4661:, have allowed banks to extend their reach all over the world since they no longer have to be near customers to manage both their finances and their risk. The growth in cross-border activities has also increased the demand for banks that can provide various services across borders to different nationalities. Despite these reductions in barriers and growth in cross-border activities, the banking industry is nowhere near as globalised as some other industries. In the US, for instance, very few banks even worry about the Riegle–Neal Act, which promotes more efficient interstate banking. In the vast majority of nations around the globe, the market share for foreign owned banks is currently less than a tenth of all market shares for banks in a particular nation. One reason the banking industry has not been fully globalised is that it is more convenient to have local banks provide loans to small businesses and individuals. On the other hand, for large corporations, it is not as important in what nation the bank is in since the corporation's financial information is available around the globe.
3892:
4110:: in Europe, savings banks took their roots in the 19th or sometimes even in the 18th century. Their original objective was to provide easily accessible savings products to all strata of the population. In some countries, savings banks were created on public initiative; in others, socially committed individuals created foundations to put in place the necessary infrastructure. Nowadays, European savings banks have kept their focus on retail banking: payments, savings products, credits, and insurances for individuals or small and medium-sized enterprises. Apart from this retail focus, they also differ from commercial banks by their broadly decentralised distribution network, providing local and regional outreach – and by their socially responsible approach to business and society.
4404:
2370:
2189:
3780:
1830:, and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded and money, when paid into a bank, ceases altogether to be the money of the principal (see Parker v. Marchant, 1 Phillips 360); it is then the money of the banker, who is bound to return an equivalent, by paying a similar sum to that deposited with him, when he is asked for it. The goldsmith paid interest on deposits. Since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances (loans) to the goldsmith's customers were repayable over a longer time-period, this was an early form of
1842:
2939:– banks borrow more on demand debt and short term debt, but provide more long-term loans. In other words, they borrow short and lend long. With a stronger credit quality than most other borrowers, banks can do this by aggregating issues (e.g. accepting deposits and issuing banknotes) and redemptions (e.g. withdrawals and redemption of banknotes), maintaining reserves of cash, investing in marketable securities that can be readily converted to cash if needed, and raising replacement funding as needed from various sources (e.g. wholesale cash markets and securities markets).
4445:
burden with an increased workload and more banks per regulator. While banks struggle to keep up with the changes in the regulatory environment, regulators struggle to manage their workload and effectively regulate their banks. The impact of these changes is that banks are receiving less hands-on assessment by the regulators, less time spent with each institution, and the potential for more problems slipping through the cracks, potentially resulting in an overall increase in bank failures across the United States.
3984:
1774:
4188:
4461:
2030:. When looking at these definitions it is important to keep in mind that they are defining the business of banking for the purposes of the legislation, and not necessarily in general. In particular, most of the definitions are from legislation that has the purpose of regulating and supervising banks rather than regulating the actual business of banking. However, in many cases, the statutory definition closely mirrors the common law one. Examples of statutory definitions:
4610:(liability) account in his ledger every time he spends money (and the account is normally in credit). When the customer reads his bank statement, the statement will show a credit to the account for deposits, and debits for withdrawals of funds. The customer with a positive balance will see this balance reflected as a credit balance on the bank statement. If the customer is overdrawn, he will have a negative balance, reflected as a debit balance on the bank statement.
991:
1976:
59:
1653:
4273:
2880:
5327:
2074:
2390:
917:
937:
5339:
4332:
4003:
3970:
4631:" as it is sometimes called, puts a bank in a difficult and sometimes risky position, as the funds must be lent or invested in a way that yields a return sufficient to pay the high interest being paid on the brokered deposits. This may result in risky decisions and even in eventual failure of the bank. Banks which failed during 2008 and 2009 in the United States during the
4449:
challenge for banks to effectively set their growth strategies with the recent economic market. A rising interest rate environment may seem to help financial institutions, but the effect of the changes on consumers and businesses is not predictable and the challenge remains for banks to grow and effectively manage the spread to generate a return to their shareholders.
4581:
1991:
927:
2959:
2065:, the cheque has lost its primacy in most banking systems as a payment instrument. This has led legal theorists to suggest that the cheque based definition should be broadened to include financial institutions that conduct current accounts for customers and enable customers to pay and be paid by third parties, even if they do not pay and collect cheques .
3958:
1690:
4016:
3891:
2871:(CoCos). These are hybrid capital securities that absorb losses in accordance with their contractual terms when the capital of the issuing bank falls below a certain level. Then debt is reduced and bank capitalisation gets a boost. Owing to their capacity to absorb losses, CoCos have the potential to satisfy regulatory capital requirement.
4441:(FFIEC) was established in 1979 as a formal inter-agency body empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms for the federal examination of financial institutions. Although the FFIEC has resulted in a greater degree of regulatory consistency between the agencies, the rules and regulations are constantly changing.
3017:
of the total, 56% in 2008–2009, down from 61% in the previous year. Asian banks' share increased from 12% to 14% during the year, while the share of US banks increased from 11% to 13%. Fee revenue generated by global investment in banking totalled US$ 66.3 billion in 2009, up 12% on the previous year.
3016:
Assets of the largest 1,000 banks in the world grew by 6.8% in the 2008–2009 financial year to a record US$ 96.4 trillion while profits declined by 85% to US$ 115 billion. Growth in assets in adverse market conditions was largely a result of recapitalisation. EU banks held the largest share
2018:
includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of banking' (Section 2, Interpretation). Although this definition seems circular, it is actually functional, because it ensures that the legal basis for bank transactions such as cheques does not depend on how the bank
4444:
In addition to changing regulations, changes in the industry have led to consolidations within the
Federal Reserve, FDIC, OTS, and OCC. Offices have been closed, supervisory regions have been merged, staff levels have been reduced and budgets have been cut. The remaining regulators face an increased
3854:
These implied contractual terms may be modified by express agreement between the customer and the bank. The statutes and regulations in force within a particular jurisdiction may also modify the above terms or create new rights, obligations, or limitations relevant to the bank-customer relationship.
4448:
The changing economic environment has a significant impact on banks and thrifts as they struggle to effectively manage their interest rate spread in the face of low rates on loans, rate competition for deposits and the general market changes, industry trends and economic fluctuations. It has been a
3020:
The United States has the most banks in the world in terms of institutions (5,330 as of 2015) and possibly branches (81,607 as of 2015). This is an indicator of the geography and regulatory structure of the US, resulting in a large number of small to medium-sized institutions in its banking system.
4475:
Banks also face a host of other challenges such as ageing ownership groups. Across the country, many banks' management teams and boards of directors are ageing. Banks also face ongoing pressure from shareholders, both public and private, to achieve earnings and growth projections. Regulators place
3045:
Between 1985 and 2018 banks engaged in around 28,798 mergers or acquisitions, either as the acquirer or the target company. The overall known value of these deals cumulates to around 5,169 bil. USD. In terms of value, there have been two major waves (1999 and 2007) which both peaked at around 460
2139:
Banks issue new money when they make loans. In contemporary banking systems, regulators set a minimum level of reserve funds that banks must hold against the deposit liabilities created by the funding of these loans, in order to ensure that the banks can meet demands for payment of such deposits.
4622:
who deposit large sums of money on behalf of investors through trust corporations. This money will generally go to the banks which offer the most favourable terms, often better than those offered local depositors. It is possible for a bank to engage in business with no local deposits at all, all
2034:"banking business" means the business of receiving money on current or deposit account, paying and collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers, the making of advances to customers, and includes such other business as the Authority may prescribe for the purposes of this Act; (Banking Act (
5737:
the promissory note originated as a receipt given by the goldsmith for money, which he took charge of for a customer but was not allowed to use. Such a note was relly a warehouse voucher which could not be assigned. When, however, it became a receipt for a money deposit, which the goldsmith was
2928:
Credit quality improvement – banks lend money to ordinary commercial and personal borrowers (ordinary credit quality), but are high quality borrowers. The improvement comes from diversification of the bank's assets and capital which provides a buffer to absorb losses without defaulting on its
2924:
Netting and settlement of payments – banks act as both collection and paying agents for customers, participating in interbank clearing and settlement systems to collect, present, be presented with, and pay payment instruments. This enables banks to economise on reserves held for settlement of
4471:
There are several reasons for this, one of which is the lax attitude some banks have adopted because of the years of "good times." The potential for this is exacerbated by the reduction in the regulatory oversight of banks and in some cases depth of management. Problems are more likely to go
2920:
or payment at the customer's order. These claims on banks can act as money because they are negotiable or repayable on demand, and hence valued at par. They are effectively transferable by mere delivery, in the case of banknotes, or by drawing a cheque that the payee may bank or
5946:(Banking Ordinance, Section 2, Interpretation, Hong Kong) In this case the definition is extended to include accepting any deposits repayable in less than 3 months, companies that accept deposits of greater than HK$ 100 000 for periods of greater than 3 months are regulated as
4476:
added pressure on banks to manage the various categories of risk. Banking is also an extremely competitive industry. Competing in the financial services industry has become tougher with the entrance of such players as insurance agencies, credit unions, cheque cashing services,
4452:
The management of the banks' asset portfolios also remains a challenge in today's economic environment. Loans are a bank's primary asset category and when loan quality becomes suspect, the foundation of a bank is shaken to the core. While always an issue for banks, declining
2929:
obligations. However, banknotes and deposits are generally unsecured; if the bank gets into difficulty and pledges assets as security, to raise the funding it needs to continue to operate, this puts the note holders and depositors in an economically subordinated position.
4639:
of the 1980s. Regulation of brokered deposits is opposed by banks on the grounds that the practice can be a source of external funding to growing communities with insufficient local deposits. There are different types of accounts: saving, recurring and current accounts.
3752:
Usually, the definition of the business of banking for the purposes of regulation is extended to include acceptance of deposits, even if they are not repayable to the customer's order – although money lending, by itself, is generally not included in the definition.
6413:, 4th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009), 125. This popular university textbook explains: "Generally speaking, U.S. financial institutions have been much more heavily regulated and faced greater limitations ... than have their foreign counterparts."
2135:
Banks provide different payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses and individuals. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are normally not considered as an adequate substitute for a bank account.
3037::24000+) with an additional 140 smaller banks with an undetermined number of branches. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany, France, and Italy each had more than 30,000 branches – more than double the 15,000 branches in the United Kingdom.
2360:
Recently, as banks have been faced with pressure from fintechs, new and additional business models have been suggested such as freemium, monetisation of data, white-labeling of banking and payment applications, or the cross-selling of complementary products.
5852:
The Danish loan is the first of many such transactions on behalf of governments which rapidly establish the
Rothschild family as Europe's most powerful bankers, rising to a pre-eminence comparable to that of the Medici and the Fugger in earlier centuries.
4498:
Another major challenge is the ageing infrastructure, also called legacy IT. Backend systems were built decades ago and are incompatible with new applications. Fixing bugs and creating interfaces costs huge sums, as knowledgeable programmers become scarce.
4098:: banks that manage the assets of high-net-worth individuals. Historically a minimum of US$ 1 million was required to open an account, however, over the last years, many private banks have lowered their entry hurdles to US$ 350,000 for private investors.
1826:, which evolved into banknotes, were issued for money deposited as a loan to the goldsmith. Thus, by the 19th century, we find in ordinary cases of deposits, of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan, or
4648:
Custodial accounts are accounts in which assets are held for a third party. For example, businesses that accept custody of funds for clients prior to their conversion, return, or transfer may have a custodial account at a bank for these purposes.
2340:
However, with the convenience of easy credit, there is also an increased risk that consumers will mismanage their financial resources and accumulate excessive debt. Banks make money from card products through interest charges and fees charged to
4472:
undetected, resulting in a significant impact on the bank when they are discovered. In addition, banks, like any business, struggle to cut costs and have consequently eliminated certain expenses, such as adequate employee training programs.
5738:
allowed to use for the purpose of making advances to his customers, it developed into an assignable instrument. Ultimately such notes were issued by the goldsmiths in the form of loans and were not necessarily backed by coin and bullion.
2243:
performs banking transactions or professional banking consultations via a remote video and audio connection. Video banking can be performed via purpose built banking transaction machines (similar to an
Automated teller machine) or via a
2300:, which allows banks again to merge with investment and insurance houses. Merging banking, investment, and insurance functions allows traditional banks to respond to increasing consumer demands for "one-stop shopping" by enabling
4515:
obligations, agency securities, and corporate debt. One of the greatest factors in recent years in the movement of deposits was the tremendous growth of money market funds whose higher interest rates attracted consumer deposits.
3809:
The bank account balance is the financial position between the bank and the customer: when the account is in credit, the bank owes the balance to the customer; when the account is overdrawn, the customer owes the balance to the
1834:. The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument which could circulate as a safe and convenient form of money backed by the goldsmith's promise to pay, allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with little risk of
4039:
activities. Since the two no longer have to be under separate ownership, some use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large
4254:. This form of banking revolves around several well-established principles based on Islamic laws. All banking activities must avoid interest, a concept that is forbidden in Islam. Instead, the bank earns profit (
4081:
owned by the depositors and often offering rates more favourable than for-profit banks. Typically, membership is restricted to employees of a particular company, residents of a defined area, members of a certain
3844:
The bank must not disclose details of transactions through the customer's account – unless the customer consents, there is a public duty to disclose, the bank's interests require it, or the law demands
2315:
on loans. This helps to offset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories, and offers credit products to high risk customers who would otherwise be denied
2284:
between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the
4066:
in 1920. The main objective of the LDBs is to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. The LDBs provide long-term finance to members directly through their
2022:
The business of banking is in many common law countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other
English common law jurisdictions there are statutory definitions of the
2046:
receiving from the general public money on current, deposit, savings or other similar account repayable on demand or within less than ... or with a period of call or notice of less than that period;
2745:
4434:(OCC) is the primary federal regulator for national banks. State non-member banks are examined by the state agencies as well as the FDIC. National banks have one primary regulator – the OCC.
4422:
The United States banking industry is one of the most heavily regulated and guarded in the world, with multiple specialised and focused regulators. All banks with FDIC-insured deposits have the
5391:(1) a firm with a Part 4A Permission to carry on the regulated activity of accepting deposits and is a credit institution, but is not a credit union, friendly society or a building society; or
4657:
In modern times there have been huge reductions to the barriers of global competition in the banking industry. Increases in telecommunications and other financial technologies, such as
4635:
had, on average, four times more brokered deposits as a percent of their deposits than the average bank. Such deposits, combined with risky real estate investments, factored into the
2925:
payments since inward and outward payments offset each other. It also enables the offsetting of payment flows between geographical areas, reducing the cost of settlement between them.
2311:
from business lending to consumer lending, which means charging higher interest rates to those customers that are considered to be a higher credit risk and thus increased chance of
2335:
over time (in some countries with underdeveloped financial systems, it is still common to deal strictly in cash, including carrying suitcases filled with cash to purchase a home).
4564:
All withdrawals and deposits are completely the sole decision and responsibility of the account owner unless the parent or guardian is required to do otherwise for legal reasons.
2269:
A bank can generate revenue in a variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. Traditionally, the most significant method is via charging
2289:. Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance.
6579:
4438:
4215:
companies, engage in several of these activities. These big banks are very diversified groups that, among other services, also distribute insurance – hence the term
2738:
4283:
3596:
2683:
2093:
drawn by customers in the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as
6447:
4595:
there are two kinds of accounts: debit and credit. Credit accounts are
Revenue, Equity and Liabilities. Debit Accounts are Assets and Expenses. The bank credits a
4545:
Notice accounts – the equivalent of certificate accounts with an indefinite term. Savers agree to notify the institution a specified time before withdrawal.
2277:
from the difference between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities.
2985:
Banking crises have developed many times throughout history when one or more risks have emerged for the banking sector as a whole. Prominent examples include the
2982:(the possibility that the bank will become unprofitable, if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans).
3825:
The bank agrees to promptly collect the cheques deposited to the customer's account as the customer's agent and to credit the proceeds to the customer's account.
2820:: risk that the value of a portfolio, either an investment portfolio or a trading portfolio, will decrease due to the change in value of the market risk factors.
2292:
In the past 20 years, American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions.
3574:
2635:
4606:
The customer debits his or her savings/bank (asset) in his ledger when making a deposit (and the account is normally in debit), while the customer credits a
2731:
1622:
6112:
Credit risk is most simply defined as the potential that a bank borrower or counterparty will fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms.
3850:
The bank must not close a customer's account without reasonable notice, since cheques are outstanding in the ordinary course of business for several days.
1510:
2140:
These reserves can be acquired through the acceptance of new deposits, sale of other assets, or borrowing from other banks including the central bank.
6664:
5125:
4431:
3739:
3479:
5436:
4592:
4512:
3657:
2713:
1705:
Banking as an archaic activity (or quasi-banking) is thought to have begun as early as the end of the 4th millennium BCE, to the 3rd millennia BCE.
5486:
2319:
Third, they have sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. These products include
5790:
990:
5970:
5506:
3756:
Unlike most other regulated industries, the regulator is typically also a participant in the market, being either publicly or privately governed
1558:, under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure
6125:
4236:
are normally government-owned and charged with quasi-regulatory responsibilities, such as supervising commercial banks, or controlling the cash
3815:
The bank agrees to pay the customer's checks up to the amount standing to the credit of the customer's account, plus any agreed overdraft limit.
6086:
4533:
NOW and Super NOW accounts – function like checking accounts but earn interest. A minimum balance may be required on Super NOW accounts.
3623:
3474:
3439:
3005:
2611:
6523:
6484:
5934:
5628:
4423:
1244:
557:
423:
4403:
5693:
2782:
in order to conduct their business, and how well these risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much
5526:
5365:
4555: – a form of retirement savings in which the funds deposited and interest earned are exempt from income tax until after withdrawal.
3618:
3569:
2653:
2617:
6706:
6269:
6176:
6098:
5420:
5155:
3784:
3422:
Currently, commercial banks are regulated in most jurisdictions by government entities and require a special bank license to operate.
6648:
4632:
2862:
6248:
6070:
5723:
5718:. Routledge Library Editions: Banking and Finance. Vol. 30 (reprint ed.). London: Routledge (published 2012). p. 40.
4793:
4539: – carry a monthly limit of preauthorised transfers to other accounts or persons and may require a minimum or average balance.
4379:
4313:
3779:
2814:: risk that a given security or asset cannot be traded quickly enough in the market to prevent a loss (or make the required profit).
2718:
2677:
2493:
966:
4116:: banks that prioritize the transparency of all operations and make only what they consider to be socially responsible investments.
3830:
And, the bank has a right to combine the customer's accounts since each account is just an aspect of the same credit relationship.
2369:
2188:
4223:
combining "banque or bank" and "assurance", signifying that both banking and insurance are provided by the same corporate entity.
4174:. The modern definition, however, refers to banks which provide capital to firms in the form of shares rather than loans. Unlike
2251:
6584:
6133:
4046:: locally operated financial institutions that empower employees to make local decisions to serve their customers and partners.
2297:
1746:
1629:
130:
3004:
The 2023 global banking crisis is the latest of these crises: In March 2023, liquidity shortages and bank insolvencies led to
5534:
5514:
5494:
5016:
4357:
1503:
714:
465:
5678:
In the ordinary cases of deposits of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan or
5297:
4548:
3820:
The bank may not pay from the customer's account without a mandate from the customer, e.g. a cheque drawn by the customer.
3732:
3715:
3662:
2883:
2702:
2451:
1881:
1841:
868:
811:
6389:
5317:
4507:
To be able to provide home buyers and builders with the funds needed, banks must compete for deposits. The phenomenon of
5302:
5041:
4398:
3765:
3359:
1758:
1152:
838:
215:
5682:, or irregular deposit, and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded.
2949:
system, a new sum of money is created and conversely, whenever the principal on that loan is repaid money is destroyed.
6701:
6580:"To what extent will the banking industry be globalized? A study of bank nationality and reach in 20 European nations"
6515:
4753:
4426:(FDIC) as a regulator. However, for soundness examinations (i.e., whether a bank is operating in a sound manner), the
3630:
2867:
1563:
659:
4342:
4104:: banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation. Many offshore banks are essentially private banks.
5794:
4035:, the U.S. Congress required that banks only engage in banking activities, whereas investment banks were limited to
6311:
5947:
5620:
4778:
4049:
3895:
An illustration of
Northern National Bank as advertised in a 1921 book highlighting the opportunities available in
3034:
2946:
2499:
2257:
1885:
1831:
1788:
1555:
619:
547:
379:
105:
5921:
4361:
4346:
5407:
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5120:
4989:
4758:
4128:
3928:
2998:
2759:
2394:
1961:
1496:
1439:
1234:
1157:
522:
357:
1807:, and who charged a fee for that service. In exchange for each deposit of precious metal, the goldsmiths issued
5145:
5026:
4979:
4691:
4124:
4006:
3866:, may be partly or wholly exempt from bank license requirements, and therefore regulated under separate rules.
3725:
3652:
3606:
3469:
3464:
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2110:
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472:
391:
1953:
The definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages for more information.
6696:
5836:
5165:
4969:
4636:
4437:
Each regulatory agency has its own set of rules and regulations to which banks and thrifts must adhere. The
3946:
3049:
Here is a list of the largest deals in history in terms of value with participation from at least one bank:
3030:
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2936:
2671:
2544:
1698:
719:
362:
150:
31:
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Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises. These include
1855:
5282:
5150:
5135:
4670:
3542:
2445:
2260:, who works for the bank based on a contract, whose main job is to increase the customer base for the bank
2003:
1873:
1773:
1745:
families dominated banking in 14th-century
Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe.
1474:
1351:
1326:
1284:
1197:
27:
4464:
4161:
2578:
1838:. Thus the goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit.
6225:
5995:
5616:
5461:
5192:
5115:
4484:
4353:
4241:
4153:
4089:
4059:
4055:
3973:
3839:
on cheques deposited to the customer's account, to the extent that the customer is indebted to the bank.
2477:
2332:
2086:
1893:
959:
893:
654:
592:
552:
411:
190:
180:
20:
4123:
is a banking operation without any physical bank branches. Transactions are usually accomplished using
2212:
Bank by mail: Most banks accept cheque deposits via mail and use mail to communicate to their customers
2002:
In most common law jurisdictions there is a Bills of
Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation to
1399:
3201:
19:
This article is about financial organisation that provides money upon conditions. For other uses, see
6218:
6150:
5575:
5277:
5227:
5182:
5160:
4860:
4850:
4783:
4718:
4542:
Certificate accounts – subject to loss of some or all interest on withdrawals before maturity.
4536:
3945:
Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by the government, or are
2556:
2440:
2235:
2102:
1559:
1479:
1449:
1291:
1254:
1217:
816:
791:
669:
629:
624:
492:
281:
230:
140:
6642:
6039:
4591:
are accounting records produced by banks under the various accounting standards of the world. Under
4187:
4052:: regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to under-served markets or populations.
3008:, and within two weeks, several of the world's largest banks failed or were shut down by regulators
1815:; these receipts could not be assigned, only the original depositor could collect the stored goods.
5257:
5006:
4905:
4768:
4713:
4074:
3869:
The requirements for the issue of a bank license vary between jurisdictions but typically include:
3591:
3537:
3232:
2855:
2843:
2783:
2773:
2281:
2254:, mostly for private banking or business banking, who visits customers at their homes or businesses
2231:
2165:
1424:
1419:
1321:
1093:
930:
883:
709:
699:
649:
587:
296:
165:
110:
5899:
5563:
936:
6555:
5287:
5217:
5197:
5187:
5103:
4798:
4658:
4212:
4175:
3934:
3411:
2979:
2769:
2308:
2274:
2157:
1995:
1979:
1957:
1850:
1684:
1590:
1459:
1346:
1074:
858:
833:
729:
724:
612:
597:
572:
537:
145:
43:
6367:
6124:
Bolt, Wilko; Haan, Leo de; Hoeberichts, Marco; Oordt, Maarten van; Swank, Job (September 2012).
5642:
The first state deposit bank was the Bank of St. George in Genoa, which was established in 1407.
5548:
5712:
Richards, Richard D. (1929). "The
Goldsmith bankers and the evolution of English paper money".
4460:
3983:
3879:'Fit and Proper' requirements for the bank's controllers, owners, directors, or senior officers
6550:
6519:
6480:
6066:
5719:
5624:
5530:
5510:
5490:
5416:
5412:
5373:
5292:
5267:
5242:
5222:
5212:
5202:
5130:
4915:
4875:
4808:
4686:
4508:
4255:
3938:
3918:
2829:
2795:
2791:
2430:
2312:
2227:
1889:
1835:
1819:
1754:
1618:
1574:
1279:
1264:
1212:
1192:
1122:
1079:
771:
766:
607:
577:
512:
225:
6501:
5606:
6691:
6668:
6593:
6214:
6142:
5272:
5262:
5247:
5237:
5207:
4954:
4944:
4939:
4890:
4835:
4788:
4558:
4488:
4032:
3912:
3859:
3769:
3680:
3647:
3189:
2990:
2898:
2823:
2693:
2573:
2535:
2521:
2374:
2245:
2200:
2129:
1924:
1614:
1578:
1371:
1336:
1331:
1316:
1301:
1239:
1207:
1112:
998:
982:
952:
920:
848:
826:
806:
781:
644:
634:
542:
460:
6671:
Provides an overview of the national banking system of the US, its regulation, and the OCC.
6282:
6189:
5749:
Richards. The usual denomination was 50 or 100 pounds, so these notes were not an everyday
5665:
Commentaries on the Law of
Bailments: With Illustrations from the Civil and the Foreign Law
6511:
5232:
4996:
4974:
4910:
4885:
4865:
4763:
4748:
4706:
4701:
4568:
4527:
4427:
4192:
4145:
4095:
4043:
4028:
3924:
3773:
3521:
3508:
3503:
3284:
3252:
3130:
2847:
2567:
2540:
2529:
2425:
2350:
2161:
2153:
1983:
1975:
1931:
1865:
1823:
1779:
1598:
1573:
Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of
1551:
1528:
1469:
1454:
1414:
1311:
1296:
1269:
1249:
1179:
1169:
888:
873:
863:
786:
776:
689:
639:
582:
562:
532:
507:
482:
396:
286:
276:
125:
100:
64:
58:
6424:
5893:
5772:
2879:
6686:
6630:
6608:
5659:
5093:
4870:
4840:
4825:
4588:
4511:
had to dollars moving from savings accounts and into direct market instruments such as
4492:
4208:
4157:
4132:
4036:
4031:: the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. After the
4020:
3962:
3906:
3685:
3579:
3557:
3552:
3220:
2971:
2942:
2850:, which sets a framework within which a bank or depository institution must manage its
2835:
2811:
2779:
2641:
2517:
2467:
2382:
2286:
2221:
2215:
2149:
2125:
2073:
2062:
1960:, a banker is defined as a person who carries on the business of banking by conducting
1937:"bench, counter". Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during the
1913:
1795:
emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants started to store their gold with the
1637:
1540:
1532:
1464:
1429:
1274:
1224:
1162:
1034:
940:
853:
821:
761:
694:
679:
674:
602:
401:
384:
367:
271:
236:
220:
205:
120:
6659:
6597:
6177:"Bank Stability and Market Discipline: Debt-for-Equity Swap versus Subordinated Notes"
4519:
To compete for deposits, US savings institutions offer many different types of plans:
2389:
1945:
bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths.
1652:
6680:
5140:
5021:
5011:
5001:
4984:
4920:
4696:
4454:
4415:
4237:
4216:
4200:
4171:
4167:
4101:
4009:
3863:
3444:
3316:
3296:
3026:
2851:
2548:
2472:
2435:
2301:
2240:
2177:
2098:
1917:
1633:
1586:
1567:
1484:
1444:
1389:
1014:
898:
878:
801:
756:
527:
517:
497:
374:
185:
175:
160:
155:
90:
80:
6341:
6219:"No Pain, No Gain? Effecting Market Discipline via "Reverse Convertible Debentures""
4530: – permit any amount to be added to or withdrawn from the account at any time.
2997:
in the 1980s and early 1990s, the Japanese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the
2854:. The categorisation of assets and capital is highly standardised so that it can be
6146:
5808:
5698:
5655:
5343:
5331:
5083:
5078:
5046:
5031:
4964:
4959:
4949:
4813:
4723:
4247:
4233:
4113:
4107:
4078:
4070:
3896:
3757:
3584:
3512:
3387:
3098:
2787:
2647:
2132:, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending.
2117:
2058:
1738:
1409:
1306:
1044:
684:
487:
352:
291:
248:
210:
195:
115:
95:
6342:"M&A by Industries - Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)"
4196:
2128:. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making
2116:
Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting
6505:
5713:
5663:
5610:
3882:
Approval of the bank's business plan as being sufficiently prudent and plausible.
1539:. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through
6546:
5088:
5061:
5051:
5036:
4733:
4728:
4607:
4477:
4331:
4220:
4160:
activities such as M&A, trade for their own accounts, make markets, provide
4120:
4083:
4002:
3969:
3764:. However, in some countries, this is not the case. In the UK, for example, the
3706:
3613:
3564:
3348:
3328:
3264:
2975:
2817:
2805:
2626:
2597:
2462:
2415:
2342:
2328:
2196:
Banks offer many different channels to access their banking and other services:
1938:
1750:
1714:
1625:
1404:
1366:
1356:
1341:
1069:
1059:
1039:
1029:
1024:
843:
734:
704:
325:
315:
200:
135:
85:
3802: – defined as any entity for which the bank agrees to conduct an account.
3794:
Banking law is based on a contractual analysis of the relationship between the
3021:
As of November 2009, China's top four banks have in excess of 67,000 branches (
2357:
This helps in making a profit and facilitates economic development as a whole.
6578:
Berger, Allen N; Dai, Qinglei; Ongena, Steven; Smith, David C (1 March 2003).
6184:
5507:
Temples, Tithes, and Taxes: The Temple and the Economic Life of Ancient Israel
5073:
4880:
4855:
4552:
4149:
4062:(LDB). The history of LDB is quite old. The first LDB was started at Jhang in
3690:
2974:(where many depositors may request withdrawals in excess of available funds),
2808:: risk of loss arising from a borrower who does not make payments as promised.
2420:
2346:
2324:
2320:
2078:
1897:
1804:
1183:
1131:
1084:
1054:
1049:
320:
5867:
5855:
The family is soon represented in all the important centres of the continent.
5824:
International financing in the 19th Century took hold due to the Rothschilds.
5668:(9 ed.). Boston: Little, Brown, and Company (published 1878). p. 87
6277:
5056:
4900:
4845:
4628:
4295:
3992:
3547:
3459:
2913:
2562:
2552:
2398:
2169:
2121:
2035:
1877:
1796:
433:
418:
255:
5959:
e.g. Tyree's Banking Law in New Zealand, A L Tyree, LexisNexis 2003, p. 70.
2963:
4580:
3805:
The law implies rights and obligations into this relationship as follows:
3760:. Central banks also typically have a monopoly on the business of issuing
2331:. They make it easier for consumers to conveniently make transactions and
1990:
6319:
5750:
4934:
4818:
4523:
4411:
4407:
3996:
3761:
3454:
3417:
3142:
3110:
2986:
2978:(the chance that those who owe money to the bank will not repay it), and
2457:
2410:
2270:
2041:"banking business" means the business of either or both of the following:
1942:
1869:
1846:
1792:
1718:
1577:
but, in many ways, functioned as a continuation of ideas and concepts of
1019:
477:
310:
6013:
4240:. They generally provide liquidity to the banking system and act as the
2958:
5913:
4773:
3957:
3499:
3449:
2891:
2887:
2765:
2007:
1969:
1965:
1808:
1742:
1689:
1621: – have played a central role over many centuries. The
1582:
1547:
1434:
1259:
1141:
796:
567:
170:
6090:
4571: – designed to help people save regularly to meet certain goals.
4199:, Brazil, the bank is the largest financial institution in Brazil and
4015:
2304:
of products (which, the banks hope, will also increase profitability).
4738:
4251:
4063:
3988:
3161:
2917:
2482:
2106:
2090:
2054:
1812:
1800:
1730:
1610:
1606:
1102:
347:
6448:"Banks scramble to fix old systems as IT 'cowboys' ride into sunset"
4258:) and fees on the financing facilities that it extends to customers.
2826:: risk arising from the execution of a company's business functions.
2230:
allows customers to conduct transactions over the telephone with an
1554:
over banks. Most countries have institutionalized a system known as
1546:
Whereas banks play an important role in financial stability and the
6188:. The Hebrew University Business School. p. 59. Archived from
5098:
4895:
4830:
4579:
4561: – offered by some institutions under definite restrictions.
4459:
4402:
4186:
4014:
4001:
3982:
3968:
3956:
3890:
3788:
3778:
3046:
bil. USD followed by a steep decline (−82% from 2007 until 2018).
2957:
2878:
2838:: risks related to the aggregate economy the bank is operating in.
2388:
2378:
2368:
2187:
2072:
1989:
1974:
1840:
1818:
Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend money out on behalf of the
1772:
1762:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1688:
1602:
1361:
1202:
455:
406:
4430:
is the primary federal regulator for Fed-member state banks; the
2786:
a bank is required to hold. Bank capital consists principally of
6063:
Blockchain Babel: The Crypto-craze and the Challenge to Business
4803:
4743:
3977:
3836:
3517:
3022:
2832:: a type of risk related to the trustworthiness of the business.
2606:
2570:
services (lock box, remote deposit capture, merchant processing)
2525:
2512:
2173:
1536:
1229:
1107:
1005:
664:
502:
428:
3772:) issue their own banknotes in addition to those issued by the
1811:
certifying the quantity and purity of the metal they held as a
1713:
The present era of banking can be traced to medieval and early
5809:"The History of Banks | How They've Changed through the Years"
4325:
4266:
3640:
3635:
2049:
paying or collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers.
1647:
5969:
McLeay, Michael; Radia, Amar; Thomas, Ryland (8 March 2014).
2057:(Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale), direct credit,
1888:
in London to allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The
4675:
2224:
is using one's mobile phone to conduct banking transactions
2218:
over the Internet to perform multiple types of transactions
2010:, and this Act contains a statutory definition of the term
1663: with: history after the 19th century. You can help by
1896:
on a large scale, financing the purchase of shares in the
6425:"Making Innovation More Competitive: The Case of Fintech"
4627:. Accepting a significant quantity of such deposits, or "
4152:" (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues, provide
4086:
or religious organisations, and their immediate families.
4058:: The special banks providing long-term loans are called
3909:, dealing directly with individuals and small businesses;
6346:
Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)
6018:
BANKEDGE | Professional Certification Courses In Banking
5550:
A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day
4483:
As a reaction, banks have developed their activities in
4092:: savings banks associated with national postal systems.
1566:
based on an international set of capital standards, the
26:"Banks" and "Banker" redirect here. For other uses, see
5593:
Banks, Places and Entrepreneurs in Renaissance Florence
4291:
3768:
licenses banks, and some commercial banks (such as the
1880:
facility in 1728. By the beginning of the 19th century
1717:
Italy, to the rich cities in the centre and north like
1664:
2353:
to retailers who accept the bank's cards for payments.
1693:
This 15th-century painting depicts money-dealers at a
5607:"Central Banking: The Early Years: Other Early Banks"
5315:
4457:
has become a big problem for financial institutions.
2945:/destruction – whenever a bank gives out a loan in a
6627:
International Banking in the 19th and 20th Centuries
6507:
Monetary and Financial Statistics: Compilation Guide
6502:"Source Data for Monetary and Financial Statistics"
2468:
Personal loan (Secured and Unsecured Personal loan)
2273:on the capital it lends out to customers. The bank
1757:founded the earliest-known state deposit bank, and
4439:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
1749:set up one of the most famous Italian banks, the
4495:and have become big players in such activities.
2684:Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)
5595:, Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain, Variorum
2801:Some of the main risks faced by banks include:
6551:"For Banks, Wads of Cash and Loads of Trouble"
6091:"Principles for the Management of Credit Risk"
3858:Some types of financial institutions, such as
4280:The examples and perspective in this section
3733:
2739:
1632:(founded in 1472), while the oldest existing
1504:
960:
8:
6470:
6468:
6249:"Personal Data And The Next Subprime Crisis"
3915:, providing services to mid-market business;
3431:International regulatory standards for banks
1550:of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a
16:Financial institution which accepts deposits
5553:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996.
4360:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4178:, they tend not to invest in new companies.
2507:Business (or commercial/investment) banking
4298:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
4170:were traditionally banks which engaged in
3927:, providing wealth management services to
3740:
3726:
3424:
2746:
2732:
2588:
2085:Banks act as payment agents by conducting
1511:
1497:
978:
967:
953:
449:
260:
57:
38:
6665:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
5937:, 1966, English Court of Appeal, 2 QB 431
5566:universalis.fr Accessed 15 September 2018
5437:"How Banks Use Loans to Create Liquidity"
5126:List of bank mergers in the United States
4432:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
4380:Learn how and when to remove this message
4314:Learn how and when to remove this message
2908:The economic functions of banks include:
2770:Investment banking § Risk management
2120:, and by issuing debt securities such as
297:Transaction (checking / current)
3051:
3006:three bank failures in the United States
2760:Financial risk management § Banking
2714:Standardized approach (operational risk)
1527:is a financial institution that accepts
6477:Consumer and business credit management
6264:
6262:
5715:The Early History of Banking in England
5356:
5322:
4410:, The People's Trust Company Building,
3902:Banks' activities can be divided into:
3698:
3672:
3529:
3491:
3427:
2692:
2661:
2625:
2596:
2591:
2148:Activities undertaken by banks include
1379:
1178:
1130:
1092:
997:
981:
302:
263:
49:
6660:A Guide to the National Banking System
6475:Mishler, Lon; Cole, Robert E. (1995).
6126:"Bank Profitability during Recessions"
6087:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
5971:"Money creation in the modern economy"
4599:to increase its balance, and debits a
4263:Challenges within the banking industry
3921:, directed at large business entities;
3440:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
2307:Second, they have expanded the use of
2280:This difference is referred to as the
5935:United Dominions Trust Ltd v Kirkwood
5924:from the original on 11 October 2023.
5582:, New York, Dodd, Mead & Company.
4653:Globalisation in the banking industry
4424:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
7:
6479:. Homewood: Irwin. pp. 128–29.
6409:Scott Besley and Eugene F. Brigham,
4618:One source of deposits for banks is
4358:adding citations to reliable sources
3776:, the UK government's central bank.
1900:for the British government in 1875.
926:
6390:"List of Commercial Banks in Nepal"
5619:, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers (
2654:Standardized approach (credit risk)
2618:Standardized approach (market risk)
2209:adjacent to or remote from the bank
6099:Bank for International Settlements
5975:Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin
5950:rather than as banks in Hong Kong.
5156:List of largest U.S. bank failures
3785:Bank for International Settlements
2865:, regulators force banks to issue
1968:drawn on them and also collecting
1868:originated the permanent issue of
14:
6649:Banking, Banks, and Credit Unions
6423:Van Loo, Rory (1 February 2018).
5605:Macesich, George (30 June 2000).
5487:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
4794:International Bank Account Number
3378:Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group
2719:Standardised measurement approach
2494:National Electronic Fund Transfer
2248:enabled bank branch clarification
1761:(Bank of St. George), in 1407 at
1562:, banks are generally subject to
6585:Journal of Banking & Finance
6549:; Martin, Andrew (3 July 2009).
6134:Journal of Banking & Finance
5773:"A History of British Banknotes"
5372:. 1 January 2014. Archived from
5337:
5325:
4906:Treasury management § Banks
4330:
4271:
3937:, relating to activities on the
2916:and current accounts subject to
2774:Treasury management § Banks
2207:Automated teller machine banking
1651:
1597: – notably, the
989:
935:
925:
916:
915:
5892:de Albuquerque, Martim (1855).
5793:. eccount money. Archived from
5791:"A short history of overdrafts"
3961:National Bank of the Republic,
3012:Size of global banking industry
2912:Issue of money, in the form of
2636:Internal ratings-based approach
1630:Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
6500:Statistics Department (2001).
6281:. pp. 3–4. Archived from
6175:Raviv, Alon (13 August 2014).
6147:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.05.011
5017:Non-bank financial institution
4549:Individual retirement accounts
3267:Financial Corp, Massachusetts
2766:Finance § Risk management
2377:, now a modern retail bank in
2038:), Section 2, Interpretation).
1531:from the public and creates a
715:Strategic financial management
1:
6598:10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00386-2
6312:"FDIC: HSOB Commercial Banks"
6061:Pejic, Igor (28 March 2019).
6042:. The Street. 24 October 2007
6014:"Banking Channels | Bankedge"
5529:Transaction Publishers, 2005
5298:Banking in the United Kingdom
4156:, and advise corporations on
3716:Business and Economics Portal
2863:financial crisis of 2007–2008
2703:Advanced measurement approach
2452:Individual retirement account
2192:An American bank in Maryland.
1784:, by Lady Jane Lindsay, 1905.
869:Sustainable development goals
6065:(1st ed.). Kogan Page.
5462:"Basel Regulatory Framework"
5303:Banking in the United States
5042:Savings and loan association
4399:Banking in the United States
4135:through an online interface.
4121:direct or internet-only bank
3766:Financial Services Authority
3673:Pillar 2: Supervisory review
3530:Pillar 1: Regulatory capital
3360:Royal Bank of Scotland Group
3192:, Charlotte, North Carolina
2868:Contingent convertible bonds
2234:, or when requested, with a
2087:checking or current accounts
2019:is structured or regulated.
1964:for their customers, paying
1747:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
1585:that had their roots in the
1564:minimum capital requirements
1535:while simultaneously making
6516:International Monetary Fund
5918:Online Etymology Dictionary
5898:. in: George Bell. p.
5612:Issues in Money and Banking
5527:Risk: A Sociological Theory
4754:Deposit creation multiplier
4513:U.S. Department of Treasury
4294:, discuss the issue on the
4050:Community development banks
3783:Global headquarters of the
3699:Pillar 3: Market disclosure
2592:Specific banking frameworks
2393:An interior of a branch of
6723:
6655:(archived 11 January 2012)
5996:"How Do Banks Make Money?"
5658:(1832). "On Deposits". In
5621:Greenwood Publishing Group
5591:Goldthwaite, R. A. (1995)
4779:Fractional-reserve banking
4668:
4396:
4250:adhere to the concepts of
3929:high-net-worth individuals
3887:Different types of banking
3415:
3409:
2947:fractional-reserve banking
2896:
2763:
2757:
2500:Real-time gross settlement
1998:in Pokhara, Western Nepal.
1832:fractional reserve banking
1789:Fractional reserve banking
1682:
1556:fractional-reserve banking
620:Fractional-reserve banking
548:Enterprise risk management
25:
18:
6707:Economic history of Italy
5694:Lord Chancellor Cottenham
5408:The Principles of Banking
5405:Choudhry, Moorad (2012).
5121:List of accounting topics
4990:Independent advisory firm
4759:Electronic funds transfer
4603:to decrease its balance.
4211:, more commonly known as
4164:to institutional clients.
4140:Types of investment banks
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
2999:sub-prime mortgage crisis
2989:that occurred during the
2431:Recurring deposit account
2395:National Westminster Bank
2296:First, this includes the
2201:Branch, in-person banking
2111:automated teller machines
1552:high degree of regulation
1440:Guaranteed minimum income
1235:Diversification (finance)
523:Diversification (finance)
5948:deposit taking companies
5580:Banking Through the Ages
5146:List of economics topics
5027:Person-to-person lending
4980:Boutique investment bank
4692:Automated teller machine
4567:Club accounts and other
4503:Loan activities of banks
3947:non-profit organisations
3798:(defined above) and the
3041:Mergers and acquisitions
2933:Asset liability mismatch
2709:Basic indicator approach
2663:Counterparty credit risk
2612:Internal models approach
2488:Automated teller machine
2333:smooth their consumption
2095:Automated Clearing House
1930:, meaning "table", from
1803:, who possessed private
1118:Employee stock ownership
1065:Refund anticipation loan
473:Automated teller machine
6645:– World's Biggest Banks
6368:"Land Development Bank"
5441:www.philadelphiafed.org
5166:List of stock exchanges
4970:Industrial loan company
4637:savings and loan crisis
4633:global financial crisis
2995:Savings and Loan crisis
2937:Maturity transformation
2778:Banks face a number of
2672:Current exposure method
1886:bankers' clearing house
1699:Cleansing of the Temple
1035:Unsecured personal loan
720:Stress test (financial)
32:Banker (disambiguation)
6370:. TNAU Agritech Portal
6040:"How Banks Make Money"
5872:www.localhistories.org
5868:"A History of Banking"
5753:for the common people.
5564:naissance de la banque
5547:Davies, R; Davies, G.
5466:www.federalreserve.gov
5283:Banking in Switzerland
5151:List of finance topics
5136:List of banking crises
4929:Types of institutions:
4671:Category:Banking terms
4585:
4468:
4419:
4204:
4060:land development banks
4056:Land development banks
4024:
4019:National Copper Bank,
4012:
3999:
3980:
3966:
3899:
3791:
3058:Acquiring institution
2967:
2894:
2446:Certificate of deposit
2401:
2386:
2298:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
2193:
2089:for customers, paying
2082:
2004:negotiable instruments
1999:
1987:
1876:established the first
1874:Royal Bank of Scotland
1861:
1785:
1702:
1475:Universal basic income
1352:Portfolio optimization
1327:Investment performance
1198:Alternative investment
28:Banks (disambiguation)
6653:UCB Libraries GovPubs
6411:Principles of Finance
6226:University of Florida
5509:Baker Academic, 2006
5193:Banking in Bangladesh
5116:List of largest banks
4669:Further information:
4583:
4537:Money market accounts
4485:financial instruments
4463:
4406:
4244:in event of a crisis.
4242:lender of last resort
4190:
4154:investment management
4018:
4005:
3986:
3974:The BANK of Greenland
3972:
3960:
3894:
3876:Minimum capital ratio
3782:
2961:
2882:
2758:Further information:
2436:Fixed deposit account
2392:
2372:
2191:
2077:Large door to an old
2076:
1993:
1978:
1972:for their customers.
1894:international finance
1844:
1776:
1692:
894:Too connected to fail
655:Investment management
553:Environmental finance
412:Correspondent account
106:Community development
67:, established in 1694
21:Bank (disambiguation)
6629:(St Martin's, 1983)
6089:(30 November 1999).
5837:"History of banking"
5278:Banking in Singapore
5228:Banking in Hong Kong
5183:Banking in Australia
5161:List of oldest banks
4861:Pigmy Deposit Scheme
4851:Overdraft protection
4784:Full-reserve banking
4719:CAMELS rating system
4584:Suburban bank branch
4354:improve this section
4292:improve this section
4282:may not represent a
4228:Other types of banks
4129:electronic transfers
4090:Postal savings banks
3235:, Chicago, Illinois
2875:Banks in the economy
2441:Money market account
2258:Direct Selling Agent
2252:Relationship manager
2203:in a retail location
2103:telegraphic transfer
2053:Since the advent of
1759:Banco di San Giorgio
1480:Volatility (finance)
1450:Risk-return spectrum
1292:Fundamental analysis
1158:Defined contribution
792:Exchange traded fund
670:Mathematical finance
630:Fundamental analysis
625:Full-reserve banking
231:Bank holding company
141:Export credit agency
42:Part of a series on
5797:on 5 November 2013.
5258:Banking in Pakistan
5007:Mutual savings bank
4769:Factoring (finance)
4681:Terms and concepts:
4491:operations such as
4465:Safra National Bank
4162:securities services
3538:Capital requirement
3061:Target institution
2844:capital requirement
2678:Standardised method
2579:Securities Services
2232:automated attendant
2180:and other related.
2166:transaction banking
2144:Range of activities
2024:business of banking
1697:(bench) during the
1640:(founded in 1590).
1425:Financial inclusion
1420:Financial deepening
1322:Investment advisory
1094:Employment contract
884:Time value of money
710:Statistical finance
700:Sustainable finance
650:Investment advisory
292:Time deposit (Bond)
6702:Italian inventions
6625:Born, Karl Erich.
6556:The New York Times
6002:. 27 October 2017.
5777:britishnotes.co.uk
5288:Banking in Tunisia
5218:Banking in Germany
5198:Banking in Belgium
5188:Banking in Austria
5177:Banking by country
5104:White-collar crime
4799:Investment banking
4644:Custodial accounts
4586:
4469:
4420:
4213:financial services
4205:
4075:co-operative banks
4025:
4013:
4000:
3981:
3967:
3935:investment banking
3900:
3860:building societies
3792:
3412:Banking regulation
2980:interest rate risk
2968:
2904:Economic functions
2895:
2836:Macroeconomic risk
2402:
2397:on Castle Street,
2387:
2309:risk-based pricing
2236:telephone operator
2194:
2158:investment banking
2083:
2000:
1988:
1980:Banco de Venezuela
1958:English common law
1884:had established a
1862:
1786:
1703:
1685:History of banking
1591:history of banking
1460:Structured product
1400:Citizen's dividend
1347:Passive management
1075:Debt consolidation
859:Security (finance)
834:History of banking
730:Structured product
725:Structured finance
538:Economic expansion
44:financial services
6643:Guardian Datablog
6525:978-1-58906-584-0
6486:978-0-256-13948-8
6247:Rustici, Chiara.
6217:(November 2002).
6215:Flannery, Mark J.
6156:on 3 October 2020
6020:. 8 February 2016
5895:Notes and Queries
5630:978-0-275-96777-2
5489:Routledge, 2001
5370:Rulebook Glossary
5366:"Bank of England"
5313:
5312:
5293:Banking in Turkey
5268:Banking in Russia
5243:Banking in Israel
5223:Banking in Greece
5213:Banking in France
5203:Banking in Canada
5131:List of bank runs
4916:Wealth management
4876:Shell corporation
4809:Pre-qualification
4687:Anonymous banking
4625:brokered deposits
4614:Brokered deposits
4576:Types of accounts
4559:Checking accounts
4509:disintermediation
4390:
4389:
4382:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4183:Combination banks
4077:: not-for-profit
3939:financial markets
3919:corporate banking
3750:
3749:
3432:
3403:
3402:
3104:Other financials
2886:main building in
2830:Reputational risk
2796:subordinated debt
2792:retained earnings
2756:
2755:
2323:, prepaid cards,
2228:Telephone banking
2154:corporate banking
2130:installment loans
2069:Standard business
1791:and the issue of
1755:Republic of Genoa
1681:
1680:
1595:banking dynasties
1575:Renaissance Italy
1521:
1520:
1193:Active management
1123:Employee benefits
1080:Debt rescheduling
977:
976:
772:Corporate finance
767:Capital structure
742:
741:
513:Corporate finance
333:
332:
6714:
6669:Washington, D.C.
6613:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6472:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6420:
6414:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6322:on 26 March 2010
6318:. Archived from
6308:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6274:
6266:
6257:
6256:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6223:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6194:
6181:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6155:
6149:. Archived from
6130:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6107:
6095:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5951:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5849:
5847:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5813:worldbank.org.ro
5805:
5799:
5798:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5709:
5703:
5702:(1848) 2 HLC 28.
5691:
5685:
5684:
5675:
5673:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5637:
5602:
5596:
5589:
5583:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5538:
5523:
5517:
5503:
5497:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:(2) an EEA bank.
5383:
5381:
5361:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5273:Banking in Spain
5263:Banking in Qatar
5253:Banking in Japan
5248:Banking in Italy
5238:Banking in India
5208:Banking in China
4955:Cooperative bank
4945:Building society
4891:Substitute check
4836:Money laundering
4789:Internet banking
4714:Bankers' bonuses
4676:
4569:savings accounts
4528:deposit accounts
4489:financial market
4480:companies, etc.
4385:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4334:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4221:portmanteau word
4146:Investment banks
4033:Great Depression
4029:Commercial banks
3913:business banking
3770:Bank of Scotland
3742:
3735:
3728:
3681:Economic capital
3648:Operational risk
3430:
3428:Basel Framework
3425:
3353:National agency
3202:BankAmerica Corp
3190:NationsBank Corp
3052:
2991:Great Depression
2899:Financial system
2824:Operational risk
2748:
2741:
2734:
2694:Operational risk
2589:
2585:Capital and risk
2545:foreign exchange
2536:Revolving credit
2478:Current accounts
2375:building society
2351:transaction fees
2246:video conference
2174:consumer finance
2150:personal banking
2063:internet banking
2028:banking business
1962:current accounts
1859:
1845:Interior of the
1824:promissory notes
1676:
1673:
1655:
1648:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1382:
1372:Target date fund
1337:Investor profile
1332:Investment style
1317:Impact investing
1302:Growth investing
1240:Equity (finance)
1113:Salary packaging
993:
983:Personal finance
979:
969:
962:
955:
939:
929:
928:
919:
918:
849:Personal finance
782:Equity (finance)
645:Impact investing
635:Growth investing
543:Enterprise value
450:
261:
216:Savings and loan
61:
39:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6677:
6676:
6639:
6622:
6620:Further reading
6617:
6616:
6602:
6600:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6512:Washington D.C.
6499:
6498:
6494:
6487:
6474:
6473:
6466:
6456:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6429:UCLA Law Review
6422:
6421:
6417:
6408:
6404:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6350:
6348:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6288:on 15 June 2012
6285:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6231:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6195:on 13 July 2018
6192:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6105:
6103:
6093:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5979:
5977:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5954:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5874:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5845:
5843:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5817:
5815:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5762:Richards, p. 40
5761:
5757:
5748:
5744:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5692:
5688:
5671:
5669:
5660:Schouler, James
5654:
5652:
5648:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5623:). p. 42.
5604:
5603:
5599:
5590:
5586:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5524:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5390:
5379:
5377:
5376:on 13 July 2018
5364:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5316:
5314:
5233:Banking in Iran
5171:
4997:Islamic banking
4975:Investment bank
4911:Venture capital
4886:Stock statement
4866:Private banking
4764:Ethical banking
4749:Deposit account
4707:Banking license
4702:Bank regulation
4673:
4667:
4655:
4646:
4620:deposit brokers
4616:
4589:Bank statements
4578:
4505:
4428:Federal Reserve
4401:
4395:
4386:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4351:
4335:
4320:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4289:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4230:
4209:Universal banks
4193:Banco do Brasil
4185:
4142:
4133:direct deposits
4044:Community banks
3955:
3925:private banking
3889:
3873:Minimum capital
3835:The bank has a
3774:Bank of England
3746:
3522:Risk management
3509:Monetary policy
3429:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3367:United Kingdom
3356:United Kingdom
3285:Bank of America
3253:Bank of America
3131:Travelers Group
3077:
3067:
3065:
3055:Date announced
3043:
3014:
2956:
2906:
2901:
2877:
2848:bank regulation
2776:
2762:
2752:
2587:
2574:Credit services
2568:Cash management
2541:Risk management
2518:Capital raising
2509:
2426:Savings account
2407:
2367:
2267:
2265:Business models
2186:
2162:private banking
2146:
2071:
1951:
1932:Old High German
1912:was taken into
1906:
1866:Bank of England
1853:
1780:Bank of England
1778:Sealing of the
1771:
1753:, in 1397. The
1711:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1661:needs expansion
1646:
1623:oldest existing
1541:capital markets
1517:
1470:Systematic risk
1455:Social dividend
1415:Economic bubble
1380:
1312:Hedge (finance)
1297:Government bond
1250:Estate planning
1180:Personal budget
1174:
1170:Social security
1153:Defined benefit
1146:
973:
908:
907:
889:Too big to fail
874:Systematic risk
787:Ethical banking
777:Cost of capital
752:
744:
743:
690:Private banking
660:Islamic banking
640:Hedge (finance)
563:Ethical banking
533:Economic bubble
508:Climate finance
483:Bank regulation
447:
439:
438:
397:Instant payment
343:
335:
334:
258:
241:
240:
76:
68:
65:Bank of England
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6720:
6718:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6697:Legal entities
6694:
6689:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6656:
6646:
6638:
6637:External links
6635:
6634:
6633:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6609:Google Scholar
6592:(3): 383–415.
6570:
6538:
6524:
6518:. p. 24.
6492:
6485:
6464:
6446:Irrera, Anna.
6438:
6415:
6402:
6381:
6358:
6333:
6303:
6270:"Banking 2010"
6258:
6239:
6206:
6167:
6141:(9): 2552–64.
6116:
6078:
6071:
6053:
6031:
6005:
6000:GOBankingRates
5987:
5961:
5952:
5939:
5927:
5905:
5884:
5859:
5828:
5800:
5782:
5764:
5755:
5742:
5724:
5704:
5686:
5646:
5629:
5597:
5584:
5576:Hoggson, N. F.
5568:
5556:
5539:
5518:
5498:
5478:
5453:
5428:
5422:978-1119755647
5421:
5397:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5334:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5110:Related lists:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5094:Mortgage fraud
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4871:Private credit
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:Narrow banking
4838:
4833:
4828:
4826:Mobile banking
4823:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4674:
4666:
4663:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4615:
4612:
4601:credit account
4597:credit account
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4504:
4501:
4397:Main article:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4370:September 2008
4338:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4321:
4304:September 2009
4286:of the subject
4284:worldwide view
4279:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4245:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4168:Merchant banks
4165:
4158:capital market
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4102:Offshore banks
4099:
4093:
4087:
4068:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4037:capital market
4021:Salt Lake City
3963:Salt Lake City
3954:
3953:Types of banks
3951:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3907:retail banking
3888:
3885:
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3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3686:Liquidity risk
3683:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3645:
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3599:
3589:
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3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Leverage ratio
3545:
3532:
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3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3489:
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3410:Main article:
3407:
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3309:
3306:
3305:United States
3303:
3300:
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3293:United States
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3273:United States
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3261:United States
3259:
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3245:
3242:
3241:United States
3239:
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3229:United States
3227:
3224:
3221:JPMorgan Chase
3218:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:United States
3207:
3204:
3199:
3198:United States
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3150:United States
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3139:United States
3137:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3068:($ millions)
3062:
3059:
3056:
3042:
3039:
3013:
3010:
3001:in the 2000s.
2972:liquidity risk
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2943:Money creation
2940:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2905:
2902:
2876:
2873:
2840:
2839:
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2827:
2821:
2815:
2812:Liquidity risk
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2642:Foundation IRB
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2549:interest rates
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2383:West Yorkshire
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2317:
2305:
2287:economic cycle
2266:
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2255:
2249:
2238:
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2222:Mobile banking
2219:
2216:Online banking
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2185:
2182:
2145:
2142:
2099:Wire transfers
2070:
2067:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2039:
1950:
1947:
1914:Middle English
1905:
1902:
1882:Lubbock's Bank
1849:Branch of the
1782:Charter (1694)
1770:
1767:
1710:
1707:
1683:Main article:
1679:
1678:
1658:
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1638:Berenberg Bank
1593:, a number of
1533:demand deposit
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1465:Sustainability
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1225:Bond (finance)
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1195:
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1163:Social pension
1160:
1155:
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1128:
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751:Related topics
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272:Christmas club
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237:Lists of banks
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191:Postal savings
188:
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77:
75:Types of banks
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6316:www5.fdic.gov
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6299:(638 KB)
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5841:History World
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5415:. p. 3.
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5149:
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5142:
5141:List of banks
5139:
5137:
5134:
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5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
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5117:
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5113:
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5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Offshore bank
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:Merchant bank
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:Mortgage bank
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Bulge bracket
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:Bankers' bank
4938:
4936:
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4931:
4930:
4926:
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4921:Wire transfer
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
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4902:
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4722:
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4708:
4705:
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4703:
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4698:
4697:Banking agent
4695:
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4690:
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4683:
4682:
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4473:
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4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:asset quality
4450:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4416:New York City
4413:
4409:
4405:
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4393:United States
4392:
4384:
4381:
4373:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4339:This section
4337:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4318:
4315:
4307:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4248:Islamic banks
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:interest rate
4235:
4234:Central banks
4232:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4217:bancassurance
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4201:Latin America
4198:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4172:trade finance
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:Ethical banks
4112:
4109:
4108:Savings banks
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4096:Private banks
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4071:Credit unions
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4010:Al-Rajhi Bank
4008:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:An office of
3985:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3931:and families;
3930:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:credit unions
3861:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
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3808:
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3720:
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3713:
3708:
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3704:
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3702:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
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3671:
3664:
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3608:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Capital ratio
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:Basel Accords
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:Sumitomo Bank
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3299:& Co Inc
3298:
3297:Merrill Lynch
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:Bank One Corp
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3113:Holding N.V.
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:Mid industry
3086:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2856:risk weighted
2853:
2852:balance sheet
2849:
2845:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Business loan
2511:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Time deposits
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:holders, and
2348:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:cross-selling
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2241:Video banking
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2178:trade finance
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:term deposits
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:Middle French
1915:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:in 1695. The
1871:
1867:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1659:This section
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:merchant bank
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:ancient world
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1568:Basel Accords
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1485:Watered stock
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Market impact
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Asset pricing
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
984:
980:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
938:
934:
932:
924:
922:
914:
913:
912:
911:
904:
903:
900:
899:Watered stock
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Systemic risk
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:List of banks
837:
835:
832:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:Asset pricing
755:
754:
748:
747:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:Eco-investing
526:
524:
521:
519:
518:Disinvestment
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
498:Capital asset
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
443:
442:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
339:
338:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
257:
254:
250:
245:
244:
239:
238:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Participation
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:Middle market
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
91:Bulge bracket
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
29:
22:
6674:
6658:
6652:
6626:
6607:– via
6601:. Retrieved
6589:
6583:
6573:
6561:. Retrieved
6554:
6547:Lipton, Eric
6541:
6529:. Retrieved
6506:
6495:
6476:
6455:. Retrieved
6451:
6441:
6432:
6428:
6418:
6410:
6405:
6393:. Retrieved
6384:
6372:. Retrieved
6361:
6349:. Retrieved
6345:
6336:
6324:. Retrieved
6320:the original
6315:
6306:
6290:. Retrieved
6283:the original
6276:
6252:
6242:
6230:. Retrieved
6228:. p. 31
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6190:the original
6183:
6170:
6158:. Retrieved
6151:the original
6138:
6132:
6119:
6111:
6104:. Retrieved
6097:
6081:
6062:
6056:
6044:. Retrieved
6034:
6022:. Retrieved
6017:
6008:
5999:
5990:
5978:. Retrieved
5974:
5964:
5955:
5942:
5930:
5917:
5908:
5894:
5887:
5875:. Retrieved
5871:
5862:
5851:
5844:. Retrieved
5840:
5831:
5823:
5816:. Retrieved
5812:
5803:
5795:the original
5785:
5776:
5767:
5758:
5745:
5736:
5729:. Retrieved
5714:
5707:
5699:Foley v Hill
5697:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5670:. Retrieved
5664:
5649:
5641:
5634:. Retrieved
5611:
5600:
5592:
5587:
5579:
5571:
5559:
5549:
5542:
5525:N Luhmann –
5521:
5501:
5485:M. Chahin –
5481:
5469:. Retrieved
5465:
5456:
5444:. Retrieved
5440:
5431:
5406:
5400:
5386:
5385:
5378:. Retrieved
5374:the original
5369:
5359:
5307:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5109:
5108:
5084:Cheque fraud
5079:Bank robbery
5067:
5066:
5047:Savings bank
5032:Private bank
4965:Ethical bank
4960:Credit union
4950:Central bank
4928:
4927:
4814:Pre-approval
4724:Cash advance
4680:
4679:
4656:
4647:
4624:
4623:funds being
4619:
4617:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4587:
4526:or ordinary
4518:
4506:
4497:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4421:
4376:
4367:
4352:Please help
4340:
4310:
4301:
4281:
4176:venture caps
4079:cooperatives
3944:
3901:
3897:Toledo, Ohio
3868:
3857:
3853:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3758:central bank
3755:
3751:
3658:Standardized
3619:Standardized
3513:Central bank
3421:
3388:UFJ Holdings
3178:Switzerland
3169:Switzerland
3119:Netherlands
3107:Netherlands
3099:RFS Holdings
3048:
3044:
3019:
3015:
3003:
2984:
2969:
2962:OTP Bank in
2907:
2866:
2860:
2841:
2800:
2777:
2648:Advanced IRB
2483:Cheque books
2359:
2356:
2329:credit cards
2291:
2279:
2268:
2195:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2115:
2084:
2059:direct debit
2052:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2006:, including
2001:
1955:
1952:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1909:
1907:
1863:
1860:in the 1910s
1827:
1817:
1787:
1777:
1769:Early modern
1712:
1704:
1694:
1669:
1665:adding to it
1660:
1572:
1545:
1524:
1522:
1410:Credit union
1394:
1307:Growth stock
1285:independence
1045:Student loan
1002:
812:participants
685:Pension fund
493:Asset growth
488:Bank secrecy
363:Bill payment
282:Money-market
252:
235:
116:Credit union
50:
36:
6559:. Macon, Ga
6351:28 February
6326:4 September
6160:13 December
6102:. p. 1
6046:8 September
5653:, Compare:
5505:ME Stevens
5089:Cyber Crime
5062:Zombie bank
5052:Shadow bank
5037:Public bank
4734:Call report
4729:Credit Card
4608:credit card
4553:Keogh plans
4551:(IRAs) and
4478:credit card
4252:Islamic law
4040:businesses.
3614:Market risk
3565:Credit risk
3375:2005-02-18
3349:HM Treasury
3345:2009-02-26
3329:Sakura Bank
3313:1999-10-13
3281:2008-09-14
3265:FleetBoston
3249:2003-10-27
3217:2004-01-14
3186:1998-04-13
3158:2014-09-29
3127:1998-04-06
3095:2007-04-25
3066:transaction
2993:, the U.S.
2976:credit risk
2954:Bank crisis
2818:Market risk
2806:Credit risk
2627:Credit risk
2598:Market risk
2557:derivatives
2553:commodities
2463:Mutual fund
2416:Credit card
2325:smart cards
2321:debit cards
1939:Renaissance
1923:, from Old
1890:Rothschilds
1854: [
1851:Vyborg-Bank
1751:Medici Bank
1715:Renaissance
1672:August 2020
1626:retail bank
1619:Rothschilds
1405:Cooperative
1367:Stockbroker
1357:Speculation
1342:Market risk
1070:Refinancing
1060:Payday loan
1040:Rent-to-own
1030:Credit card
1025:Charge card
844:Market risk
735:Toxic asset
705:Speculation
593:engineering
131:Development
111:Cooperative
6681:Categories
6603:28 January
6457:2 November
6301:charts 7–8
6185:EconPapers
6106:28 January
5535:0202307646
5515:0801047773
5495:0700714529
5351:References
5074:Bank fraud
4881:Soft probe
4856:Piggy bank
4487:, through
4467:, New York
4195:office in
4150:underwrite
3707:Disclosure
3691:Legal risk
3504:Regulation
3492:Background
3416:See also:
3406:Regulation
3399:41,431.03
3370:41,878.65
3340:45,494.36
3308:48,766.15
3302:Brokerage
3276:49,260.63
3244:58,663.15
3212:61,633.40
3181:65,891.51
3153:72,558.18
3136:Insurance
3122:98,189.19
2966:(Slovakia)
2897:See also:
2861:After the
2764:See also:
2421:Debit card
2347:debit card
2079:bank vault
1996:Nepal Bank
1994:Branch of
1949:Definition
1943:Florentine
1935:banc, bank
1898:Suez canal
1892:pioneered
1797:goldsmiths
1617:, and the
1615:Berenbergs
1208:allocation
1184:investment
1132:Retirement
1085:Bankruptcy
1055:Title loan
817:regulation
466:management
461:allocation
358:Electronic
151:Industrial
146:Investment
126:Depository
101:Commercial
6435:(1): 232.
6374:8 January
6278:TheCityUK
5846:20 August
5731:20 August
5672:20 August
5363:Compare:
5057:Sparebank
4901:Tax haven
4846:Overdraft
4659:Bloomberg
4629:hot money
4493:brokerage
4341:does not
4296:talk page
4197:São Paulo
4067:branches.
3993:Mariehamn
3762:banknotes
3460:Basel III
3223:& Co
3078:industry
3033::13000+,
3029::12000+,
3025::18000+,
2914:banknotes
2563:Term loan
2399:Liverpool
2373:A former
2170:insurance
2122:banknotes
2036:Singapore
1904:Etymology
1878:overdraft
1870:banknotes
1820:depositor
1793:banknotes
1765:, Italy.
1589:. In the
1560:liquidity
1260:Financial
1213:economics
797:Financial
588:economics
568:Financial
434:BRICS PAY
226:Wholesale
221:Universal
121:Custodian
6531:14 March
5922:Archived
5751:currency
5636:12 March
5617:Westport
5537:(p. 181)
4935:Bad bank
4819:Subprime
4665:See also
4524:Passbook
4412:Brooklyn
4408:Citibank
4290:You may
3991:bank in
3800:customer
3455:Basel II
3418:Basel II
3143:Citicorp
3111:ABN-AMRO
3064:Value of
2987:bank run
2686:(SA-CCR)
2458:Mortgage
2411:ATM card
2365:Products
2271:interest
2184:Channels
2113:(ATMs).
1908:The word
1847:Helsinki
1809:receipts
1719:Florence
1709:Medieval
1529:deposits
1381:See also
1020:Car loan
1015:Mortgage
921:Category
613:services
598:forecast
573:analysis
478:Bad debt
264:Accounts
249:Accounts
186:Payments
176:Offshore
156:Merchant
81:Advising
6692:Banking
6667:(OCC),
6663:(PDF).
6563:13 July
6292:20 June
6232:13 July
6199:13 July
5662:(ed.).
5578:(1926)
5389:means:
5380:20 July
5318:Portals
4774:Finance
4362:removed
4347:sources
3631:CVA vol
3500:Banking
3480:Endgame
3450:Basel I
3172:UBS AG
3090:Nation
3081:Nation
2892:Estonia
2888:Tallinn
2784:capital
2650:(A-IRB)
2644:(F-IRB)
2530:hybrids
2316:credit.
2313:default
2275:profits
2097:(ACH),
2091:cheques
2008:cheques
1970:cheques
1966:cheques
1925:Italian
1836:default
1743:Peruzzi
1644:History
1611:Welsers
1607:Fuggers
1599:Medicis
1583:lending
1548:economy
1435:Fintech
1280:planner
1265:adviser
1142:Pension
931:Commons
608:planner
578:analyst
326:Prepaid
287:Savings
277:Deposit
211:Savings
196:Private
171:Neobank
96:Central
51:Banking
6631:online
6522:
6483:
6395:6 June
6366:TNAU.
6253:Forbes
6069:
6024:5 July
5980:9 July
5914:"bank"
5722:
5680:mutuum
5627:
5533:
5513:
5493:
5471:14 May
5446:14 May
5419:
5308:
5068:Crime:
4739:Cheque
4256:markup
4064:Punjab
3989:Nordea
3641:SA-CVA
3636:BA-CVA
3597:SA-CCR
3558:Tier 2
3553:Tier 1
3396:Japan
3393:Banks
3384:Japan
3381:Banks
3364:Banks
3337:Japan
3334:Banks
3325:Japan
3322:Banks
3290:Banks
3270:Banks
3258:Banks
3238:Banks
3226:Banks
3206:Banks
3195:Banks
3175:Banks
3166:Banks
3162:UBS AG
3147:Banks
3116:Banks
2964:Prešov
2918:cheque
2788:equity
2772:, and
2547:(FX),
2522:equity
2502:(RTGS)
2496:(NEFT)
2405:Retail
2343:credit
2327:, and
2282:spread
2109:, and
2107:EFTPOS
2055:EFTPOS
2016:banker
2012:banker
1956:Under
1921:banque
1828:mutuum
1822:, and
1813:bailee
1805:vaults
1801:London
1737:. The
1731:Venice
1613:, the
1609:, the
1605:, the
1601:, the
1579:credit
1218:growth
1103:Salary
1001:
999:Credit
941:Portal
864:Shares
827:system
807:market
368:Mobile
348:Cheque
316:Credit
251:
206:Retail
201:Public
136:Direct
6687:Banks
6651:from
6286:(PDF)
6273:(PDF)
6222:(PDF)
6193:(PDF)
6180:(PDF)
6154:(PDF)
6129:(PDF)
6094:(PDF)
5877:6 May
5818:6 May
5413:Wiley
5344:Money
5332:Banks
5099:Usury
4896:SWIFT
4831:Money
4084:union
3997:Åland
3810:bank.
3789:Basel
3653:Basic
3585:A-IRB
3580:F-IRB
3570:SA-CR
3287:Corp
3255:Corp
3084:Name
3073:Name
2921:cash.
2846:is a
2780:risks
2721:(SMA)
2705:(AMA)
2674:(CEM)
2638:(IRB)
2614:(IMA)
2490:(ATM)
2454:(IRA)
2379:Leeds
2126:bonds
1928:banco
1916:from
1858:]
1763:Genoa
1739:Bardi
1735:Genoa
1727:Siena
1723:Lucca
1695:banca
1603:Pazzi
1537:loans
1362:Stock
1270:asset
1203:Asset
583:asset
456:Asset
446:Terms
407:SWIFT
321:Debit
303:Cards
256:Cards
6605:2016
6565:2018
6533:2009
6520:ISBN
6481:ISBN
6459:2018
6397:2019
6376:2014
6353:2018
6328:2016
6294:2011
6234:2018
6201:2018
6162:2019
6108:2016
6067:ISBN
6048:2011
6026:2020
5982:2022
5879:2020
5848:2020
5820:2020
5733:2020
5720:ISBN
5674:2020
5638:2009
5625:ISBN
5531:ISBN
5511:ISBN
5491:ISBN
5473:2024
5448:2024
5417:ISBN
5387:bank
5382:2020
4804:Loan
4744:Coin
4593:GAAP
4345:any
4343:cite
4219:, a
4131:and
4127:and
4125:ATMs
4023:1911
3978:Nuuk
3965:1908
3862:and
3837:lien
3796:bank
3518:Risk
3475:FRTB
3470:NSFR
3390:Inc
3331:Ltd
3319:Ltd
3133:Inc
3023:ICBC
2842:The
2794:and
2680:(SM)
2607:FRTB
2526:debt
2448:(CD)
2345:and
2124:and
2061:and
1984:Coro
1910:bank
1864:The
1741:and
1733:and
1581:and
1525:bank
1395:Bank
1275:plan
1230:Cash
1182:and
1108:Wage
1050:Pawn
1006:Debt
822:risk
665:Loan
603:plan
503:Cash
429:SPFS
424:CIPS
402:Giro
380:RTGS
375:Wire
353:Card
86:Banq
63:The
30:and
6594:doi
6452:U.S
6143:doi
5900:431
4356:by
4073:or
4007:ATM
3845:it.
3787:in
3663:AMA
3624:IMA
3607:CCF
3601:IMM
3592:EAD
3575:IRB
3465:LCR
3101:BV
3076:Mid
3035:ABC
3031:CCB
3027:BOC
2884:SEB
2101:or
2026:or
1982:in
1941:by
1799:of
1667:.
1636:is
1628:is
1255:ETF
1245:ESG
802:law
558:ESG
419:CLS
392:ACH
311:ATM
6683::
6590:27
6588:.
6582:.
6553:.
6514::
6510:.
6504:.
6467:^
6450:.
6433:65
6431:.
6427:.
6344:.
6314:.
6275:.
6261:^
6251:.
6224:.
6182:.
6139:36
6137:.
6131:.
6110:.
6096:.
6016:.
5998:.
5973:.
5920:.
5916:.
5870:.
5850:.
5839:.
5822:.
5811:.
5775:.
5735:.
5696:,
5676:.
5640:.
5615:.
5609:.
5464:.
5439:.
5411:.
5384:.
5368:.
4414:,
4191:A
4119:A
3995:,
3976:,
3949:.
3520:/
3511:/
3502:/
2890:,
2858:.
2798:.
2790:,
2768:,
2555:,
2551:,
2528:/
2524:/
2381:,
2176:,
2172:,
2168:,
2164:,
2160:,
2156:,
2152:,
2105:,
2014::
1856:fi
1729:,
1725:,
1721:,
1570:.
1543:.
1523:A
385:NS
6611:.
6596::
6567:.
6535:.
6489:.
6461:.
6399:.
6378:.
6355:.
6330:.
6296:.
6255:.
6236:.
6203:.
6164:.
6145::
6075:.
6050:.
6028:.
5984:.
5902:.
5881:.
5779:.
5475:.
5450:.
5425:.
5320::
4418:.
4383:)
4377:(
4372:)
4368:(
4364:.
4350:.
4317:)
4311:(
4306:)
4302:(
4288:.
4203:.
4148:"
3941:.
3741:e
3734:t
3727:v
2935:/
2747:e
2740:t
2733:v
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2543:(
2532:)
2520:(
2385:.
2081:.
1986:.
1701:.
1674:)
1670:(
1512:e
1505:t
1498:v
1003:·
968:e
961:t
954:v
253:·
34:.
23:.
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