising public opinion, working within the Churches, and a 'dirty tricks' operation against the peace groups." 1597:

Bruce Kent. MI5 also placed a spy, Harry Newton, in the CND office. According to Massiter, Newton believed that CND was controlled by extreme left-wing activists and that Bruce Kent might be a crypto-communist, but Massiter found no evidence to support either opinion. On the basis of Ruddock's contacts, MI5 suspected her of being a communist sympathiser. Speaking in the

1031:(a distance of 52 miles), that had been organised by a small pacifist group, the Direct Action Committee. Thereafter, CND organised annual Easter marches from Aldermaston to London that became the main focus for supporters' activity. 60,000 people participated in the 1959 march and 150,000 in the 1961 and 1962 marches. The 1958 march was the subject of a documentary by 1222:

bloc)." Public support for unilateralism reached its highest level since the 1960s. In October 1981, 250,000 people joined an anti-nuclear demonstration in London. CND's demonstration on the eve of Cruise missile deployment in October 1983 was one of the largest in British history, with 300,000 taking part in London as three million protested across Europe.

1162:, a leading member of the Committee of 100. The leaflet said that RSG 6 was to be the local HQ for a military dictatorship after nuclear war. A large group left the march, against the wishes of the CND leadership, to demonstrate at RSG 6. Later, when the march reached London, there were disorderly demonstrations in which 1582:) carried out surveillance of CND members it considered to be subversive and from the late 1960s until the mid-1970s it designated CND as subversive by virtue of its being "communist-controlled". Communists have played an active role in the organisation, and John Cox, its chairman from 1971 to 1977, was a member of the 1462:"to explain to the public the facts about the Government's policy on deterrence and multilateral disarmament". The activities of anti-CND organisations are said to have included research, publication, mobilising public opinion, counter-demonstrations, working within the Churches, smears against CND leaders and spying. 1008:(WPC), an anti-western organisation directed by the Soviet Communist Party. Because the WPC had a large budget and organised high-profile international conferences, the peace movement became identified with the communist cause. CND represented the growth of the unaligned peace movement and its detachment from the WPC. 1406:

conducted an opinion poll which asked about attitudes to Trident and the use of nuclear weapons. When asked whether the UK should replace Trident, without being told of the cost, 44% of respondents said "Yes" and 46% said "No". When asked the same question and told of the cost, the proportion saying

1398:

Support for CND fell after the end of the Cold war. It had not succeeded in converting the British public to unilateralism and even after the collapse of the Soviet Union British nuclear weapons still have majority support. "Unilateral disarmament has always been opposed by a majority of the British

1596:

programme, "MI5's Official Secrets". She said that her work was determined more by the political importance of CND than by any security threat posed by subversive elements within it. In 1983, she analysed telephone intercepts on John Cox that gave her access to conversations with Joan Ruddock and

1190:

In the 1980s, CND underwent a major revival in response to the resurgence of the Cold War. Wave after wave of new members joined as the result of a growing antinuclear movement, the strong motivation of its membership, and criticism of CND objectives by the Thatcher government. There was increasing

1166:

were prominent, quickly deprecated in the press and in parliament. In 1964 there was only a one-day march, partly because of the events of 1963 and partly because the logistics of the march, which had grown beyond all expectation, had exhausted the organisers. The Aldermaston March was resumed in

1122:

CND's executive committee did not give its supporters a voice in the Campaign until 1961, when a national council was formed and until 1966 it had no formal membership. The relationship between supporters and leaders was unclear, as was the relationship between the executive and the local branches.

1430:

opposed the decision and succeeded in quickly reversing it. In 1980 long time CND supporter Michael Foot became Labour Party leader and in 1982 succeeded in changing official Labour policy in line with his views. After losing the 1983 and 1987 general elections Labour leader Neil Kinnock persuaded

1181:

Although CND has never formally allied itself to any political party and has never been an election campaigning body, CND members and supporters have stood for election at various times on a nuclear disarmament ticket. The nearest CND has come to having an electoral arm was the Independent Nuclear

1098:

was formed to organise in the constituencies and trades unions to have it overturned at the next conference, which duly occurred. Labour's failure to win the election and its rejection of unilateralism in 1961 upset CND's plans. From that date its prospects of success began to fade and it was said

1066:

symbols for "N" (two flags held 45 degrees down on both sides, forming the triangle at the bottom) and "D" (two flags, one above the head and one at the feet, forming the vertical line) (for Nuclear Disarmament) within a circle. Holtom later said that it also represented "an individual in despair,

1414:

asked "Would you approve or disapprove of the UK using nuclear weapons against a country we are at war with?". 9% approved if that country did not have nuclear weapons, and 84% disapproved. 16% approved if that country had nuclear weapons but never used them, and 72% disapproved. 53% approved if

1221:

CND's membership soared; in the early 1980s it claimed 90,000 national members and a further 250,000 in local branches. "This made it one of the largest political organisations in Britain and probably the largest peace movement in the world (outside the state-sponsored movements of the communist

1110:

wing of CND. Russell argued that direct action was necessary because the press was losing interest in CND and because the danger of nuclear war was so great that it was necessary to obstruct government preparations for it. In 1958 CND had cautiously accepted direct action as a possible method of

1015:

due in 1959, which Labour was widely expected to win, CND's founders envisaged a campaign by eminent individuals to secure a government that would adopt its policies: the unconditional renunciation of the use, production of or dependence upon nuclear weapons by Britain and the bringing about of a

688:, regional groups in Cambridgeshire, Cumbria, the East Midlands, Kent, London, Manchester, Merseyside, Mid Somerset, Norwich, South Cheshire and North Staffordshire, Southern England, South West England, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Tyne and Wear, the West Midlands and Yorkshire, and local branches. 1654:

for the leadership of CND in 1985 but was defeated. Ruddock responded to the Stasi revelations by saying that Allen "certainly had no influence on national CND, and as a pro-Soviet could never have succeeded to the chair," and that "CND was as opposed to Soviet nuclear weapons as Western ones."

1247:

New sections were formed, including Ex-services CND, Green CND, Student CND, Tories Against Cruise and Trident (TACT), Trade Union CND, and Youth CND. More women than men supported CND. The campaign attracted supporters who opposed the Government's civil defence plans as outlined in an official

1387:

As it did not have a national membership until 1967, the strength of public support in its early days can be estimated only from the numbers of those attending demonstrations or expressing approval in opinion polls. Polls on a number of related issues have been taken over the past fifty years.

1494:

against CND. These including haranguing CND marchers from the roof of the CPS's Whitehall office and flying a plane over a CND festival with a banner reading, "Help the Soviets, Support CND!" The CPS attracted criticism for refusing to say where its funding came from while alleging that the

1265:

The British anti-nuclear movement at this time differed from that of the 1960s. Many groups sprang up independently of CND, some affiliating later. CND's previous objection to civil disobedience was dropped and it became a normal part of anti-nuclear protest. The women's movement had a strong

1243:

played a key cultural role in this period. The festival's long-term campaigning relationships have been with CND (1981–1990), Greenpeace (1992 onwards), and Oxfam (because of its campaigning against the arms trade), as well as the establishment of the Green Fields as a regular and expanding

1090:, but it voted at its 1960 Conference for unilateral nuclear disarmament, which represented CND's greatest influence and coincided with the highest level of public support for its programme. The resolution was passed against the wishes of the party's leaders and 1082:

CND's supporters were generally left of centre in politics. About three-quarters were Labour voters and many of the early executive committee were Labour Party members. The ethos of CND at that time was described as "essentially that of middle-class radicalism".

1300:, led Labour to abandon the policy in the late 1980s." The re-election of a Conservative government in 1983 and the defeat of left-wing parties in continental Europe "made the deployment of Cruise missiles inevitable and the movement again began to lose steam." 1182:

Disarmament Election Campaign (INDEC) which stood candidates in a few local elections during the 1960s. INDEC was never endorsed by CND nationally and candidates were generally put up by local branches as a means of raising the profile of the nuclear threat.

1134:

in the Autumn of 1962, in which the United States blockaded a Soviet attempt to put nuclear missiles on Cuba, created widespread public anxiety about imminent nuclear war and CND organised demonstrations on the issue. However, six months after the crisis, a

1374:

Under Joan Ruddock's chairmanship from 1981 to 1985, CND said its membership rose from 20,000 to 460,000. The BBC said that in 1985 CND had 110,000 members and in 2006, 32,000. The organisation reported a rapid increase in membership after

1495:

anti-nuclear movement was funded by the Soviet Union. Although the CPS called itself a grass-roots movement, it had no members and was financed by The 61, "a private sector operational intelligence agency" said by its founder,

732:

The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament was founded in 1957 in the wake of widespread fear of nuclear conflict and the effects of nuclear tests. In the early 1950s Britain had become the third atomic power, after the US and the

5357: 2924: 1485:

and Francis Holihan. Amongst the activities of the CPS were commissioning Gallup polls which showed the levels of support for British possession of nuclear weapons, providing speakers at public meetings, highlighting the

821:

The new organisation attracted considerable public interest and drew support from a range of interests, including scientists, religious leaders, academics, journalists, writers, actors and musicians. Its sponsors included

989:, and his wife Beatrice, aiming to campaign for the Irish government to support international efforts to achieve nuclear disarmament and to keep Ireland free of nuclear power. Notable supporters of the Irish CND included 1431:

the party to abandon unilateralism in 1989. In 2015 another long time CND supporter, Jeremy Corbyn was elected leader of the Labour Party, although the official Labour policy did not change in line with his views.

1476:

One of the groups set up to carry out this work was the Coalition for Peace through Security (CPS), modelled on the US Coalition for Peace through Strength. The CPS was founded in 1981. Its main activists were

762:

In plain words: now that Britain has told the world she has the H-bomb she should announce as early as possible that she has done with it, that she proposes to reject, in all circumstances, nuclear warfare.

1016:

general disarmament convention; halting the flight of planes armed with nuclear weapons; ending nuclear testing; not proceeding with missile bases; and not providing nuclear weapons to any other country.

5493: 3580:

Nehring, Holger. "National Internationalists: British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons, the Politics of Transnational Communications and the Social History of the Cold War, 1957–1964",

594:. In March 2007 it organised a rally in Parliament Square to coincide with the Commons motion to renew the weapons system. The rally was attended by over 1,000 people. It was addressed by Labour MPs 1538:

claimed that the Soviet Union was giving the European peace movement £100 million a year, to which Bruce Kent responded, "If they were, it was certainly not getting to our grotty little office in

720: 1546:(FCS) claimed that one of CND's elected officers, Dan Smith, was a communist. CND sued for defamation and the FCS settled on the second day of the trial, apologised and paid damages and costs. 1426:, when in opposition, has been significantly influenced by CND in the direction of unilateral nuclear disarmament. Between 1960 and 1961 it was official Party policy although the Labour leader 4915: 4647: 4900: 4696: 1395:

Public support for unilateralism in September 1982 was 31%, falling to 21% in January 1983, but it is hard to say whether this decline was a result of the counter-CND campaigns or not.

3776: 406: 1119:

and housing in the UK. It was dissolved in 1968. When direct action came to the fore again in the 1980s, it was generally accepted by the peace movement as a normal part of protest.

2915: 1178:

tended to eclipse concern about nuclear weapons, but CND continued to campaign against both, and the Easter marches continued to attract considerable support well into the 1970s.

4706: 4099: 1124: 4681: 5362: 2065: 541: 1439:

CND's growing support in the 1980s provoked opposition from several sources, including Peace Through Nato, the British Atlantic Committee (which received government funding),

4535: 369: 1510:, the general secretary of CND and a Catholic priest, was a supporter of IRA terrorism. Kent alleged in his autobiography that Francis Holihan spied on CND. Dorril claimed: 1451:, the Foreign Affairs Research Institute, and The 61, a private sector intelligence agency. The British government also took direct steps to counter the influence of CND, 5503: 4621: 1866: 637:

In 2006 CND launched a campaign against nuclear power. Its membership, which had fallen to 32,000 from a peak of 110,000 in 1983, increased threefold after Prime Minister

2656: 634:. In the House of Commons, 161 MPs (88 of them Labour) voted against the renewal of Trident and the Government motion was carried only with the support of Conservatives. 4905: 1650:, had passed information to them about CND. This discovery was made public in a BBC TV programme in 1999, reviving debate about Soviet links to CND. Allen stood against 5422: 943: 3542:, chapter 6 'A green field far away: the politics of peace and ecology at the festival', section 'The CND festival' (London: Victor Gollancz, 2000), pp. 161–169. 1321:

Until 1967, supporters joined local branches and there was no national membership. An academic study of CND gives the following membership figures from 1967 onwards:

4850: 1139:

found that public concern about nuclear weapons had fallen to its lowest point since 1957, and there was a view (disputed by some CND supporters) that US President

3181: 2091: 4550: 5302: 4754: 4728: 3812: 3797: 5080: 5075: 1826: 951: 399: 339: 334: 5483: 5498: 5085: 4686: 3045: 349: 344: 699:, Green CND and Ex-Services CND, which have rights of representation on the governing council. There are also parliamentary, youth and student groups. 5473: 4691: 4503: 3753: 5030: 4925: 4652: 4617: 2040: 289: 3143: 1589:

In 1985, Cathy Massiter, an MI5 officer who had been responsible for the surveillance of CND from 1981 to 1983, resigned and made disclosures to a

4910: 4794: 4723: 3766: 2830: 2483: 2878: 5342: 4769: 4321: 4235: 1921: 1598: 1524: 392: 4880: 4422: 3989: 3528: 1861: 1841: 1700: 1617:

officers recruited an informant within CND, Stanley Bonnett, on the instructions of MI5. MI5 is also said to have suspected CND's treasurer,

1267: 1230: 947: 5352: 5065: 5050: 5015: 4945: 4774: 4627: 4579: 3236: 1614: 1448: 1285: 1087: 1012: 324: 309: 274: 1004:

The formation of CND marked a significant change in the international peace movement, which from the late 1940s had been dominated by the

3845: 3587:

Nehring, Holger. "Politics, Symbols and the Public Sphere: The Protests against Nuclear Weapons in Britain and West Germany, 1958–1963",

2014: 5020: 4843: 3345: 1543: 471: 279: 1174:, one of the things for which it had been campaigning. In addition, from the mid-1960s, the anti-war movement's preoccupation with the 5297: 5287: 5282: 4985: 4804: 4784: 4370: 4266: 3912: 3566:

Nehring, Holger. "Diverging perceptions of security: NATO and the protests against nuclear weapons", in Andreas Wenger, et al. (eds),

2069: 1946: 580: 572: 239: 5478: 5331: 5292: 4632: 4296: 3954: 3676: 3648: 3627: 3554: 3522: 3508: 3461: 3447: 3417: 3395:

Arnold, Jacquelyn. "Protest and survive: The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, the Labour Party and civil defence in the 1980s." in

2754: 2734: 2515: 2456: 2425: 2232: 1103: 1095: 3126: 1079:). The CND symbol, the Aldermaston march, and the slogan "Ban the Bomb" became icons and part of the youth culture of the 1960s. 5005: 4990: 4711: 4701: 4316: 1583: 436: 259: 244: 3853: 3711: 3197: 2938: 814:, J. B. Priestley, Bertrand Russell and A. J. P. Taylor. It was attended by 5,000 people, a few hundred of whom demonstrated at 5060: 5040: 5035: 5000: 4995: 4955: 4084: 4079: 3840: 3015: 2660: 319: 299: 294: 254: 249: 5417: 2374: 5452: 5055: 4836: 4659: 3999: 3949: 3169: 2244: 1876: 1452: 1440: 1199: 755: 523: 522:

The elimination of British nuclear weapons and global abolition of nuclear weapons. It campaigns for the cancellation of the

314: 1392:

Between 1955 and 1962, between 19% and 33% of people in Britain expressed disapproval of the manufacture of nuclear weapons.

3594:

Nehring, Holger. "The British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons and the Cultures of the Cold War, 1957–64",

1447:

to oppose the Greenham Common Peace Camp), the Conservative Party's Campaign for Defence and Multilateral Disarmament, the

5488: 5025: 4799: 4674: 568: 284: 3291: 4405: 4326: 4306: 4089: 4009: 3994: 3959: 3573:

Nehring, Holger. "From Gentleman's Club to Folk Festival: The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in Manchester, 1958–63",

3484:

Hill, Christopher R. "Nations of peace: Nuclear disarmament and the making of national identity in Scotland and Wales."

2618: 2298: 1851: 1024: 495: 3818: 2774: 839: 4749: 4573: 4291: 3974: 3859: 2966: 2798: 1911: 1846: 1836: 1155: 603: 533:, in particular chemical and biological weapons. CND also wants a ban on the manufacture, testing and use of depleted 530: 1281:

whenever they were carried on public roads. After a while, the missiles traveled only at night under police escort.

5126: 4875: 4817: 4664: 4642: 4341: 4301: 4019: 3939: 3367: 1809: 1643: 1550: 795: 374: 178: 3477:

Grimley, Matthew. "The Church and the Bomb: Anglicans and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, c. 1958–1984." in

2344: 5372: 4716: 4669: 4637: 4331: 4276: 3873: 2122: 1901: 1499:, to be funded by "rich individuals and a few private companies". It is said to have also received funding from 807: 269: 4930: 4592: 4525: 4395: 4375: 4358: 4014: 1399:

public, with the level of support for unilateralism remaining steady at around one in four of the population."

4261: 435:, international nuclear disarmament and tighter international arms regulation through agreements such as the 5397: 5387: 5266: 5070: 4585: 4271: 4074: 4004: 1881: 1816:. Records of local and regional groups are spread throughout the country in public and private collections. 1500: 1171: 994: 971: 631: 329: 5392: 5347: 5337: 5171: 5010: 4562: 4556: 4385: 4286: 3969: 3905: 3496: 2575: 1936: 1891: 1856: 1796: 1739: 1712: 1491: 1459: 1284:

At its 1982 conference, the Labour Party adopted a policy of unilateral nuclear disarmament. It lost the

986: 564: 264: 126: 2047: 5402: 5211: 4960: 4885: 4859: 4530: 4380: 4145: 3147: 2895: 2558:

Robert McKenzie, "Power in the Labour Party: The Issue of 'Intra-Party Democracy'", in Dennis Kavanagh,

2468: 1916: 1813: 1602: 1271: 1068: 959: 712: 483: 379: 213: 3738: 2151: 5382: 5146: 4400: 4311: 3471: 2875: 1635:(Harper Collins, 1993) that one of his organizations, "The 61", infiltrated a mole into CND in 1979. 1586:; but from the late 1970s, MI5 downgraded CND from "communist-controlled" to "communist-penetrated". 1240: 1131: 831: 791: 584: 576: 555:

In recent years CND has extended its campaigns to include opposition to US and British policy in the

31: 3869: 2098: 1534:, the CND newspaper, to have published a booklet claiming that Russian money was being used by CND. 1225: 5201: 4759: 4733: 4473: 4458: 4453: 4443: 4410: 4200: 4195: 4133: 3723: 1941: 1896: 1250: 1020: 1005: 990: 982: 967: 779: 487: 428: 3240: 1530:

In 1981, the Foreign Affairs Research Institute, which shared an office with the CPS, was said by

790:

as its organising secretary. The other members of its executive committee were Martin, Priestley,

544:(OSCE). It opposes US military bases and nuclear weapons in Europe and British membership of NATO. 5367: 4519: 4493: 4448: 4281: 4240: 4160: 3561:

Politics of Security: British and West German Protest Movements and the Early Cold War, 1945–1970

1664: 1563: 1444: 975: 966:. Organisations that had previously opposed British nuclear weapons supported CND, including the 775: 459: 448: 5216: 2444: 3885: 3262: 221: 5377: 5320: 5261: 4950: 4779: 4165: 3944: 3921: 3898: 3672: 3668: 3644: 3623: 3550: 3518: 3504: 3457: 3443: 3413: 3165: 3039: 2750: 2730: 2511: 2452: 2421: 2228: 2224: 2018: 1906: 1478: 1455: 1423: 1144: 883: 867: 811: 738: 559:, rather as it broadened its anti-nuclear campaigns in the 1960s to include opposition to the 5246: 5136: 4920: 4789: 4513: 4468: 4346: 4140: 4123: 4059: 4039: 4034: 3979: 1727: 1679: 1470: 1032: 955: 923: 859: 835: 783: 599: 503: 463: 444: 166: 46: 1158:, that the march was passing. The people behind Spies for Peace remain unknown, except for 766:

The article prompted many letters of support and at the end of the month the editor of the

5433: 5256: 5131: 5116: 5106: 5101: 4049: 3758: 3130: 2882: 1554: 1418:

CND's policy of opposing American nuclear bases is said to be in tune with public opinion.

1207: 1159: 1151: 1140: 1042: 939: 931: 927: 915: 895: 851: 847: 771: 745: 607: 591: 3606:

Middle-class radicalism: The Social Bases of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

3000: 3431:

Byrne, Paul. "The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament: the resilience of a protest group."

3123: 2765:

George McKay (2000) Glastonbury: A Very English Fair (London: Victor Gollancz), 167–168.

2201: 1313: 5407: 5241: 5196: 5121: 5111: 4764: 4598: 4417: 4180: 4150: 4054: 4044: 4029: 3984: 3925: 3319: 2707:

Paul Byrne, "The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament: the resilience of a protest group."

1926: 1886: 1466: 1427: 1278: 1259: 1215: 1203: 1091: 1063: 1047: 935: 891: 887: 827: 815: 803: 475: 440: 432: 188: 162: 100: 3777:

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament marches back into public arena after years of decline

653: 5467: 5221: 5206: 5176: 5166: 5161: 5045: 4545: 4483: 4463: 4390: 4365: 4170: 2440: 1931: 1871: 1779: 1628: 1539: 1535: 1496: 1376: 1289: 1192: 1107: 1059: 1055: 998: 903: 879: 871: 863: 855: 750: 692: 627: 615: 548: 474:, on 17 February 1958. Since then, CND has periodically been at the forefront of the 452: 304: 170: 52: 3489: 3023: 2177: 782:

to launch the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Collins was chosen as its chairman,

5325: 5231: 5191: 5186: 4940: 4935: 4498: 4336: 4190: 4128: 4094: 4064: 3860:'If at first you don't succeed...:fighting against the bomb in the 1950s and 1960s' 3743: 3601: 2436: 2382: 1706: 1685: 1651: 1618: 1558: 1482: 1297: 1293: 963: 919: 911: 907: 799: 734: 685: 611: 595: 526:

by the British government and against the deployment of nuclear weapons in Britain.

56: 3422:

Burkett, Jodi. "Gender and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in the 1960s." in

2814: 2248: 1966: 3620:

The Protest Makers: The British Nuclear Disarmament of 1958–1965, Twenty Years On

2332:

Middle Class Radicalism: The Social Bases of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

5427: 5251: 5181: 5151: 5141: 4508: 4245: 4210: 4175: 4155: 4069: 3216: 1785: 1670: 1234: 1196: 1175: 1147:

turned the British public away from the idea of unilateral nuclear disarmament.

1136: 1116: 1028: 899: 843: 823: 623: 619: 560: 556: 499: 182: 174: 470:

as organising secretary. The committee organised CND's first public meeting at

5412: 5226: 4895: 4540: 4352: 4230: 4215: 4205: 4024: 3890: 3823: 3728: 3660: 1773: 1758: 1718: 1694: 1507: 875: 787: 725: 696: 638: 467: 3344:

Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster .

2916:"Jeremy Corbyn courts new anti-nuclear row by becoming vice-president of CND" 2622: 2302: 5236: 5156: 4478: 3964: 3568:

Transforming NATO in the Cold War: Challenges beyond Deterrence in the 1960s

3547:

The CND Story: The first 25 years of CND in the words of the people involved

2542: 1647: 1590: 1487: 1163: 974:, the National Committee for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons Tests and the 17: 3862:

by Rip Bulkeley, Pete Goodwin, Ian Birchall, Peter Binns and Colin Sparks,

1277:

A network of protesters, calling itself Cruise Watch, tracked and harassed

2691: 1992: 1102:

In 1960, Bertrand Russell resigned from the Campaign in order to form the

4567: 4220: 1831: 810:, on 17 February 1958, chaired by Collins and addressed by Michael Foot, 540:

A nuclear-free, less militarised and more secure Europe. It supports the

5358:

Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

4828: 1292:, foreign policy was high on the agenda. Election defeats under, first, 3296: 2971: 2943: 534: 1415:

that country used nuclear weapons against the UK, and 37% disapproved.

1094:

promised to "fight, fight, and fight again" against the decision. The

4488: 4438: 4185: 4115: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3665:

Left, Left, Left: A personal account of six protest campaigns 1945–65

2506:

James Hinton "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament", in Roger S. Powers,

1112: 1067:

with hands palm outstretched outwards and downwards in the manner of

684:

CND is based in London and has national groups in Wales, Ireland and

507: 491: 479: 4225: 3320:"Domestic Intelligence Agencies: The Mixed Record of the UK's MI5" 1639: 1407:"Yes" fell to 33% and the proportion saying "No" increased to 54%. 1312: 1224: 1150:

On the 1963 Aldermaston march, a clandestine group calling itself

1041: 719: 711: 458:

CND began in November 1957 when a committee was formed, including

1379:, a prominent member, became leader of the Labour Party in 2015. 3529:'Subcultural innovations in the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 2831:"CND membership surge gathers pace after Jeremy Corbyn election" 1519:

Allegations of communist influence and intelligence surveillance

1411: 1403: 1211: 1019:

In Easter 1958, CND, after some initial reluctance, supported a

4832: 3894: 3655:

British Public Opinion on Foreign and Defence Policy: 1945–2017

2727:

European Peace Movements and the Future of the Western Alliance

2725:

Caedel, Martin, "Britain's Nuclear Disarmers", in Laqueur, W.,

3767:

CND membership surge gathers pace after Jeremy Corbyn election

3231: 3229: 3089:

Joseph C. Goulden, "Crozier, covert acts, CIA and Cold War",

1579: 1154:

distributed leaflets about a secret government establishment,

648: 27:

British organisation advocating unilateral nuclear disarmament

3866:

journal, 2:11, (Winter 1981) – a short Marxist history of CND

3217:"The Trouble With Harry: A memoir of Harry Newton, MI5 agent" 1553:

reported a conversation he had with the Soviet double agent

1523:

Some of CND's opponents claimed that CND was a communist or

1191:

tension between the superpowers following the deployment of

1062:, became the international peace symbol. It is based on the 220: 3872:, an archive collection strong in material on CND, held at 439:. It opposes military action that may result in the use of 4916:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

3805:, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick 4901:

International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms

3182:"Was Foot a national treasure or the KGB's useful idiot?" 2418:

Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations

1490:

affiliations of leading CND figures and mounting counter-

3754:"How Thatcher's election win launched secret war on CND" 3695: 3102:

Brian Crozier, Letters: Churchill, the CIA and Clinton,

2046:. House of Commons Library. 12 June 2008. Archived from 1254:. This publication was ridiculed in a popular pamphlet, 3783:. Published 29 January 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2017. 3773:. Published 16 October 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017. 3737:

Campbell, Duncan; Williams, Rachel (16 February 2008).

3501:

CND – Now More Than Ever: The Story of a Peace Movement

2681:

Nigel Young, "Cuba '62", in Minnion and Bolsover, p. 61

1792:

The post was abolished in 1994 and reinstated in 2010.

691:

There are five "specialist sections": Trade Union CND,

665: 5494:

Organisations based in the London Borough of Islington

2657:"Oxford Conference of Non-aligned Peace Organizations" 981:

In the same year, a branch of CND was also set in the

754:

magazine, "Britain and the Nuclear Bombs", advocating

3515:

A Commitment to Campaign: A Sociological Study of CND

3292:"Dale Campbell-Savours, MP, in Business of the House" 2787:

A Commitment to Campaign: A Sociological Study of CND

1624:

MI5 says that it does not now investigate this area.

1613:

According to Stephen Dorril, at about the same time,

1125:

International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace

5363:

Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents

3223:, Issue 28, December 1994. Accessed 3 November 2011. 2859:

Andy Byrom, "British attitudes on nuclear weapons",

1808:

Much of National CND's historical archive is at the

1202:

in Western Europe, and Britain's replacement of the

724:

Protest against nuclear weapons with CND symbol, in

583:. It also organised a vigil for the victims of the 542:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

199: 5311: 5275: 5094: 4978: 4866: 4742: 4607: 4536:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

4431: 4254: 4108: 3932: 3841:

BBC Report of CND Protest in London 22 October 1983

3199:"'Sunday Times' pays Foot damages over KGB claim", 2136:Priestley, J. B., "Britain and the Nuclear Bombs", 1262:, a leading anti-nuclear campaigner of the period. 1143:'s perceived success in facing down Soviet premier 806:. The Campaign was launched at a public meeting at 194: 156: 142: 132: 120: 110: 92: 72: 64: 4100:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 2914: 1867:Independent Nuclear Disarmament Election Committee 4906:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 2848:The Politics of British Defense Policy, 1945–1962 1638:In 1990, it was discovered in the archive of the 1170:Support for CND dwindled somewhat after the 1963 5423:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2533:, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973, p. 64. 1995:. London: Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. 2021 1443:(set up by Conservative journalist and later MP 3886:A British Museum expert's view of the CND badge 3854:Exhibition – CND: The story of a peace movement 930:. Other prominent founding members of CND were 579:", including protests on 28 September 2002 and 427:) is an organisation that advocates unilateral 3399:(Manchester University Press, 2018) pp. 48–65. 2364:. Dublin : Irish Peace 1986 (pp. 59–61). 2202:Contemporary CND poster advertising the event. 1575:for a similar claim made during his lifetime. 1050:symbols for letters "N" (green) and "D" (blue) 618:who voted against the renewal of Trident, and 4844: 4551:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces 3906: 2420:, Continuum International Publishing, 2005. 2416:Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, 1557:after the death of leading Labour politician 716:CND rally, in Aberystwyth, Wales, 25 May 1961 400: 8: 3813:Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick 3798:Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick 3426:(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016) pp. 419–437. 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3067:, Volume 3, Stanford University Press, 2003. 2894:John Carvel; Patrick Wintour (10 May 1989). 2156:Special Collections – University of Bradford 1967:"World's best-known protest symbol turns 50" 1646:) that a member of CND's governing council, 1571:." Foot had received libel damages from the 1075:, the peasant is actually holding his hands 39: 3803:Catalogue of the West Midlands CND archives 3712:"A new generation of CND goes on the march" 2379:, International Peace Bureau, January 1991" 2334:, Manchester University Press, 1968, p. 39. 2247:. Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from 2068:. London: Independent.co.uk. Archived from 2066:"CND membership booms after nuclear U-turn" 1827:Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom 4851: 4837: 4829: 3913: 3899: 3891: 3739:"CND veterans remain unbowed, 50 years on" 3641:War Posters: Weapons of Mass Communication 3545:Minnion, John, and Philip Bolsover (eds), 3286: 3284: 3211: 3209: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2621:. Cnduk.org. 6 August 1945. Archived from 2301:. Cnduk.org. 6 August 1945. Archived from 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2182:Yorkshire Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 1973:. London: BBC News Magazine. 20 March 2008 1642:(the state security service of the former 874:, Edward Hyams, the Bishop of Llandaff Dr 407: 393: 209: 59:used in many different versions worldwide. 55:in 1958. It has become a nearly universal 45: 38: 30:"CND" redirects here. For other uses, see 5504:1958 establishments in the United Kingdom 4504:Global Day of Action on Military Spending 3809:Catalogue of the Trade Union CND archives 3412:pamphlet (London: Mushroom Books, 1981), 3122:Tom Mills, Tom Griffin and David Miller, 2939:"British Atlantic Committee Grant (1981)" 2721: 2719: 2717: 2525: 2523: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2439:, "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament", in 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 1266:influence, much of it emanating from the 486:. Between 1958 and 1965 it organised the 4926:Nuclear Information and Resource Service 2775:Anti-war Activism in the Information Age 2729:, Transaction Publishers, 1985, p. 233, 2570: 2568: 2245:"Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)" 2219:John Minnion and Philip Bolsover (eds), 2041:"Labour Backbench Rebellions since 1997" 1947:Youth for Multilateral Disarmament (YMD) 518:CND's current strategic objectives are: 4911:International Day against Nuclear Tests 3643:(New York: Thames & Hudson, 2007), 3618:Taylor, Richard, and Colin Pritchard, 2896:"Kinnock wins accord on defence switch" 2871: 2869: 2747:Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas 2645:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2150:Cullingford, Alison (25 January 2018). 1958: 1195:in the Soviet Bloc countries, American 360: 230: 212: 5343:France and weapons of mass destruction 4236:Soviet influence on the peace movement 3837:– Report of the 1960 Aldermaston March 3044:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3037: 2876:"British Attitudes to Nuclear Weapons" 2809: 2807: 2549:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966, p. 17 1922:Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom 1069:Goya's peasant before the firing squad 4423:World March for Peace and Nonviolence 3549:(London: Allison & Busby, 1983), 3517:(Manchester University Press, 1989), 3325:. Center for Democracy and Technology 2927:from the original on 12 January 2022. 1842:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (NZ) 1812:and the Modern Records Centre at the 1753:General Secretaries of CND since 1958 1231:Atomic Weapons Research Establishment 1218:also added to international tension. 1025:Atomic Weapons Research Establishment 641:made a commitment to nuclear energy. 7: 5353:History of the anti-nuclear movement 4946:Physicians for Social Responsibility 4580:Third Party Non-violent Intervention 3454:The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 2405:The British General Election of 1959 1633:Free Agent: The Unseen War 1941–1991 1449:Coalition for Peace through Security 774:, chaired a meeting in the rooms of 5303:Songs about nuclear war and weapons 3608:(Manchester University Press, 1968) 3503:(London: Vision Paperbacks, 2005), 2789:, Manchester University Press, 1989 2749:, Cambridge University Press, 2008 2591:Russell, B., "Civil Disobedience", 2531:Direct Action and Liberal Democracy 2510:, Taylor and Francis, 1997, p. 63, 1544:Federation of Conservative Students 472:Methodist Central Hall, Westminster 5298:Nuclear weapons in popular culture 4805:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir 4702:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014) 3990:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 3819:"Thousands protest against H-bomb" 3724:"Anniversary demo at nuclear site" 3611:Phythian, Mark. "CND's Cold War." 3368:"I regret nothing, says Stasi spy" 2947:. House of Lords. 17 December 1981 2913:Sawer, Patrick (17 October 2015). 2486:, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 2403:David E. Butler and Richard Rose, 1862:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 1527:, a charge its supporters denied. 1465:In an article on anti-CND groups, 1304:Extent of support for CND policies 1268:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 25: 5499:Organizations established in 1958 5332:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4297:International Day of Non-Violence 3955:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 3575:North West Labour History Journal 3486:Twentieth Century British History 3468:The Disarmers: A Study in Protest 3124:"The Cold War on British Muslims" 2286:The Disarmers: A Study in Protest 1229:1983 Easter CND march around the 1096:Campaign for Democratic Socialism 5474:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 5448: 5447: 4969: 4891:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 4707:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3752:Sengupta, Kim (7 January 2012). 3710:McGuffin, Paddy (7 March 2007). 3622:(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980), 3540:Glastonbury: A Very English Fair 3300:. House of Commons. 24 July 1986 2608:, Oxford University Press, 1988. 2582:, No. 12, Spring 1963, pp. 6–11. 2560:The Politics of the Labour Party 1584:Communist Party of Great Britain 652: 437:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 421:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 40:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 4936:Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign 4080:Social Democratic Party (Japan) 3870:The Papers of Michael Ashburner 3577:, No. 26 (2001), pp. 18–28 3535:16(4) (2004): pp. 429–438. 3297:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2975:. Written Answers. 21 July 1986 2972:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2944:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2692:"How my father spied for peace" 2449:The World Encyclopedia of Peace 1106:, which became, in effect, the 1058:, designed for them in 1958 by 4000:List of pacifist organisations 3481:(Routledge, 2016) pp. 147–164. 3180:Charles Moore, Charles Moore, 3146:. 5 April 2012. Archived from 2850:, Ohio University Press, 1964. 2343:Fagan, Kieran (9 April 2006). 1877:List of anti-war organizations 1453:Secretary of State for Defence 1441:Women and Families for Defence 1272:Molesworth People's Peace Camp 1086:In the event, Labour lost the 1071:" (although in that painting, 886:, the Very Rev George McLeod, 756:unilateral nuclear disarmament 1: 5484:Anti–nuclear weapons movement 3794:Catalogue of the CND archives 3582:Contemporary European History 3237:"Myths and Misunderstandings" 3065:The Struggle Against the Bomb 2799:"Amnesia over CND membership" 2469:"Early Defections in March", 2064:Herbert, Ian (17 July 2006). 1561:. As editor of the newspaper 1525:Soviet-dominated organisation 569:Muslim Association of Britain 4406:World Peace Bell Association 4307:Dialogue Among Civilizations 4010:New Socialist Party of Japan 3995:Iraq War resisters in Canada 3960:Coalition of Women for Peace 3613:Contemporary British History 3596:Contemporary British History 3456:(Croom Helm: London, 1988), 3348:. Publications.parliament.uk 3239:. Mi5.gov.uk. Archived from 2288:, Hodder and Stoughton, 1964 2152:"Ban the Bomb! CND at Sixty" 1852:European Nuclear Disarmament 1748:Tom Unterrainer 2020–present 1627:Anti-communist propagandist 563:. In collaboration with the 496:Atomic Weapons Establishment 51:The CND symbol, designed by 4574:The whole world is watching 4342:Peace & Love (festival) 4292:Imagine Piano Peace Project 3589:Zeithistorische Forschungen 3442:(London: Routledge, 1997), 3440:Social Movements in Britain 2815:"Whatever happened to CND?" 2447:, and Jong Youl Yoo (eds), 2017:. Cnduk.org. Archived from 1912:Nuclear Information Service 1847:Counterculture of the 1960s 1837:Campaign Against Arms Trade 1724:Marjorie Thompson 1990–1993 1435:Organised opposition to CND 1206:armed submarine fleet with 830:, the Bishop of Birmingham 758:by Britain. In it he said: 728:, Netherlands, 3 April 1961 531:weapons of mass destruction 484:single-issue peace campaign 478:in the UK. It claims to be 79:; 66 years ago 5520: 5418:Russell–Einstein Manifesto 5288:Films about nuclear issues 5283:Books about nuclear issues 4876:Anti-nuclear organizations 4697:2011 intervention in Libya 4317:List of places named Peace 4302:International Day of Peace 4020:Peace and conflict studies 3940:Anti-nuclear organizations 3424:Handbook on Gender and War 3406:From Protest to Resistance 3397:Waiting for the revolution 2451:, Oxford: Pergamon, 1986. 1810:London School of Economics 1644:German Democratic Republic 1186:The Second Wave: 1980–1983 590:CND campaigns against the 490:, which was held over the 29: 5443: 5373:Nuclear-Free Future Award 5293:Nuclear holocaust fiction 4967: 4881:Anti-nuclear power groups 4813: 4332:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 4327:Mother's Day Proclamation 4277:Dances of Universal Peace 4090:The Women's Peace Crusade 3874:Churchill Archives Centre 3570:(London: Routledge, 2006) 3164:, Fount, 1992, pp. 185–6 3144:"Soviet funding? Rubbish" 2861:Journal of Public Affairs 2643:"Collins, (Lewis) John", 2508:Protest, Power and Change 2377:100 years of peace making 2351:. Retrieved 4 March 2011. 1902:Nuclear-Free Future Award 1659:Chairs of CND since 1958 1288:"in which, following the 808:Central Hall, Westminster 748:wrote an article for the 708:The First Wave: 1957–1963 44: 4931:Nevada Desert Experience 4593:Violence begets violence 4526:Non-aggression principle 4396:The Non-Violence Project 4376:Promoting Enduring Peace 4359:Promoting Enduring Peace 4015:Pacifist Socialist Party 3263:"Secret State: Timeline" 3203:, Sunday 23 October 2011 2619:"A brief history of CND" 2459:, (vol. 1, pp. 109–113). 2362:Irish Anti-War Movements 2345:"John de Courcy Ireland" 1764:Dick Nettleton 1967–1973 1736:Carol Naughton 2001–2003 1317:CND banner in March 2011 842:, Bob Edwards, MP, Dame 5388:Nuclear power phase-out 5267:Christopher Weeramantry 4687:Military action in Iran 4322:Monuments and memorials 4272:Concert Yutel for Peace 4075:React, Include, Recycle 4005:List of peace activists 3970:Conscientious objectors 3864:International Socialism 2580:International Socialism 2015:"CND aims and policies" 1882:List of peace activists 1549:The British journalist 1501:The Heritage Foundation 1422:On three occasions the 995:Owen Sheehy-Skeffington 972:Direct Action Committee 968:British Peace Committee 632:Scottish National Party 5393:Nuclear weapons debate 5338:Defence Secretariat 19 4608:Opposition to specific 4563:Swords to ploughshares 4557:Soldiers are murderers 3950:Anti-war organizations 3848:MI5's Official Secrets 2881:3 January 2012 at the 2178:"CND 60th Anniversary" 1857:European Peace Marches 1733:David Knight 1996–2001 1676:Sheila Oakes 1967–1968 1631:, claimed in his book 1611: 1578:The security service ( 1516: 1469:reported that in 1982 1460:Defence Secretariat 19 1318: 1237: 1051: 987:John de Courcy Ireland 840:Michael de la Bédoyère 764: 729: 717: 565:Stop the War Coalition 451:, and the building of 370:Anti-nuclear advocates 225: 5403:Otto Hahn Peace Medal 5212:Hermann Joseph Muller 4961:World Uranium Hearing 4941:Peace Action and SANE 4886:Anti-nuclear protests 4860:Anti-nuclear movement 4610:wars or their aspects 4531:Nonviolent resistance 4381:Show of Peace Concert 4146:Anti-nuclear movement 3716:Telegraph & Argus 3615:15.3 (2001): 133–156. 3466:Driver, Christopher, 3435:40.4 (1987): 517–535. 3433:Parliamentary Affairs 2967:"Section Ds19 (1986)" 2711:40.4 (1987): 517–535. 2709:Parliamentary Affairs 2360:Richard S. Harrison, 1917:Nuclear proliferation 1814:University of Warwick 1770:Duncan Rees 1976–1979 1607: 1603:Dale Campbell-Savours 1542:." In the 1980s, the 1512: 1506:The CPS claimed that 1316: 1286:1983 general election 1228: 1073:The Third of May 1808 1056:symbol adopted by CND 1045: 786:as its president and 760: 723: 715: 224: 214:Anti-nuclear movement 5489:Glastonbury Festival 5479:Anti–Iraq War groups 5383:Nuclear power debate 4692:Sri Lankan Civil War 4586:Turn the other cheek 4401:University for Peace 4312:List of peace prizes 3688:Official media pages 3488:27.1 (2016): 26–50. 3472:Hodder and Stoughton 3129:13 June 2015 at the 3091:The Washington Times 2576:"The impasse of CND" 2299:"The history of CND" 2284:Christopher Driver, 1241:Glastonbury Festival 1132:Cuban Missile Crisis 1037:March to Aldermaston 838:, Viscount Chaplin, 585:2005 London bombings 571:, CND has organised 455:stations in the UK. 32:CND (disambiguation) 5348:Göttingen Manifesto 5202:Freda Meissner-Blau 4956:Sortir du nucléaire 4734:Nuclear disarmament 4717:in Russian Far East 4474:Department of Peace 4459:Counter-recruitment 4454:Conflict resolution 4444:Central Park be-ins 4432:Slogans and tactics 4411:Japanese Peace Bell 4201:Non-interventionism 4196:Modern-war pacifism 4134:Christian anarchism 3563:(OUP Oxford, 2013). 3374:. 20 September 1999 3243:on 17 December 2008 3020:www.julianlewis.net 2595:, 17 February 1961. 2471:Manchester Guardian 2104:on 14 November 2012 2072:on 25 November 2009 1942:World Peace Council 1937:Women's Peace Train 1897:Nuclear disarmament 1767:Dan Smith 1974–1975 1745:Dave Webb 2010–2020 1256:Protest and Survive 1251:Protect and Survive 1023:from London to the 1006:World Peace Council 983:Republic of Ireland 802:, Arthur Goss, and 547:The closure of the 429:nuclear disarmament 380:Protests by country 375:Anti-nuclear groups 41: 5368:Mainau Declaration 4628:American Civil War 4520:Make love, not war 4494:Economic sanctions 4449:Civil disobedience 4282:Festival for Peace 4255:Media and cultural 4241:Testimony of peace 4161:Christian pacifism 3657:(Routledge, 2018). 3598:, 19, No. 2 (2005) 3133:, Spinwatch, 2011. 2562:, Routledge, 2013. 2140:, 2 November 1957. 2125:The history of CND 2092:"CND Constitution" 1691:John Cox 1971–1977 1665:Canon John Collins 1445:Lady Olga Maitland 1410:In the same poll, 1319: 1238: 1052: 918:, the cartoonist ' 854:, Dr I. Grunfeld, 776:Canon John Collins 744:In November 1957, 730: 718: 664:. You can help by 575:under the slogan " 460:Canon John Collins 449:biological weapons 226: 77:November 1957 5461: 5460: 5378:Nuclear-free zone 5321:Anti-war movement 5262:Albert Schweitzer 4951:Pembina Institute 4826: 4825: 4729:Military taxation 4599:War tax resisters 4166:Deterrence theory 3945:Anti-war movement 3732:. 2 January 2008. 3669:Allison and Busby 3591:, 2, No. 2 (2005) 3584:, 14, No. 4(2006) 3559:Nehring, Holger. 3513:Mattausch, John. 3346:"Commons Hansard" 3269:. 17 October 2002 3162:Undiscovered Ends 3078:Undiscovered Ends 2863:, 7: 71–77, 2007. 2837:, 16 October 2015 2819:BBC News Magazine 2745:David Cortright, 2349:Irish Independent 2225:Allison and Busby 2053:on 19 March 2009. 1993:"CND's Structure" 1907:Nuclear-free zone 1456:Michael Heseltine 1145:Nikita Khrushchev 944:Anthony Greenwood 884:Compton Mackenzie 868:Trevor Huddleston 818:after the event. 812:Stephen King-Hall 798:, Howard Davies, 737:and had recently 682: 681: 577:Don't Attack Iraq 529:The abolition of 524:Trident programme 494:weekend from the 488:Aldermaston March 466:as president and 417: 416: 208: 207: 122:General Secretary 16:(Redirected from 5511: 5451: 5450: 5247:Bertrand Russell 5137:Randall Forsberg 4973: 4972: 4921:Mayors for Peace 4853: 4846: 4839: 4830: 4653:list of protests 4514:Lesson of Munich 4469:Demilitarisation 4347:Peace journalism 4141:Anti-imperialism 4124:Anarcho-pacifism 4060:Peace psychology 4040:Peace conference 4035:Peace commission 3980:Culture of Peace 3915: 3908: 3901: 3892: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3763: 3748: 3733: 3719: 3699: 3698: 3696:Official website 3527:McKay, George. 3404:Bradshaw, Ross, 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3233: 3224: 3213: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3150:on 5 April 2012. 3140: 3134: 3120: 3107: 3106:, 3 August 1998. 3100: 3094: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3022:. Archived from 3012: 3006: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2891: 2885: 2873: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2828: 2822: 2811: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2785:John Mattausch, 2783: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2743: 2737: 2723: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2690:Natasha Walter, 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2659:. Archived from 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2615: 2609: 2606:Against the Bomb 2602: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2572: 2563: 2556: 2550: 2547:Anonymous Empire 2540: 2534: 2527: 2518: 2504: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2466: 2460: 2434: 2428: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2385:on 21 March 2019 2381:. Archived from 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2235: 2217: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2103: 2097:. Archived from 2096: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2045: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2021:on 27 April 2008 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1963: 1728:Janet Bloomfield 1680:Malcolm Caldwell 1599:House of Commons 1471:Eugene V. Rostow 1208:Trident missiles 1104:Committee of 100 1033:Lindsay Anderson 1013:general election 991:Peadar O'Donnell 956:D. H. Pennington 924:C. H. Waddington 860:Barbara Hepworth 836:Benjamin Britten 784:Bertrand Russell 739:tested an H-bomb 677: 674: 656: 649: 600:Emily Thornberry 581:15 February 2003 573:anti-war marches 504:Trafalgar Square 464:Bertrand Russell 409: 402: 395: 210: 204: 201: 167:Paul Oestreicher 103: 88: 87: 85: 80: 49: 42: 21: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5439: 5398:Peace activists 5313: 5307: 5271: 5257:Jonathan Schell 5132:Albert Einstein 5117:Helen Caldicott 5107:Daniel Berrigan 5102:Tadatoshi Akiba 5090: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4868: 4862: 4857: 4827: 4822: 4809: 4738: 4682:Afghanistan War 4633:Second Boer War 4609: 4603: 4427: 4250: 4104: 4050:Peace education 3933:Peace advocates 3928: 3919: 3882: 3830: 3828: 3827:. 18 April 1960 3817: 3790: 3781:The Independent 3759:The Independent 3751: 3736: 3722: 3709: 3706: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3653:Clements, Ben. 3639:Aulich, James. 3636: 3634:Primary sources 3538:McKay, George. 3392: 3390:Further reading 3387: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3214: 3207: 3196:Rhys Williams, 3195: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3131:Wayback Machine 3121: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3026:on 26 July 2004 3016:"Archived copy" 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2883:Wayback Machine 2874: 2867: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2829: 2825: 2812: 2805: 2801:, Julian Lewis 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2744: 2740: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2663:on 16 July 2011 2655: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2625:on 17 June 2004 2617: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2573: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2521: 2505: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2467: 2463: 2435: 2431: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2375:"Rainer Santi, 2373: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2305:on 17 June 2004 2297: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2218: 2207: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2176:Fawcett, Matt. 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1822: 1806: 1755: 1661: 1555:Oleg Gordievsky 1521: 1437: 1385: 1311: 1306: 1279:Cruise missiles 1188: 1172:Test Ban Treaty 1160:Nicholas Walter 1152:Spies for Peace 1141:John F. Kennedy 940:A. J. P. Taylor 932:Fenner Brockway 928:Barbara Wootton 916:Michael Tippett 902:, John Napper, 896:Francis Meynell 852:Victor Gollancz 848:Gerald Gardiner 832:Dr J. L. Wilson 772:Kingsley Martin 746:J. B. Priestley 710: 705: 678: 672: 669: 662:needs expansion 647: 608:Michael Meacher 592:Trident missile 516: 413: 384: 356: 198: 187: 185: 181: 179:Rebecca Johnson 177: 173: 169: 165: 159: 151: 149: 145: 138:Tom Unterrainer 135: 123: 113: 106: 99: 83: 81: 78: 76: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5517: 5515: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5466: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5408:Peace movement 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5242:Joseph Rotblat 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5197:Caroline Lucas 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5127:Gordon Edwards 5124: 5122:Norman Cousins 5119: 5114: 5112:Albert Bigelow 5109: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5081:United Kingdom 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4795:United Kingdom 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4418:Women in Black 4415: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4181:Green politics 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4151:Antimilitarism 4148: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4055:Peace movement 4052: 4047: 4045:Peace congress 4042: 4037: 4032: 4030:Peace churches 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3985:ECOPEACE Party 3982: 3977: 3975:Counterculture 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3926:peace movement 3920: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3867: 3857: 3856:(LSE Archives) 3851: 3846:20/20 Vision: 3843: 3838: 3815: 3811:, held at the 3806: 3800: 3796:, held at the 3789: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3774: 3764: 3749: 3734: 3720: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3683:External links 3681: 3680: 3679: 3658: 3651: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3616: 3609: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3543: 3536: 3525: 3511: 3493: 3492: 3482: 3475: 3464: 3452:Byrne, Paul. 3450: 3438:Byrne, Paul. 3436: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3401: 3400: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3359: 3336: 3311: 3280: 3254: 3225: 3205: 3189: 3187:, 5 March 2010 3173: 3153: 3135: 3108: 3095: 3082: 3080:, pp. 179–181. 3069: 3051: 3007: 2986: 2958: 2930: 2905: 2886: 2865: 2852: 2846:W. P. Snyder, 2839: 2823: 2813:Finlo Rohrer, 2803: 2791: 2778: 2767: 2758: 2738: 2713: 2700: 2683: 2674: 2648: 2636: 2610: 2597: 2584: 2564: 2551: 2535: 2529:April Carter, 2519: 2488: 2476: 2473:, 5 April 1958 2461: 2429: 2409: 2396: 2366: 2353: 2336: 2330:Frank Parkin, 2316: 2290: 2262: 2251:on 14 May 2011 2236: 2205: 2194: 2168: 2142: 2129: 2115: 2083: 2056: 2032: 2006: 1984: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1927:Peace movement 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1887:The Lucas Plan 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1660: 1657: 1615:Special Branch 1520: 1517: 1492:demonstrations 1467:Stephen Dorril 1436: 1433: 1428:Hugh Gaitskell 1420: 1419: 1416: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1384: 1381: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1270:, followed by 1260:E. P. Thompson 1216:Able Archer 83 1187: 1184: 1092:Hugh Gaitskell 1048:flag semaphore 948:Jill Greenwood 936:E. P. Thompson 892:Denis Matthews 888:Miles Malleson 828:Peggy Ashcroft 816:Downing Street 804:Joseph Rotblat 792:Ritchie Calder 709: 706: 704: 701: 680: 679: 659: 657: 646: 643: 604:John McDonnell 553: 552: 545: 538: 527: 515: 512: 476:peace movement 433:United Kingdom 415: 414: 412: 411: 404: 397: 389: 386: 385: 383: 382: 377: 372: 366: 363: 362: 358: 357: 355: 354: 353: 352: 342: 340:United Kingdom 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 236: 233: 232: 228: 227: 217: 216: 206: 205: 196: 192: 191: 189:Pat Arrowsmith 163:Caroline Lucas 160: 158:Vice-President 157: 154: 153: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 124: 121: 118: 117: 116:United Kingdom 114: 112:Region served 111: 108: 107: 105: 104: 101:United Kingdom 96: 94: 90: 89: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5516: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5454: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:Linus Pauling 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207:Gregory Minor 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177:Ole Kopreitan 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:Jackie Hudson 5165: 5163: 5162:Nobuto Hosaka 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5086:United States 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4800:United States 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660:War on Terror 4658: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616:War of 1812 ( 4615: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4546:Peacebuilding 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4484:Draft evasion 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4464:De-escalation 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4366:Peace One Day 4364: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Direct action 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129:Anarcho-punks 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4095:War resisters 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3911: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3677:0-85031-056-3 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3649:9780500251416 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628:0-08-025211-7 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3602:Parkin, Frank 3600: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3555:0-85031-487-9 3552: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3523:0-7190-2908-2 3520: 3516: 3512: 3510: 3509:1-904132-69-3 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3462:0-7099-3260-X 3459: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3448:0-415-07123-2 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3419: 3418:0-907123-02-3 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215:Bateman, D., 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3185:The Telegraph 3183: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3093:, 15 May 1994 3092: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063:Wittner, L., 3060: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3004:, No. 3, 1984 3003: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2921:The Telegraph 2917: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2821:, 5 July 2006 2820: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2755:0-521-85402-4 2752: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2735:0-88738-035-2 2732: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2698:, 20 May 2002 2697: 2696:New Statesman 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593:New Statesman 2588: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2574:Peers, Dave, 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2516:0-8153-0913-9 2513: 2509: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2457:0-08-032685-4 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:Linus Pauling 2438: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2426:0-8264-5814-9 2423: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233:0-85031-487-9 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221:The CND Story 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2138:New Statesman 2133: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2057: 2049: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2007: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1932:Peace symbols 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1872:Koeberg Alert 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1780:Meg Beresford 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1629:Brian Crozier 1625: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Charles Moore 1547: 1545: 1541: 1540:Finsbury Park 1537: 1536:Lord Chalfont 1533: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497:Brian Crozier 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1383:Opinion polls 1382: 1380: 1378: 1377:Jeremy Corbyn 1370:1982: 50,000 1369: 1367:1981: 20,000 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Falklands war 1287: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1108:direct action 1105: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:1959 election 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1060:Gerald Holtom 1057: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 999:Hubert Butler 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 922:', Professor 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 904:Ben Nicholson 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 880:Doris Lessing 877: 873: 872:Julian Huxley 869: 865: 864:Patrick Heron 861: 857: 856:E. M. Forster 853: 849: 846:, A.S.Frere, 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:James Cameron 794:, journalist 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768:New Statesman 763: 759: 757: 753: 752: 751:New Statesman 747: 742: 740: 736: 727: 722: 714: 707: 702: 700: 698: 694: 693:Christian CND 689: 687: 676: 673:November 2015 667: 663: 660:This section 658: 655: 651: 650: 644: 642: 640: 635: 633: 629: 628:Angus MacNeil 625: 621: 617: 616:Jeremy Corbyn 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 550: 549:nuclear power 546: 543: 539: 536: 532: 528: 525: 521: 520: 519: 513: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 462:as chairman, 461: 456: 454: 453:nuclear power 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 410: 405: 403: 398: 396: 391: 390: 388: 387: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 365: 364: 359: 351: 348: 347: 346: 345:United States 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 235: 234: 229: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 203: 197: 193: 190: 184: 180: 176: 172: 171:Jeremy Corbyn 168: 164: 161: 155: 152:Daniel Blaney 147: 141: 137: 131: 128: 125: 119: 115: 109: 102: 98: 97: 95: 91: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 54: 53:Gerald Holtom 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 5432: 5330: 5326:Bikini Atoll 5232:C. F. Powell 5217:Kenzaburō Ōe 5192:Bernard Lown 5187:Amory Lovins 5046:South Africa 4890: 4643:World War II 4499:Flower power 4351: 4191:Isolationism 4065:Peace treaty 3863: 3847: 3829:. Retrieved 3822: 3780: 3771:The Guardian 3770: 3757: 3744:The Guardian 3742: 3727: 3715: 3664: 3654: 3640: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3546: 3539: 3533:Peace Review 3532: 3514: 3500: 3497:Hudson, Kate 3485: 3478: 3467: 3453: 3439: 3432: 3423: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3376:. Retrieved 3371: 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3339: 3327:. Retrieved 3314: 3302:. Retrieved 3295: 3271:. Retrieved 3266: 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3241:the original 3220: 3200: 3192: 3184: 3176: 3161: 3160:Bruce Kent, 3156: 3148:the original 3138: 3104:The Guardian 3103: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3077: 3076:Bruce Kent, 3072: 3064: 3028:. Retrieved 3024:the original 3019: 3010: 3001: 2977:. Retrieved 2970: 2961: 2949:. Retrieved 2942: 2933: 2920: 2908: 2900:The Guardian 2899: 2889: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2835:The Guardian 2834: 2826: 2818: 2794: 2786: 2781: 2770: 2761: 2746: 2741: 2726: 2708: 2703: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2665:. Retrieved 2661:the original 2651: 2644: 2639: 2627:. Retrieved 2623:the original 2613: 2605: 2604:Taylor, R., 2600: 2592: 2587: 2579: 2559: 2554: 2546: 2538: 2530: 2507: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2448: 2445:Ervin László 2437:April Carter 2432: 2417: 2412: 2404: 2399: 2387:. Retrieved 2383:the original 2376: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2347:, Obituary. 2339: 2331: 2307:. Retrieved 2303:the original 2293: 2285: 2253:. Retrieved 2249:the original 2239: 2220: 2197: 2185:. Retrieved 2181: 2171: 2159:. Retrieved 2155: 2145: 2137: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2106:. Retrieved 2099:the original 2086: 2074:. Retrieved 2070:the original 2059: 2048:the original 2035: 2023:. Retrieved 2019:the original 2009: 1997:. Retrieved 1987: 1975:. Retrieved 1970: 1961: 1807: 1791: 1707:Joan Ruddock 1701:Hugh Jenkins 1686:April Carter 1652:Joan Ruddock 1637: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619:Cathy Ashton 1612: 1608: 1605:, MP, said: 1594:20/20 Vision 1593: 1588: 1577: 1573:Sunday Times 1572: 1568: 1562: 1559:Michael Foot 1548: 1531: 1529: 1522: 1513: 1505: 1483:Edward Leigh 1479:Julian Lewis 1475: 1464: 1438: 1424:Labour Party 1421: 1386: 1373: 1364:1980: 9,000 1361:1979: 4,287 1358:1978: 3,220 1355:1977: 2,168 1352:1976: 3,220 1349:1975: 2,536 1346:1974: 2,350 1343:1973: 2,367 1340:1972: 2,389 1337:1971: 2,047 1334:1970: 2,120 1331:1969: 2,173 1328:1968: 3,037 1325:1967: 1,500 1320: 1298:Neil Kinnock 1294:Michael Foot 1283: 1276: 1264: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1239: 1220: 1189: 1180: 1169: 1149: 1129: 1121: 1101: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1053: 1036: 1018: 1010: 1003: 980: 964:Dora Russell 912:Flora Robson 908:Herbert Read 820: 800:Michael Foot 767: 765: 761: 749: 743: 731: 690: 683: 670: 666:adding to it 661: 636: 612:Diane Abbott 596:Jon Trickett 589: 554: 517: 457: 424: 420: 418: 305:South Africa 150:Ellie Kinney 65:Abbreviation 57:peace symbol 36: 18:Ban The Bomb 5428:Smiling Sun 5252:Jens Scheer 5182:David Lange 5172:Kate Hudson 5152:Paul Gunter 5142:John Gofman 5066:Switzerland 5051:South Korea 5031:Philippines 5026:New Zealand 4790:Switzerland 4775:Netherlands 4648:Vietnam War 4638:World War I 4509:Human Be-In 4246:World peace 4211:Nonviolence 4176:Finvenkismo 4156:Appeasement 4070:Peaceworker 3479:God and War 3201:Independent 3002:The Lobster 2484:Information 1892:Mike Cooley 1797:Kate Hudson 1788:, 1990–1994 1786:Gary Lefley 1740:Kate Hudson 1671:Olive Gibbs 1458:setting up 1235:Aldermaston 1176:Vietnam War 1137:Gallup Poll 1117:Vietnam War 1029:Aldermaston 900:Henry Moore 844:Edith Evans 824:John Arlott 624:Plaid Cymru 620:Elfyn Llwyd 561:Vietnam War 557:Middle East 500:Aldermaston 482:'s largest 325:Switzerland 310:South Korea 290:Philippines 285:New Zealand 183:Ian Fairlie 175:Alice Mahon 148:Sophie Bolt 127:Kate Hudson 5468:Categories 5413:Peace camp 5227:Mike Pentz 5021:Kazakhstan 4979:By country 4896:Greenpeace 4869:and groups 4755:Costa Rica 4541:Peace walk 4353:Peace News 4231:Satyagraha 4216:Pacificism 4206:Nonkilling 4120:Anarchism 4109:Ideologies 4025:Peace camp 3824:BBC Online 3729:BBC Online 3704:News items 3661:Peggy Duff 3410:Peace News 3170:0002159961 3030:17 January 2389:25 October 1954:References 1774:Bruce Kent 1759:Peggy Duff 1719:Bruce Kent 1713:Paul Johns 1695:Bruce Kent 1508:Bruce Kent 1309:Membership 1233:(AWRE) at 1164:anarchists 960:Eric Baker 952:Lord Simon 876:Glyn Simon 788:Peggy Duff 780:Amen Court 726:Amersfoort 697:Labour CND 639:Tony Blair 468:Peggy Duff 280:Kazakhstan 231:By country 144:Vice-Chair 5237:Adi Roche 5157:Otto Hahn 5147:Jim Green 4986:Australia 4867:Protests 4743:Countries 4724:Landmines 4712:in Russia 4670:Criticism 4479:Desertion 3965:Code Pink 3831:8 January 3762:. London. 3747:. London. 3671:, 1971), 3667:(London: 3470:(London: 3378:9 January 3352:9 January 3329:9 January 3304:9 January 3273:9 January 3247:9 January 2979:9 January 2951:9 January 2629:9 January 2543:S.E.Finer 2309:9 January 2255:9 January 2108:9 January 2076:9 January 2025:9 January 1782:1985–1990 1776:1979–1985 1761:1958–1967 1742:2003–2010 1730:1993–1996 1721:1987–1990 1715:1985–1987 1709:1981–1985 1703:1979–1981 1697:1977–1979 1688:1970–1971 1682:1968–1970 1673:1964–1967 1667:1958–1964 1648:Vic Allen 1591:Channel 4 1488:left-wing 1402:In 2005, 1248:booklet, 1214:exercise 1064:semaphore 645:Structure 551:industry. 514:Campaigns 240:Australia 73:Formation 5453:Category 5434:The Bomb 5312:Related 4818:Category 4675:Protests 4665:Iraq War 4568:Teach-in 4221:Pacifism 3922:Anti-war 3788:Historic 3372:BBC News 3267:BBC News 3127:Archived 3040:cite web 2925:Archived 2879:Archived 2667:13 March 2227:, 1983, 2187:25 April 2161:25 April 1971:BBC News 1832:Anti-war 1820:See also 1804:Archives 1200:missiles 1197:Pershing 686:Scotland 567:and the 537:weapons. 445:chemical 350:Protests 186:John Cox 93:Location 5006:Germany 4991:Austria 4760:Germany 4391:Symbols 4337:Museums 3474:, 1964) 3221:Lobster 1999:16 June 1799:, 2010– 1569:Tribune 1564:Tribune 1296:, then 1204:Polaris 1077:upwards 1011:With a 976:Quakers 866:, Rev. 703:History 630:of the 535:uranium 441:nuclear 431:by the 270:Ireland 260:Germany 245:Austria 195:Website 84:1957-11 82: ( 5314:topics 5095:People 5076:Turkey 5071:Taiwan 5061:Sweden 5041:Russia 5036:Poland 5001:France 4996:Canada 4765:Israel 4750:Canada 4489:Die-in 4439:Bed-in 4186:Hippie 4116:Ahimsa 3675: 3647: 3626: 3553: 3521: 3507: 3490:online 3460: 3446: 3416: 3168: 2753: 2733: 2514: 2455: 2424: 2407:(1960) 2231: 1977:25 May 1532:Sanity 1210:. The 1167:1965. 1115:, the 1113:Biafra 970:, the 906:, Sir 894:, Sir 882:, Sir 870:, Sir 850:, QC, 508:London 492:Easter 480:Europe 335:Turkey 330:Taiwan 320:Sweden 300:Russia 295:Poland 255:France 250:Canada 5276:Media 5056:Spain 5016:Japan 5011:India 4785:Sudan 4780:Spain 4770:Japan 4386:Songs 4371:Plays 4287:Films 4267:Books 4226:Peace 4085:Unity 3880:Other 3323:(PDF) 2123:CND, 2102:(PDF) 2095:(PDF) 2051:(PDF) 2044:(PDF) 1640:Stasi 1258:, by 1193:SS20s 1156:RSG 6 1021:march 920:Vicky 498:near 361:Lists 315:Spain 275:Japan 265:India 200:cnduk 134:Chair 3924:and 3833:2012 3673:ISBN 3645:ISBN 3624:ISBN 3551:ISBN 3519:ISBN 3505:ISBN 3458:ISBN 3444:ISBN 3414:ISBN 3408:, A 3380:2011 3354:2011 3331:2011 3306:2011 3275:2011 3249:2011 3166:ISBN 3046:link 3032:2022 2981:2011 2953:2011 2751:ISBN 2731:ISBN 2669:2009 2631:2011 2512:ISBN 2453:ISBN 2422:ISBN 2391:2016 2311:2011 2257:2011 2229:ISBN 2189:2023 2163:2023 2110:2011 2078:2011 2027:2011 2001:2022 1979:2008 1412:MORI 1404:MORI 1212:NATO 1130:The 1054:The 1046:The 997:and 962:and 926:and 735:USSR 626:and 614:and 419:The 202:.org 4262:Art 3531:', 1580:MI5 1027:at 985:by 778:in 668:. 622:of 502:to 447:or 425:CND 68:CND 5470:: 4622:US 4620:; 4618:UK 3821:. 3779:. 3769:. 3756:. 3741:. 3726:. 3714:. 3663:, 3604:, 3499:, 3370:. 3294:. 3283:^ 3265:. 3228:^ 3219:, 3208:^ 3111:^ 3054:^ 3042:}} 3038:{{ 3018:. 2989:^ 2969:. 2941:. 2923:. 2919:. 2898:. 2868:^ 2833:, 2817:, 2806:^ 2716:^ 2694:, 2578:, 2567:^ 2545:, 2522:^ 2491:^ 2443:, 2319:^ 2265:^ 2223:, 2208:^ 2180:. 2154:. 1969:. 1601:, 1503:. 1481:, 1274:. 1127:. 1039:. 1035:, 1001:. 993:, 978:. 958:, 954:, 950:, 946:, 942:, 938:, 934:, 914:, 910:, 898:, 890:, 878:, 862:, 858:, 834:, 826:, 770:, 741:. 695:, 610:, 606:, 602:, 598:, 587:. 510:. 506:, 443:, 4852:e 4845:t 4838:v 4624:) 4595:" 4591:" 4588:" 4584:" 4576:" 4572:" 4559:" 4555:" 4522:" 4518:" 3914:e 3907:t 3900:v 3835:. 3718:. 3382:. 3356:. 3333:. 3308:. 3277:. 3251:. 3048:) 3034:. 2983:. 2955:. 2902:. 2671:. 2633:. 2393:. 2313:. 2259:. 2191:. 2165:. 2112:. 2080:. 2029:. 2003:. 1981:. 675:) 671:( 423:( 408:e 401:t 394:v 86:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

Index