31:
391:
largest bases of the horns (pedicles), and thus slightly wider skulls. The pedicle widths of twelve males averaged at 130.9mm, with a spread of 122–136.5mm, compared to 125.3mm in
Botswana, with a spread of 117.9-136.0mm, and 123mm in Zimbabwe, with a spread of 112.2-134.2mm. The horn core of the males was 51.6mm thick on average, with a spread of 45.1-64.6mm, compared to 47.1mm in Botswana, with a spread of 38.6-53.5mm, and 44.9mm in Zimbabwe, with a spread of 38.7-58.7mm.
75:
50:
628:' in Zambia. This was because although the species was not thought to have lost much historical distribution, its distribution in Zambia is restricted, the population was thought to be small, and the low amount that the country was able to invest in protection at the time. In the case of the Bangweulu population specifically, the IUCN recommended that plans for the
691:, launched a community-based wildlife management programme, the Administrative Management Design for Game Management Areas, under which management and revenues from both local and international hunting fees is shared between the government and the local community. As of 1996, although there have been some local issues, in general the programme has been a success.
646:' at the time. Based on the 1993 information (the IUCN cites the wrong date, 1999, for the publication, and the wrong date for the survey), the population at Bangweulu was estimated at 3,500 and was increasing. Based on aerial census counts of the floodplains, the numbers were increasing over the period 2011 to 2014. In 2017 the IUCN
398:
was observed to average darker from south to north, with that of the
Bangweulu animals being described as chocolate-brown. There is also probably a cline in the average body size of the animals, with those of Bangweulu being the largest. Other less definite characteristics are a higher braincase on
481:
and Grubb went even further and split the sassaby into nine species, also including this taxon at the rank of species. They used the phylogenetic species concept to split this species and many others based on small qualitative physical differences between different geographic populations, based on
342:
of topis (by Ansell, 1972), arguing that three geographic sassaby populations should be regarded as different species. Instead of using conventional techniques to distinguish taxonomic groups, Cotterill invented and applied something he called the 'Consilient
Solution' to determine that there were
362:
characteristics exist as overlapping spectra; however, Cotterill used statistical techniques to determine that the differences of two characteristics were significant enough in his sample sets to use to differentiate them, although both of these characteristics of different populations appear to
390:
characteristics: the width of the base of the horn, and the thickness of the horn core. Based on 23 skulls and those of other mentioned above, on average, the horns of sassaby populations become slightly more robust and longer as one moves north to Zambia, with sassaby from
Bangweulu having the
637:
was estimated at 3,500 in 1993 and rising. There were thirty tsessebe in private reserves. In 2008 the IUCN stated that there were no known threats, and there was no convincing evidence the population had declined by 20% or more over the last three generations (20 years), so the assessed the
679:, such packages cost from $ 17,000-$ 37,800. Local inhabitants of the floodplains occasionally hunt the animals for food under the permit system. In Zambia, the hunting season is from the beginning of May to the end of November. In the mid-1980s the Zambian government, with help from IUCN,
294:
sassaby antelopes become progressively darker on average in the northern populations, and on average have slightly thicker horns at the base of the skull, but those of northern Zambia are the darkest and with the most robust horns on average (a mean 4.3% thicker than the
650:
the exact same 2008 text: the population was estimated at 3,500 and was increasing, there was no convincing evidence the population had declined by 20% or more over the last three generations, and that there was therefore no justification to consider the taxon
217:
333:
as a new species. He had examined 23 skulls from this region, and determined that compared to the sassaby population further south, on average the cross-section of the horns was a bit thicker in this sample. In the paper
Cotterill rejected the
451:
differentiating his species was the horn base width, and possibly also the darker coat colour, Cotterill thus advocated recognising his species under something he called the 'Recognition
Species Concept', which he had recently invented.
632:
needs of local inhabitants of the floodplain integrate conservation and utilisation programs for the antelope. In 1998 the IUCN reported that the conservation aspect of this had been a success. The population for the
Bangweulu and
351:
statistical techniques, which, rather than enable people to identify individuals as belonging to specific taxa, allows taxa to be defined and identified by the spread in variables across a sample set.
553:
Based on records from hunters
Cotterill read, sassaby did not occur in central Zambia in the late 19th century, since at least 1881, and the northern Zambian population may have always been
407:
rows. The horns had a slightly wider spread and were longer on average. In adults of both sexes, the horns grow symmetrically to form a sphere, as opposed to the more semi-lunate profile of
671:
upon shooting an animal. Trophy fees range from US$ 1,600 to US$ 3,000 as of 2021. Hunters in the
Bangweulu area are commonly offered 6-11 day extension packages including sassaby,
613:. It primarily resides in the Game Management Areas, in which the wildlife is not afforded the level of protection under Zambian law that it would receive in the National Parks.
533:, meaning 'surviving', 'being present' and also 'witnessing', was chosen because Cotterill was convinced this population had been isolated in northern Zambia since at least the
282:
cannot be clearly distinguished from populations to the south, the taxon was defined using an experimental suite of statistical techniques applied to a sample set, based on
667:, the Bangweulu tsessebe is not considered different than the common tsessebe with regards to Zambian trophy lists. Hunters must purchase permits, as well as pay
443:. Although the taxon would not be recognised under the conventional biological species concept, and while he suggested his new species might be valid under the
431:
of sassaby from Zambia, thus there is potentially a possibility that these protozoa might be restricted to these particular populations and thus be diagnostic.
557:
separated. According to
Cotterill, based on specimen and literature records, in the beginning of the 20th century it occurred from the northern corner of the
526:'sassaby' by the end of the 19th century in English. Cotterill proposed the common name 'Bangweulu tsessebe' for the northern Zambian population in 2003. The
1649:
577:, around the upper Chambeshi river. Cotterill states that it had disappeared from the upper Chambeshi area around 1936. Schouteden recorded it east of the
278:
as a new species, only to be downgraded to a subspecies a few years later. Its taxonomic status is unclear as of 2021. As an individual sassaby of this
411:. The larger size, spherical horn profile and darker pelage could be used in the field according to Cotterill. Another possible difference is in the
1556:
1582:
983:
541:, which Cotterill hypothesises may have emptied into a giant floodplain of its own in the Pleistocene, and based on the supposition that the
490:
thus decided to reject the Groves and Grubb taxonomic interpretation of the sassaby in its entirety, and in this case also reject the 2005
1669:
1293:
1659:
582:
263:
586:
30:
1600:
975:
1587:
759:
605:
specimen was collected here. In 2003 their existence in this area was doubtful, as was their occurrence immediately west in
688:
394:
Similarly, based on eleven skins from this taxon and other sassaby skins from further south, and field observations, the
444:
537:, based on the theoretical hydrological changes in this region of Africa in that era, specifically, the capture of the
1595:
457:
969:
74:
1664:
482:
small sample sets, and without publishing any research supporting their positions. This proved controversial among
335:
322:
1396:
634:
610:
609:, but there was a healthy population persisting in parts of the southern Bangweulu Flats, with large herds in the
1674:
1272:
655:' or 'vulnerable'. For some reason it was rated 'vulnerable' in the graphic accompanying the assessment anyway.
1521:
918:
Ito, A.; Arai, N.; Tsutsumi, Y.; Imai, S. (November 1997). "Ciliate Protozoa in the rumen of sassaby antelope,
415:, based on two studies, both taxa contain the same eleven species in their gut flora as found in all topi, but
330:
423:
565:, with the range continuing in a thin band in a northeasterly direction, between the Bangweulu Flats and the
469:
the sassaby into three species: a southern, northern and the Bangweulu. Macdonald considered the Bangweulu a
1173:"Species delimitation based on diagnosis and monophyly, and its importance for advancing mammalian taxonomy"
462:
473:
in 2006, the IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group also subsumed it as a subspecies in 2008. In the 2011 book
439:
Because individual sassaby cannot be identified as this taxon or the other, Cotterill posits it might be a
1483:
1430:
193:
1281:
Antelopes : global survey and regional action plans. Part 2 : Southern and South-central Africa
566:
466:
348:
283:
417:
1543:
590:
538:
387:
326:
1654:
1317:
812:(Bovidae: Alcelaphini) in south-central Africa: with the description of a new evolutionary species"
684:
578:
291:
275:
267:
39:
1374:
1066:
343:
differences from the other sassaby populations to the south. The Consilient Solution was based on
1146:
947:
663:
The Bangweulu tsessebe in the Game Management Areas may be hunted in Zambia. For the purposes of
625:
339:
312:
287:
246:
170:
69:
668:
1621:
1530:
1289:
1248:
1204:
989:
979:
939:
900:
629:
1626:
594:
1369:
1240:
1194:
1184:
1138:
931:
892:
606:
562:
527:
1608:
1230:
652:
523:
511:
440:
404:
383:
364:
616:
In 1989 the population in the Bangweulu floodplain was estimated at 2,000 animals by the
1199:
1189:
935:
896:
664:
647:
602:
574:
412:
712:
1643:
1360:
1172:
1126:
1041:
1028:
965:
845:
807:
725:
643:
598:
59:
54:
1351:
1234:
1150:
1535:
1455:
951:
478:
448:
338:, rejected the concept of subspecies entirely, and hence rejected the then current
146:
216:
1569:
1515:
621:
534:
483:
421:
had up till then only been identified in a study of sassaby in South Africa and
354:
An individual antelope cannot objectively be differentiated as one or the other
262:
in the wild, although it was recorded as occurring in neighbouring southernmost
126:
1506:
1142:
470:
318:
271:
156:
1279:
1099:
1244:
993:
676:
554:
344:
255:
86:
1252:
1208:
746:
1613:
943:
1500:
904:
372:
368:
300:
296:
251:
106:
1171:
Gutiérrez, Eliécer E.; Garbino, Guilherme Siniciato Terra (March 2018).
266:
in the 1940s. Also seen as the northernmost population belonging to the
1561:
1404:
558:
542:
359:
136:
1574:
545:
requirements of the antelope are linked to the existence of wetlands.
672:
494:, essentially reverting to the 1972 Ansell view with the addition of
400:
395:
259:
116:
96:
1477:
299:
average, compared to 1.2% mean size difference between Botswana and
680:
639:
624:
and Bangweulu, were the only antelope species considered locally '
570:
428:
375:
sample set, as the Zambia group differed from the Botswana group.
355:
279:
241:
1548:
971:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1285:
617:
1481:
1271:
Jeffery, R. C. V.; Bell, R. H. V.; Ansell, W. F. H. (1989).
403:
on average, and a longer rostrum due to on average longer
1325:
Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission
922:, including the description of a new species and form".
1316:
East, Rod; IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (1998).
879:
van Hoven, W. (1975). "Rumen ciliates of the sassaby (
258:. This population is presently restricted to northern
711:
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (10 August 2016).
1490:
1027:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (30 June 2008).
808:"Insights into the taxonomy of tsessebe antelopes,
1288:/SSC Antelope Specialist Group. pp. 12, 18.
569:, towards an area a few dozen kilometres west of
1239:. Vol. 1. London: R.H. Porter. p. 86.
839:
837:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
367:going from south to north, and in many ways the
850:(Bovidae: Alcelaphini) in south-central Africa"
846:"A biogeographic review of tsessebe antelopes,
1403:. SMART Zambia Institute. 2018. Archived from
1266:
1264:
1262:
844:Cotterill, Fenton Peter David (January 2003).
806:Cotterill, Fenton Peter David (January 2003).
1424:
1422:
1375:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6235A50185422.en
465:accepted Cotterill's interpretation in full,
8:
1401:Provincial Administration, Muchinga Province
1350:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016).
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1094:
1092:
386:was seen most clearly in the following two
286:, and recognised under an experimental new
250:(topi or sassaby), which are large African
1478:
1450:
1448:
706:
704:
589:. Until the 1960s sassaby occurred on the
215:
48:
29:
20:
1373:
1198:
1188:
585:in 1946, vouchered with specimens at the
1077:. American Society of Mammalogists. 2021
378:The most significant difference between
1022:
1020:
1018:
700:
620:. Tsessebe in general, both in western
1061:
1059:
1429:Watson, Bruce; Schultz, Dawn (2021).
1100:"About the Mammal Diversity Database"
514:name for these antelopes as the word
447:, he admitted that the only possible
427:had recently been described from the
413:protozoa found in the digestive tract
371:sample set differed as much from the
7:
1650:IUCN Red List least concern species
1361:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1125:Holbrook, Luke Thomas (June 2013).
1042:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
726:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1190:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.037
1106:. American Society of Mammalogists
1011:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
936:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05964.x
924:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
897:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb05209.x
522:. This was then anglicised to the
16:Population or subspecies of mammal
14:
329:in northeastern Zambia should be
321:Fenton Cotterill argued that the
583:Democratic Republic of the Congo
264:Democratic Republic of the Congo
73:
1233:; Wolf, Joseph (January 1895).
240:) is a population and possible
1131:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
976:Johns Hopkins University Press
968:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
1:
1104:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
1075:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
635:Kafinda Game Management Areas
549:Distribution and conservation
488:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
611:Chikuni Game Management Area
445:phylogenetic species concept
237:Damaliscus lunatus superstes
203:Damaliscus lunatus superstes
1318:"African Antelope Database"
749:(retrieved March 20, 2010.)
492:Mammal Species of the World
458:Mammal Species of the World
382:and sassaby populations in
1691:
920:Damaliscus lunatus lunatus
881:Damaliscus lunatus lunatus
770:. United States Government
336:biological species concept
310:
1670:Mammals described in 2003
1331:: 76, 200–201, Appendix 4
1143:10.1007/s10914-012-9206-1
1007:Macdonald, D. W. (2006).
593:west of the road between
510:The English recorded the
363:average differently in a
223:
214:
199:
192:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1229:Sclater, Philip Lutley;
424:Ostracodinium damaliscus
307:Taxonomy and description
1660:Endemic fauna of Zambia
1245:10.5962/bhl.title.65969
1009:Encyclopedia of Mammals
885:Journal of Protozoology
854:Durban Museum Novitates
816:Durban Museum Novitates
561:, through northernmost
358:, because the relevant
1433:. Bruce Watson Safaris
1284:. Gland, Switzerland:
1278:. In East, Rod (ed.).
1127:"Taxonomy Interrupted"
1236:The Book of Antelopes
1037:(Bangweulu Tsessebe)"
721:(Bangweulu Tsessebe)"
349:multivariate analysis
284:multivariate analysis
1522:Damaliscus superstes
1492:Damaliscus superstes
1368:: e.T6235A50185422.
883:) in South Africa".
762:Damaliscus superstes
380:Damaliscus superstes
185:D. l. superstes
1273:"Chapter 4: Zambia"
1177:Zoological Research
567:Muchinga Escarpment
40:Conservation status
24:Bangweulu tsessebe
1456:"Tsessebe hunting"
1431:"Tsessebe Hunting"
1407:on 18 January 2022
1354:Damaliscus lunatus
1069:Damaliscus lunatus
1031:Damaliscus lunatus
848:Damaliscus lunatus
810:Damaliscus lunatus
715:Damaliscus lunatus
587:Museum of Tervuren
573:along the road to
313:Damaliscus lunatus
247:Damaliscus lunatus
232:Bangweulu tsessebe
1665:Mammals of Zambia
1637:
1636:
1622:Open Tree of Life
1484:Taxon identifiers
1071:(Burchell, 1824)"
985:978-0-8018-8221-0
475:Ungulate Taxonomy
418:Epidinium lunatus
399:average, a wider
274:, in 2003 it was
270:southern sassaby
228:
227:
209:(Cotterill, 2003)
63:
1682:
1675:Bovids of Africa
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974:(3rd ed.).
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764:Cotterill, 2003"
756:
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738:
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734:
729:. 10 August 2016
708:
563:Serenje District
528:specific epithet
498:as a synonym of
325:in the southern
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653:near threatened
648:copy and pasted
591:Muku Muku Flats
559:Katanga Pedicle
551:
539:Chambeshi river
524:vernacular name
508:
441:cryptic species
437:
405:maxillary teeth
384:Southern Africa
327:Bangweulu Flats
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210:
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171:D. lunatus
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1460:Book Your Hunt
1444:
1418:
1397:"Lavushimanda"
1388:
1342:
1301:
1294:
1258:
1221:
1183:(3): 301–308.
1163:
1137:(2): 153–154.
1117:
1088:
1055:
1045:. 30 June 2008
1014:
999:
984:
957:
930:(6): 586–591.
910:
891:(4): 457–462.
871:
833:
781:
751:
739:
699:
698:
696:
693:
665:trophy hunting
660:
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555:allopatrically
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449:synapomorphies
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311:Main article:
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644:least concern
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579:Luombwa river
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55:Least Concern
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1464:. Retrieved
1459:
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1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
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767:
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484:mammalogists
479:Colin Groves
474:
456:
455:In the 2005
454:
438:
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317:In 2003 the
316:
245:
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231:
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202:
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184:
183:
179:Subspecies:
169:
157:
147:Alcelaphinae
127:Artiodactyla
18:
1570:iNaturalist
1516:Wikispecies
1381:12 November
669:trophy fees
630:development
622:Barotseland
535:Pleistocene
463:Peter Grubb
435:Systematics
388:morphologic
143:Subfamily:
62:)(see text)
1655:Damaliscus
1644:Categories
1049:2018-11-15
733:2018-11-15
695:References
626:vulnerable
500:D. lunatus
471:subspecies
331:classified
319:naturalist
272:subspecies
256:grasslands
158:Damaliscus
1035:superstes
747:Biolib.cz
719:superstes
677:sitatunga
531:superstes
506:Etymology
496:superstes
467:splitting
276:described
252:antelopes
165:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1601:14200525
1549:18752659
1507:Q2086975
1501:Wikidata
1466:27 April
1437:22 April
1335:23 April
1214:23 April
1209:29551763
1156:23 April
1151:17640424
1110:23 April
1081:23 April
994:62265494
864:18 April
826:18 April
774:18 April
768:ITIS.gov
520:sassaybe
516:tsessĕbe
373:Botswana
369:Zimbabwe
345:phenetic
340:taxonomy
301:Zimbabwe
297:Botswana
292:Nominate
288:taxonomy
268:nominate
133:Family:
117:Mammalia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1627:3611708
1562:4262638
1411:6 April
1253:1236807
1200:6102684
952:7883238
944:9435130
860:: 45–55
822:: 11–30
659:Hunting
607:Katanga
595:Serenji
581:in the
543:habitat
409:lunatus
360:cranial
323:sassaby
254:of the
153:Genus:
137:Bovidae
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1614:195675
1588:898220
1575:132771
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905:811788
903:
673:lechwe
601:, the
575:Kasama
512:Tswana
401:zygoma
396:pelage
260:Zambia
1536:342Y3
1321:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
1147:S2CID
1033:ssp.
948:S2CID
717:ssp.
681:USAID
640:taxon
599:Mansa
571:Isoka
429:rumen
365:cline
280:taxon
242:taxon
1583:ITIS
1557:GBIF
1468:2021
1439:2021
1413:2021
1383:2021
1366:2016
1337:2021
1290:ISBN
1286:IUCN
1249:OCLC
1216:2021
1205:PMID
1158:2021
1112:2021
1083:2021
990:OCLC
980:ISBN
940:PMID
901:PMID
866:2021
828:2021
776:2021
687:and
675:and
642:as '
618:IUCN
603:type
597:and
356:taxa
230:The
1596:MSW
1544:EoL
1531:CoL
1370:doi
1241:doi
1195:PMC
1185:doi
1139:doi
932:doi
893:doi
689:WCS
685:WWF
518:or
303:).
244:of
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