381:
depths of 25 m (82 ft). It is a slow mover on land, and it tends to hide among rocks, in holes, or overhanging tree roots at the shoreline. It also makes use of any man-made structures, such as bridges and jetties, to hide. It is generally not aggressive, and if approached in water, it will swim away swiftly and on land will attempt to escape into water. If threatened on land, it will rear up and spread its narrow, yet prominent hood and it may hiss loudly, but it tends not to make any forward movements. It will only bite when provoked.
88:
231:
63:
320:
of 1.4 to 2.2 metres (4.6 to 7.2 ft) in length, but they can grow to a maximum of 2.8 metres (9.2 ft). Scales are smooth, indicating the largely aquatic life of this species. It is capable of spreading a narrow, yet impressive hood. Body colors are mostly glossy brown, grayish-brown, or reddish-brown with black bands all along the body. The belly is pale yellow, while the tail is wholly black.
44:
380:
It is a secretive species and is seldom encountered by humans. It is active by day and night, though it is usually more active by day. This largely aquatic snake spends most of its time in the water. It is an excellent swimmer and is capable of remaining underwater for up to 10 minutes and diving to
319:
It is a large, heavy-bodied snake with a short, broad and flat head with an indistinct canthus and distinct from the neck. It has medium-sized dark eyes with round pupils. The body is cylindrical; the tail is long. The scales are smooth and glossy, in 21–23 rows at midbody. Adults grow to an average
483:
short-chain neurotoxin 1. These fractions also contained toxins readily separable from the short-chain isotoxin by preparative reverse-phase chromatography. Amino-acid sequencing of the first 28 residues indicated that both toxins were long-chain neurotoxins with identical N-termini. The
372:. It is largely an aquatic species and rarely is found far away from water. It can be found along lakes and rivers in forested and well-wooded savanna terrain where cover is sufficient, most commonly along lowland forested, bushy or wooded banks of lakes, rivers, and streams.
462:
toxin) polypeptides with four half-cystines. Elucidation of the complete amino-acid sequences indicated that these toxins belonged to the short-chain class of postsynaptic neurotoxins. Short-chain neurotoxins 1 from
1040:
972:
1035:
915:
430:
venoms were 0.143 and 0.120 mg/kg, respectively. Polyvalent antivenom produced by the South
African Institute of Medical Research neutralized 575 and 200 LD
954:
1005:
760:
Weinstein, Scott A.; James J. Schmidt; Leonard A. Smith (30 March 1991). "Lethal toxins and cross-neutralization of venoms from the
African water cobras,
889:
928:
727:
1065:
1060:
817:
673:
479:
alpha toxin. Reverse-phase analysis of another peak present in both venoms resolved a toxin that had an N-terminus identical to
87:
1025:
548:
Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Cabinda
933:
801:
1050:
1030:
697:"Boulengerina annulata - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms"
341:
1055:
1020:
696:
1045:
642:
1015:
959:
337:
305:
The species is one of the two species of water cobra in the world, the other one being the Congo water cobra (
829:
590:
Wagner, P.; Branch, W.R.; Safari, I.; Chenga, J.; Gonwouo, N.L.; Kusamba, C.; Zassi-Boulou, A.-G. (2021).
565:
263:
251:
204:
735:
614:
52:
442:
venoms/ml antivenom, respectively. Cation exchange chromatography resolved four lethal peaks from
867:
410:
Venoms of the water cobras were assayed for lethality, proteolytic activity and protein content.
401:
238:
82:
392:
The venom of this species is not well studied, but it is believed that the venom is dangerously
920:
946:
876:
813:
785:
669:
349:
345:
982:
384:
It preys almost exclusively on fish. It may also prey on frogs, toads, and other amphibians.
967:
777:
609:
450:
venom. The major lethal peaks (about 12% of total venom protein) were purified further with
361:
508:
species studied thus far, and have high concentrations of potent postsynaptic neurotoxins.
451:
418:
venoms averaged 89% protein and lacked proteolytic activity. The murine intraperitoneal LD
369:
230:
591:
43:
539:
496:
venoms were 0.086 and 0.090 mg/kg, respectively. The venoms of these little-known
220:
475:
values of 0.052 and 0.083 mg/kg, respectively, and showed over 80% homology with
1010:
999:
941:
781:
600:
307:
72:
67:
881:
805:
181:
17:
902:
861:
559:
852:
393:
99:
789:
846:
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333:
159:
139:
119:
648:
894:
329:
129:
907:
365:
357:
299:
109:
823:
368:, as well as along the Burundian, Tanzanian and Zambian shores of
353:
149:
328:
This species is found in parts of central and western Africa, in
295:
169:
827:
515:
734:. United States Department of Defense. Archived from
836:
615:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T44929978A44929995.en
1041:Reptiles of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
668:. London, UK: Blandford Press. pp. 55–56.
454:chromatography and were characterized as 61- (
8:
824:
500:have some of the lowest intraperitoneal LD
400:. A study listed the intraperitoneal (IP)
229:
61:
42:
31:
755:
753:
613:
1036:Reptiles of the Central African Republic
582:
545:Banded water cobra, ringed water cobra
664:Spawls, Stephen; Branch, Bill (1995).
659:
657:
722:
720:
718:
691:
689:
687:
685:
638:
636:
634:
632:
407:of this species at 0.143 mg/kg.
245:
7:
1006:IUCN Red List least concern species
601:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
732:Armed Forces Pest Management Board
25:
488:of long-chain neurotoxins 2 from
446:venom and six lethal peaks from
86:
527:
524:
521:
518:
762:Boulengerina annulata annulata
298:native to western and central
1:
649:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
471:had murine intraperitoneal LD
1066:Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters
782:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90118-B
701:Clinical Toxinology Resource
342:Democratic Republic of Congo
651:. Accessed 12 October 2021.
1082:
1061:Reptiles described in 1876
666:Dangerous Snakes of Africa
286:), commonly known as the
244:
237:
228:
210:
203:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
703:. University of Adelaide
608:: e.T44929978A44929995.
534:N. a. annulata
338:Central African Republic
324:Distribution and habitat
810:Reptiles and amphibians
728:"Boulengerina annulata"
554:N. a. stormsi
458:toxin) and 62-residue (
1026:Vertebrates of Burundi
504:values of any African
412:Naja annulata annulata
360:, and the province of
766:Boulengerina christyi
283:Boulengerina annulata
259:Boulengerina annulata
1051:Reptiles of Tanzania
1031:Reptiles of Cameroon
396:, like that of most
566:Storm's water cobra
53:Conservation status
1056:Reptiles of Zambia
1021:Reptiles of Angola
570:Burundi, Tanzania
294:, is a species of
292:ringed water cobra
288:banded water cobra
248:Aspidelaps bocagei
18:Banded water cobra
1046:Reptiles of Gabon
993:
992:
830:Taxon identifiers
776:(11): 1315–1327.
738:on 9 January 2012
574:
573:
528:Geographic range
376:Behavior and diet
350:Equatorial Guinea
346:Republic of Congo
273:
272:
267:
255:
76:
16:(Redirected from
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1016:Snakes of Africa
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196:N. annulata
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27:Species of snake
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452:molecular sieve
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370:Lake Tanganyika
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490:N. a. annulata
485:
477:N. nigricollis
472:
465:N. a. annulata
456:N. a. annulata
444:N. a. annulata
436:N. a. annulata
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424:N. a. annulata
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869:
868:Naja annulata
863:
859:
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844:
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839:
838:Naja annulata
835:
831:
826:
819:
818:957-469-519-0
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677:
675:0-7137-2394-7
671:
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645:
644:Naja annulata
639:
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611:
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594:Naja annulata
586:
583:
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569:
567:
564:
562:, 1886)
561:
557:
555:
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547:
544:
541:
538:Buchholz and
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522:Taxon author
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417:
416:Naja christyi
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308:Naja christyi
303:
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277:Naja annulata
265:
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217:
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214:Naja annulata
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
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68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
36:Naja annulata
33:
30:
19:
837:
809:
806:Tim Halliday
773:
769:
765:
761:
740:. Retrieved
736:the original
731:
705:. Retrieved
700:
665:
643:
619:. Retrieved
605:
599:
593:
585:
553:
542:, 1876
533:
525:Common name
505:
493:
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258:
247:
213:
211:
195:
194:
183:Boulengerina
182:
170:
35:
29:
903:iNaturalist
862:Wikispecies
802:Mark O'Shea
742:16 February
707:16 February
519:Subspecies
494:N. christyi
481:N. christyi
469:N. christyi
460:N. christyi
448:N. christyi
440:N. christyi
428:N. christyi
315:Description
296:water cobra
1000:Categories
621:12 October
577:References
394:neurotoxic
280:(formerly
178:Subgenus:
146:Suborder:
190:Species:
150:Serpentes
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
973:annulata
947:44929978
921:10989075
853:Q2703922
847:Wikidata
512:Taxonomy
334:Cameroon
254:, 1884
239:Synonyms
160:Elapidae
156:Family:
140:Squamata
130:Reptilia
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
983:8051675
934:1057614
895:2470378
790:1814007
770:Toxicon
647:at the
498:elapids
398:elapids
362:Cabinda
330:Burundi
290:or the
266:, 1923
264:Schmidt
252:Sauvage
166:Genus:
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
980:uBio:
816:
788:
672:
540:Peters
366:Angola
358:Rwanda
300:Africa
223:, 1876
221:Peters
916:IRMNG
908:30456
882:45KW5
560:Dollo
388:Venom
354:Gabon
1011:Naja
960:8609
955:NCBI
942:IUCN
929:ITIS
890:GBIF
814:ISBN
786:PMID
764:and
744:2012
709:2012
670:ISBN
623:2021
606:2021
506:Naja
492:and
467:and
438:and
426:and
414:and
171:Naja
877:CoL
778:doi
768:".
610:doi
434:of
422:of
364:in
311:).
1002::
970::
968:RD
957::
944::
931::
918::
905::
892::
879::
864::
849::
808:,
804:,
784:.
774:29
772:.
752:^
730:.
717:^
699:.
684:^
656:^
631:^
604:.
598:.
502:50
486:50
484:LD
473:50
432:50
420:50
404:50
402:LD
356:,
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
302:.
262:—
820:)
812:(
792:.
780::
746:.
711:.
678:.
625:.
612::
596:"
592:"
558:(
75:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
