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property schedules and lists of creditors filed by bankrupts; the administering of oaths and depositions to witnesses in bankruptcy proceedings; the maintenance of the records in such proceedings and the transmission of such records to the clerk of court; and the distribution of the property of bankrupts in cases where the district court judge was absent. Referees' decisions on substantive matters were subject to review by the district court.
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person a bankrupt, to take possession of a bankrupt's estate, and to assign the bankrupt's property. The next bankruptcy act, in 1841 provided for the appointment of commissioners to receive proof of debts and carry out other administrative duties related to bankruptcy cases. The Act that governed federal bankruptcy from 1867 to 1878 instructed district judges to appoint
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In 1946, Congress provided a fixed salary for referees, increased their tenure from two to six years, and limited the circumstances under which they could be removed from office to incompetence, misconduct, or neglect of duty. In 1973 the
Supreme Court acknowledged the increasingly judicial nature of
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Bankruptcy referees appointed under the Act of 1898 performed a wide range of judicial and administrative functions during the early part of the twentieth century, including the following: the consideration and adjudication of bankruptcy petitions submitted to the district courts; the examination of
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All three earlier, short-lived acts providing for bankruptcy jurisdiction in the federal courts had made provision for the appointment of officers to assist in the administration of bankruptcy cases. The act of 1800 authorized district judges to appoint commissioners with various powers to declare a
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The
Bankruptcy Act of 1898 established the position of bankruptcy referee "to assist in expeditiously transacting the bankruptcy business". The act specified that referees were to be appointed by the district court for a term of two years, although they could be removed from office or have their
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In the
Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 Congress enacted the current U.S. Bankruptcy Code, abolished the office of bankruptcy referee and established bankruptcy judgeships to serve separate bankruptcy courts in each judicial district. While these judges assumed the referees' judicial duties, the
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of 1938 granted referees the authority to adjudicate petitions referred to them, to administer oaths and examine witnesses, and to act for the judge in certain instances. As such, bankruptcy referees wore black-and-white striped robes as opposed to the black robes worn by judges.
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Such duties made each referee a combination of special master and estate administrator until the late 1930s, when
Congress transferred many of their administrative functions to bankruptcy trustees or clerks of court and increased the referees' judicial functions. The
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jurisdiction over a particular case revoked at any time. The courts could appoint the referees in such numbers "as may be necessary". The fees paid by petitioners in bankruptcy proceedings were used to compensate the referees.
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remaining administrative functions in most districts were transferred to trustees whose offices were placed under the supervision of the
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the referees' work when it prescribed a set of bankruptcy rules that employed the term "bankruptcy judge" interchangeably with "referee".
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and Andrew DeNatale, "From
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The
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was a federal official with quasi-judicial powers, appointed by a
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proceedings, prior to 1979. The office was first created by the
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Material on this page was copied from the website of the
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Pub. L. No. 95-598, 92 Stat. 2549, 2657 (Nov. 6, 1978).
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486:Pari passu
351:By country
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61:Bankruptcy
31:Insolvency
389:Hong Kong
364:Australia
204:Cram down
155:Claimants
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48:Processes
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691:23 March
359:Anguilla
302:Mortgage
284:Security
253:Offences
163:Creditor
127:Tribunal
685:fjc.gov
576:History
465:Default
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404:Russia
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374:Canada
432:Other
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