267:, which remained a branch and continued to render conventional (non-Islamized) banking services within a dual banking system. There also were 23 commercial banks. In addition to commercial banks, the government also established numerous specialized banks. They included the Agricultural Bank, the Savings & Social Development Bank (owned by the public sector), and the Financial Investment Bank (owned by the private sector). The commercial and other specialized banks had 535 branches throughout the country.
341:(DIB). The government of Sudan had previously owned 99 percent of Bank of Khartoum, Sudan's first bank, dating from 1913. Both Al-Salam Bank Sudan and Emirates and Sudan Bank claimed to be the largest banks in Sudan, with operations fully sharia compliant. Both banks intended to open branches throughout the country to support development, including rebuilding the southern areas of Sudan as well as other areas affected by the civil war.
367:, or deferred payment on purchases, similar in practice to an overdraft and the most-favored Islamic banking arrangement in Sudan. To resolve the prohibition on interest, an interest-bearing overdraft would be changed to a murabbahah contract. The fundamental difference between Islamic and traditional banking systems is that in an Islamic system deposits are regarded as shares, hence their nominal value is not guaranteed.
279:. One of the decisions at that time was that Sudan would have a dual banking system. As a result, the North retained an Islamic banking system, whereas the South adopted interest-based banking. In 2005 the GOSS created a central bank, the Bank of South Sudan, which functioned as a branch of the Bank of Sudan and shared its monetary policies. Several foreign banks established branches in Juba.
22:
356:, meaning interest or usury. Profit and trade were encouraged and provided the foundation for Islamic banking. The prohibitions against interest were founded on the Islamic concept of property as resulting either from an individual's creative labor or from exchange of goods or property. Interest on money loaned fell within neither of these two concepts and was thus unjustified.
600:
483:
323:, formed their own Islamic banks. At the time, both Islamic and conventional banking systems operated together. However, the Faisal Islamic Bank enjoyed certain privileges denied other commercial banks (full tax exemption on assets, profits, wages, and pensions) as well as guarantees against confiscation or nationalization.
188:
The Bank of Sudan used policy instruments, including interest-rate policies, to control the quantity of money in circulation from its establishment until 1984, when
Islamic laws were introduced. After the complete Islamization of the banking system in 1992, the Bank of Sudan eliminated treasury bills
370:
There were many government-sponsored
Islamic initiatives in Sudan, resisted by the predominantly Christian South. However, the Islamic banks were apparently successful there, too, and avoided the controversy of other Islamic initiatives. The sector experienced rapid growth, expected to accelerate
270:
The banking system had worked effectively until the late 1970s and 1980s, when the decline in foreign trade, balance-of-payments problems, spiraling external debt, increased corruption, and the introduction of
Islamic banking disrupted the financial system. Some reforms were introduced in the IMF
235:
To encourage foreign capital investment, in 1974 foreign banks were urged to establish joint ventures in association with
Sudanese capital. Banking transactions with foreign companies operating in Sudan were facilitated so long as they abided by the rulings of the Bank of Sudan and transferred a
344:
By 1992 the Bank of Sudan eliminated treasury bills and government bonds, instruments on which interest was paid, and substituted financial certificates conforming to the
Islamic system. The central bank continued to be the bank for the central and regional governments and for semigovemmental
193:
that carried interest rates. In their place, the bank issued financial certificates conforming to the
Islamic system. To ensure that banking operations would be free of practices that might be deemed usurious, the Sharia High Supervisory Board became a part of the Bank in 1993.
184:
succeeded the Sudan
Currency Board, taking over the Sudanese assets of the National Bank of Egypt, and acting as the central bank of Sudan, issuing currency, assisting the development of banks, providing loans, maintaining financial equilibrium, and advising the government.
168:
Before
Sudanese independence, there were no restrictions on the movement of funds between Egypt and Sudan, and the value of the currency used in Sudan was tied to that of Egypt. This situation was unsatisfactory to an independent Sudan, which established the
232:), but the number subsequently grew. In 1970 the banks were nationalized and became controlled by the Bank of Sudan. As of 2003, however, there were once again private- as well as public-sector banks.
209:
for short-term bank credit that increased the impact of the interest-rate policy. The bank abolished the extension of low-cost credit to the central government and state-owned institutions.
307:, play a prominent role on the bank’s board of directors. It was the first sharia-based bank to open a branch in Khartoum. Other Islamic banks followed. As a consequence, both the
201:
economic reform program was a system of
Islamic open-market operations, with central bank short-term and long-term profit-sharing certificates sold at weekly auctions to control
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in 1901, it obtained a privileged position as banker to and for the government, being a semiofficial central bank. Other banks followed, but the
National Bank of Egypt and
807:
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in Britain dominated and stabilized banking in Sudan until after World War II. Postwar prosperity created a demand for an increasing number of commercial banks.
920:
173:
to replace Egyptian currency. It was not a central bank because it did not accept deposits, loan money, or provide commercial banks with cash and liquidity.
685:
32:
607:. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
490:. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
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337:(UAE) and Sudanese investors. The Emirates and Sudan Bank was established as a result of the acquisition of 60 percent of the Bank of Khartoum by
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was derived from the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad's exhortations against exploitation and the unjust acquisition of wealth defined as
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205:. The central bank also began to require commercial banks to comply more closely with minimum reserve requirements and established a
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363:, or partnership for production; mudharabah, or silent partnership when one party provides the capital, the other the labor; and
333:(ESB), established in 2006, were the two newest foreign banks in early 2011. Al-Salam Bank Sudan was founded by a consortium of
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economic adjustment program, but further reform of the system was an important consideration while developing the January 2005
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To resolve this dilemma from a legal and religious point of view, Islamic banking employed common terms:
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180:, established in 1956, provided recommendations for establishing a central bank in Sudan. In 1959 the
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institutions. It also served as the lender to the government and lender of last resort to the banks.
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3 million into Sudan. Several foreign banks took advantage of this “open-door” policy, most notably
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As of 2012, Sudan had 23 commercial banks. The creation of the new sovereign country of
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with future economic reconstruction and increased production in Sudan's oil fields.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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in 2011 saw the central bank branch in Juba become the separate
114:
covers the history, development and structure of banking in the
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15:
252:. In early 2011, two foreign banks had branches in Sudan,
250:
Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development
263:
In 2010 the Bank of Sudan had 14 branches, including the
295:, was established in 1977. The open-door policy enabled
118:. From the inheritance of the banking system from the
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There were originally five major commercial banks (
315:religious groups and their political parties, the
291:, whose principal patron was the Saudi prince,
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149:Sudan inherited its banking system from the
48:introducing citations to additional sources
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197:Among the measures introduced by the 1997
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38:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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7:
818:Second Transitional Military Council
773:First Transitional Military Council
579:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
462:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
122:to the establishment of the Sudan
14:
828:2019–2021 transition to democracy
1842:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1612:Democratic Republic of the Congo
823:Transitional Sovereignty Council
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481:
31:relies largely or entirely on a
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1:
273:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
577:Sudan : a country study
460:Sudan : a country study
575:. In Berry, LaVerle (ed.).
568:DeLancey, Virginia (2015).
458:. In Berry, LaVerle (ed.).
451:DeLancey, Virginia (2015).
303:and its political arm, the
293:Muhammad ibn Faisal al-Saud
244:, the Faisal Islamic Bank,
126:in 1959 and development of
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686:Pre-independence governors
617:: CS1 maint: postscript (
500:: CS1 maint: postscript (
151:Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
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716:Anglo-Egyptian occupation
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581:Federal Research Division
464:Federal Research Division
321:Democratic Unionist Party
226:People’s Cooperative Bank
1597:Central African Republic
758:National Reconciliation
331:Emirates and Sudan Bank
329:’s Sudan affiliate and
258:Estates Commercial Bank
254:Abu Dhabi National Bank
798:United Nations Mission
305:National Islamic Front
277:the civil war in Sudan
178:Federal Reserve System
155:National Bank of Egypt
153:(1899-1955). When the
1757:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1617:Republic of the Congo
1172:Native administration
778:Coalitions/Bashir Era
691:Pre and early history
222:Sudan Commercial Bank
335:United Arab Emirates
246:Chase Manhattan Bank
171:Sudan Currency Board
120:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
44:improve this article
1832:States with limited
931:Non-marine molluscs
585:Library of Congress
468:Library of Congress
289:Faisal Islamic Bank
265:Bank of South Sudan
139:Bank of South Sudan
1946:Banking by country
1543:Banking in Africa
1271:Telecommunications
706:Turkish occupation
339:Dubai Islamic Bank
301:Muslim Brotherhood
130:in the mid 1970s.
59:"Banking in Sudan"
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948:Natural disasters
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838:October 2021 coup
803:Nomadic conflicts
728:Independent Sudan
613:cite encyclopedia
594:978-0-8444-0750-0
570:"Islamic Banking"
496:cite encyclopedia
477:978-0-8444-0750-0
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33:single source
29:This article
27:
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1907:Saint Helena
1878:
1791:
1782:South Africa
1772:Sierra Leone
1577:Burkina Faso
1411:Architecture
1319:Demographics
1233:Central Bank
1227:
1147:Human rights
1122:Constitution
1048:South Darfur
1018:North Darfur
701:Islamization
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100:October 2020
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1834:recognition
1787:South Sudan
1677:Ivory Coast
1468:Photography
1463:Decorations
1223:Agriculture
1151:LGBT rights
1112:Ambassadors
1058:West Darfur
1003:East Darfur
921:Butterflies
748:Nimeiry Era
236:minimum of
135:South Sudan
1935:Categories
1889:(Portugal)
1847:Somaliland
1767:Seychelles
1732:Mozambique
1717:Mauritania
1702:Madagascar
1657:The Gambia
1592:Cape Verde
1448:Literature
1334:minorities
1260:(currency)
1177:Parliament
1132:Corruption
1068:White Nile
1038:River Nile
988:Al Qadarif
375:References
365:murabbahah
361:musharakah
313:Khatmiyyah
248:, and the
230:Unity Bank
228:, and the
157:opened in
70:newspapers
1722:Mauritius
1371:Squatting
1346:Languages
1324:Education
1276:Transport
1240:Companies
1187:President
1137:Elections
1081:Districts
993:Blue Nile
891:Volcanoes
881:Mountains
859:Geography
813:2019 coup
783:1989 coup
768:1985 coup
743:1969 coup
738:1958 coup
453:"Banking"
203:liquidity
40:talk page
1913: /
1909: /
1902:(France)
1896: /
1874: /
1870: /
1822:Zimbabwe
1797:Tanzania
1647:Ethiopia
1642:Eswatini
1622:Djibouti
1587:Cameroon
1572:Botswana
1501:Category
1426:Clothing
1361:Religion
1356:Refugees
1307:Polygamy
1302:Marriage
1266:Taxation
1167:Military
1157:Islamism
1100:Politics
1028:Northern
1013:Khartoum
936:Reptiles
896:Wildlife
711:Mahdiyya
696:Medieval
681:Timeline
319:and the
242:Citibank
159:Khartoum
1898:RĂ©union
1894:Mayotte
1885:Madeira
1880:(Spain)
1876:Melilla
1807:Tunisia
1777:Somalia
1762:Senegal
1747:Nigeria
1737:Namibia
1727:Morocco
1692:Liberia
1687:Lesotho
1637:Eritrea
1607:Comoros
1582:Burundi
1557:Algeria
1492:Outline
1441:History
1398:Culture
1376:Toilets
1366:Slavery
1290:Society
1228:Banking
1211:Economy
1117:Cabinet
1033:Red Sea
1008:Kassala
906:Mammals
871:Geology
721:History
669:History
275:to end
145:History
84:scholar
1917:
1900:
1887:
1817:Zambia
1812:Uganda
1752:Rwanda
1707:Malawi
1667:Guinea
1562:Angola
1431:Emblem
1421:Cinema
1406:Anthem
1341:Health
1258:Pound
1253:Energy
1245:Dinar
1086:Cities
1043:Sennar
983:Gezira
975:States
961:Floods
916:Horses
886:Rivers
591:
474:
224:, the
86:
79:
72:
65:
57:
1872:Ceuta
1792:Sudan
1742:Niger
1697:Libya
1682:Kenya
1662:Ghana
1652:Gabon
1627:Egypt
1567:Benin
1473:Sport
1458:Music
1453:Media
1388:Women
1127:Coups
926:Moths
911:Birds
901:Fauna
876:Lakes
788:RCCNS
660:Sudan
573:(PDF)
456:(PDF)
309:Ansar
116:Sudan
91:JSTOR
77:books
1802:Togo
1712:Mali
1602:Chad
1436:Flag
1351:LGBT
619:link
589:ISBN
502:link
472:ISBN
354:riba
317:Umma
311:and
287:The
256:and
189:and
63:news
1416:Art
238:ÂŁs.
199:IMF
46:by
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