49:
544:
1460:
671:
Hence, Deccani experienced cultivation into a literary language under the
Sultanates, alongside its usage as a common vernacular. It also continued to be used by saints and Sufis for preaching. However, the Sultanates did not use Deccani for official purposes, preferring the prestige language Persian
667:
As the language of court and culture, Persian nevertheless served as the model for poetic forms, and a good amount of
Persian and Arabic vocabulary was present in the works of these writers. Hence Deccani attempted to strike a balance between Indian and Persian influences, though it did always retain
684:
in the 17th century connected the southern regions of the subcontinent to the north, and introduced a hegemony of northern tastes. This began the decline of
Deccani poetry, as literary patronage in the region decreased. The sociopolitical context of the period is reflected in Hashmi Bijapuri's poem,
517:
for the linguistically diverse people of the region, primarily where the
Muslims had settled permanently. The Bahmanids greatly promoted Persian, and did not show any notable patronage for Deccani. However, their 150-year rule saw the burgeoning of a local Deccani literary culture outside the court,
1997:
Deccani finds a cultural core in and around
Hyderabad, where the highest concentration of speakers are; Telangana is one of the only four states of India to provide "Urdu" official status. Deccani Urdu in Hyderabad has found a vehicle of expression through humour and wit, which manifests in events
2068:
Deccani is often considered a predecessor of
Hindustani. The Deccani literary tradition is largely responsible for the development of modern Hindustani since contact with southern poets led to a shift in northern tastes and the development of Urdu as a literary language. Deccani also imparted the
1475:
Deccani dialect, and inherits many features from it. The term
Deccani distinguishes the lect from standard Urdu - however, it is commonly considered a "variety" of Urdu, and often gets subsumed under this name, both by its own speakers and the official administration. The demise of the literary
625:
roots of
Deccani without overshadowing it, and borrowed from neighbouring languages (especially Marathi; Matthews states that Dravidian influence was much less). In this regard, Shaheen and Shahid note that literary Deccani has historically been very close to spoken Deccani, unlike the northern
2362:
The
Deccani language developed between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries in the Deccan—it is known to be an old form of Hindi and Urdu. Deccani was influenced by the other languages of the region, that is, it borrowed some words from Telugu, Kannada and Marathi. Deccani was known as the
730:
slowed this down, but despite their patronage of regional culture, Deccani Urdu's literary tradition died. However, the spoken variety has lived on in the
Deccani Muslims, retaining some of its historical features and continuing to be influenced by the neighbouring Dravidian languages.
534:
by Fakhruddin Nizami in the region around Bidar. It is the earliest available manuscript of the Hindavi/Dehlavi/Deccani language, and contains loanwords from local languages such as Telugu and Marathi. Digby suggests that it was not produced in courtly settings.
1985:
in the spoken region. He further divides Telugu Deccani into two linguistic categories, corresponding to Andhra Pradesh, which he says has more Telugu influence; and Telangana, with more influence from standard Urdu. The latter is seen especially in Hyderabad.
1980:
These features are used to different degrees among speakers, as there tends to be regional variation. Mustafa names some varieties of Deccani as "Telugu Dakkhni, Kannada Dakkhni, and Tamil Dakkhni", based on their influence from the dominant
486:, Maharashtra), causing a mass migration; governors, soldiers and common people moved south, bringing the dialect with them. At this time (and for the next few centuries) the cultural centres of the northern Indian subcontinent were under
48:
3323:
620:
Although the poets of this era were well-versed in Persian, they were characterised by a preference for indigenous cultures, and a drive to stay independent of esoteric language. As a result, the language they cultivated emphasised the
522:
in the region (such as Shah Miranji) were an important vehicle of Deccani; they used it in their preachings since regional languages were more accessible (than Persian) to the general population. This era also saw production of the
1504:
Deccani retains some features of medieval Hindustani that have disappeared in contemporary Hindi-Urdu. It is also distinguished by grammar and vocabulary influences from Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu, due to its prolonged use as a
3278:
668:
mutual intelligibility with the northern Dehlavi. This contributed to the cultivation of a distinct Deccani identity, separate from the rulers from the north; many poets proudly extolled the Deccan region and its culture.
559:. These were also Persianate in culture, but were characterised by an affinity towards regional languages. They are largely responsible for the development of the Deccani literary tradition, which became concentrated at
722:
in this variety. His work inspired the Persianate poets of the north to compose in the local dialect, which in their hands became an intermediate predecessor of Hindustani known as
3306:
3316:
2363:
language from the South and it later travelled to the north of India and influenced Khari Boli. It also had a significant influence on the development of Hindi and Urdu.
3311:
712:
The literary centres of the Deccan had been replaced by the capital of the Mughals, so poets migrated to Delhi for better opportunities. A notable example is that of
1492:, especially those with large Muslim populations such as Aurangabad, Nanded, Akola, Amravati, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Mysore and Bangalore. In addition to members of the
1467:
The term Deccani today is given to a Hindustani lect spoken natively by many Muslims from Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra (who are known as the
3626:
2608:
420:
The term "Deccani" and its variants are often used in two different contexts: a historical, obsolete one, referring to the medieval-era literary predecessor of
2069:
practice of writing the local vernacular in the Perso-Arabic script, which eventually became the standard practice for Urdu all over the Indian subcontinent.
3593:
1989:
Deccani's use of Urdu as a standard register, and contact with Hindustani (widespread in India), has led to some of its distinctive features disappearing.
567:. Numerous Deccani poets were patronised in this time. According to Shaheen and Shahid, Golconda was the literary home of Asadullah Wajhi (author of
547:
Illustrated page from ibn-e-Nishati's "Phulban" (Flower Garden), a Deccani Urdu rendition of an unknown Persian work. Written under the patronage of
3105:
685:
composed two years after the fall of Bijapur, in a time when many southern poets were pressured to change their language and style for patronage:
726:. This accelerated the downfall of Deccani literature, as Rekhta came to dominate the competing dialects of Mughal Hindustan. The advent of the
1488:
Deccani speakers centre around Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. Deccani is also spoken in many other urban areas of the Deccan region and
5470:
3376:
3185:
3159:
2440:
2413:
2386:
2326:
2299:
2236:
2211:
1361:
5450:
1235:
424:; and an oral one, referring to the Urdu dialects spoken in many areas of the Deccan today. Both contexts have intricate historical ties.
1228:
2350:
1830:
Common to Deccani and Urdu but largely restricted to classic literature and rarely used in the standard spoken registers of the latter
3619:
3215:
1370:
5155:
3233:
3028:
2979:
2789:
2579:
A History of the Freedom Movement:Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947 · Volume 3, Issue 2
3588:
3243:
1091:
907:
342:, and due to this, Deccani has had an influence from the Persian language. In the modern era, it has mostly survived as a spoken
2376:
5465:
3172:
2403:
1384:
1075:
4025:
2826:
2316:
2289:
1221:
1969:
Southern dialects of Deccani preserve diphthongs where northern dialects and standard Urdu have shifted to open-mid vowels
543:
4807:
3842:
3612:
2258:
Deccani Hindi is indebted for its development to the Muslim poets and writers chiefly belonging to the kingdom of Bijapur.
999:
4778:
2461:
4598:
4444:
3761:
2563:
1398:
1082:
122:
5341:
5475:
5309:
5165:
1477:
1343:
1105:
900:
2577:
1459:
5480:
4875:
3500:
1414:
1242:
893:
886:
4312:
2430:
5490:
5455:
5314:
5015:
4989:
4428:
3573:
3369:
2201:
2120:
2055:(also called Dollywood) is based in Hyderabad and produces movies in Deccani, especially the Hyderabadi dialect.
1123:
1098:
2203:
Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism
1496:
community, some Hindu Rajputs and Marathas in the Deccan speak Deccani Urdu as well, but with more hindi words.
5210:
3971:
1352:
992:
5485:
3224:
Shaheen, Shagufta; Shahid, Sajjad (2018), Azam, Kousar J (ed.), "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī",
985:
978:
914:
587:
498:
479:
127:
107:
5460:
5418:
5287:
4563:
4357:
4174:
3709:
3532:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1134:
818:
769:
112:
5088:
4901:
4387:
4352:
4347:
4186:
4169:
3689:
2111:
2052:
2002:", poetic symposiums with comedic themes. An example of Deccani, spoken in such a context at Hyderabad:
1168:
1161:
811:
804:
524:
3258:
1509:
in the Deccan. Below is a non-exhaustive list of its unique features, with standard Urdu equivalents:
5376:
5351:
5220:
5190:
5047:
4827:
4817:
4627:
4206:
3635:
3578:
3548:
3421:
3416:
3362:
1006:
602:
467:
355:
117:
58:
3090:
5423:
5230:
4951:
4936:
4868:
4842:
4832:
4757:
4474:
4264:
4191:
4164:
3916:
3746:
3396:
1982:
1062:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
873:
764:
530:
438:
347:
278:
5235:
5148:
5113:
4885:
4403:
4138:
3828:
3756:
3751:
3583:
3495:
3411:
3343:
3072:
3038:
2836:
2643:
2602:
2083:
827:
759:
606:
591:
560:
548:
5272:
5258:
5428:
5242:
4911:
4880:
4858:
4822:
4664:
4622:
4527:
4469:
4234:
4156:
4151:
4060:
3981:
3961:
3883:
3808:
3725:
3658:
3519:
3295:
3287:
3229:
3211:
3181:
3155:
3147:
3024:
2975:
2822:
2785:
2436:
2409:
2382:
2322:
2295:
2232:
2207:
1999:
1391:
1214:
1208:
1152:
1114:
971:
797:
784:
774:
614:
564:
556:
494:
324:
312:
2276:
The Deccani Hindi Poetry in its earlier phase was not so much Persianised as it became later.
5346:
5336:
5282:
5215:
5118:
5093:
5083:
5062:
5057:
5032:
4971:
4863:
4837:
4800:
4795:
4749:
4695:
4648:
4607:
4558:
4464:
4413:
4332:
4302:
4249:
4239:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4070:
4020:
3976:
3888:
3694:
3643:
3563:
3558:
3335:
3283:
2635:
2624:"Before Timur Came: Provincialization of the Delhi Sultanate through the Fourteenth Century"
754:
749:
487:
442:
371:
339:
5391:
5225:
5180:
5067:
5037:
4994:
4946:
4906:
4812:
4762:
4733:
4711:
4643:
4553:
4513:
4479:
4423:
4418:
4377:
4362:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4317:
4307:
4279:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4196:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4065:
3986:
3911:
3867:
3823:
3818:
3803:
3798:
3741:
3704:
3699:
3553:
3469:
3401:
3050:
2848:
2116:
2106:
2078:
2041:
1142:
791:
779:
471:
463:
414:
410:
403:
399:
359:
308:
294:
290:
180:
99:
3064:
716:(1667–1707), who adapted his Deccani sensibilities to the northern style and produced a
5401:
5143:
5052:
4984:
4979:
4961:
4941:
4728:
4721:
4690:
4584:
4532:
4372:
4367:
4322:
4297:
4289:
4244:
4214:
4181:
4032:
3941:
3906:
3898:
3862:
3813:
3679:
3021:
A Tentative Paradigm for the Study of Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad City
868:
717:
630:. Poet San'ati is a particular example of such conscious efforts to retain simplicity:
459:
379:
363:
351:
320:
197:
583:
Bijapur played host to Hashmi Bijapuri, San‘ati, and Mohammed Nusrati over the years.
241:
5444:
5386:
5042:
4956:
4931:
4716:
4055:
3956:
3527:
3464:
3454:
3406:
3347:
3312:
Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Volume 22 (1963)
1617:
1325:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1192:
1183:
1146:
1068:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
879:
852:
845:
838:
395:
302:
298:
208:
204:
3191:
2784:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–144.
5381:
4146:
3431:
3168:
713:
53:
A folio from the Kitab-i-Navras, a collection of Deccani poetry attributed to the
3203:
421:
4459:
4274:
3777:
3568:
2686:
1320:
391:
4568:
4537:
4508:
3505:
3339:
1337:
1330:
727:
483:
383:
70:
54:
17:
3299:
2639:
5358:
5267:
5247:
3936:
3931:
3663:
1832:
Still commonly used in Deccani, roughly meaning 'that', 'which', or 'hence'
1406:
1378:
681:
627:
601:
It is widely considered to be the earliest Urdu poetry of a secular nature.
596:
452:
387:
375:
234:
222:
2876:
A descriptive study of Dakhni Urdu as spoken in the Chittoor District, A. P
2555:
5396:
5138:
4489:
3951:
3946:
3926:
3684:
3426:
2096:
2088:
1493:
1468:
1427:
can have lax allophones of when preceding consonants in medial position.
622:
502:
90:
2647:
2623:
1707:
Emphasis marker, Matthews comments that this is "probably from Marathi"
5330:
5201:
4674:
4408:
3921:
3604:
3459:
2100:
447:
417:
is the closest of these dialects to Standard Urdu and the most spoken.
367:
4669:
4518:
4493:
4050:
4042:
3966:
3857:
3782:
3479:
3474:
1489:
723:
555:
In the early 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the
519:
323:. It later developed a literary tradition under the patronage of the
286:
80:
586:
The rulers themselves participated in these cultural developments.
4484:
4382:
2432:
Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith
2291:
Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith
2092:
2028:
1476:
tradition has meant that Deccani uses standard Urdu as its formal
1458:
542:
506:
475:
332:
2351:"Language and Cinema: Schisms in the Representation of Hyderabad"
672:
as well as regional languages like Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu.
5185:
4498:
3385:
1891:
1878:
1681:
Third person plural pronoun, often used in first person as well
343:
328:
316:
289:
region of south-central India and is the native language of the
282:
165:
132:
3608:
3358:
5277:
2902:
2900:
2375:
Emeneau, Murray B.; Fergusson, Charles A. (21 November 2016).
2004:
687:
632:
458:
In the early 14th century, this dialect was introduced in the
346:
and is not a literary language. Deccani differs from northern
3208:
Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories
1295:
can be heard as either voiceless or voiced across dialects.
358:
with and loanwords from the Deccan's regional languages like
3152:
Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations
1616:
First and second person possessive pronouns often used with
1471:). It is considered to be the modern, spoken variety of the
293:. The historical form of Deccani sparked the development of
2821:. University of California Press. pp. 837 & 839.
2315:
Kellman, Steven G.; Lvovich, Natasha (30 September 2021).
409:
There are three primary dialects of Deccani spoken today:
3106:"Deccanwood: An Indian film industry taking on Bollywood"
2518:
2516:
704:
Your poetry is Dakhni, and only in it should you narrate
617:), a work of musical poetry written entirely in Deccani.
2628:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
3354:
2817:
Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003). Pollock, Sheldon (ed.).
2503:
2501:
3086:
3065:"Ghouse Khamakhan (Part 1): Dakhani Mazahiya Mushaira"
2488:
2486:
1864:
Conjunctive participle, all three are used in Deccani
702:
Why bother about patrons, in your own words do state;
513:
from the name of the region itself, and had become a
2923:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22 & 426.
2025:
It was but me who did something different altogether
5367:
5323:
5300:
5256:
5199:
5173:
5164:
5131:
5106:
5076:
5025:
5014:
5007:
4970:
4924:
4894:
4851:
4788:
4777:
4742:
4704:
4683:
4657:
4636:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4577:
4546:
4452:
4443:
4396:
4288:
4205:
4137:
4130:
4083:
4041:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3897:
3876:
3850:
3841:
3791:
3770:
3734:
3718:
3672:
3651:
3642:
3541:
3518:
3488:
3447:
3440:
594:wrote poetry in Deccani, which was compiled into a
338:The official language of the Deccan Sultanates was
327:. Deccani itself came to influence modern standard
315:, as trade and migration from the north introduced
232:
220:
215:
194:
174:
156:
96:
86:
76:
66:
34:
3307:Urban culture of Medieval Deccan (1300 AD-1650 AD)
3277:
3257:
3174:From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History
2318:The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism
659:For them Dakhnī is a readily understood language.
518:as religious texts were made in the language. The
509:. By this time, the dialect had acquired the name
2254:Social, Economic, and Cultural History of Bijapur
2023:It's a coward who fears death while still alive,
394:. Deccani has been increasingly influenced by
350:sociolects due to archaisms retained from the
3620:
3370:
3251:(in Hindi), Allahabad: Hindi Sahitya Sammelan
2861:
2804:
2767:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2672:
2660:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
8:
3226:Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad
2456:
2454:
2452:
2272:A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi
2229:Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad
652:I have restricted the use of Sanskrit words,
3019:Sharma, R.S. (2018). Azam, Kousar J (ed.).
2974:. Cambridge University Press. p. 413.
2010:buzdil hai woh jo jīte jī marne se ḍar gayā
5170:
5022:
5011:
4785:
4612:
4603:
4449:
4134:
4010:
4003:
3847:
3648:
3627:
3613:
3605:
3444:
3377:
3363:
3355:
2607:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2256:. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. p. 141.
2012:ek mai-ich thā jo kām hī kuch aur kar gayā
1962:
1960:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1890:
1888:
1877:
1875:
1539:First and second person singular pronouns
266:
258:
47:
40:
31:
2891:Dakhini Urdu : history and structure
2782:A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761
2595:Dakhini Urdu : History and Structure
1480:(i.e. for writing, news, education etc).
3006:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2906:
2755:
2707:
2274:. Panjabi Sahitya Akademi. p. xii.
1555:First and second person plural pronouns
1511:
1314:
743:
501:as its capital. This was later moved to
462:region through the military exploits of
3210:, Allied Publishers, pp. 185–186,
3148:"Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language"
2994:
2522:
2192:
2138:
657:Those who have no knowledge of Persian;
3075:from the original on 12 December 2021.
3046:
3036:
2844:
2834:
2600:
2507:
2492:
2477:
2381:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
2016:maĩ walaikum salām bola aur mar gayā.
1450:can be heard as in initial positions.
3087:"A Tongue Tied: The Story of Dakhani"
2878:. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University.
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
680:The Mughal conquest of the Deccan by
654:And made it free of unnecessary talk.
173:
7:
3328:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
3264:(Thesis). SOAS University of London.
2687:"Eighty Years of Dakani Scholarship"
2582:. Pakistan Historical Society. 1957.
2014:jab maut āko mereku karne lagī salām
626:tradition that has always exhibited
3206:, in Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (ed.),
3129:
2566:from the original on 29 April 2011.
2534:
1900:Deccani speakers have fully merged
1859:jākē/jākar, dʰōkē/dʰōkar/, ākē/ākar
551:, depicted here seated on a throne.
27:Indo-Aryan language spoken in India
3317:Deccani Painting by Mark Zebrowski
3093:from the original on 6 April 2009.
2349:Kama Maclean (26 September 2021).
695:terā shēr dakhnī hai dakhnīch bōl
638:rakhiyā kam sanskrit ke is me bōl,
445:spoken around Delhi then known as
25:
3334:(2). Bombay University: 137–138.
3322:Mohammed Abdul Muid Khan (1963).
2227:Azam, Kousar J. (9 August 2017).
2033:I said "walaikum salam" and died
1780:'with', both are used in Deccani
1413:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1191:
1167:
1160:
1133:
1122:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
851:
844:
826:
817:
810:
803:
441:, Deccani has its origins in the
413:, Mysore Urdu, and Madrasi Urdu.
5333:(unknown further classification)
3286:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
3245:दक्खिनी हिन्दी का उद्भव और विकास
2597:. New Delhi. pp. 3 & 6.
2027:When Death came to me and said "
3324:"The Arabian Poets of Golconda"
3071:. Siasat Daily. 19 March 2011.
2462:"Urdu-Phonology and Morphology"
2429:Alam, Sarwar (19 August 2019).
2288:Alam, Sarwar (19 August 2019).
1585:Third person singular pronouns
3594:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
3294:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
3260:Dakani Language and Literature
2252:Verma, Dinesh Chandra (1990).
1463:Areas where Deccani is spoken.
693:tuje chākrī kya tu apnīch bōl,
645:sō dakhnī zabān us kō āsān he
640:adīk bōlne te rakhiyā hũ amōl;
1:
3589:Progressive Writers' Movement
3276:Gricourt, Marguerite (2015).
3023:. Routledge. pp. 32–33.
2819:Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1
1600:Third person plural pronouns
643:jise fārsī kā na kuch gyān he
5471:Central Indo-Aryan languages
2874:Mustafa, Khateeb S. (1985).
2270:Arun, Vidya Bhaskar (1961).
1738:'on' or 'at' (postposition)
1404:
1376:
1335:
505:and once again, in 1430, to
5451:Culture of Hyderabad, India
3256:Matthews, David J. (1976).
3180:, Oxford University Press,
2685:Matthews, David J. (1993).
2402:Imam, Syeda (14 May 2008).
2123:which goes by the same name
1815:'it seems' or 'apparently'
1765:Plural future tense marker
497:was formed in 1347 AD with
437:As a predecessor of modern
273:; (and in some sources as
5507:
3150:, in Michael Clyne (ed.),
2691:The Annual of Urdu Studies
2200:Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006).
5410:
3392:
3340:10.1017/S0035869X00123299
2970:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
2919:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
2889:Schmidt, Ruth L. (1981).
2862:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2805:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2768:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2744:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2732:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2720:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2673:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2661:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2593:Schmidt, Ruth L. (1981).
2378:Linguistics in South Asia
1973:
1961:
1948:
1933:
1920:
1889:
1876:
1520:Standard Urdu equivalent
1484:Geographical distribution
1430:Diphthong sounds include
1412:
1336:
1207:
1141:
1103:
1061:
867:
790:
746:
46:
39:
5211:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2972:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2921:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2807:, p. 116 & 143.
2640:10.1163/1568520041974657
2148:is spelled variously as
1797:(first person negative)
398:, especially noticed in
374:spoken in the states of
2780:Eaton, Richard (2005).
1440:can be heard as after
1302:of Urdu is merged with
588:Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
5466:Languages of Telangana
5419:Indo-Iranian languages
3533:Hindi-Urdu controversy
3292:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2021:
2008:
1464:
700:
691:
650:
636:
552:
402:, which serves as its
5089:Maharashtrian Konkani
3202:Mustafa, K.S (2008),
3154:, Walter de Gruyter,
3146:Dua, Hans R. (2012),
2622:Digby, Simon (2004).
2560:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2206:. Algora Publishing.
2112:Deccani film industry
2053:Deccani film industry
1760:kal jāyẽge, ab karẽge
1462:
546:
490:linguistic hegemony.
301:. Deccani arose as a
61:(16th-17th centuries)
5377:Andaman Creole Hindi
4808:Bishnupriya Manipuri
4628:Caribbean Hindustani
3636:Indo-Aryan languages
3242:Sharma, Ram (1964),
2405:The Untold Charminar
1939:(southern dialects)
1749:kal jaĩgā, ab karĩgā
1730:(southern dialects)
1608:(northern dialects)
1547:(southern dialects)
1531:(southern dialects)
603:Ibrahim Adil Shah II
468:Muhammad bin Tughluq
59:Ibrahim Adil Shah II
5424:Nuristani languages
5156:Mitanni superstrate
3762:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
3132:, pp. 383–384.
2893:. Bahri, New Delhi.
1596:un, un lōg, woh log
1513:
531:Kadam Rao Padam Rao
281:based on a form of
279:Indo-Aryan language
5476:Languages of India
5310:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5191:Early Ardhamagadhi
3282:. In Fleet, Kate;
3197:on 10 October 2014
2960:, p. 222-224.
2909:, p. 221-222.
2864:, p. 118-119.
2770:, p. 106-108.
2746:, p. 103-104.
2734:, p. 101-103.
2650:– via JSTOR.
2084:Urdu in Aurangabad
2051:Additionally, the
1983:Dravidian language
1606:mer(e)kū, ter(e)kū
1591:uno, uno logã, unõ
1570:Possessive marker
1512:
1465:
613:(Book of the Nine
592:Golconda Sultanate
571:), ibn-e-Nishati (
553:
549:Abdullah Qutb Shah
482:(near present-day
390:and some parts of
313:Bahmani Sultanates
299:late-Mughal period
5481:Deccan sultanates
5438:
5437:
5429:Iranian languages
5296:
5295:
5216:Dramatic Prakrits
5127:
5126:
5102:
5101:
5003:
5002:
4920:
4919:
4876:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
4773:
4772:
4593:
4592:
4439:
4438:
4429:list of languages
4126:
4125:
4079:
4078:
3995:
3994:
3837:
3836:
3602:
3601:
3514:
3513:
3187:978-0-19-906313-0
3161:978-3-11-088814-0
3110:www.aljazeera.com
2554:Matthews, David.
2442:978-0-429-87294-5
2415:978-81-8475-971-6
2388:978-3-11-081950-2
2328:978-1-000-44153-6
2301:978-0-429-87294-5
2238:978-1-351-39399-7
2213:978-0-87586-438-9
2049:
2048:
2000:Mazahiya Mushaira
1978:
1977:
1421:
1420:
1289:
1288:
710:
709:
665:
664:
607:Bijapur Sultanate
557:Deccan Sultanates
495:Bahmani Sultanate
325:Deccan Sultanates
248:
247:
16:(Redirected from
5498:
5491:Deccani language
5456:Dialects of Urdu
5315:Proto-Indo-Aryan
5171:
5094:Canarese Konkani
5023:
5012:
4786:
4613:
4604:
4450:
4135:
4011:
4004:
3848:
3649:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3445:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3356:
3351:
3303:
3281:
3265:
3263:
3252:
3250:
3238:
3220:
3198:
3196:
3190:, archived from
3179:
3164:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2551:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2447:
2446:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2197:
2180:
2143:
2005:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1844:jāko, dʰōko, āko
1576:un, in, une, ine
1514:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1315:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1195:
1186:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1137:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
855:
848:
841:
830:
821:
814:
807:
800:
744:
688:
633:
474:'s capital from
268:
260:
244:
225:
200:
102:
51:
42:
32:
21:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5406:
5369:
5363:
5319:
5302:
5292:
5252:
5195:
5181:Ashokan Prakrit
5160:
5123:
5098:
5072:
5017:
4999:
4966:
4916:
4890:
4847:
4780:
4769:
4738:
4700:
4679:
4653:
4632:
4589:
4573:
4542:
4514:Hyderabadi Urdu
4435:
4392:
4284:
4201:
4122:
4075:
4066:Pahari-Pothwari
4037:
3991:
3972:Pahari Kinnauri
3893:
3872:
3833:
3799:Indus Kohistani
3792:Hazara Division
3787:
3766:
3730:
3714:
3668:
3638:
3633:
3603:
3598:
3537:
3510:
3496:Aurangabad Urdu
3484:
3436:
3388:
3383:
3321:
3288:Rowson, Everett
3275:
3272:
3270:Further reading
3255:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3223:
3218:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3104:Mumtaz, Roase.
3103:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3045:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2843:
2833:
2829:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2553:
2552:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2450:
2443:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2121:Marathi-Konkani
2119:, a dialect of
2117:Deccani Marathi
2107:Deccani Muslims
2079:Hyderabadi Urdu
2075:
2066:
2061:
2042:Ghouse Khamakha
2035:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1692:mai idharich hũ
1502:
1486:
1457:
1313:
1254:
1213:
1182:
1151:
1113:
1067:
1016:
970:
924:
878:
872:
837:
796:
773:
758:
742:
737:
706:
703:
697:
694:
678:
661:
658:
656:
655:
653:
647:
644:
642:
641:
639:
575:), and Ghwasi (
541:
464:Alauddin Khalji
451:and now called
443:contact dialect
435:
430:
415:Hyderabadi Urdu
411:Hyderabadi Urdu
404:formal register
400:Hyderabadi Urdu
354:, as well as a
295:Urdu literature
240:
221:
201:
196:
170:
159:
152:
103:
100:Language family
98:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5504:
5502:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5486:Deccan Plateau
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5334:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5020:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4792:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4610:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4487:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Lisan ud-Dawat
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3624:
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3609:
3600:
3599:
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3509:
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3384:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3284:Krämer, Gudrun
3279:"Dakhinī Urdū"
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3253:
3239:
3234:
3221:
3217:978-1139465502
3216:
3199:
3186:
3165:
3160:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3096:
3078:
3056:
3029:
3011:
3009:, p. 179.
2999:
2997:, p. 186.
2987:
2980:
2962:
2950:
2948:, p. 215.
2938:
2926:
2911:
2896:
2881:
2866:
2854:
2827:
2809:
2797:
2790:
2772:
2760:
2758:, p. 283.
2748:
2736:
2724:
2722:, p. 116.
2712:
2710:, p. 170.
2700:
2677:
2675:, p. 124.
2665:
2663:, p. 100.
2653:
2634:(3): 333–335.
2614:
2585:
2569:
2539:
2537:, p. 383.
2527:
2525:, p. 185.
2512:
2497:
2482:
2470:
2448:
2441:
2421:
2414:
2408:. Penguin UK.
2394:
2387:
2367:
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2307:
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2019:
1994:
1991:
1976:
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1911:
1910:
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1835:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1793:(imperative),
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:mẽ idhar hī hũ
1695:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1666:Plural marker
1664:
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663:
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648:
611:Kitab-e-Navras
540:
537:
466:. In 1327 AD,
434:
431:
429:
426:
380:Andhra Pradesh
291:Deccani people
285:spoken in the
246:
245:
238:
230:
229:
226:
218:
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216:Language codes
213:
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198:Writing system
195:
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176:
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158:Standard forms
157:
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106:
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68:
67:Native to
64:
63:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Bangalori Urdu
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5503:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
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5469:
5467:
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5461:Urdu in India
5459:
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5449:
5448:
5446:
5430:
5427:
5425:
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5420:
5417:
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5403:
5400:
5398:
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5390:
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5387:Haflong Hindi
5385:
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5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5348:
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5342:Chinali–Lahul
5340:
5338:
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5328:
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5313:
5311:
5308:
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5289:
5288:Khasa Prakrit
5286:
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4564:Chhattisgarhi
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4395:
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4384:
4381:
4379:
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4371:
4369:
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4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Rathwi Bareli
4356:
4354:
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4339:
4336:
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4331:
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4009:
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3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
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3957:Mahasu Pahari
3955:
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3681:
3678:
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3607:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
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3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Urdu movement
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Standard Urdu
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
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3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:9781351393997
3231:
3228:, Routledge,
3227:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3169:Rahman, Tariq
3166:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3040:
3032:
3030:9781351393997
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3007:Matthews 1976
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2981:9780521299442
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:Matthews 1976
2954:
2951:
2947:
2946:Matthews 1976
2942:
2939:
2936:, p. 74.
2935:
2934:Matthews 1976
2930:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:Matthews 1976
2903:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2791:9780521254847
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2756:Matthews 1976
2752:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2708:Matthews 1976
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:, p. 27.
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:, p. 22.
2479:
2474:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2435:. Routledge.
2434:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2321:. Routledge.
2320:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2294:. Routledge.
2293:
2292:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2231:. Routledge.
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1972:
1968:
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1800:From Marathi
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1507:lingua franca
1499:
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1479:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1436:
1432:/əi,əe,əu,əo/
1429:
1423:
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1416:
1410:
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1396:
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1199:
1197:
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766:
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515:lingua franca
512:
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397:
396:Standard Urdu
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
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365:
361:
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349:
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336:
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314:
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306:
305:
304:lingua franca
300:
296:
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288:
284:
280:
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275:Deccani Hindi
272:
264:
256:
252:
243:
239:
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236:
231:
227:
224:
219:
214:
210:
209:Urdu alphabet
206:
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199:
193:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
167:
166:Standard Urdu
164:
163:
161:
155:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:Western Hindi
126:
125:
124:
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115:
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111:
110:
109:
108:Indo-European
105:
101:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5382:Bombay Hindi
5324:Unclassified
5221:Ardhamagadhi
5048:Berar Deccan
4902:Chittagonian
4895:Chittagonian
4503:
4388:Vaagri Booli
4353:Pauri Bareli
4348:Palya Bareli
4313:Dhodia–Kukna
4187:Parkari Koli
4000:Northwestern
3690:Kundal Shahi
3501:British Urdu
3331:
3327:
3291:
3259:
3244:
3225:
3207:
3192:the original
3173:
3151:
3140:Bibliography
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:
3099:
3081:
3068:
3059:
3020:
3014:
3002:
2995:Mustafa 2008
2990:
2971:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2890:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2857:
2818:
2812:
2800:
2781:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2594:
2588:
2578:
2572:
2559:
2530:
2523:Mustafa 2008
2495:, p. 4.
2473:
2431:
2424:
2404:
2397:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2354:. Retrieved
2317:
2310:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2228:
2222:
2202:
2195:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2067:
2050:
2022:
2009:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1956:
1955:
1943:
1942:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1612:mujhe, tujhe
1611:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1506:
1503:
1487:
1472:
1466:
718:
714:Wali Deccani
711:
701:
692:
679:
670:
666:
651:
637:
619:
610:
595:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
554:
529:
525:
514:
510:
492:
470:shifted his
455:
446:
436:
419:
408:
352:medieval era
337:
303:
274:
270:
262:
255:Deccani Urdu
254:
250:
249:
233:
205:Perso-Arabic
137:
123:Central Zone
113:Indo-Iranian
29:
5370:and creoles
5352:Lahul Lohar
5231:Maharashtri
4828:Mal Paharia
4818:Kharia Thar
4460:Braj Bhasha
3559:Informatics
3115:23 February
3047:|work=
2845:|work=
2508:Rahman 2011
2493:Rahman 2011
2478:Rahman 2011
2356:12 February
1795:nahĩ cāhiye
1209:Approximant
392:Maharashtra
356:convergence
297:during the
5445:Categories
5273:Apabhraṃśa
5259:Apabhraṃśa
5236:Shauraseni
4952:Bodo Parja
4937:Sambalpuri
4869:Goalpariya
4843:Tanchangya
4833:Noakhailla
4758:Bote-Darai
4569:Fiji Hindi
4538:Sadhukkadi
4509:Judeo-Urdu
4475:Hindustani
4265:Shekhawati
4207:Rajasthani
4192:Saurashtra
3917:Bhadarwahi
3747:Gawar-Bati
3554:Literature
3506:Roman Urdu
3470:Hyderabadi
3422:Vocabulary
3397:Hindustani
2828:0520228219
2128:References
2064:Hindustani
1545:hame, tume
1473:historical
1455:Modern era
740:Consonants
728:Asaf Jahis
623:Sanskritic
499:Daulatabad
484:Aurangabad
480:Daulatabad
439:Hindustani
422:Hindi-Urdu
384:Tamil Nadu
348:Hindustani
331:and later
321:the Deccan
307:under the
181:Hyderabadi
118:Indo-Aryan
71:South Asia
55:Adil Shahi
5359:Sheikhgal
5303:languages
5268:Abahattha
5248:Paishachi
5149:Classical
5114:Maldivian
4886:Surjapuri
4852:Kamarupic
4754:Kuswaric
4616:Bhojpuric
4404:Khandeshi
3937:Chambeali
3932:Bilaspuri
3829:Mankiyali
3757:Shumashti
3752:Nangalami
3664:Kishtwari
3441:Varieties
3417:Phonology
3348:163860407
3300:1873-9830
3204:"Dakkhni"
3049:ignored (
3039:cite book
2847:ignored (
2837:cite book
2603:cite book
2187:Citations
2089:Nawayathi
1974:Sources:
1713:kaiku, ki
1561:kane, kan
1069:voiceless
1063:Fricative
926:aspirated
880:voiceless
874:Affricate
770:Post-alv.
765:Retroflex
735:Phonology
682:Aurangzeb
628:diglossia
609:produced
597:kulliyyāt
472:Sultanate
453:Old Hindi
388:Karnataka
376:Telangana
235:Glottolog
223:ISO 639-3
87:Ethnicity
5415:See also
5397:Nefamese
5392:Nagamese
5283:Kamarupi
5243:Gāndhārī
5200:Middle (
5139:Sanskrit
5077:Konkanic
5026:Marathic
5016:Marathi–
5008:Southern
4912:Rohingya
4881:Rangpuri
4859:Assamese
4823:Kurmukar
4801:dialects
4781:Kamarupa
4665:Maithili
4658:Maithili
4623:Bhojpuri
4528:Kannauji
4490:Hinglish
4470:Haryanvi
4235:Dhundari
4175:Wadiyara
4157:Jandavra
4152:Gujarati
4139:Gujarati
4061:Khetrani
4026:dialects
3982:Sirmauri
3962:Jaunsari
3952:Mandeali
3947:Pangwali
3927:Bhateali
3884:Garhwali
3843:Northern
3809:Chilisso
3685:Brokskat
3659:Kashmiri
3652:Kashmiri
3520:Politics
3465:Dhakaiya
3448:Dialects
3427:Nastaliq
3407:Alphabet
3290:(eds.).
3171:(2011),
3130:Dua 2012
3091:Archived
3073:Archived
2697:: 92–93.
2648:25165052
2564:Archived
2535:Dua 2012
2174:Dakkhini
2170:Dakkhani
2097:Honnavar
2073:See also
1998:called "
1950:(ـَے)
1922:(ـَے)
1849:suffix -
1838:suffix -
1811:lagta hē
1743:suffix -
1686:suffix -
1641:suffix -
1517:Deccani
1500:Features
1478:register
1469:Deccanis
760:Alveolar
577:Tutinama
561:Golconda
503:Gulbarga
317:Old Urdu
283:Old Urdu
277:) is an
242:dakh1244
175:Dialects
91:Deccanis
5368:Pidgins
5347:Chinali
5337:Bazigar
5331:Badeshi
5226:Magadhi
5202:Prakrit
5119:Sinhala
5107:Insular
5084:Konkani
5063:Katkari
5058:Phudagi
5038:Varhadi
5033:Marathi
5018:Konkani
4990:Bhunjia
4864:Kamrupi
4838:Sylheti
4796:Bengali
4789:Bengali
4750:Kumhali
4717:Kochila
4705:Tharuic
4696:Kurmali
4684:Sadanic
4675:Bajjika
4649:Khortha
4599:Eastern
4559:Bagheli
4547:Eastern
4504:Deccani
4480:Kauravi
4465:Bundeli
4453:Western
4445:Central
4414:Dawoodi
4409:Lambadi
4333:Bhilori
4303:Bhilali
4250:Marwari
4240:Harauti
4170:Parkari
4131:Western
4098:Kholosi
4093:Jadgali
4071:Saraiki
4021:Punjabi
4014:Eastern
4007:Punjabi
3977:Hinduri
3922:Churahi
3899:Western
3889:Kumaoni
3877:Central
3851:Eastern
3778:Kalasha
3771:Chitral
3726:Pashayi
3719:Pashayi
3695:Kalkoti
3579:Writers
3460:Dakhini
3432:Braille
3412:Grammar
3402:History
3069:YouTube
2178:Dakkani
2166:Dakhini
2162:Dakhani
2146:Deccani
2101:Bhatkal
1993:Culture
1776:ke sātʰ
1734:par, pē
1672:ap(p)an
1551:ham, āp
1535:mẽ, tum
1529:mai, tu
1494:Deccani
1326:Central
1256:breathy
1184:breathy
1018:breathy
839:breathy
785:Glottal
775:Palatal
676:Decline
605:of the
590:of the
573:Phulban
569:Sab Ras
565:Bijapur
526:masnavi
511:Dakhni,
488:Persian
448:Dehlavi
428:History
372:Marathi
368:Kannada
340:Persian
271:dakhanī
251:Deccani
188:Madrasi
138:Deccani
35:Deccani
5301:Proto-
5257:Late (
5166:Middle
5068:Kadodi
4995:Nahari
4972:Halbic
4947:Bhatri
4907:Chakma
4813:Hajong
4779:Gauda–
4763:Danwar
4743:Others
4734:Musasa
4670:Angika
4644:Magahi
4637:Magahi
4608:Bihari
4578:Others
4554:Awadhi
4519:Rekhta
4494:Urdish
4424:Romani
4419:Domari
4397:Others
4378:Vasavi
4363:Pardhi
4343:Magari
4338:Mawchi
4328:Bauria
4318:Dhanki
4308:Chodri
4280:Nimadi
4270:Dhatki
4260:Mewari
4255:Mewati
4230:Gujari
4225:Loarki
4220:Goaria
4197:Vaghri
4118:Sindhi
4113:Memoni
4108:Luwati
4103:Kutchi
4085:Sindhi
4051:Hindko
4043:Lahnda
3987:Sarazi
3967:Kullui
3912:Kangri
3868:Nepali
3858:Doteli
3824:Tirahi
3819:Kalami
3804:Bateri
3783:Khowar
3742:Dameli
3705:Palula
3700:Ushoji
3644:Dardic
3569:Poetry
3564:Cinema
3549:Awards
3480:Urdish
3475:Rekhta
3346:
3298:
3232:
3214:
3184:
3158:
3027:
2978:
2825:
2788:
2646:
2556:"Urdu"
2439:
2412:
2385:
2325:
2298:
2235:
2210:
2158:Dakhni
2154:Dakani
2059:Legacy
1963:(ـَو)
1935:(ـَو)
1791:mat/na
1771:sangāt
1722:'why'
1677:āp lōg
1581:us, is
1523:Notes
1490:Mumbai
1311:Vowels
1215:voiced
1153:voiced
1115:voiced
972:voiced
798:voiced
755:Dental
750:Labial
724:Rekhta
539:Growth
460:Deccan
433:Origin
360:Telugu
287:Deccan
263:dakanī
185:Mysore
81:Deccan
77:Region
5402:Vedda
5174:Early
5144:Vedic
5053:Varli
4985:Kamar
4980:Halbi
4962:Kupia
4942:Desia
4729:Majhi
4722:Buksa
4712:Tharu
4691:Sadri
4585:Parya
4533:Sansi
4485:Hindi
4383:Wagdi
4373:Kalto
4368:Gamit
4323:Dubli
4298:Bhili
4245:Malvi
4215:Bagri
4165:Kachi
4161:Koli
4033:Sansi
3942:Gaddi
3907:Dogri
3863:Jumli
3814:Gowro
3735:Kunar
3680:Shina
3673:Shina
3584:Poets
3574:Music
3489:Forms
3344:S2CID
3249:(PDF)
3195:(PDF)
3178:(PDF)
2644:JSTOR
2465:(PDF)
2150:Dakni
2133:Notes
2093:Kumta
2029:salam
1904:with
1786:nakko
1651:mardã
1425:/e,o/
1321:Front
1143:Trill
792:Nasal
780:Velar
719:divan
615:Rasas
520:Sufis
507:Bidar
476:Delhi
364:Tamil
333:Hindi
309:Delhi
267:دکھنی
57:king
5186:Pāli
5043:Andh
4957:Reli
4932:Odia
4925:Odia
4499:Urdu
4290:Bhil
4056:Inku
3710:Sawi
3542:Arts
3386:Urdu
3296:ISSN
3230:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3117:2018
3051:help
3025:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2849:help
2823:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2609:link
2437:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2358:2024
2323:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2176:and
1853:or -
1806:kate
1647:logã
1630:tera
1622:mera
1448:/əu/
1438:/əi/
1338:High
1331:Back
1298:The
869:Stop
563:and
493:The
344:lect
329:Urdu
311:and
259:دکنی
133:Urdu
41:دکنی
5278:Elu
5132:Old
4147:Aer
3336:doi
2636:doi
2031:",
1897:)
1884:)
1855:kar
1756:ẽge
1745:ĩgā
1718:kyũ
1688:ich
1660:, -
1566:pās
1442:/h/
1407:Low
1379:Mid
1304:/x/
1300:/q/
1293:/h/
1147:Tap
1046:dʒʱ
954:tʃʰ
478:to
319:to
265:or
253:or
5447::
4275:Od
3342:.
3332:96
3330:.
3326:.
3108:.
3089:.
3067:.
3043::
3041:}}
3037:{{
2899:^
2841::
2839:}}
2835:{{
2693:.
2689:.
2642:.
2632:47
2630:.
2626:.
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