647:
1162:
656:
1458:
1923:
636:
4282:
1664:
276:
1837:
85:
2047:
31:
60:
1646:
1719:
for only about four to twelve days after anthesis. Most nectar is produced during the night and early in the morning, with only small amounts produced during the day. Flowers are produced all through the year, but there is a strong peak in autumn. Little else flowers within its range at this time, so
530:
is a highly variable species. It is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (82 ft) in height, but in sheltered locations it can reach 35 metres (115 ft). In more exposed areas it may grow as a small, gnarled tree, reaching to no more than about 5 metres (16 ft), and in highly
1871:
to trigger the release of its seed. Rather, seed is released spontaneously on reaching maturity in late summer. The species' non-reliance on fire for seed dispersal suggests that the exclusion of fire would not affect plant populations, but a number of studies have found the opposite to be true: in
560:
warns that "Atlas contributors found great variability in these measurements with specimens often falling outside the varietal limits specified by George (1981) or being intermediate between two varieties." Juvenile leaves have dentate margins with a few short teeth, and are generally larger than
3661:
Jones, David L. Elliot, W. Rodger, Jones, Sandra R., & Blake, Trevor L. (2015). "Pests, diseases, ailments and allies of
Australian plants : an introduction to some of the good, bad and interesting creatures that you might find in your garden; with aids to their identification, symptoms and
1888:
and intense competition for soil moisture during summer. Despite acknowledging that "the role of fire in these systems remains unclear", it concluded that "developing fire and/or grazing management regimes will be necessary to conserve the structural integrity of these coastal ecosystems."
1960:, making it suitable for seaside planting. It is therefore highly regarded as a low-maintenance garden tree, although its large size makes it unsuitable for smaller gardens. Its hardiness may, however, forewarn weed potential, as some evidence of weediness has been seen in South Africa,
791:
Then followed around 200 years of confusion over the taxonomic limits of the species, caused by the species' great variability, similarities with closely related species, and early attempts to classify the species based on dried specimen material alone. A stable
2037:
is under investigation. Presently, the success rate for grafting is only 30–40%, and even with successful grafts there is a tendency for the union to fail under stress. More research is needed before the technique will be ready for commercial use.
579:
around a woody axis. This is roughly cylindrical, 10–12 cm (3.9–4.7 in) high and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide. Flowers are usually pale yellow to yellow, but may be greenish or pinkish in bud. Each individual flower consists of a tubular
2072:
and conspicuous rays. It is spongy and porous, with a density of around 530 kg/m (33 lb/cu ft). It is considered highly decorative, but it warps badly on drying, has poor load-bearing qualities, and is susceptible to
603:
species, as they arise from two- to three-year-old nodes nested within the foliage. After flowering, old flower parts wither and fall away over a period of several months, revealing the "cone", a woody axis embedded with many small
1246:: George writes that it "gives the impression that it is actively speciating to fill the many ecological niches through its range". Genetic variation across its range has been mapped in some detail with
1911:
592:. Characteristic of the taxonomic section in which it is placed, the styles are straight rather than hooked. The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at
3386:
3032:"Discrimination and identification of morphotypes of Banksia integrifolia (Proteaceae) by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), based on morphological and fractal parameters of leaves and flowers"
1413:
on
Victoria's south coast, was first described by Alf Salkin and is commercially available in small quantities. It forms an attractive hardy low-growing plant to 1 metre (3.3 ft).
821:
that did not accord with George's arrangement. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring
2700:"Catalogue of the Natural History drawings commissioned by Joseph Banks on the Endeavour Voyage 1768-1771 held in the British Museum (Natural History) Part 1: Botany: Australia"
3705:
Price, J. N. & J. W. Morgan (2003). "Mechanisms controlling establishment of the non-bradysporous
Banksia integrifolia (Coast Banksia) in an unburnt coastal woodland".
1983:. Flowering begins at around four to six years from seed. The other subspecies are less well known in cultivation, but are obtainable. Cultivation is presumably similar to
554:
of three to five. Adult leaves have entire margins. George specifies their dimensions as 4–20 cm (1.6–7.9 in) long and 6–35 mm (0.24–1.38 in) wide, but
519:, but these are now lost. In 2001, a search of historical archives for recorded indigenous names of Victorian flora and fauna failed to find a single name for the species.
1388:
on the coast of southern New South Wales, have a smaller habit, longer, thinner flower spikes, and persistent old flowers on old "cones", which are otherwise bare on pure
2018:, is available. The latter is a vigorous ground-hugging plant that can spread to 4 or 5 metres (13 or 16 ft) across yet remains only 50 cm (20 in) high.
806:. Over the next 18 years, George's arrangement was gradually refined in the light of new research and the discovery of new material, and there were several changes to
596:. This process starts with the flowers at the bottom of the inflorescence, sweeping up the spike at an unusually high rate of between 96 and 390 flowers per 24 hours.
1872:
areas where fire has been excluded for many years, populations have declined substantially. An investigation into the defoliation and premature death of trees on the
2831:; Jones, Eric H.; Havery, Shawn P. (2005). "An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)".
1884:
densities fell by 77% between 1977 and 2000. A subsequent study found the decline to have been caused by extremely high seedling mortality rates, due to grazing by
1440:
make a similar claim: that its distribution "is a broader latitudinal, altitudinal and ecological amplitude than any other species, with the possible exception of
2167:
4522:
3606:
2615:
McFarland, David C. (1985). "Flowering
Biology and Phenology of Banksia integrifolia and B. spinulosa (Proteaceae) in New England National Park, N.S.W".
4702:
4275:
4048:
3951:
3398:
3331:
1589:
occurring in the Blue
Mountains at altitudes up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft). There it grows on better quality volcanic or rocky soils derived from
1405:
in
Victoria; these are found in localities where both species co-occur, and have features intermediate between the two. Another purported hybrid with
4712:
4444:
4194:
3734:
McCredie, T. A.; Dixon, K. W.; Sivasithamparam, K. (1985). "Variability in the resistance of
Banksia L.f. species to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands".
2126:. Early settlers used the nectar as a syrup for sore throats and colds; and bushmen would impregnate barren "cones" with fat to make a slow-burning
1207:
388:
236:
38:
1798:
is the only source of nectar and pollen in the autumn (March–April) and late winter (July). The importance of non-flying mammals to pollination of
383:
history, with numerous species and varieties ascribed to it, only to be rejected or promoted to separate species. Modern taxonomy recognises three
4737:
4496:
4457:
3521:
Sharpe, D.J.; Goldingay, Ross L. (1998). "Feeding behaviour of the squirrel glider at
Bungawalbin Nature Reserve, north-eastern New South Wales".
2648:
Captain Cook's
Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71: A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS
4202:
4620:
4558:
4423:
1499:
4024:
3994:
3772:
3369:
3266:
3070:
2519:
2511:
1907:
1222:
408:
258:
1906:
species; and its wide distribution protects against the threat of habitat loss due to land clearing. As a result, it does not appear on the
2155:
4540:
2296:
4717:
4235:
4140:
2545:
2391:
1267:
The nominate subspecies occurs near the coast over most of the species' range except the far north. It varies little except in northern
802:
4161:
1964:
and New
Zealand. When growing near bushland within its native habitat, it is suggested to obtain local provenance plants if available.
646:
4727:
2676:
1494:
1185:
398:
247:
3420:"Grierson, P.F. & P. M. Attiwill (1989). "Chemical characteristics of the proteoid root mat of Banksia integrifolia L. [
1254:
of the shape and spectrum (colour) of the leaves has been used to determine to which subspecies plants of unknown provenance belong.
616:. The seed itself is black, 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long with a feathery black 'wing' 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) long.
4747:
3935:
3903:
2596:
2371:
496:
84:
2141:. Its rangy habit and long internodes are challenging to overcome, but the leaves do reduce with pruning, and unlike the gnarlier
1876:
in south Victoria reached the tentative conclusion that the absence of fire had created unhealthy surface soil conditions. On the
1693:, i.e., roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance
1518:
occurs only within about 50 km (31 mi) of the coast, where it typically occurs on poor quality sandy soils derived from
3927:
2454:
2325:
1803:
625:
4069:
2077:
attack; it is therefore unsuitable for most construction purposes. It is sometimes used for cabinet panelling and in ornamental
1526:, and even on stabilised sand dunes. The temperature range for this area is around 0–30 °C (32–86 °F), with almost no
4483:
3030:
Pandolfi, Camilla; Messina, Giuseppe; Mugnai, Sergio; Azzarello, Elisa; Masi, Elisa; Dixon, Kingsley; Mancuso, Stefano (2009).
2421:
608:. The follicles are initially greenish and downy, but gradually fade to dark grey. Each follicle contains one or sometimes two
516:
3955:
1161:
4659:
1374:
have been formally published to date. Presumed hybrids are identified by their intermediate features; for example those with
4501:
2395:
2012:
3283:
3145:
3087:
4707:
4227:
1930:
813:
s infraspecific taxa. These changes culminated in George's 1999 arrangement, which had broad acceptance until 2005, when
3736:
3678:
3461:
3428:
3222:
2862:
2833:
2801:
2721:
2617:
1748:
1730:
744:
376:
220:
2339:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Archived from
1457:
655:
428:
is widely planted in Australian gardens. It is a popular choice for parks and streetscapes, and has been used for bush
4722:
4353:
4340:
4269:
2506:
2334:
1385:
882:
4102:
1343:, but differs in having longer, narrower leaves, and follicles that are more deeply embedded in the old flower spike.
360:. It is highly variable in form, but is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (82 ft) in height. Its
853:
was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then
4732:
4664:
4633:
4527:
2271:
2266:
1922:
1332:
730:
4040:
4742:
3258:
1791:
832:
4264:
4563:
4331:
3637:
3254:
1754:
1040:
982:
635:
4638:
757:. Linnaeus distinguished the species by their leaf shapes, and named them accordingly. Thus the species with
1742:
1736:
1562:
1532:
1410:
1178:
1048:
1032:
964:
1307:. The two subspecies are distinguishable by their leaves, which are larger and glossy with wavy margins on
4293:
3985:
Sedgley, Margaret (1996). "Banksia, Family Proteaceae". In Krystyna A. Johnson; Margaret Burchett (eds.).
3789:
2741:
2501:
2163:
2111:
1898:
1868:
1778:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1425:
1361:
1296:
1073:
1064:
1056:
922:
797:
753:
492:
4358:
1597:, and would experience up to 100 frosts per year. In this montane habitat, it occurs in association with
2210:
2159:
1760:
1610:
1550:
1024:
999:
973:
908:
891:
846:
781:
204:
177:
3790:"Site-specific conditions influence plant naturalization: The case of alien Proteaceae in South Africa"
1663:
739:
682:
4462:
4436:
3220:
Thiele, Kevin; Ladiges, Pauline (1994). "The Banksia integrifolia L.f. Species Complex (Proteaceae)".
2860:
Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)".
2258:
2103:
because it produces large amounts of pollen and nectar during autumn and winter, thus helping support
2099:
of middling quality and therefore low commercial value. Despite this, the species is highly valued by
275:
4550:
3801:
3563:
2949:
2919:
2889:
2232:
2104:
1877:
1604:
1433:
1381:
1371:
1105:
1016:
1008:
357:
341:
3251:
The Blooming Banksia: Easy Identification of Banksias in Far North Eastern NSW and South Eastern Qld
1724:
animals. Surveys have observed a range of animals feeding on the species, including a wide range of
364:
have dark green upper surfaces and white undersides, a contrast that can be striking on windy days.
4594:
3672:
Bennett, L. T.; Attiwill, P. M. (1996). "The Nutritional Status of Healthy and Declining Stands of
2082:
1508:
1504:
1099:
49:
4625:
4599:
1836:
432:
and stabilisation of dunes. Its hardiness has prompted research into its suitability for use as a
4672:
4431:
4418:
4384:
3867:. Vol. 4, no. 1. Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants. pp. 4–5.
3629:
3587:
3327:
2771:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1640:
1556:
1544:
1402:
1299:. For most of its range it is the only subspecies, but near its southern limit it co-occurs with
380:
345:
291:
79:
4514:
3895:
3788:
Moodley, Desika; Geerts, Sjirk; Rebelo, Tony; Richardson, David M.; Wilson, John R. U. (2014).
1705:
suggest that its proteoid root mat achieves this by chemically modifying its soil environment.
931:
because its inflorescences are cylindrical. Kevin Thiele additionally placed it in a subseries
30:
4571:
4366:
4020:
3990:
3931:
3899:
3868:
3768:
3579:
3365:
3262:
3202:
3066:
3012:
2754:
2592:
2586:
2554:
2515:
2367:
2119:
1961:
1653:
1621:
1538:
1470:
1442:
1397:
1129:
1087:
721:
556:
349:
3031:
1530:. The species can occur in pure stands, but is usually associated with other species such as
4168:
3887:
3817:
3809:
3745:
3716:
3687:
3621:
3571:
3530:
3501:
3470:
3437:
3231:
3043:
3002:
2992:
2871:
2842:
2810:
2763:
2626:
2205:
1671:
1376:
1353:
1251:
1141:
1123:
1117:
990:
678:
605:
421:
4576:
2668:
531:
exposed positions, such as on exposed coastal headlands, it may even be reduced to a small
3707:
2796:
2463:
2417:
2187:
2143:
2118:
by stroking the flower spikes then licking their hands, or by steeping flower spikes in a
1873:
1437:
1268:
1081:
716:
122:
4281:
1493:. The species no longer occurs at any of these Tasmania locations, and has been declared
4612:
4410:
3805:
3567:
2456:
Aboriginal flora and fauna names of Victoria: As extracted from early surveyors' reports
4607:
3963:
3857:
3387:"Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 7b: Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae"
3007:
2980:
2581:
1848:
1827:
1627:
1490:
1489:, although there has been speculation that that specimen was actually collected in the
1247:
686:
613:
551:
539:
109:
2046:
4696:
4509:
4076:
3888:
3838:
3720:
2775:
2340:
2196:
2151:
1690:
1135:
1111:
572:
543:
69:
64:
3633:
3591:
3490:"Activity patterns and roosting of the eastern blossom-bat (Syconycteris australis)"
2979:
Fatemi, Mohammad; Houliston, Gary J.; Haddadchi, Azadeh; Gross, Caroline L. (2013).
2646:
2428:
4677:
4239:
2792:
2699:
2664:
2034:
1975:. It prefers a sunny aspect without exposure to frosts, and tolerates fairly heavy
712:
500:
437:
429:
372:
4586:
4371:
4345:
2745:
2387:
4470:
4325:
3813:
3302:
3168:
3106:
2828:
2293:
2078:
2069:
1841:
1819:
1721:
1645:
814:
4316:
2100:
1698:
1697:
of nutrients, thus allowing nutrient uptake in low-nutrient soils such as the
1694:
1682:
1616:
1599:
1447:
1272:
1200:
726:
708:
384:
155:
3872:
3206:
2981:"Cost‐effective microsatellite markers for Banksia integrifolia (Proteaceae)"
4405:
4392:
3554:
2123:
2086:
1980:
1885:
1852:
1519:
842:
818:
504:
433:
331:
145:
4651:
3583:
3016:
2645:
2462:. Melbourne: Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. Archived from
1806:
showing a reduction of fruit set when measures were taken to exclude them.
1327:
Commonly known as white mountain banksia, it is the only subspecies with a
4114:
3822:
3662:
recommendations for control". Reed New Holland Publishers Pty Ltd. p. 173.
3489:
3134:
in Eastern Australia". (MSc thesis). Clayton, Victoria: Monash University.
4646:
4535:
4310:
3890:
Australian seeds: a guide to their collection, identification and biology
2997:
2008:
2000:
1574:
1482:
1243:
823:
593:
581:
135:
1880:, surveys of an area that had not been burnt since the 1890s found that
4449:
4379:
3575:
3047:
2074:
1976:
1590:
1523:
1429:
1328:
1250:
markers, facilitating further analysis of intraspecific relationships.
955:
336:
323:
165:
4475:
4075:. Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne, Education Section. Archived from
3926:. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the
3749:
3441:
3235:
2814:
2767:
2630:
733:
to the Pacific Ocean. Solander coined the (unpublished) binomial name
515:. Because of its wide range it would have a name in a number of other
3625:
2841:(1). CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society: 75–88.
2510:. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing /
2138:
2127:
1967:
The most common form available in commercial nurseries is unimproved
1953:
1811:
1725:
1716:
1594:
1570:
918:
589:
564:
4287:
3691:
3548:
Cunningham, S. A. (1991). "Experimental evidence for pollination of
3534:
3506:
3474:
2875:
2846:
1432:
terms. According to Alex George, "it spans a wider geographical and
796:
taxonomy did not begin to emerge until 1981 with the publication of
2725:
2704:
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series
1469:
It occurs along almost the entire eastern coast of Australia, from
4488:
4397:
3198:
2096:
2045:
1921:
1835:
1662:
1644:
1527:
1456:
1196:
1160:
766:
585:
576:
532:
96:
4136:
550:. The leaves are dark green with a white underside, and occur in
2061:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1823:
758:
743:. However, the species was not published until April 1782, when
670:
609:
441:
361:
353:
327:
4291:
3989:. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. pp. 18–35.
3455:
Hackett, Damian J.; Goldingay, Ross L. (2001). "Pollination of
3362:
Forest Trees of Australia (Fourth edition revised and enlarged)
1979:. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 5 to 6 weeks to
440:, but has also caused concerns about its potential to become a
379:'s original description of the genus. It has had a complicated
3459:
spp. by non-flying mammals in North-eastern New South Wales".
3422:
1896:
does not appear to be under threat. It is highly resistant to
1522:. It grows near coastal cliffs and headlands, alongside river
375:
in 1770, and one of four species published in 1782 as part of
1912:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
3607:"Arthonia banksiae (lichenised Ascomycota) and its synonyms"
1295:
This subspecies grows in coastal Queensland as far north as
3765:
Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation
2081:, and natural bends were once sought after for making boat
845:. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA
1446:." No other species of tree occurs closer to the coast at
542:, which is often twisted and gnarled, with the rough grey
16:
Tree in the family Proteaceae, from Australia's east coast
2186:
Forster, P.; Ford, A.; Griffith, S.; Benwell, A. (2020).
4111:
ASGAP Australian Plants as Bonsai Study Group Newsletter
2799:(1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)".
1275:, where some populations appear to be intermediate with
599:
The flower spikes are not as prominent as in some other
575:
made up of several hundred flowers densely packed in a
3061:
Harden G. J.; D. W. Hardin & D. C. Godden (2000).
2591:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
2147:(saw banksia) its trunk can become textured with age.
1581:
is found up to 200 km (120 mi) inland, with
464:
was previously known by a range of common names. The
1242:
can be attributed to environmental factors, much is
4300:
2301:
PlantNET (The NSW Plant Information Network System)
2211:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T112526727A113306606.en
1454:the most easterly tree on the Australian mainland.
3130:Salkin, Abraham Isaac (Alf) (1979). "Variation in
1902:dieback, which poses a major threat to many other
1177:The names of three subspecies are accepted at the
2610:
2608:
1701:-deficient native soils of Australia. Studies on
2303:. Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney
1956:soils, and it shows good resistance to wind and
1720:it is a seasonally important source of food for
3987:Native Australian Plants: Horticulture and Uses
3328:"Threatened Species List – Vascular Plants A-B"
2122:overnight. They also used the flower spikes as
2007:are sometimes sold, and a registered prostrate
876:The current taxonomic arrangement of the genus
3917:
3915:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
2787:
2785:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
1711:flowers have an unusually short life span for
900:, because its inflorescences take the form of
4010:
4008:
4006:
2504:(1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.).
1335:of New South Wales. It is similar in form to
8:
2589:(Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8)
880:is based on George's 1999 monograph for the
509:
3364:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing.
1485:in 1999, and an 1876 record allegedly from
865:; it is the type species for the subgenus.
775:
769:
4288:
4280:
4276:Department of the Environment and Heritage
4070:"Aboriginal Resources Trail Teachers' Kit"
4049:Department of the Environment and Heritage
4041:"Banksia integrifolia (Family Proteaceae)"
3952:Australian Cultivar Registration Authority
3837:Keighery, Greg; Keighery, Bronwen (2015).
3605:Kantvilas, Gintaras; Stajsic, Val (2011).
3488:Drury, Rebecca L.; Geister, Fritz (2014).
3332:Department of Primary Industries and Water
2730:. Brunsvigae: Orphanotrophei. p. 127.
1802:was demonstrated in 1989, with a study in
1436:range than any other species." Thiele and
1238:Although some of the great variability of
817:, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published a
274:
58:
29:
20:
3821:
3505:
3193:Salkin, Alf (1986). "Banksia Cultivars".
3006:
2996:
2209:
2107:at a time when little else is flowering.
4228:"Banksia integrifolia var. integrifolia"
4167:. Redcliffe City Council. Archived from
1929:'Roller Coaster', Sylvan Grove Gardens,
1758:(rainbow lorikeet); and mammals such as
935:, but this was not supported by George.
484:; and some older sources refer to it as
4199:Logan: Rich in History, Young in Spirit
2388:"Australian plant common name database"
2178:
3261:, NSW Region – Far North Coast Group.
2320:
2318:
1503:. The range of latitude is thus about
1500:Threatened Species Protection Act 1995
1477:. There was an isolated population on
3928:Society for Growing Australian Plants
3385:Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2000).
2512:Australian Biological Resources Study
1908:list of threatened flora of Australia
334:. One of the most widely distributed
7:
4665:36a63a70-f6bb-44aa-9b00-fc71b4264b5e
4551:e0c1a77d-5f56-46d5-94e8-483c461d2069
4201:. Logan City Council. Archived from
4137:"Australian Native Plants as Bonsai"
3960:Descriptions of registered cultivars
3886:Sweedman, Luke; et al. (2006).
2398:from the original on 7 December 2006
2156:local government areas of Queensland
841:for the species having spoon-shaped
571:s characteristic "flower spike", an
538:The tree usually has a single stout
4703:IUCN Red List least concern species
4236:Australian National Botanic Gardens
4141:Australian National Botanic Gardens
3676:on the Yanakie Isthmus, Victoria".
3360:Boland, D. J.; et al. (1992).
2679:from the original on 8 October 2006
2644:William J. L. Wharton, ed. (1893).
2392:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2197:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2068:is pink to red, with inconspicuous
1840:Galls caused by an Eriophyid mite (
803:The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)
495:before its discovery and naming by
330:that grows along the east coast of
2025:dieback, the feasibility of using
2021:Because of its high resistance to
886:book series. In this arrangement,
725:during Lieutenant (later Captain)
14:
4015:Cribb, A.B.; Cribb, J.W. (1981).
3924:The Banksia Book (Second Edition)
3763:Elliot, R.; Jones, D. L. (1982).
1728:; many species of bird including
4639:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:703118-1
3721:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01252.x
2166:. In 2000 it was featured on an
1818:. Microscopic Eriophyid mites (
1804:Wilsons Promontory National Park
907:s characteristic flower spikes;
654:
645:
634:
626:Taxonomy of Banksia integrifolia
83:
4713:Banksia taxa by scientific name
4017:Useful Wild Plants in Australia
3397:(4): 1017–1202 . Archived from
2095:produces a dark amber-coloured
2029:as a rootstock for susceptible
1999:may be assumed frost-tolerant.
1424:is widely distributed, in both
1331:distribution; it occurs in the
468:lists four other common names:
367:It is one of the four original
4738:Trees of mild maritime climate
3865:Banksia Study Group Newsletter
3295:Banksia Study Group Newsletter
3161:Banksia Study Group Newsletter
3099:Banksia Study Group Newsletter
2985:Applications in Plant Sciences
1782:(grey-headed flying fox), and
1514:For most of its distribution,
948:may be summarised as follows:
1:
3843:Western Australian Naturalist
3552:spp. by non-flying mammals".
3063:Proteaceae of New South Wales
1931:Picnic Point, New South Wales
1794:in northern New South Wales,
784:for the species is therefore
612:, separated by a thin wooden
466:Checklist of Australian Trees
444:outside its natural habitat.
3894:. CSIRO Publishing. p.
3767:. Melbourne: Lothian Press.
3737:Australian Journal of Botany
3679:Australian Journal of Botany
3462:Australian Journal of Botany
3429:Australian Journal of Botany
3223:Australian Systematic Botany
2863:Australian Systematic Botany
2834:Australian Systematic Botany
2802:Australian Systematic Botany
2722:Carolus Linnaeus the Younger
2618:Australian Journal of Botany
2137:has been used in the art of
1790:). In some areas such as at
1749:Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris
1731:Phylidonyris novaehollandiae
1380:(swamp banksia), known from
761:was given the specific name
745:Carolus Linnaeus the Younger
377:Carolus Linnaeus the Younger
3814:10.1016/j.actao.2014.05.005
2335:Australian Plant Name Index
1356:have been reported between
340:species, it occurs between
4764:
4718:Garden plants of Australia
3956:"Banksia 'Roller Coaster'"
2272:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2267:Plants of the World Online
2204:: e.T112526727A113306606.
1734:(New Holland honeyeater),
1638:
1536:(broad-leaved paperbark),
1401:(silver banksia) occur on
735:Leucadendrum integrifolium
623:
4728:Flora of Victoria (state)
3259:Australian Plants Society
3090:Banksia paludosa paludosa
2960:. Australian Plant Census
2930:. Australian Plant Census
2900:. Australian Plant Census
2544:George, Alex S. (1981). "
2364:Native Trees of Australia
2239:. Australian Plant Census
1810:is the host plant of the
1792:Bungawalbin National Park
747:described the first four
297:
290:
282:
273:
232:
227:
210:
203:
80:Scientific classification
78:
56:
47:
37:
28:
23:
4748:Plants described in 1782
4278:, Australian Government.
4193:Buchanan, Robyn (1999).
4113:(3): 4–6. Archived from
4103:"The Banksia as Bonsai:
3922:George, Alex S. (1987).
3839:"Banksia behaving badly"
3282:Barnes, Richard (2004).
3105:(2): 4–5. Archived from
2366:. Melbourne: Lansdowne.
2362:Millett, Mervyn (1971).
2297:"PlantNET - FloraOnline"
2168:Australian postage stamp
1755:Trichoglossus moluccanus
1752:(eastern spinebill) and
1668:Trichoglossus moluccanus
1417:Distribution and habitat
917:because of its straight
452:Now widely known as the
318:, commonly known as the
3092:in the Jervis Bay Area"
2698:Diment, Judith (1984).
2453:Wesson, Sue C. (2001).
1743:Anthochaera chrysoptera
1737:Anthochaera carunculata
1650:Anthochaera chrysoptera
1563:Leptospermum laevigatum
1542:(smooth-barked apple),
1533:Melaleuca quinquenervia
1179:Australian Plant Census
707:was first collected at
584:made up of four united
510:
4265:"Banksia integrifolia"
3334:, Tasmanian Government
3154:hybrids at Green Cape"
2727:Supplementum Plantarum
2422:"Aboriginal Plant Use"
2112:indigenous Australians
2057:
1933:
1899:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1892:These concerns aside,
1856:
1784:Syconycteris australis
1779:Pteropus poliocephalus
1776:(feathertail glider),
1678:
1660:
1625:(Antarctic beech) and
1475:Proserpine, Queensland
1466:
1395:Presumed hybrids with
1174:
800:'s landmark monograph
776:
770:
754:Supplementum Plantarum
493:Indigenous Australians
420:A hardy and versatile
3167:: 8–9. Archived from
2337:(APNI), IBIS database
2114:obtained nectar from
2049:
1936:Hardy and versatile,
1925:
1839:
1761:Petaurus norfolcensis
1746:(little wattlebird),
1666:
1648:
1615:(snow gum), and also
1551:Eucalyptus botryoides
1460:
1409:, thought to be from
1360:and other members of
1164:
774:meaning 'entire' and
719:, naturalists on the
711:on 29 April 1770, by
371:species collected by
4708:Banksia integrifolia
4600:Banksia integrifolia
4587:Banksia_integrifolia
4541:Banksia~integrifolia
4437:Banksia integrifolia
4332:Banksia integrifolia
4302:Banksia integrifolia
4162:"Discover Redcliffe"
4105:B. integrifolia
3674:Banksia Integrifolia
3494:Australian Mammalogy
3286:Banksia integrifolia
3195:Banksia Study Report
3148:Banksia integrifolia
2998:10.3732/apps.1200130
2952:Banksia integrifolia
2922:Banksia integrifolia
2892:Banksia integrifolia
2669:"29 April 1770"
2514:. pp. 175–251.
2328:Banksia integrifolia
2261:Banksia integrifolia
2235:Banksia integrifolia
2190:Banksia integrifolia
2135:B. integrifolia
2116:B. integrifolia
2093:B. integrifolia
2066:B. integrifolia
2051:B. integrifolia
2027:B. integrifolia
2005:B. integrifolia
1993:B. integrifolia
1985:B. integrifolia
1969:Banksia integrifolia
1938:B. integrifolia
1894:B. integrifolia
1882:B. integrifolia
1878:Mornington Peninsula
1865:B. integrifolia
1846:Banksia integrifolia
1808:Banksia integrifolia
1800:B. integrifolia
1796:B. integrifolia
1709:B. integrifolia
1703:B. integrifolia
1687:B. integrifolia
1583:B. integrifolia
1579:B. integrifolia
1516:B. integrifolia
1452:B. integrifolia
1422:B. integrifolia
1390:B. integrifolia
1358:B. integrifolia
1337:B. integrifolia
1319:Banksia integrifolia
1309:B. integrifolia
1301:B. integrifolia
1287:Banksia integrifolia
1277:B. integrifolia
1259:Banksia integrifolia
1240:B. integrifolia
1224:B. integrifolia
1209:B. integrifolia
1187:B. integrifolia
1167:B. integrifolia
1106:B. oblongifolia
1094:B. integrifolia
939:B. integrifolia
888:B. integrifolia
855:B. integrifolia
808:B. integrifolia
786:Banksia integrifolia
705:B. integrifolia
675:B. integrifolia
667:Banksia integrifolia
588:, and one long wiry
528:B. integrifolia
517:indigenous languages
462:B. integrifolia
426:B. integrifolia
410:B. integrifolia
400:B. integrifolia
390:B. integrifolia
348:in a broad range of
315:Banksia integrifolia
300:Banksia integrifolia
284:B. integrifolia
260:B. integrifolia
249:B. integrifolia
238:B. integrifolia
214:Banksia integrifolia
196:B. integrifolia
4117:on 5 September 2007
4019:. Sydney: Collins.
3966:on 6 September 2006
3858:"Banksias as weeds"
3856:Liber, Cas (2002).
3806:2014AcO....59...62M
3568:1991Oecol..87...86C
3401:on 28 December 2021
3308:on 4 September 2007
3301:: 8. Archived from
3174:on 4 September 2007
3112:on 4 September 2007
2797:Ladiges, Pauline Y.
2653:. London: E. Stock.
1764:(squirrel glider),
1715:species, producing
1560:(wedding bush) and
1497:under that state's
1495:extinct in Tasmania
1100:B. plagiocarpa
944:s placement within
759:entire leaf margins
499:; for example, the
50:Conservation status
4723:Trees of Australia
4270:Flora of Australia
4208:on 12 October 2006
4101:Bowie, G. (2002).
3576:10.1007/BF00323784
3249:Mason, D. (1999).
3144:Liber, C. (2004).
3086:Liber, C. (2005).
3048:10.1002/tax.583020
2507:Flora of Australia
2058:
1934:
1857:
1788:common blossom bat
1773:Acrobates pygmaeus
1767:Petaurus breviceps
1740:(red wattlebird),
1679:
1661:
1641:Ecology of Banksia
1612:E. pauciflora
1566:(coast tea tree).
1557:Monotoca elliptica
1545:Corymbia gummifera
1467:
1461:Tree on headland,
1403:Wilsons Promontory
1175:
883:Flora of Australia
740:Banks' Florilegium
717:Dr Daniel Solander
683:Banks' Florilegium
546:characteristic of
346:Central Queensland
4733:Flora of Tasmania
4688:
4687:
4572:Open Tree of Life
4294:Taxon identifiers
4242:on 31 August 2006
4174:on 25 August 2006
4082:on 2 October 2006
4026:978-0-00-216441-2
3996:978-0-86840-159-1
3774:978-0-85091-143-5
3750:10.1071/BT9850629
3523:Wildlife Research
3442:10.1071/BT9890137
3371:978-0-643-05423-3
3268:978-0-909830-51-9
3236:10.1071/SB9940393
3072:978-0-86840-302-1
2815:10.1071/SB9960661
2768:10.58828/nuy00249
2631:10.1071/BT9850705
2587:The Banksia Atlas
2550:L.f. (Proteaceae)
2521:978-0-643-06454-6
2469:on 20 August 2006
2434:on 21 August 2006
2343:on 9 January 2022
2160:City of Redcliffe
2085:. It is a useful
2023:P. cinnamomi
1962:Western Australia
1867:does not require
1816:Arthonia banksiae
1654:little wattlebird
1622:Nothofagus moorei
1606:E. viminalis
1548:(red bloodwood),
1539:Angophora costata
1471:Geelong, Victoria
1443:B. spinulosa
1407:B. marginata
1398:B. marginata
1352:Presumed natural
1233:
1213:
1203:
1165:Inflorescence of
1130:B. marginata
1088:B. aquilonia
869:Placement within
831:, and publishing
557:The Banksia Atlas
482:white honeysuckle
478:white bottlebrush
311:
310:
73:
4755:
4743:Ornamental trees
4681:
4680:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4654:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4628:
4616:
4615:
4603:
4602:
4590:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4554:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4531:
4530:
4518:
4517:
4505:
4504:
4492:
4491:
4479:
4478:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4439:
4427:
4426:
4414:
4413:
4401:
4400:
4388:
4387:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4361:
4349:
4348:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4238:. Archived from
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3962:. Archived from
3948:
3942:
3941:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3893:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3862:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3636:. Archived from
3626:10.5962/p.292509
3611:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3357:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3292:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3158:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3096:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3000:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2541:
2526:
2525:
2498:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2427:. Archived from
2426:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2183:
2150:It is used as a
2035:cut flower trade
2016:'Roller Coaster'
1770:(sugar glider),
1681:Like most other
1672:rainbow lorikeet
1619:species such as
1609:(manna gum) and
1603:species such as
1377:B. paludosa
1252:Fractal analysis
1231:
1211:
1194:
1181:as at May 2020:
1142:B. saxicola
1124:B. paludosa
1118:B. conferta
943:
906:
812:
779:
773:
713:Sir Joseph Banks
698:
679:Sydney Parkinson
658:
649:
638:
513:
491:It was known to
438:cut flower trade
373:Sir Joseph Banks
278:
216:
182:
88:
87:
67:
62:
61:
33:
21:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4684:
4676:
4671:
4663:
4658:
4650:
4645:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4619:
4611:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4585:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4495:
4487:
4482:
4474:
4469:
4461:
4456:
4448:
4443:
4435:
4430:
4422:
4417:
4409:
4404:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4365:
4357:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4296:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4232:Flora on stamps
4226:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4195:"City insignia"
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4014:
4013:
4004:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3794:Acta Oecologica
3787:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3708:Austral Ecology
3704:
3703:
3699:
3692:10.1071/BT96025
3671:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3643:on 9 April 2020
3640:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3535:10.1071/WR97037
3520:
3519:
3515:
3507:10.1071/AM13025
3487:
3486:
3482:
3475:10.1071/BT00004
3454:
3453:
3449:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3359:
3358:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3029:
3028:
3024:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2876:10.1071/SB06016
2859:
2858:
2854:
2847:10.1071/SB04015
2829:Mast, Austin R.
2827:
2826:
2822:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2742:George, Alex S.
2740:
2739:
2735:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2673:Banks's Journal
2663:
2662:
2658:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2582:Hopper, Stephen
2579:
2578:
2567:
2543:
2542:
2529:
2522:
2502:George, Alex S.
2500:
2499:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2418:Museum Victoria
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2144:B. serrata
2133:More recently,
2044:
2033:species in the
1920:
1874:Yanakie Isthmus
1832:B. integrifolia
1828:infructescences
1676:B. integrifolia
1658:B. integrifolia
1643:
1637:
1631:(prickly ash).
1419:
1350:
1269:New South Wales
1159:
1082:B. dentata
941:
904:
874:
810:
751:species in his
702:
701:
700:
699:
691:B. integrifolia
673:. Bottom left:
664:
661:
660:
659:
651:
650:
641:
640:
639:
628:
622:
525:
486:honeysuckle oak
458:coastal banksia
450:
352:, from coastal
269:
223:
218:
212:
199:
180:
82:
74:
63:
59:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4761:
4759:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:wfo-0000559673
4669:
4656:
4643:
4630:
4617:
4604:
4591:
4581:
4568:
4555:
4545:
4532:
4519:
4506:
4493:
4480:
4467:
4454:
4441:
4428:
4415:
4402:
4389:
4376:
4363:
4350:
4337:
4322:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4259:
4258:External links
4256:
4254:
4253:
4219:
4185:
4153:
4128:
4093:
4061:
4032:
4025:
4002:
3995:
3977:
3943:
3936:
3911:
3904:
3878:
3848:
3829:
3823:10019.1/112274
3780:
3773:
3755:
3744:(6): 629–637.
3726:
3697:
3664:
3654:
3597:
3540:
3513:
3480:
3469:(5): 637–644.
3447:
3436:(2): 137–143.
3412:
3377:
3370:
3345:
3319:
3284:"Evidence for
3274:
3267:
3241:
3230:(4): 393–408.
3212:
3185:
3136:
3123:
3078:
3071:
3065:. UNSW Press.
3053:
3042:(3): 925–933.
3022:
2971:
2941:
2911:
2881:
2852:
2820:
2809:(5): 661–733.
2781:
2733:
2713:
2690:
2656:
2636:
2625:(6): 705–714.
2604:
2597:
2580:Taylor, Anne;
2565:
2527:
2520:
2480:
2445:
2409:
2379:
2372:
2354:
2314:
2285:
2250:
2224:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2110:Historically,
2043:
2040:
1991:, except that
1919:
1916:
1849:infructescence
1695:solubilisation
1691:proteoid roots
1636:
1633:
1628:Orites excelsa
1491:Furneaux Group
1418:
1415:
1370:, although no
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1333:Blue Mountains
1325:
1316:
1293:
1284:
1265:
1248:microsatellite
1236:
1235:
1220:
1205:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
994:
986:
968:
873:
867:
689:and leaves of
687:Infructescence
663:
662:
653:
652:
644:
643:
642:
633:
632:
631:
630:
629:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
561:adult leaves.
524:
521:
449:
446:
309:
308:
295:
294:
288:
287:
280:
279:
271:
270:
268:
267:
256:
245:
233:
230:
229:
225:
224:
219:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
191:
187:
186:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
75:
57:
54:
53:
48:
45:
44:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Coast banksia
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4760:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4691:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4186:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4094:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3937:0-86417-006-8
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3905:0-643-09298-6
3901:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3529:(3): 243–54.
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3413:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2942:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2793:Thiele, Kevin
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:Banks, Joseph
2660:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:0-644-07124-9
2594:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:(3): 239–473.
2561:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2373:0-7018-0394-0
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:City of Logan
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:floral emblem
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:will grow in
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1722:nectariferous
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:Cape Paterson
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:and southern
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:B. canei
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:B. robur
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
992:
987:
985:
984:
979:
978:
977:
976:
975:
969:
967:
966:
961:
960:
959:
958:
957:
951:
950:
949:
947:
940:
936:
934:
933:Integrifoliae
930:
929:
925:
920:
916:
915:
911:
903:
899:
898:
894:
890:is placed in
889:
885:
884:
879:
872:
868:
866:
864:
860:
857:is placed in
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
835:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
809:
805:
804:
799:
795:
789:
787:
783:
778:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
746:
742:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
657:
648:
637:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
573:inflorescence
570:
566:
562:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
529:
522:
520:
518:
514:
512:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:white banksia
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:coast banksia
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
415:
411:
406:
405:
401:
396:
395:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:coast banksia
317:
316:
307:
305:
301:
296:
293:
289:
286:distribution
285:
281:
277:
272:
266:
265:
261:
257:
255:
254:
250:
246:
244:
243:
239:
235:
234:
231:
226:
222:
217:
215:
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:Tracheophytes
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
77:
71:
66:
65:Least Concern
55:
51:
46:
43:
42:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4690:
4301:
4268:
4244:. Retrieved
4240:the original
4231:
4222:
4210:. Retrieved
4203:the original
4198:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4169:the original
4156:
4144:. Retrieved
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4115:the original
4110:
4104:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4077:the original
4064:
4052:. Retrieved
4044:
4035:
4016:
3986:
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3964:the original
3959:
3946:
3923:
3889:
3881:
3864:
3851:
3842:
3832:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3764:
3758:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3638:the original
3620:(1): 27–32.
3617:
3613:
3600:
3562:(1): 86–90.
3559:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3500:(1): 29–34.
3497:
3493:
3483:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3399:the original
3394:
3391:Cunninghamia
3390:
3380:
3361:
3336:. Retrieved
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3303:the original
3298:
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3288:in Tasmania"
3285:
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3188:
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3169:the original
3164:
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3107:the original
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2974:
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2955:
2951:
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2932:. Retrieved
2926:integrifolia
2925:
2921:
2914:
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2895:
2891:
2884:
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2800:
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2759:
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2464:the original
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2412:
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2382:
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2341:the original
2333:
2327:
2305:. Retrieved
2300:
2294:Harden, G.J.
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2265:
2260:
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1858:
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1549:
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1426:geographical
1421:
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1375:
1372:hybrid names
1366:
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1341:integrifolia
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858:
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833:
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780:'leaf'. The
763:integrifolia
762:
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748:
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731:first voyage
720:
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695:integrifolia
694:
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41:integrifolia
40:
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4613:kew-2669116
4471:iNaturalist
4326:Wikispecies
4246:27 February
4146:14 November
4086:10 November
4054:27 February
4045:Speciesbank
2473:11 November
2402:11 November
2347:19 November
2124:hairbrushes
1918:Cultivation
1855:, Australia
1842:Eriophyidae
1820:Eriophyidae
1487:King Island
1479:Long Island
1173:in late bud
1041:Cyrtostylis
863:Spathulatae
838:Spathulatae
815:Austin Mast
798:Alex George
765:, from the
523:Description
470:honeysuckle
228:Subspecies
123:Angiosperms
4697:Categories
4608:Plant List
4212:25 October
4178:25 October
4121:25 October
3970:7 November
3845:: 270–277.
3405:19 January
3312:1 November
3178:31 October
3116:31 October
2746:"Notes on
2683:25 October
2546:The Genus
2438:25 October
2217:27 October
2174:References
2101:beekeepers
2042:Other uses
1910:under the
1886:herbivores
1699:phosphorus
1683:Proteaceae
1639:See also:
1617:rainforest
1600:Eucalyptus
1448:Cape Byron
1430:ecological
1386:Green Cape
1382:Jervis Bay
1297:Proserpine
1273:Queensland
1232:K.R.Thiele
1201:K.R.Thiele
1157:Subspecies
1049:Tetragonae
1033:Prostratae
983:Oncostylis
843:cotyledons
727:James Cook
709:Botany Bay
507:called it
503:people of
385:subspecies
174:Subgenus:
156:Proteaceae
4515:112526727
4406:FloraBase
3873:1444-285X
3800:: 62–71.
3715:: 82–92.
3686:: 15–30.
3614:Muelleria
3555:Oecologia
3207:0728-2893
3201:: 17–19.
2956:monticola
2870:: 63–71.
2776:181990314
2710:: 1-184 .
2003:forms of
1997:monticola
1981:germinate
1952:and even
1863:species,
1853:Melbourne
1826:on young
1587:monticola
1524:estuaries
1520:sandstone
1450:, making
1367:Salicinae
1323:monticola
1228:monticola
1171:monticola
1074:Salicinae
1065:Quercinae
1057:Bauerinae
971:Subgenus
965:Isostylis
962:Subgenus
928:Salicinae
819:phylogeny
782:full name
722:Endeavour
685:. Right:
614:separator
606:follicles
567:occur in
505:Gippsland
497:Europeans
434:rootstock
414:monticola
381:taxonomic
358:mountains
332:Australia
264:monticola
190:Species:
146:Proteales
93:Kingdom:
4660:VicFlora
4652:26500957
4647:Tropicos
4584:PalDat:
4536:NSWFlora
4489:703118-1
4317:Q1999614
4311:Wikidata
3634:54914271
3592:35237880
3584:28313356
3426:]".
3338:28 March
3152:paludosa
3017:25202510
2744:(1996).
2724:(1782).
2677:Archived
2584:(1988).
2396:Archived
2162:and the
2120:coolamon
2087:firewood
2009:cultivar
1954:alkaline
1869:bushfire
1822:) cause
1814:species
1591:granites
1575:Brisbane
1569:Between
1483:Tasmania
1434:climatic
1025:Crocinae
997:Section
991:Coccinea
988:Section
980:Section
851:Dryandra
847:sampling
824:Dryandra
620:Taxonomy
594:anthesis
582:perianth
569:Banksia'
350:habitats
342:Victoria
292:Synonyms
179:Banksia
152:Family:
136:Eudicots
70:IUCN 3.1
4450:7124338
4380:Ecocrop
3802:Bibcode
3647:3 April
3564:Bibcode
3550:Banksia
3457:Banksia
3255:Lismore
3132:Banksia
3008:4105364
2954:subsp.
2924:subsp.
2894:subsp.
2755:Nuytsia
2748:Banksia
2555:Nuytsia
2548:Banksia
2154:by two
2079:turnery
2075:termite
2053:subsp.
2031:Banksia
2014:Banksia
1995:subsp.
1987:subsp.
1977:pruning
1971:subsp.
1904:Banksia
1861:Banksia
1726:insects
1713:Banksia
1635:Ecology
1595:basalts
1585:subsp.
1438:Ladiges
1363:Banksia
1354:hybrids
1348:Hybrids
1339:subsp.
1329:montane
1321:subsp.
1311:subsp.
1303:subsp.
1289:subsp.
1279:subsp.
1261:subsp.
1244:genetic
1226:subsp.
1214:subsp.
1189:subsp.
1169:subsp.
1071:Series
1062:Series
1054:Series
1046:Series
1038:Series
1030:Series
1022:Series
1017:Banksia
1014:Series
1009:Grandes
1006:Series
1000:Banksia
974:Banksia
956:Banksia
946:Banksia
924:Banksia
914:Banksia
910:Banksia
902:Banksia
897:Banksia
893:Banksia
878:Banksia
871:Banksia
829:Banksia
794:Banksia
771:integer
749:Banksia
693:subsp.
681:, from
601:Banksia
565:Flowers
548:Banksia
436:in the
412:subsp.
402:subsp.
392:subsp.
369:Banksia
337:Banksia
324:species
322:, is a
262:subsp.
251:subsp.
240:subsp.
183:Banksia
167:Banksia
162:Genus:
142:Order:
97:Plantae
68: (
39:Subsp.
4626:BAIN10
4621:PLANTS
4548:NZOR:
4528:199772
4502:894948
4476:244884
4359:662058
4346:107602
4272:Online
4023:
3993:
3934:
3902:
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2307:25 May
2274:. 2024
2158:: the
2139:bonsai
2128:candle
2055:compar
1812:lichen
1717:nectar
1571:Sydney
1528:frosts
1313:compar
1291:compar
1281:compar
1191:compar
953:Genus
921:; and
919:styles
912:sect.
895:subg.
777:folium
586:tepals
577:spiral
552:whorls
511:birrna
404:compar
362:leaves
306:Domin
304:typica
253:compar
4577:87782
4559:NZPCN
4432:FoAO2
4424:46095
4411:46518
4398:BANIN
4206:(PDF)
4172:(PDF)
4165:(PDF)
4080:(PDF)
4073:(PDF)
3861:(PDF)
3641:(PDF)
3630:S2CID
3610:(PDF)
3588:S2CID
3306:(PDF)
3291:(PDF)
3199:ASGAP
3197:(7).
3172:(PDF)
3157:(PDF)
3110:(PDF)
3095:(PDF)
3036:Taxon
2991:(2).
2964:8 May
2934:8 May
2904:8 May
2772:S2CID
2750:L. f"
2467:(PDF)
2460:(PDF)
2432:(PDF)
2425:(PDF)
2278:6 May
2263:L.f."
2243:8 May
2105:hives
2097:honey
2083:knees
2070:rings
2001:Dwarf
1844:) on
1824:galls
1674:) on
1656:) on
1465:, NSW
1463:Manly
1365:ser.
1212:R.Br.
1197:R.Br.
942:'
926:ser.
905:'
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788:L.f.
767:Latin
665:Top:
610:seeds
590:style
540:trunk
533:shrub
501:Gunai
448:Names
354:dunes
302:var.
181:subg.
130:Clade
117:Clade
104:Clade
4634:POWO
4595:PfaF
4564:3493
4523:NCBI
4510:IUCN
4497:ITIS
4484:IPNI
4463:6468
4458:GRIN
4445:GBIF
4419:FoAO
4393:EPPO
4385:3632
4372:KL59
4354:BOLD
4341:APNI
4248:2007
4214:2006
4180:2006
4148:2006
4123:2006
4088:2006
4056:2007
4021:ISBN
3991:ISBN
3972:2006
3932:ISBN
3900:ISBN
3869:ISSN
3769:ISBN
3649:2021
3580:PMID
3407:2021
3366:ISBN
3340:2007
3314:2006
3263:ISBN
3203:ISSN
3180:2006
3118:2006
3067:ISBN
3013:PMID
2966:2020
2936:2020
2906:2020
2685:2006
2593:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2475:2006
2440:2006
2404:2006
2368:ISBN
2349:2012
2309:2024
2280:2022
2245:2020
2219:2021
2202:2020
2062:wood
2060:The
1958:salt
1950:acid
1946:sand
1942:clay
1689:has
1593:and
1573:and
1509:38°S
1428:and
1384:and
715:and
671:MHNT
544:bark
480:and
442:weed
407:and
344:and
328:tree
221:L.f.
4673:WFO
4367:CoL
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3896:203
3818:hdl
3810:doi
3746:doi
3717:doi
3688:doi
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3232:doi
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