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In
Australia, the harmala alkaloids are scheduled substances, including harmine and harmaline; however, the living vine, or other source plants are not scheduled in most states. In the State of Queensland as of March 2008, this distinction is now uncertain. In all states, the dried herb may or may
565:
as a schedule III substance. The vine and the ayahuasca brew are legal ambiguities, since nowhere in the
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is it stated that natural material containing a scheduled substance is illegal, a position supported by the United Nations International Narcotics Control
578:
religious sect allowing use of the tea due to it not being a chemical extraction and the fact that the plants used were not scheduled. Religious exceptions to narcotics laws are not allowed under French law, effectively making any use or possession of the tea illegal.
1186:
1183:
587:
The caapi vine itself was the subject of a dispute between U.S. entrepreneur Loren Miller and the
Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA). In 1986, Miller obtained a U.S.
499:
First mention of caapi comes from early
Spanish and Portuguese explorers and missionaries who visited South America in the 16th century, describing ayahuasca brews as "diabolic" and dangerous decoctions.
1075:
Barbosa, PC; Cazorla, IM; Giglio, JS; Strassman, R (September 2009). "A six-month prospective evaluation of personality traits, psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in ayahuasca-naïve subjects".
524:
In the United States, caapi is not specifically regulated. A 2006 Supreme Court decision involving caapi-containing ayahuasca, which also contains other plants containing the controlled substance
536:
380:
Caapi is a giant vine with characteristic 12–14 mm (0.5–0.6 in) white or pale pink flowers which most commonly appear in
January, but are known to bloom infrequently. It resembles
883:
Wang, Y. H.; Samoylenko, V.; Tekwani, B. L.; Khan, I. A.; Miller, L. S.; Chaurasiya, N. D.; Rahman, M. M.; Tripathi, L. M.; Khan, S. I.; Joshi, V. C.; Wigger, F. T.; Muhammad, I. (2010).
836:"Banisteriopsis caapi, a unique combination of MAO inhibitory and antioxidative constituents for the activities relevant to neurodegenerative disorders and Parkinson's disease"
604:
reinstated the patent because the law at the time the patent was granted did not allow a third party such as COICA standing to object. The Miller patent expired in 2003.
503:
Although utilised among the indigenous tribes of South
America for hundreds and perhaps even thousands of years, caapi was not identified by westerners until 1851, when
885:"Composition, Standardization and Chemical Profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Relevant to Parkinson's Disease"
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1114:"Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by Plant-Derived β-Carbolines; Implications for the Psychopharmacology of Tobacco and Ayahuasca"
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Samoylenko V, Rahman MM, Tekwani BL, Tripathi LM, Wang YH, Khan SI, Khan IA, Miller LS, Joshi VC, Muhammad I (February 2010).
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820:
525:
511:, the indigenous people of Llanos (Venezuela), chewed the bark of caapi instead of brewing it as a drink.
464:
The stems contain 0.11–0.83% beta-carbolines, with harmine and tetrahydroharmine as the major components.
452:
395:
755:
574:
Caapi, as well as a range of harmala alkaloids, are scheduled in France following a court victory by the
1335:
656:
170:
600:, and was therefore neither new nor distinct. The patent was overturned in 1999; however, in 2001, the
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596:. COICA argued the patent was invalid because Miller's variety had been previously described in the
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The vine can grow up to 30 m (98 ft) in length, twining on other plants for support.
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United States Patent # PP5,751, Miller, June 17, 1986, Banisteriopsis caapi (cv) `Da Vine`
1135:
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776:
Callaway, J. C.; Brito, Glacus S.; Neves, Edison S. (June 2005). "Phytochemical analyses of
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91:
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909:
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352:, a 17th-century English clergyman and naturalist. An earlier name for the genus was
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The
Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications
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324:(connecting to spirit) use and holds status as a "plant teacher" among the
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933:"When and how was Ayahuasca discovered by the world outside the Amazon?"
1322:
424:
1348:
1022:, letter from the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board
507:, an English botanist, described it as a new species. He observed how
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589:
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not be considered a scheduled substance, dependent on court rulings.
117:
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455:, which is introduced from the other common ingredient in ayahuasca
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32:
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Report on indigenous use of the plant, and the patent dispute
451:(MAOIs). The MAOIs allow the primary psychoactive compound,
706:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017
537:
Gonzales v. O Centro
Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal
475:
In addition to beta-carbolines, caapi is known to contain
293:, the latter of which also refers to the psychedelic
1020:
International control of the preparation "ayahuasca"
1502:
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467:Alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant.
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356:and the plant is sometimes referred to as
339:by Umberto Quattrocchi, the naming of the
312:. It is commonly used as an ingredient of
31:
20:
1139:
1129:
908:
859:
297:made with the vine and a plant source of
1167:List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)
1112:Berlowitz I, Egger K, Cumming P (2022).
608:is now being cultivated commercially in
1046:"Situation of the patent for Ayahuasca"
675:United States Department of Agriculture
666:Germplasm Resources Information Network
648:
561:In Canada, harmala is listed under the
337:The CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names
216:
1005:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
998:
392:, both of which are related to caapi.
7:
1201:A General Introduction to Ayahuasca
1196:Erowid's Vault article on the plant
563:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
14:
1656:Medicinal plants of South America
946:Schultes, Richard Evans (1977).
819:
598:University of Michigan Herbarium
52:
1641:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
1572:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28960-2
1466:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:29180-2
1666:Taxa named by August Grisebach
1089:10.1080/02791072.2009.10400530
798:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795
1:
1077:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
1048:. 7 July 2003. Archived from
786:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
671:Agricultural Research Service
416:Caapi contains the following
1651:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
889:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
840:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
540:, was found in favor of the
383:Banisteriopsis membranifolia
700:(Spruce ex Griseb.) Morton"
632:List of psychoactive plants
602:United States Patent Office
449:monoamine oxidase inhibitor
320:with a long history of its
1682:
730:Rätsch, Christian (2005).
704:Plants of the World Online
1189:October 31, 2018, at the
1131:10.3389/fphar.2022.886408
901:10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.013
852:10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.030
734:. Inner Traditions/Bear.
209:
202:
176:
169:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
1661:Plants described in 1858
370:Banisteriopsis quitensis
366:Banisteriopsis inebrians
253:Banisteriopsis quitensis
245:Banisteriopsis inebrians
461:, to be orally active.
443:These alkaloids of the
389:Banisteriopsis muricata
232:(C.V.Morton) J.F.Macbr.
756:"Banisteriopsis caapi"
528:, introduced from the
400:
360:. Other names include
950:Hallucinogenic Plants
398:
1427:Banisteriopsis caapi
1257:Banisteriopsis caapi
1227:Banisteriopsis caapi
1165:Banisteriopsis caapi
778:Banisteriopsis caapi
698:Banisteriopsis caapi
659:Banisteriopsis caapi
362:Banisteria quitensis
270:Banisteriopsis caapi
237:Banisteria quitensis
229:Banisteria inebrians
180:Banisteriopsis caapi
25:Banisteriopsis caapi
1206:2015-10-13 at the
1177:2008-09-15 at the
1033:U.S. patent PP5751
782:Psychotria viridis
531:Psychotria viridis
458:Psychotria viridis
401:
326:Indigenous peoples
299:dimethyltryptamine
1608:
1607:
1409:Open Tree of Life
1219:Taxon identifiers
477:proanthocyanidins
437:Tetrahydroharmine
418:harmala alkaloids
348:was dedicated to
330:Amazon rainforest
273:, also known as,
266:
265:
257:
249:
241:
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224:Spruce ex Griseb.
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1631:Flora of Ecuador
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1504:Banisteria caapi
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1052:on 21 April 2011
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954:. Golden Press.
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758:. theferns.info.
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592:on a variety of
542:União do Vegetal
358:Banisteria caapi
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221:Banisteria caapi
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16:Species of plant
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1208:Wayback Machine
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407:Phytochemicals
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345:Banisteriopsis
308:of the family
303:South American
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256:(Nied.) Morton
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171:Binomial name
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491:properties.
474:
466:
463:
456:
442:
439:, 0.05–2.94%
433:, 0.03–0.83%
427:, 0.31–8.43%
415:
402:
387:
381:
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128:Malpighiales
111:
98:
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41:
24:
18:
1440:kew-2668869
1344:iNaturalist
1251:Wikispecies
710:18 December
680:15 December
637:Ethnobotany
576:Santo Daime
534:component,
489:antioxidant
481:epicatechin
471:Polyphenols
376:Description
322:entheogenic
92:Angiosperms
1626:Entheogens
1615:Categories
1435:Plant List
1124:: 886408.
992:2008-08-26
643:References
354:Banisteria
196:C.V.Morton
1621:Ayahuasca
1519:Q39231272
1310:242427153
627:Entheogen
622:Ayahuasca
548:Australia
431:Harmaline
412:Alkaloids
318:decoction
314:ayahuasca
295:decoction
291:ayahuasca
279:soul vine
156:Species:
62:Kingdom:
1585:19500036
1580:Tropicos
1513:Wikidata
1479:19500878
1474:Tropicos
1375:10594511
1362:555820-1
1236:Wikidata
1204:Archived
1187:Archived
1175:Archived
1150:35600851
1105:29835785
1097:19999673
1001:cite web
919:20219660
870:19879939
814:30736017
806:16149327
616:See also
606:B. caapi
594:B. caapi
515:Legality
509:Guahibos
204:Synonyms
134:Family:
105:Eudicots
42:B. caapi
1559:28960-2
1323:3191340
1242:Q133573
1141:9121195
1056:10 June
910:2878139
861:2828149
566:Board.
495:History
425:Harmine
328:of the
301:, is a
192:Griseb.
144:Genus:
124:Order:
66:Plantae
1453:BACA12
1448:PLANTS
1414:917661
1401:577683
1388:506424
1349:327802
1336:400033
1284:484970
1148:
1138:
1103:
1095:
958:
917:
907:
868:
858:
812:
804:
738:
610:Hawaii
590:patent
583:Patent
570:France
557:Canada
368:, and
289:), or
248:Morton
188:Spruce
118:Rosids
40:Young
1370:IRMNG
1297:BAACA
1101:S2CID
986:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
810:S2CID
341:genus
306:liana
275:caapi
240:Nied.
112:Clade
99:Clade
86:Clade
73:Clade
1567:POWO
1554:IPNI
1546:6441
1541:GRIN
1533:KKHW
1461:POWO
1422:PfaF
1396:NCBI
1383:ITIS
1357:IPNI
1331:GRIN
1318:GBIF
1292:EPPO
1271:KKRD
1146:PMID
1093:PMID
1058:2011
1007:link
956:ISBN
915:PMID
866:PMID
802:PMID
780:and
736:ISBN
712:2020
682:2017
483:and
386:and
316:, a
287:yage
283:yagé
213:List
1593:WFO
1528:CoL
1487:WFO
1305:FNA
1279:EoL
1266:CoL
1136:PMC
1126:doi
1085:doi
905:PMC
897:doi
893:128
856:PMC
848:doi
844:127
794:doi
784:".
526:DMT
453:DMT
190:ex
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