757:
147:
1084:
117:
57:
87:
40:
495:
986:
734:, with subsequent waves of emigration in 1977, and from 1981 to 1983. Some islanders subsequently returned, following the end of mining in 1979; approximately 300 were living on the island in 2001. The population of Banaba in the 2010 census was 295. Globally, there are an estimated 6,000 individuals of Banaban descent. On Rabi Island the names of settlements are the same authentic four names from Banaba Island.
1238:
1224:
154:
124:
94:
64:
663:. The traditional source of water was a cave in which fresh water collected. A three-year drought starting in 1873 killed more than three-quarters of the population and wiped out almost all of the trees; many of those who survived left the island on passing ships to escape the drought, and only some were able to return, often years later.
1210:
950:. Meanwhile, the Gilbert Islands, grappling with the intricate matter of Banaba islanders seeking secession, successfully navigated these complexities and emerged as the Republic of Kiribati in 1978, overcoming issues related to phosphate royalties and the resettlement of Banabans on Rabi Island in Fiji.
689:. The agreement made with the Banabans was for the exclusive right to mine for 999 years for £50 a year. The terms of the licences were changed to provide for the payment of royalties and compensation for mining damage, amounting to less than 0.1% of the profits the PIC made during its first 13 years.
1068:
The population was 2,706 in 1963, 2,192 in 1968, 2,314 in 1973 and 2,201 in 1978, the year before the end of phosphate exploitation. At the following census, in 1985, only 46 Banabans were living. With the return of some people from Rabi Island, they were 284 in 1990, 339 in 1995, 276 in 2000, 301 in
894:
with the
Banabans. They claimed that in the 1931 and 1947 transactions, the Crown had breached this relationship due to a conflict of duty and interest. The claim of fiduciary relationship was dismissed by the Court, because the term "trust" in the Mining Ordinance 1927 was not used in the technical
1182:
lived on Ocean Island for two years as a child and it was an influence on much of his work. "When I was a small child – aged five and six, I think – I spent two years on Ocean Island, a dot in the
Pacific Ocean near the equator. (Ocean Island is now called Banaba.) The Untunchilamon milieu has very
915:
Simultaneously, discussions about Banaba's constitutional status within the
Gilbert Islands occurred in London in July 1977 between the British Government and a Gilbert Islands delegation. The delegation aimed to maintain the territorial integrity of the Gilbert Islands while seeking agreement with
864:
described the 1947 transaction as a "major disaster" for the
Banabans. Despite later increases in royalty rates, resentment among the Banabans persisted, mostly due to the fact that royalties paid to the government of the Gilbert and Ellice Colony were higher than what they received. This general
852:
negotiated with the
Banabans of Rabi Island for the acquisition of the remaining economically workable land on Ocean Island. The High Commissioner refrained from participating in the negotiations, leaving the Banabans without needed knowledge and advice. The Banabans agreed to sell their land for
1122:
from phosphate proceeds to elderly Rabi islanders. Corrie asserted that Banaba is the property of their descendants who live on Rabi, not of the
Kiribati government, asserting that, "The trust fund also belongs to us even though we do not live in Kiribati". He condemned the Kiribati government's
898:
Sir
Megarry, however, who was highly reproachful of the British colonial administration, took the sides of the Banabans during the case, "Ocean Island no. 1", which claimed that the British Phosphate Commissioners did not fulfil obligations under the 1913 agreement. The Commissioners were found
752:
held that no fiduciary duties were owed, because the term "trust" in the Mining
Ordinance 1927 was not used in the technical sense, but rather in the sense of an unenforceable government obligation. The claim for the beach to be restored, from the 1948 agreement, was time-barred. The replanting
1141:
On 1 January 2006, Corrie called for Banaba to secede from
Kiribati and join Fiji. Kiribati was using Banaban phosphate money for its own enrichment, he said; of the five thousand Banabans in Fiji, there were fewer than one hundred aged seventy or more who would be claiming pensions.
1009:
At the census of 1931, when the production of phosphate was at its highest point, and the headquarters of the entire colony concentrated there, the total population of Ocean Island was of 2,607 inhabitants (1,715 Gilbertese; 65 Elliceans; 129 Europeans; 698 “Mongoloids” . After
1157:
12,000, is that if the island were to become uninhabited, the
Kiribati government might take over the administration of the island, and integrate it with the rest of the country. Kiribati is believed to be anxious to retain Banaba, in the hope of mining it in the future. Like
1001:. Winds between north-east and south-east bring rainfall with large annual and seasonal variability. The period of lowest mean monthly rainfall starts in May and lasts until November. From December until April the monthly rainfall is on average higher than 120 mm.
1018:
in 1945, there were 2,060 left (considering notably the massacre of Banabans at the end of the Japanese occupation). The new ethnic distribution was then the following: 1,351 Gilbertese (the main losses); 441 Polynesians (the main gain from overcrowded
804:
On 20 August 1945, the Japanese troops murdered all but one of the remaining 200 Banabans on Ocean Island. One man, Kabunare Koura, survived the massacre. On 21 August, the surrender of the 500 Japanese soldiers was accepted by Resident Commissioner,
1183:
much the flavor of Ocean Island – heat, flying fish, ghost crabs, red ants, scorpions, and the remnants of deceased military civilizations. (Ocean Island was littered with World War Two debris from the Japanese military occupation.)"
1940:
722:
from 1907 to the 1980s. In June 1948, about 1,100 Gilbertese employed on Ocean Island refused to work; the key demand of the strikers was for higher wages of £10 a month to meet the increased price of goods sold in the trade store.
1363:
385:, which is also its nearest neighbour. It has an area of six square kilometres (2.3 sq mi), and the highest point on the island is also the highest point in Kiribati, at 81 metres (266 ft) in height. Along with
740:
In the 1970s, the Banabans sued in the Court of England and Wales claiming that the UK Crown owed a fiduciary duty to the islanders when fixing the royalty payments and the difference in proper rates should be paid. In
490:
Prior to the deportation of its inhabitants at the end of World War II, there were four villages on the island: Ooma (Uma), Tabiang, Tapiwa (Tabwewa) and Buakonikai. The local capital was Tabiang, now called Antereen.
1042:
mining. Some have since returned, but the majority have remained on Rabi or elsewhere in Fiji. The Banabans came to Fiji in three major waves, with the first group of 703, including 318 children, arriving on the
920:
in October 1977, known as the Bairiki Resolutions, appeared promising, including the proposal for a UN-supervised referendum on the separation of Banaba from the Gilberts, the resolutions were never implemented.
1065:; they were not given the option of returning to Banaba, on the grounds that the Japanese had destroyed their houses – this was not true. Only 100 to 200 returned and represent the landowners that stay in Fiji.
945:
distinctions, posed challenges due to ethnic differences. The Ellice Islands adopted a "separation before self-government" strategy, leading to their constitutional independence in 1978 and the establishment of
706:
criticised the operation of the PPC under the title "Modern buccaneers in the West Pacific". In 1919, the governments of the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand took over the operations of the
1153:
Some of the leaders of the displaced Banaban community in Fiji have called for Banaba to be granted independence. One reason given for the maintenance of a community on Banaba, at a monthly cost of
879:. Here, they garnered sympathy from committee members who urged the United Kingdom to take measures to improve the Banabans' situation, but refrained from supporting their plea for secession.
906:, was tasked with investigating financial and constitutional issues affecting the Banaban community's future. After visiting the Gilbert and Rabi Island, Posnett recommended a $ A 10 million
1110:, said that the Rabi Council was considering giving the right to remine Banaba Island to the government of Fiji. This followed the disappointment of the Rabi Islanders at the refusal of the
1944:
1069:
2005, 295 in 2010 and 268 in 2015 (last available census). While only about 268 people live on Banaba, there is an estimated 6,000 people of Banaban descent in Fiji and other countries.
827:
Given these conditions, the British Government deemed it impractical to return the Banabans to their island and decided to temporarily resettle the 280 Banabans who survived the war on
895:
sense, but rather in the sense of an unenforceable government obligation. The claim for the beach to be restored, from the 1948 agreement, was according to the Court, time barred.
937:
pronunciation of "Gilberts." In this newly formed nation, Banaba was integrated as one of its islands. The historical context of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, characterised by
2705:
801:, a member of the Gilbert and Ellice Colony administration, was subjected to ill-treatment and malnutrition. He died on 23 April 1943. Five Europeans also did not survive.
1283:
but the Constitution of Kiribati writes Banaba. Because of the spelling in English or French, the name was very often written Paanapa or Paanopa, as it was in 1901 Act.
1590:
977:
The village Buakonikai (‘Te Aonoanne’) is now unoccupied. Banaba had three inhabited villages in the 2010 census; Tabwewa, Antereen (also called Tabiang) and Umwa.
2301:
778:
In July 1941, Australia and New Zealand troops evacuated British Phosphate Commission employees from Banaba (then known as Ocean Island). In February 1942, the
2714:
2409:
1503:
1023:); 138 Europeans; 112 “Mongoloids”; 11 “half-caste” European-Gilbertese; 2 “half-caste” European-Ellicean; 4 “Gilbertese-Mongoloids” and 1 "other races".
2170:
1251:
790:
773:
974:, and common Kiribati shrubs such as the saltbush. Having been mined for over 80 years, the centre of the island has no soil and is uninhabitable.
2698:
756:
2252:
1543:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. Andy Jorgensen. Ed.-in-Chief C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
194:
146:
2235:
1404:
3139:
1256:
672:
473:
2151:
1685:
Where the whalers went: An index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century
876:
480:
2107:
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led them demand independence for Ocean Island, however, these were not granted by the British, with concerns about revenue loss cited.
2691:
1179:
857:, aimed at allowing Australian and New Zealand farmers to gain advantages from acquiring phosphates at prices below the market rate.
835:
in Fiji. In December 1945, the Rabi Island Council was established, empowered to enact regulations, subject to the Governor of Fiji.
1742:
1613:
1574:
1038:
rulers decided to resettle most of Ocean Island's population on Rabi Island, because of the ongoing devastation of Banaba caused by
1319:
on the court case brought by the Banabans in London. It was first broadcast on 6 January 1977, shortly after judgement was reached.
1545:
2402:
998:
798:
718:, which was carried out from 1900 to 1979, stripped away 90 per cent of the island's surface, the same process which occurred on
116:
86:
1692:
779:
56:
1884:
1150:
The stated wish of the Kiribati government to reopen mining on Banaba is strongly opposed by many in the Banaban diaspora.
2659:
929:
On July 12, 1979, the Gilbert Islands achieved complete independence from British colonial rule, marking the birth of the
630:
The first known sighting of Banaba by Europeans occurred on 3 January 1801. Captain Jared Gardner of the American vessel
1323:
1111:
1107:
1044:
849:
484:
2052:
2000:
1845:
1704:
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and Elders, which is based on Rabi Island, in Fiji. Internationally, the Banaban community is often represented by the
763:
image of Ocean Island (Banaba), 1945, with the extensive impact of phosphate mining visible at the centre of the island
3144:
2949:
2395:
2078:
2026:
1969:
1629:
994:
899:
liable for damages, but the plaintiffs were required to cover legal costs, which likely exceeded the awarded damages.
1789:
1464:
760:
646:
vessels often visited the island in the nineteenth century for water and wood. The first recorded visit was by the
1514:
753:
obligations under the 1913 agreement were binding, but also they were limited to what was reasonably practicable.
3134:
707:
693:
2378:
2278:
1606:
The Phosphateers: A history of the British Phosphate Commissioners and the Christmas Island Phosphate Commission
3129:
3017:
651:
450:
890:, the Council of Leaders in Rabi Island, along with several Banaban landowners, alleged that the Crown held a
1437:
1135:
1103:
1092:
1078:
2171:"Decolonisation Processes in the South Pacific Islands: A Comparative Analysis Between Metropolitan Powers"
2828:
1309:
by Pearl Binder (published by Blond & Briggs in 1977), an emotional account of the Banaban's troubles.
854:
818:
749:
429:, were the original inhabitants of Banaba, having arrived before the arrival of later migrations from the
2418:
2371:
is a resource on Banaba, by Stacey King, covering history of Banabans and Banaba, as well as recent news
1819:
1658:
887:
883:
814:
806:
742:
1083:
2901:
1352:(published 1957), recounts his stay on the island at the beginning of his career, starting from 1914.
1131:
697:
3086:
2928:
2772:
2767:
2672:
2256:
1758:
1276:
1049:
934:
469:
442:
288:
2209:"Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. A Report on the Results of the Census of the Population 1947"
1584:
1375:
853:£82,000 and a fixed royalty rate, unaware that the British Phosphate Commissioners operated as a
634:
sighted the island. Then in 1804, Captain John Mertho of the convict transport and merchant ship
422:
374:
3068:
2954:
2867:
2802:
2787:
2231:
1766:
1738:
1688:
1609:
1570:
1400:
1383:
1127:
1115:
635:
3096:
3058:
2845:
2737:
2539:
2504:
1215:
1057:. The Banabans had been collected from Japanese internment camps on various islands, mainly
660:
394:
336:
39:
494:
3149:
2862:
2722:
2649:
2602:
2582:
2521:
2426:
2382:
1831:
1549:
1187:
1031:
903:
786:
678:
378:
1919:
483:(BWPT) in 1900 to take advantage of the improved shipping connections resulting from the
1134:
benefits—but only if they returned to Kiribati. She called for negotiations between the
985:
659:
Banaba is prone to drought, as it is a high island with no natural streams and no water
3078:
3002:
2992:
2977:
2959:
2747:
1539:
1349:
1243:
1229:
1167:
1035:
866:
861:
810:
711:
418:
1416:
Tramways, Coconuts and Phosphate: A History of the Tramways of Ocean Island and Nauru.
737:
Ocean Island Post Office opened on 1 January 1911 and was renamed Banaba around 1979.
3123:
3063:
2997:
2969:
2884:
2874:
2857:
2777:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2617:
2597:
2549:
2534:
2529:
2474:
2464:
1331:
1154:
963:
402:
1804:
1301:
3012:
3007:
2982:
2917:
2792:
2757:
2654:
2587:
2574:
2454:
1339:
1027:
1011:
958:
The woodland of Banaba is now limited to the coastal area and is made up mostly of
938:
912:
payment from the British, Australian, and New Zealand governments to the Banabans.
794:
465:
461:
1237:
1562:
381:, it is the westernmost point of Kiribati, lying 185 miles (298 km) east of
3104:
3032:
3022:
2840:
2208:
1335:
1195:
1015:
942:
832:
727:
702:
686:
430:
2592:
2554:
2459:
2115:
United Nations Department of Political Affairs, Trusteeship and Decolonization
1870:
1414:
1387:
1205:
1159:
715:
700:
and mined phosphate from 1900 to 1919. In 1913, an anonymous correspondent to
319:
1569:. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.
209:
196:
2941:
2835:
2797:
2683:
2607:
2499:
2302:"Tears, battles and making a difference - Barbara Dreaver's Pacific odyssey"
2056:
1223:
1119:
1039:
908:
891:
460:
Sigrah makes also the controversial (and politically loaded) assertion that
426:
398:
311:
1770:
1397:
The Book of Banaba: From the Maude and Grimble Papers; and Published Works
2823:
2782:
1054:
930:
434:
370:
298:
2387:
1472:
1379:
824:. Two Japanese officers were put on trial and convicted for the deaths.
3040:
2612:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2129:
1399:. Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific.
1296:
Correspondent. (5 June 1913). "Modern buccaneers in the West Pacific".
1091:
Despite being part of Kiribati, its municipal administration is by the
971:
726:
After 1945, the British authorities deported most of the population to
643:
390:
17:
3050:
2879:
2564:
2510:
2494:
2469:
2449:
2374:
2130:"A Re-Appraisal of the Fiduciary Self-Dealing and Fair-Dealing Rules"
1191:
1062:
1020:
947:
917:
1511:
Office of Te Beretitenti – Republic of Kiribati Island Report Series
1364:"The Social Organization of Banaba or Ocean Island, Central Pacific"
2228:
Consuming Ocean Island: Stories of People and Phosphate from Banaba
1356:
Consuming Ocean Island: Stories of People and Phosphate from Banaba
2852:
2818:
2559:
2544:
2198:, NZ Meteorological Service, Misc. Publ. 188(7), 1987, Wellington.
1441:
1358:, Katerina Martina Teaiwa, 2015, Indiana University Press, pp 272.
1163:
1130:
to Fiji, clarified that Rabi Islanders were, in fact, entitled to
1058:
967:
959:
869:
828:
809:
and Brigadier J. R. Stevenson, who represented Lieutenant General
719:
682:
386:
382:
1326:
and the British government, as of 1985, can be found in the book
2987:
2912:
731:
2687:
2391:
1920:"Japanese garrisons on the by-passed Pacific Islands 1944–1945"
989:
Mean monthly rainfall derived from data in the period 1951–1980
865:
dissatisfaction along with the example of recently-independent
1316:
1014:, at the census of 1947, just after relocation of Banabans on
916:
the Banaban community. Although talks in London and later in
351:
1941:"Wykehamist-War-Service-Record-and-Roll-of-Honour-1939-1945"
1924:
Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942
357:
342:
2368:
1943:. militaryarchive.co.uk. 1945. p. 137. Archived from
1096:
1053:, on 15 December 1945. Accompanying them were 300 other
1338:, to which the majority of Banabans were removed after
925:
Independence and Inclusion in the Republic of Kiribati
348:
1687:, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, pp.198–201.
1471:. UN System-Wide Earthwatch Web Site. Archived from
354:
339:
3095:
3077:
3049:
3031:
2968:
2940:
2926:
2899:
2811:
2730:
2721:
2642:
2626:
2573:
2520:
2425:
1765:. Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson, limited.
1307:
Treasure Islands: The Trials of the Ocean Islanders
345:
310:
305:
294:
284:
276:
268:
263:
255:
241:
233:
225:
188:
180:
175:
877:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonisation
640:sighted the island and named it after his vessel.
2027:"Fate of Ocean Islanders – 100 Reported Murdered"
1561:Sigrah, Raobeia Ken, and Stacey M. King (2001).
1419:Light Railway Research Society of Australia Inc.
875:In 1968, the Banabans brought their case to the
2001:"Japs Massacre Ocean Islanders After Surrender"
1733:Maslyn Williams & Barrie Macdonald (1985).
785:evacuated the remaining Europeans and Chinese.
650:in March 1832. The last known visit was by the
2178:Victoria University of Wellington Law Research
1918:Takizawa, Akira; Alsleben, Allan (1999–2000).
1904:
1902:
1322:An account of the Banaban's struggle with the
2699:
2403:
1608:. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press.
1438:"2020 Kiribati Population and Housing Census"
498:Map of Banaba at the time of phosphate mining
468:. The Banabans were assimilated only through
8:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1589:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
32:
2196:The climate and weather of Western Kiribati
1964:
1962:
1102:On 19 December 2005, Teitirake Corrie, the
479:Ocean Island had been hastily added to the
2937:
2727:
2706:
2692:
2684:
2410:
2396:
2388:
1786:Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World
1252:Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands
933:. The term "Kiribati" is derived from the
774:Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands
421:supports the claim that the people of the
38:
31:
2230:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1728:
1726:
1395:Maude, H. C.; Maude, H. E., eds. (1994).
1126:On 23 December, Reteta Rimon, Kiribati's
1087:Flag of Banaba people used on Rabi Island
415:Te Rii ni Banaba (The Backbone of Banaba)
1300:, pp. 136–140 (Online). Available:
1082:
984:
755:
507:
501:
493:
1805:"Modern buccaneers in the West Pacific"
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1429:
1268:
561:
397:), it is one of the important elevated
1935:
1933:
1827:
1817:
1582:
1275:The correct spelling and etymology in
1190:was born on Banaba and later moved to
504:
2102:
2100:
1368:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
1334:. This also contains descriptions of
793:from 26 August 1942 until the end of
7:
1653:
1651:
1257:Phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru
1123:policy of not paying the islanders.
768:World War II and Japanese occupation
673:Phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru
2255:. 49(1) ANUReporter. Archived from
1846:"Gilbertese Strike on Ocean Island"
1763:Ocean Island and Nauru; Their Story
1362:Maude, H. C.; Maude, H. E. (1932).
1178:Science fiction and fantasy author
677:The Pacific Islands Company, under
481:British Western Pacific Territories
464:are ethnically distinct from other
229:6.29 km (2.43 sq mi)
1659:"Banaba: The island Australia ate"
685:on Banaba consisted of high-grade
25:
2226:Teaiwa, Katerina Martina (2014).
1850:XVIII(11) Pacific Islands Monthly
1630:"G. and E. Colony's Headquarters"
373:in the Pacific Ocean. A solitary
27:Island in the South Pacific Ocean
2355:, New York:Penguin, pp. 115–154.
1604:Macdonald, Barrie Keith (1985).
1236:
1222:
1208:
681:, identified that the petrified
335:
152:
145:
122:
115:
92:
85:
62:
55:
2377:had an informative Banaba site
2005:XVI(10) Pacific Islands Monthly
999:Köppen's climate classification
850:British Phosphate Commissioners
839:Post-1945 Decolonisation Period
417:by Raobeia Ken Sigrah, Banaban
2743:Federated States of Micronesia
2300:Bamber, Shaun (30 June 2021).
2253:"Australia's shameful chapter"
2083:XVI(4) Pacific Islands Monthly
2079:"New Home for Ocean Islanders"
2031:XVI(4) Pacific Islands Monthly
1974:XVI(3) Pacific Islands Monthly
1737:. Melbourne University Press.
1166:atoll but less susceptible to
474:discovery of phosphate in 1900
153:
123:
93:
63:
44:Banaba (formerly Ocean Island)
1:
2213:Endangered Archives Programme
1803:Correspondent (5 June 1913).
1709:II(8) Pacific Islands Monthly
1634:XX(8) Pacific Islands Monthly
1463:Dahl, Arthur (12 July 1988).
1138:and the Kiribati government.
882:Simultaneously, the Banabans
2279:"Hugh Cook Official Website"
1324:British Phosphate Commission
902:In 1977, a senior official,
886:. In proceedings before the
472:and the heavy impact of the
3140:Highest points of countries
2950:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
2342:, New York:Penguin, p. 152.
2329:, New York:Penguin, p. 116.
2140:(2): 366 – via JSTOR.
1784:Gregory T. Cushman (2013).
1097:Banaban Community Presidium
995:tropical rainforest climate
831:and Truk were resettled on
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
581:
578:
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555:
552:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
3166:
2128:Conaglen, Matthew (2006).
1790:Cambridge University Press
1315:, a TV documentary by the
1114:to grant a portion of the
1076:
771:
761:Royal Australian Air Force
670:
487:'s increased activities.
2715:Highest points of Oceania
2668:
2169:de Deckker, Paul (1996).
2134:The Cambridge Law Journal
1970:"Ocean Island Reoccupied"
1887:. Premier Postal Auctions
1106:'s representative to the
993:Banaba Island features a
708:Pacific Phosphate Company
694:Pacific Phosphate Company
485:Pacific Phosphate Company
457:, meaning "hollow land".
246:
166:Show map of Pacific Ocean
49:
37:
3018:Northern Mariana Islands
2381:21 November 2019 at the
2053:"BANABA AND WORLD WAR 2"
1883:Premier Postal History.
1705:"Nauru and Ocean Island"
1303:(accessed 12 June 2015).
570:Tabewa (Tapiwa, Tabwewa)
451:Constitution of Kiribati
280:52.5/km (136/sq mi)
2351:Wright, Ronald (1986).
2338:Wright, Ronald (1986).
2325:Wright, Ronald (1986).
1683:Langdon, Robert (1984)
1548:25 October 2012 at the
1538:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
1313:Go Tell It to the Judge
1136:Rabi Council of Leaders
1093:Rabi Council of Leaders
1079:Rabi Council of Leaders
817:, on board the warship
813:, the commander of the
237:81 m (266 ft)
2829:Juan Fernández Islands
1513:. 2012. Archived from
1108:Parliament of Kiribati
1088:
990:
892:fiduciary relationship
780:Free French destroyer
764:
750:Sir Robert Megarry V-C
499:
453:(12 July 1979) writes
425:, which originated in
306:Additional information
234:Highest elevation
106:Show map of Micronesia
2419:Geography of Kiribati
2251:Prestt, Kate (2017).
1465:"Islands of Kiribati"
1086:
988:
815:First Australian Army
807:Vivian Fox-Strangways
772:Further information:
759:
744:Tito v Waddell (No 2)
671:Further information:
497:
445:is correctly spelled
401:-rich islands of the
210:0.85944°S 169.53694°E
2259:on 19 September 2021
2117:(15): 15. July 1979.
1947:on 18 September 2021
1520:on 23 September 2015
1346:A Pattern of Islands
1162:, it is a low-lying
931:Republic of Kiribati
888:High Court in London
884:pursued legal action
710:. The mining of the
698:Ocean Island Railway
508:Population (Census)
379:Gilbert Island Chain
76:Show map of Kiribati
2673:Outline of Kiribati
1475:on 11 February 2012
1374:(4(164)): 262–301.
1330:by Canadian author
1132:Kiribati government
1112:Kiribati Parliament
1104:Rabi Island Council
791:occupied the island
443:Gilbertese language
375:raised coral island
215:-0.85944; 169.53694
206: /
184:South Pacific Ocean
136:Show map of Oceania
34:
3145:Atolls of Kiribati
2215:. British Library.
2085:. 19 November 1945
2033:. 19 November 1945
1885:"Post Office List"
1873:, 27 December 2005
1830:has generic name (
1444:on 10 October 2021
1089:
991:
765:
530:Antereen (Tabiang)
500:
369:) is an island of
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3069:Wallis and Futuna
2955:Coral Sea Islands
2933:other territories
2902:Associated states
2895:
2894:
2868:Minami-Tori-shima
2681:
2680:
2281:. 13 January 2022
2237:978-0-253-01452-8
1976:. 16 October 1945
1565:Te rii ni Banaba.
1406:978-0-646-20128-3
1348:, memoirs by Sir
1168:rising sea levels
1128:High Commissioner
855:non-profit entity
656:in January 1904.
653:Charles W. Morgan
628:
627:
470:forced migrations
328:
327:
16:(Redirected from
3157:
3135:Phosphate mining
3097:Papua New Guinea
3087:Pitcairn Islands
3059:French Polynesia
2938:
2778:Papua New Guinea
2758:Marshall Islands
2728:
2723:Sovereign states
2708:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2627:West of Gilberts
2540:Enderbury Island
2412:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2108:"Decolonization"
2104:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2055:. Archived from
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1759:Ellis, Albert F.
1755:
1749:
1748:
1735:The Phosphateers
1730:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1558:
1552:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1508:
1500:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1469:Island Directory
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1440:. Archived from
1434:
1410:
1391:
1284:
1273:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1216:Geography portal
1213:
1212:
1211:
1146:Future prospects
1036:British colonial
904:Mr. R.N. Posnett
844:Legal Challenges
799:Cyril Cartwright
696:(PPC) built the
667:Phosphate mining
550:Umwa (Ooma, Uma)
502:
395:French Polynesia
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
221:
220:
218:
217:
216:
211:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
167:
156:
155:
149:
137:
126:
125:
119:
107:
96:
95:
89:
77:
66:
65:
59:
42:
35:
21:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3130:Gilbert Islands
3120:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3091:
3073:
3045:
3027:
2964:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2906:
2903:
2891:
2863:Volcano Islands
2807:
2788:Solomon Islands
2717:
2712:
2682:
2677:
2664:
2650:Carondelet Reef
2638:
2622:
2603:Starbuck Island
2583:Caroline Island
2569:
2522:Phoenix Islands
2516:
2427:Gilbert Islands
2421:
2416:
2383:Wayback Machine
2365:
2360:
2359:
2353:On Fiji Islands
2350:
2346:
2340:On Fiji Islands
2337:
2333:
2327:On Fiji Islands
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2194:Burgess, S.M.,
2193:
2189:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2158:. 31 July 1978.
2150:
2149:
2145:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2059:on 8 April 2008
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1852:. 18 March 1948
1844:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1816:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1711:. 15 March 1932
1703:
1702:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1581:
1577:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1550:Wayback Machine
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1407:
1394:
1361:
1328:On Fiji Islands
1293:
1291:Further reading
1288:
1287:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1188:Barbara Dreaver
1176:
1148:
1081:
1075:
1034:' (and Fiji's)
1032:Gilbert Islands
1007:
983:
956:
927:
846:
841:
776:
770:
679:John T. Arundel
675:
669:
411:
338:
334:
324:
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214:
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208:
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195:
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171:
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140:
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135:
134:
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110:
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101:
97:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
67:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3079:United Kingdom
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Johnston Atoll
3000:
2995:
2993:Howland Island
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:American Samoa
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2960:Norfolk Island
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2904:of New Zealand
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2870:
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2630:
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2623:
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2423:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2372:
2364:
2363:External links
2361:
2358:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2292:
2270:
2243:
2236:
2218:
2200:
2187:
2161:
2143:
2120:
2096:
2070:
2044:
2018:
1987:
1958:
1929:
1910:
1898:
1875:
1863:
1837:
1795:
1792:. p. 127.
1776:
1750:
1743:
1722:
1696:
1676:
1663:Radio National
1647:
1621:
1614:
1596:
1575:
1553:
1531:
1486:
1455:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1392:
1359:
1353:
1350:Arthur Grimble
1343:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1244:Oceania portal
1233:
1230:Islands portal
1219:
1203:
1200:
1175:
1174:Notable people
1172:
1147:
1144:
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1026:At the end of
1021:Ellice Islands
1006:
1003:
982:
979:
955:
952:
926:
923:
862:Robert Megarry
845:
842:
840:
837:
811:Vernon Sturdee
769:
766:
712:phosphate rock
687:phosphate rock
668:
665:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
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407:
326:
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296:
292:
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266:
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256:Island council
253:
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247:
244:
243:
242:Administration
239:
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230:
227:
223:
222:
190:
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68:
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43:
26:
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
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3128:
3127:
3125:
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3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:New Caledonia
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Jarvis Island
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2970:United States
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2886:
2885:Palmyra Atoll
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:United States
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Bonin Islands
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Easter Island
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
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2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
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2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
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2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2618:Vostok Island
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Malden Island
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:McKean Island
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Birnie Island
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
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2307:
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2258:
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2247:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2156:UK Parliament
2153:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2007:. 16 May 1946
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1744:0-522-84302-6
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1665:. 30 May 2019
1664:
1660:
1654:
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1622:
1617:
1615:9780522843026
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1600:
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1592:
1586:
1578:
1576:982-02-0322-8
1572:
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1557:
1554:
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3013:Midway Atoll
3008:Kingman Reef
2983:Baker Island
2929:Dependencies
2918:Cook Islands
2660:Winslow Reef
2655:Filippo Reef
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2588:Flint Island
2575:Line Islands
2509:
2375:Jane Resture
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2263:19 September
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2257:the original
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2057:the original
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2037:29 September
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2011:29 September
2009:. Retrieved
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1980:29 September
1978:. Retrieved
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1951:17 September
1949:. Retrieved
1945:the original
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1854:. Retrieved
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1715:26 September
1713:. Retrieved
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1636:. March 1950
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1515:the original
1510:
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1477:. Retrieved
1473:the original
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1442:the original
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1340:World War II
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1118:614 million
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419:oral history
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377:west of the
367:Ocean Island
366:
330:
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277:Pop. density
264:Demographics
248:
29:
3033:New Zealand
3023:Wake Island
2768:New Zealand
2369:Banaban.com
2311:30 December
1828:|last=
1336:Rabi Island
1298:The New Age
1196:New Zealand
1186:Journalist
1016:Rabi Island
964:flame trees
939:Micronesian
833:Rabi Island
728:Rabi Island
703:The New Age
437:. The name
431:East Indies
423:Te Aka clan
365:; formerly
213: /
201:169°32′13″E
189:Coordinates
3124:Categories
2841:West Papua
2593:Kiritimati
2555:Nikumaroro
2460:Butaritari
2285:13 January
2152:"Banabans"
1871:Fiji Times
1814:: 136–140.
1693:086784471X
1448:27 January
1388:1250190393
1279:should be
1277:Gilbertese
1160:Kiritimati
1120:trust fund
1055:Gilbertese
1005:Demography
943:Polynesian
935:Gilbertese
821:Diamantina
716:fertiliser
587:Buakonikai
466:I-Kiribati
449:, but the
289:Gilbertese
272:330 (2020)
269:Population
2942:Australia
2836:Indonesia
2738:Australia
2608:Tabuaeran
2500:Tabiteuea
1585:cite book
1541:Phosphate
1194:and then
1180:Hugh Cook
1040:phosphate
954:Geography
909:ex-gratia
797:in 1945.
427:Melanesia
399:phosphate
320:UTC+12:00
312:Time zone
285:Languages
198:0°51′34″S
176:Geography
2753:Kiribati
2379:Archived
1761:(1935).
1546:Archived
1524:28 April
1479:14 April
1380:20702446
1202:See also
1073:Politics
1047:vessel,
997:, under
787:Japanese
648:Arabella
462:Banabans
435:Kiribati
371:Kiribati
299:Banabans
249:Kiribati
181:Location
3041:Tokelau
2812:In part
2803:Vanuatu
2613:Teraina
2490:Nonouti
2485:Nikunau
2480:Marakei
2445:Aranuka
2440:Abemama
2435:Abaiang
2063:20 July
1812:New Age
1771:3444055
1281:Bwanaba
981:Climate
972:tapioca
960:mangoes
789:forces
644:Whaling
505:Village
447:Bwanaba
409:History
403:Pacific
391:Makatea
18:Banaban
3150:Banaba
3051:France
2880:Hawaii
2798:Tuvalu
2731:Entire
2634:Banaba
2565:Rawaki
2535:Canton
2511:Tarawa
2505:Tamana
2495:Onotoa
2470:Maiana
2450:Arorae
2234:
1908:Ch 106
1891:5 July
1769:
1741:
1691:
1669:6 June
1612:
1573:
1403:
1386:
1378:
1192:Tarawa
1063:Kosrae
1050:Triona
1030:, the
968:guavas
948:Tuvalu
918:Tarawa
746:Ch 106
455:Banaba
439:Banaba
331:Banaba
301:(100%)
259:Banaba
160:Banaba
130:Banaba
100:Banaba
70:Banaba
33:Banaba
2853:Japan
2846:Papua
2819:Chile
2793:Tonga
2783:Samoa
2773:Palau
2763:Nauru
2643:Reefs
2560:Orona
2545:Manra
2475:Makin
2465:Kuria
2306:Stuff
2174:(PDF)
2111:(PDF)
1808:(PDF)
1518:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1424:Notes
1376:JSTOR
1263:Notes
1164:coral
1059:Nauru
870:Nauru
829:Nauru
819:HMAS
720:Nauru
683:guano
637:Ocean
632:Diana
608:Total
525:2020
387:Nauru
383:Nauru
2988:Guam
2913:Niue
2748:Fiji
2455:Beru
2313:2023
2287:2022
2265:2021
2232:ISBN
2184:: 8.
2091:2021
2065:2021
2039:2021
2013:2021
1982:2021
1953:2021
1893:2013
1858:2021
1832:help
1767:OCLC
1739:ISBN
1717:2021
1689:ISBN
1671:2019
1642:2021
1610:ISBN
1591:link
1571:ISBN
1526:2015
1481:2012
1450:2021
1401:ISBN
1384:OCLC
1061:and
941:and
860:Sir
732:Fiji
714:for
692:The
661:lens
624:330
565:158
545:115
522:2015
519:2010
516:2005
513:1995
433:and
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226:Area
2931:and
1317:BBC
1155:F$
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1045:BPC
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