2241:
33:
2286:
2223:) was originally collected by Neil Marriott and called 'Schnapper Point' from the same locality as 'Birthday Candles'. This is a more spreading plant to 50 cm tall and up to 1.5–2 m across with dark red-styled gold flowers (a couple of shades darker than 'Birthday Candles') 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It is propagated by Richard Anderson of Merricks Nursery. It appears to be more adaptable to points north than other dwarf forms – growing reliably in southeastern Queensland. This form can be very
3885:
2182:
1694:
541:
525:
62:
1946:
263:
246:
1211:
3850:
1352:
3838:
2206:, bred by Bill Molyneux from the 'Birthday Candles' cultivar, is a compact plant growing to 45 cm tall and up to 100 cm across with cherry red-styled gold flowers, darker than its parent, 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It was released commercially in spring 2004, and granted PBR status in February 2005, after an application by Molyneux.
2161:, the original trailblazer, is a compact plant growing to 45 centimetres (18 in) tall and up to 1 metre (3 ft) across with red-styled gold flowers 15 cm high by 6 cm across. The leaves are narrow with attractive lime green new growth. Stems and branches naturally crooked. It was granted PBR status in 1989, after an application by
476:
the spikes are cylindrical, about 6–7 centimetres (2.4–2.8 inches) wide and 6–15 centimetres (2.4–5.9 inches) tall, yellow to golden orange in colour, with styles varying from yellow to pink, maroon, or black. Styles of various colours may be found within metres of each other in some areas such as in
2033:
is important to give the plant an attractive habit and prevent it from becoming leggy. As most cultivated forms of this species have a lignotuber, dormant buds exist below the bark that respond to pruning or fire, and hard-pruning is possible almost to ground level as a plant can readily sprout from
507:
is killed by fire and regenerates from seed, while the others regenerate from buds around the base of the lignotuber. Old flower spikes fade to brown, then grey with age. Old flower parts usually persist for a long time, giving the infructescence a hairy appearance. In
Central and North Queensland,
2280:
is a form with all gold flowers to 20 cm high (taller than forms listed above), however it is a little larger with reports of it growing to 1 m high, with odd reports of it getting taller than this, by 1.2 m across. It comes from south coast in
Victoria, propagated by Rod Parsons of
2357:
on the NSW south coast. The plants reach 70 cm after four years and have black-styled gold inflorescences. The form came from David Shiels of Wakiti
Nursery in Victoria, who got it from Alf Salkin. It has a white underside (not brownish) and has a couple of serrations close to the tip of the
1420:
from southeast
Queensland to southern New South Wales and also in Victoria. The juvenile leaves are highly serrated, new branchlets are hairy and leaf undersides are pale brown rather than white as in the two previous varieties. Inflorescences are gold with black styles, though an all-yellow form
1322:
in having broader leaves 3–8 mm in width that have serrate margins. The leaf undersides have more prominent venation. Its flower spikes are usually gold, or sometimes gold with red styles, especially in New South Wales. It is found in inland gorges and tablelands such as
Carnarvon Gorge,
2143:
on the New South Wales
Central Coast, propagated by Richard Anderson of Merricks Nursery. It arises from a silty loam so theoretically should tolerate a heavier soil than 'Coastal Cushion'. Leaves are a more subdued green with greyish tinge than the south coast NSW spinulosa
1937:; this means that as a common and secure species it is exempted from any licensing or tagging requirements under the 2002–2005 management plan to minimise and regulate the use of protected and threatened plants in the cut-flower industry in New South Wales.
408:
shrub 1–3 metres (3.3–9.8 ft) tall and 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) across. Alternatively, it may be single-stemmed and lacking a lignotuber, in which case it is often taller, up to 5 metres (16 feet) high. It has grey or grey-brown smooth bark with
575:, sometime between 1788 and 1793. He called it "prickly-leaved banksia", though this name has fallen out of use. It is uncertain exactly when he first collected the species; it may have been before 1790, as there is speculation that a sketch in his 1790
1997:
in 1822. It has proven a highly ornamental and bird-attracting plant in cultivation. Southern and montane provenance forms are frost hardy. In general, all forms prefer sandy, well-drained soils with sunny aspect, though some local forms hailing from
2120:
is an all-gold flowered form from
Carnarvon Gorge in central Queensland with long leaves and revolute margins which grows to around 2–5 m (6.6–16.4 ft) in height and 2–4 m (6.6–13.1 ft) across. The old flowers fall from the
2262:
is yet another plant from the same locality as 'Birthday
Candles'; this is more spreading again, to perhaps 30 cm tall and up to 1.5–2 m across with red-styled gold flowers 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It is also seen as
1284:. It commonly has black, maroon or claret styles on gold spikes but all-gold inflorescences are seen, and leaves are generally narrower than other varieties at 1–2 mm in width and have several serrations toward the apex only.
485:, while other populations may have uniformly black, red or gold styles. Though not terminal, the flower spikes are fairly prominently displayed. Partly emerging from the foliage, they arise from two- to three-year-old stem nodes.
381:
animals in the autumn and winter months. Its floral display and fine foliage have made it a popular garden plant with many horticultural selections available. With the recent trend towards smaller gardens, compact dwarf forms of
1451:
Region of far northern New South Wales and
Southeastern Queensland. It is a short lignotuberous shrub to 1 metre (3 ft) in height. Inflorescences are gold with black styles. It has hairy new branchlets and pale brown leaf
2073:
group is preferable environmentally if they are intended for planting in gardens near bushland where native populations occur. There are some dwarf forms available for the city gardener – 'Stumpy Gold' is a form of variety
2342:
in
Victoria, growing 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) with all lemon yellow flowers. Currently propagated by Phillip Vaughan and Kuranga Nursery, both in Melbourne. It is reported to be frost hardy and moderately resistant to
320:, generally on sandstone though sometimes also clay soils. It generally grows as a small shrub to 2 metres (7 ft) in height, though can be a straggly tree to 6 metres (20 ft). It has long narrow leaves with
1540:
flanking these. Alex George also reports that the taxon should be reviewed. A molecular study with specimens of each subspecies from the three mainland eastern states they occur would shed light on this matter.
1421:
from Victoria is known. The linear to oblanceolate adult leaves are 2–10 cm (0.79–3.94 in) long by 2–7 mm wide; those from Victoria having markedly longer juvenile leaves, and larger cotyledons.
2138:
is a spreading form (40 centimetres or 16 inches high by up to 1.2 metres or 3.9 feet across) with light gold flowers 15 centimetres (6 in) high by 6 centimetres (2 in) across from the vicinity of
1659:, where they form part of the understorey. Plants in exposed areas are generally considerably shorter than those in sheltered areas. It usually occurs on sand, but can be found in rocky clays or loams.
1685:
in Central New South Wales, while there have been collections northwards in the Dividing Range up into southeast Queensland. It can be an understorey plant under dense as well as open forest cover.
1924:
468:. Characteristic of the taxonomic section in which it is placed, the styles are hooked rather than straight. The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at
324:
which can vary considerably in coloration; while the spikes are gold or less commonly yellowish, the emergent styles may be a wide range of colours – from black, purple, red, orange or yellow.
1744:(yellow-footed antechinus), which carry pollen loads comparable to those of nectar-eating birds, making them effective pollinators. The same study noted that, unlike other banksias studied,
878:
2809:
Mast, Austin R.; Jones, Eric H.; Havery, Shawn P. (2005). "An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)".
2236:, propagated by Merv Hodge, came from Philip Vaughan's 'Schnapper Point' plant. Some plants are behaving differently, so it may be that not all material is exactly the same clone.
456:
or flower spikes occur over a short period through autumn and early winter. A spike may contain hundreds or thousands of individual flowers, each of which consists of a tubular
2646:
2177:. There are reports of it flowering in alternate years only. It is reported to be an unreliable survivor, although this may be due to it being popular among novices.
2038:
which should not be pruned below foliage. Flowering may take up to eight years from germination; buying an advanced plant may hasten this process, as will getting a
749:
4118:
781:
908:
687:
3878:
3282:
2103:
433:. Immature leaves, which may also be seen after bushfire, are broader and serrated. Leaf undersides have fine white hairs in the case of the varieties
4282:
1443:, it was published by Alex George in 1988, based on a specimen collected by him in 1986. In New South Wales it is considered an unnamed subspecies of
2317:(dwarf forms) – Rod Parsons of Carawah Nursery in Victoria has two red-styled fairly compact dwarf forms, one (all serrated – slow-growing, possibly
2022:. This can also happen where soil contains quantities of cement, either as landfill or building foundations, and can be treated with iron chelate or
4252:
4053:
2065:
are commonly seen in nurseries; given that the varieties can hybridise, attempting to find a local provenance form from a local community nursery,
1416:, no intermediate forms occur. This plant is a fast-growing nonlignotuberous shrub or small tree to 6 metres (20 feet) in height, occurring in the
621:"We suspect the fruit figured in Mr. White's Voyage, page 225, fig. I, may belong to this species, but we have no positive authority to assert it."
4105:
4066:
647:
589:"e cannot with certainty determine the species. The capsules are smooth, at least when ripe, and a little shining. We think this is neither the
4170:
4032:
1504:
in northern Queensland have old spikes bare as opposed to them having persistent old flower parts in New South Wales and Victoria. Mast listed
3766:
3578:
3524:
3364:
3125:
3020:
2934:
2482:
2437:
1920:
1919:
species; and its wide distribution protects against the threat of habitat loss due to land clearing. As a result, it does not appear on the
1166:. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring
4272:
2954:
2140:
1982:
1468:
is a form of inland gorges and tablelands in central Queensland, but is a coastal plant on the New South Wales central and north coast.
1372:
1021:
822:
482:
207:
4136:
3854:
2666:
4267:
2642:
2477:. Volume. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251.
1248:, a name that was automatically created for the original material of the species as the other subspecies were described. The original
3383:
Hackett, Damian J.; Goldingay, Ross L. (2001). "Pollination of Banksia spp. by non-flying mammals in north-eastern New South Wales".
2623:
Salkin, Alf (1981). "A Short History of the Discovery and Naming of Banksias in Eastern Australia: Part II, Sir James Edward Smith".
4277:
4257:
3332:
2568:
2321:) growing to 1 m, the (leaf ends serrated only, faster-growing) other 1.5 m – and there are others reported but not named.
1427:
1265:
1010:
218:
3630:
2018:, it manifests as yellowing of new leaves with preservation of green veins, and occurs when the plant is grown in soils of higher
2560:
2156:
2050:
are by necessity propagated by cuttings as this ensures that the plant produced bears the same attributes as the original plant.
2011:
1949:
1232:
988:
387:
229:
4092:
32:
4209:
2079:
1344:
1290:
999:
196:
4110:
1883:, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance
577:
3674:
3255:
George, Alex S. (1998). "Proteus in Australia: An Overview of the Current State of Taxonomy of the Australian Proteaceae".
1276:
and into Victoria. Northwards of the Hawkesbury River on Sydney's northern outskirts there is a gradation between this and
2602:
1573:
610:
552:
331:
181:
4262:
3489:
2724:
2670:
2087:
1771:
1396:
in 1981. The demotion has not been universally accepted however: in New South Wales it is still given species rank, and
1273:
3842:
2098:
There are a number of commercial varieties available from Australian retail nurseries, four have been registered under
897:. This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the
3975:
3962:
3900:
3872:
3239:
3097:
3045:
2995:
2473:
2395:
2339:
1682:
1389:
898:
737:
478:
49:
3483:
McCredie, T. A.; Dixon, K. W.; Sivasithamparam, K. (1985). "Variability in the resistance of Banksia L.f. species to
2133:
1956:
1484:
is widely separated between New South Wales and Victorian forms (where the longer leaved form was originally called
1190:
was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then
4214:
4183:
4123:
2772:
2333:
1978:
1364:
2240:
1718:
in autumn, when other flowers are scarce. Banksias have been the subject of many studies about their pollination;
346:
history, with two varieties initially described as separate species in the early 19th century. A fourth, from the
2099:
2070:
1762:
1723:
790:, he discarded Meissner's series, placing all the species with hooked styles together in a section that he named
393:, has achieved a great deal of commercial success and wide recognition, and has been followed by several others.
342:, though this has fallen out of use. With four currently recognised varieties, the species has had a complicated
3863:
2046:
can be propagated easily by seed, and is one of the (relatively) easier banksias to propagate by cutting. Named
61:
2297:
1828:
1670:
1328:
1324:
964:
792:
4188:
2285:
1858:
1620:
1448:
1413:
1108:
974:
853:
347:
3915:
2464:
2301:
2181:
2003:
1911:
1846:
1790:
1784:
1456:
Some doubt exists as to whether the current classification accurately represents relationships within the
1336:
1126:
1096:
813:
772:
758:
500:
413:. The long, narrow leaves are 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in length, 1–8 mm wide and more or less
359:
271:
3980:
3953:
3808:
3782:
1476:, on the other hand, is coastal in central Queensland and in New South Wales south of Sydney. Similarly,
1144:, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for
499:
which are 1–2.4 centimetres (⅓–1 in) in diameter; these generally remain closed until burnt by
2170:
1852:
1674:
1569:
1261:
1162:
947:
938:
831:
165:
4071:
2836:
Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)".
1310:
by Robert Brown in 1810, and retained species rank until 1981, when George demoted it to a variety of
4001:
3546:
Cavanagh, A (1982). "Notes on the Cultivation of Banksias in Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries".
3423:
2584:
1864:
1840:
1608:
1417:
1332:
1133:
1088:
1063:
1042:
722:
568:
335:
313:
1693:
4045:
1740:
1669:
is found in three disjunct regions; the Dandenong Ranges east of Melbourne, East Gippsland between
786:
3516:
605:; so that it seems to be a species hitherto undescribed. The leaves and flowers we have not seen."
4222:
4175:
4040:
4027:
1822:
1702:
1624:
1340:
1056:
1035:
806:
716:
343:
56:
350:, has only recently been described. However, there has been disagreement whether one, var.
4144:
3988:
3762:
3731:
3689:
3603:
3574:
3551:
3360:
3328:
3322:
3173:
3150:
3121:
3066:
3016:
2963:
2930:
2907:
2791:
2755:
2700:. Volume. Vol. 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–562.
2564:
2530:
2478:
2433:
1834:
1816:
1080:
633:
described by Smith but, may be from another member of the complex or from one of the forms of
540:
267:
2165:
of Austraflora Pty Ltd. The provenance of the original material was an exposed headland near
4149:
3498:
3462:
3431:
3392:
3264:
3208:
2845:
2818:
2781:
2733:
2678:
2023:
1999:
1945:
1803:
1600:
1269:
1245:
1210:
1049:
955:
496:
429:), though the margins may be recurved and hence serrations not evident as in those from the
2715:
2173:
with reports of patchy performance in Sydney (though better in pots) and unreliability in
2039:
1766:
1632:
1612:
1070:
866:
572:
524:
430:
309:
262:
99:
3884:
4162:
3622:
3427:
2106:. The lack of official names has led to some varieties bearing several different names.
2082:, while 'Birthday Candles', 'Coastal Cushion' and 'Golden Cascade' are forms of variety
1761:
A great many bird species have been observed visiting this species. A 1982 study in the
4157:
3317:
3286:
2066:
1892:
1754:
1549:
1253:
777:
86:
1404:
is considered a subspecies of it. George notes that at locations where both var.
354:, is distinct enough to once again have specific status. The pre-eminent authority on
4246:
3891:
3754:
3226:
3168:
Salkin, Alf (1977). "The Study of Seedlings as an Indication of Species in Banksia".
3084:
3036:
2982:
2662:
2386:
2162:
1880:
741:
544:
453:
321:
245:
4227:
2711:
1986:
1974:
1807:
1795:
862:
492:
378:
3993:
3967:
3192:
2432:(Revised ed.). Kensington: New South Wales University Press. pp. 82–86.
1152:
very greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding
4079:
3947:
3697:
3410:
Ford, H. A.; Pursey, J. F. (1982). "Status and feeding of the Eastern Spinebill
2751:
2224:
1652:
1141:
645:
in 1792. The following year, the species was formally described by Smith in his
370:
305:
3938:
3849:
655:
species collected, and the fifth described. Smith gave it the specific epithet
2354:
2267:'prostrate'. Propagated by Gondwana Nursery, this is a relatively new release.
1896:
1884:
1872:
1678:
1656:
1616:
1351:
870:
414:
405:
402:
374:
317:
297:
132:
3735:
3693:
3607:
3555:
3177:
3154:
3118:
Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Supplement No. 1
3070:
2911:
2534:
4014:
2698:
Flora Australiensis: A Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory
2189:
2166:
2015:
1900:
1735:
1604:
1183:
1157:
1149:
874:
732:
301:
122:
4201:
2795:
3837:
2786:
2759:
810:(western swamp banksia). This arrangement would stand for over a century.
418:
4196:
4131:
3932:
2174:
2047:
1888:
1811:
667:, probably in reference to the leaf tips. Thus the species' full name is
469:
457:
410:
112:
2227:, with some plants sporting more than 40 inflorescences at any one time.
4058:
2030:
1186:. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of
928:
532:
infructescence in this drawing may be the first published reference to
292:
142:
4084:
3502:
3466:
3435:
3212:
2737:
2559:. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the
1599:
The hairpin banksia occurs along the east coast of Australia from the
3449:
Goldingay, Ross L.; Carthew, S.M.; Whelan, R.J. (1987). "Transfer of
2760:"Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in
1715:
1714:
plays host to a wide variety of pollinators and is a vital source of
1628:
1257:
629:"the cone illustrated by White is probably not as suggested from the
564:
465:
3909:
3396:
3268:
2849:
2822:
2675:
Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, pars decima quarta
1752:
was visited predominantly by native bees rather than the introduced
1734:
inflorescences are foraged by a variety of small mammals, including
3571:
Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2
2006:, like most eastern banksias. As it grows naturally on acid soils,
4097:
4019:
3783:"Hairpin Banksia (Banksia spinulosa) – Variety:'Birthday Candles'"
2284:
2239:
2180:
1944:
1692:
1521:
1360:
1350:
1219:
1209:
660:
539:
523:
461:
287:
261:
73:
2169:
on the New South Wales South Coast. It appears to fare better in
1973:
was introduced into cultivation in the United Kingdom in 1788 by
16:
Woody shrub in the family Proteaceae, native to eastern Australia
4006:
3905:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
3809:"Hairpin Banksia (Banksia spinulosa) – Variety:'Cherry Candles'"
3244:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
3102:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
3050:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
3000:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
2400:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
3913:
2338:
was registered with ACRA in 1982 by Alf Salkin and hails from
1252:, this plant is coastal in Queensland, seen in such places as
698:, the "true banksias", because its inflorescence is a typical
2927:
Native Plants of the Sydney District: An Identification Guide
1925:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
1814:
are also known to visit flowers. Additional species seen in
2019:
3061:
Salkin, AI (1979). "The Oncostylis in Eastern Australia".
1623:, with disjunct populations occurring as far north as the
3722:
Salkin, A. (1995). "The Collection of Eastern Banksias".
840:, and was divided into three sections, one of which was
3623:"General Information About 35 U.S.C. 161 Plant Patents"
2428:
Harden, Gwen (2002). "Banksia". In Harden, Gwen (ed.).
1909:
does not appear to be under threat. It is resistant to
3414:
at the New England National Park, North-eastern NSW".
3327:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
1962:(R), showing greyer foliage of latter, Kuranga Nursery
1775:(eastern spinebill) coincided with the start of local
362:, concedes there is still more work to be done on the
2866:
McHugh, Ann (September 2005). "Blackdown Tableland".
2894:
Liber, C. (2003). "Range Extension/Clarification of
2648:
Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae
921:
s taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows:
585:
infructescence. Text accompanying the figure states
3922:
1631:. It occurs in a variety of habitats, from coastal
877:significantly different from George's arrangement.
625:More recently, however, Alf Salkin has argued that
3621:United States Patent and Trademark Office (2007).
3453:Pollen by Mammals: Implications for Pollination".
3141:Salkin, AIf (1982). "Some Remarks about the genus
2677:. Paris: Sumptibus Victoris Masson. Archived from
1933:is listed in Part 1 Group 1 of Schedule 13 of the
1915:dieback, which poses a major threat to many other
488:The hairpin banksia's infructescence is a typical
338:, most likely in 1792. He gave it the common name
3013:Wildflowers of the North Coast of New South Wales
1677:, and in the Great Dividing Range in a band from
869:published a new arrangement for the genus, after
495:-like structure, with up to 100 crowded embedded
3478:
3476:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3378:
3376:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
2002:may tolerate heavier soils. It is resistant to
627:
619:
587:
3668:
3594:Maclean, R (1995). "Propagation of Banksias".
3359:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. p. 117.
3311:
3309:
3307:
2948:
2946:
2861:
2859:
641:White probably collected the type material of
401:The hairpin banksia usually occurs as a multi-
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3629:. United States Patent and Trademark Office.
3111:
3109:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2618:
2616:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2498:Liber, C. (June 2006). "Coastal Wanderings".
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2034:old wood. This is not the case for var.
1268:, then again in New South Wales south of the
1117:More recent molecular research suggests that
555:'s formal publication of the species in 1793.
334:in England in 1793, after being collected by
8:
3523:. Australasian Legal Information Institute.
3325:(Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8)
2768:(Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny"
2381:
2379:
858:because its inflorescences are cylindrical.
613:later tentatively attributed this figure to
2929:(2nd ed.). Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press.
848:was further divided into four series, with
770:were placed alongside each other in series
571:, Surgeon General to the British colony of
3910:
3883:
3879:Department of the Environment and Heritage
3283:Australian Cultivar Registration Authority
2104:Australian Cultivar Registration Authority
386:have become popular; the first available,
244:
31:
20:
2785:
1782:s flowering. In the Blackdown Tableland,
1227:Four varieties are currently recognised:
816:published a new taxonomic arrangement of
682:In the first infrageneric arrangement of
373:by and provides food for a wide array of
752:, and divided it into four series, with
304:. Widely distributed, it is found as an
3813:Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search
3787:Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search
3569:Eliot, RW; Jones, DL; Blake, T (1985).
3116:Eliot, RW; Jones, DL; Blake, T (1994).
2607:A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland
2375:
1726:in Northern New South Wales found that
648:A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland
3517:"National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974"
2589:Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales
1794:(yellow-tufted honeyeater) as well as
1125:may be more closely related to series
578:Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales
2561:Society for Growing Australian Plants
1921:list of threatened flora of Australia
1223:leaves with serrations near apex only
7:
4215:509fe34e-ae79-45a9-a354-aef8df6f43ba
3627:Patents, Guidance, Tools and Manuals
3291:Descriptions of registered cultivars
1935:National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974
1182:for the species having spoon-shaped
702:flower spike. It was placed next to
3633:from the original on 8 October 2007
3527:from the original on 29 August 2007
1579:was a chance garden hybrid between
1343:but coastal on the New South Wales
823:The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)
710:, both now considered varieties of
3761:. Sydney: ABC Books. p. 105.
2430:Flora of New South Wales: Volume 2
2353:, propagated by Bournda Plants of
2102:legislation, and another with the
1895:in low-nutrient soils such as the
1412:coexist, such as Fitzroy Falls in
1388:in 1827 in honour of the botanist
909:George's taxonomic arrangement of
714:; these three were placed between
503:. The nonlignotuberous subspecies
14:
3815:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2007
3789:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2005
3573:. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press.
3521:New South Wales Consolidated Acts
3357:Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas
3120:. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press.
2718:(1996). "A cladistic analysis of
2557:The Banksia Book (Second Edition)
1722:is no exception. A 1998 study in
1272:, just north of Sydney, down the
4283:Taxa named by James Edward Smith
4189:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:703190-1
3848:
3836:
3015:. Kenthurst: New Holland Press.
2349:Banksia (spinulosa) cunninghamii
60:
4253:Banksia taxa by scientific name
2525:– Growth and Flowering Habit".
1993:followed in 1800 and var.
879:Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement
820:in his landmark 1981 monograph
3682:Banksia Study Group Newsletter
3355:Wrigley, J.; Fagg, M. (1991).
2925:Fairley, A.; P. Moore (2000).
2900:Bulletin (QLD Journal of SGAP)
1392:, and demoted to a variety of
1384:This variety was published as
601:of Linnaeus, nor probably his
1:
3675:"Update on Eastern Cultivars"
3455:Australian Journal of Zoology
3093:(Sieber ex Rchb.) A.S.George"
2471:". In Wilson, Annette (ed.).
2010:is particularly sensitive to
1788:(white-eared honeyeater) and
1769:found that a large influx of
1643:) and elevated rocky slopes (
1447:. This plant is found in the
804:, as was the western species
800:was reduced to synonymy with
559:The first known specimens of
3490:Australian Journal of Botany
3412:Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris
3385:Australian Journal of Botany
3257:Australian Systematic Botany
2838:Australian Systematic Botany
2811:Australian Systematic Botany
2725:Australian Systematic Botany
2281:Carawah Nursery in Victoria.
1826:(white-cheeked honeyeater),
1772:Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris
1306:, it was first published as
508:old cones of both var.
421:for the entire leaf length (
308:plant in open dry forest or
3901:Australian Plant Name Index
3240:Australian Plant Name Index
3098:Australian Plant Name Index
3046:Australian Plant Name Index
2996:Australian Plant Name Index
2396:Australian Plant Name Index
1899:-deficient native soils of
1488:by Meissner). Notably both
1274:New South Wales South Coast
720:(heath-leaved banksia) and
479:Georges River National Park
425:) or toward the apex only (
50:Georges River National Park
4299:
4273:Garden plants of Australia
3759:Gardening on the Wild Side
2773:American Journal of Botany
2517:Peisley, Anne L. (1992). "
2346:There is a form sold as a
1700:
651:. It was thus the seventh
4268:Flora of Victoria (state)
3287:"Banksia 'Giant Candles'"
2953:George, Alex S. (1981). "
2692:Bentham, George (1870). "
2651:. London: Richard Taylor.
2071:Australian Plants Society
1983:Cambridge Botanic Gardens
1763:New England National Park
1724:Bungawalbin National Park
1572:in Morton National Park.
252:
243:
193:
188:
171:
164:
57:Scientific classification
55:
39:
30:
23:
4278:Plants described in 1793
4258:Flora of New South Wales
3881:, Australian Government.
3191:George, Alex S. (1988).
2609:. London: James Sowerby.
2555:George, Alex S. (1987).
2298:Illawarra Grevillea Park
1989:among others; var.
1868:(eastern yellow robin).
1829:Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera
1619:. It is common north to
1595:Distribution and habitat
1325:Expedition National Park
1244:The nominate race is an
417:. Leaf edges are either
286:, is a species of woody
3193:"New taxa and notes on
3145:in Eastern Australia".
2188:, 'Coastal Cushion' in
1859:Anthochaera carunculata
1832:(crescent honeyeater),
750:his 1856 classification
694:was placed in subgenus
460:made up of four united
369:The hairpin banksia is
3485:Phytophthora cinnamomi
2304:
2248:
2192:
2171:Mediterranean climates
2100:plant breeders' rights
1963:
1912:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1847:Manorina melanocephala
1838:(Lewin's honeyeater),
1791:Lichenostomus melanops
1785:Lichenostomus leucotis
1698:
1568:have been recorded at
1367:
1359:, Lyrebird Dell walk,
1337:Eungella National Park
1224:
889:, placing it alone in
639:
623:
607:
556:
537:
340:prickly-leaved banksia
274:
3903:(APNI), IBIS database
3242:(APNI), IBIS database
3100:(APNI), IBIS database
3048:(APNI), IBIS database
2998:(APNI), IBIS database
2787:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311
2681:on 27 September 2007.
2398:(APNI), IBIS database
2288:
2243:
2184:
1977:who supplied seed to
1948:
1862:(red wattlebird) and
1853:Philemon corniculatus
1758:(European honeybee).
1710:Like other banksias,
1696:
1570:Pigeon House Mountain
1354:
1262:Byfield National Park
1213:
748:to sectional rank in
726:(red swamp banksia).
688:that of Brown in 1830
543:
527:
265:
3845:at Wikimedia Commons
3724:Banksia Study Report
3596:Banksia Study Report
3548:Banksia Study Report
3170:Banksia Study Report
3147:Banksia Study Report
3063:Banksia Study Report
3039:Banksia cunninghamii
2625:Victorian Naturalist
2527:Banksia Study Report
2090:of New South Wales.
2078:originally from the
1891:, allowing nutrient
1865:Eopsaltria australis
1844:(brown honeyeater),
1841:Lichmera indistincta
1655:forest dominated by
1486:B. prionophylla
1445:Banksia cunninghamii
1418:Great Dividing Range
1386:B. cunninghamii
1335:in a remote part of
1134:Banksia integrifolia
1064:B. occidentalis
1043:B. verticillata
798:B. cunninghamii
782:his 1870 arrangement
764:B. cunninghamii
723:B. occidentalis
704:B. cunninghamii
665:having minute spines
563:were collected near
551:, which accompanied
516:are generally bare.
464:, and one long wiry
300:, native to eastern
253:Distribution map of
4263:Flora of Queensland
3428:1982EmuAO..82..203F
2991:(R.Br.) A.S.George"
2716:Ladiges, Pauline Y.
2603:Smith, James Edward
1856:(noisy friarbird),
1741:Antechinus flavipes
1441:New England banksia
1266:Blackdown Tableland
1137:and its relatives.
873:analyses yielded a
787:Flora Australiensis
266:Hairpin Banksia at
3873:Flora of Australia
3673:Liber, C. (2004).
3197:L.f. (Proteaceae)"
2756:Givnish, Thomas J.
2671:de Candolle, A. P.
2474:Flora of Australia
2305:
2249:
2193:
2141:Catherine Hill Bay
1964:
1953:'Birthday Candles'
1823:Phylidonyris nigra
1699:
1625:Atherton Tableland
1581:B. ericifolia
1562:B. ericifolia
1368:
1341:Central Queensland
1314:. It differs from
1225:
1148:. They inferred a
1123:B. ericifolia
1057:B. littoralis
1036:B. ericifolia
900:Flora of Australia
807:B. littoralis
717:B. ericifolia
635:B. ericifolia
611:James Edward Smith
557:
553:James Edward Smith
538:
483:Catherine Hill Bay
441:and pale brown in
391:'Birthday Candles'
348:New England region
332:James Edward Smith
275:
268:Everglades Gardens
4238:
4237:
4145:Open Tree of Life
4137:Banksia~spinulosa
4046:Banksia spinulosa
3954:Banksia spinulosa
3924:Banksia spinulosa
3916:Taxon identifiers
3894:Banksia spinulosa
3866:Banksia spinulosa
3855:Banksia spinulosa
3843:Banksia spinulosa
3841:Media related to
3768:978-0-7333-0791-1
3580:978-0-85091-143-5
3503:10.1071/BT9850629
3467:10.1071/ZO9870319
3451:Banksia spinulosa
3436:10.1071/MU9820203
3366:978-0-207-17277-9
3323:The Banksia Atlas
3229:Banksia spinulosa
3213:10.58828/nuy00138
3127:978-0-85091-659-1
3087:Banksia spinulosa
3022:978-1-877069-05-5
3011:Kemp, B. (2004).
2985:Banksia spinulosa
2959:L.f. (Proteaceae)
2936:978-0-7318-1031-4
2896:Banksia spinulosa
2868:Australian Plants
2738:10.1071/SB9960661
2519:Banksia spinulosa
2500:Australian Plants
2484:978-0-643-06454-6
2439:978-0-86840-156-0
2389:Banksia spinulosa
2358:leaf, typical of
2290:Banksia spinulosa
2265:B. spinulosa
2245:Banksia spinulosa
2234:'Coastal Candles'
2221:'Schnapper Point'
2217:'Coastal Cushion'
2186:Banksia spinulosa
2044:Banksia spinulosa
2008:Banksia spinulosa
2000:Wianamatta shales
1967:Banksia spinulosa
1931:Banksia spinulosa
1907:Banksia spinulosa
1877:B. spinulosa
1835:Meliphaga lewinii
1817:The Banksia Atlas
1800:B. spinulosa
1777:B. spinulosa
1765:in North-eastern
1746:B. spinulosa
1728:B. spinulosa
1720:B. spinulosa
1712:Banksia spinulosa
1663:Banksia spinulosa
1585:B. spinulosa
1534:B. spinulosa
1526:B. spinulosa
1514:B. spinulosa
1506:B. spinulosa
1498:B. spinulosa
1490:B. spinulosa
1478:B. spinulosa
1470:B. spinulosa
1462:B. spinulosa
1458:Banksia spinulosa
1429:B. spinulosa
1398:B. spinulosa
1394:B. spinulosa
1374:B. spinulosa
1316:B. spinulosa
1312:B. spinulosa
1292:B. spinulosa
1278:B. spinulosa
1234:B. spinulosa
1192:B. spinulosa
1174:, and publishing
1119:B. spinulosa
1023:B. spinulosa
1012:B. spinulosa
1001:B. spinulosa
990:B. spinulosa
983:B. spinulosa
916:B. spinulosa
883:B. spinulosa
852:placed in series
850:B. spinulosa
756:placed in series
754:B. spinulosa
738:Stephan Endlicher
712:B. spinulosa
692:B. spinulosa
675:Placement within
669:Banksia spinulosa
643:B. spinulosa
631:B. spinulosa
615:B. spinulosa
609:English botanist
583:B. spinulosa
561:B. spinulosa
549:B. spinulosa
534:B. spinulosa
474:Banksia spinulosa
384:Banksia spinulosa
364:Banksia spinulosa
328:Banksia spinulosa
279:Banksia spinulosa
260:
259:
255:Banksia spinulosa
175:Banksia spinulosa
157:B. spinulosa
41:Banksia spinulosa
25:Banksia spinulosa
4290:
4231:
4230:
4218:
4217:
4205:
4204:
4192:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4166:
4165:
4153:
4152:
4140:
4139:
4127:
4126:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4100:
4088:
4087:
4075:
4074:
4062:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4036:
4035:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4009:
3997:
3996:
3984:
3983:
3971:
3970:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3911:
3906:
3887:
3882:
3853:Data related to
3852:
3840:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3751:
3740:
3739:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3703:on 14 April 2008
3702:
3696:. Archived from
3679:
3670:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3352:
3339:
3338:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2891:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2780:(8): 1311–1323.
2748:
2742:
2741:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2552:
2539:
2538:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2461:
2444:
2443:
2425:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2296:'Lemon glow' in
2260:'Golden Cascade'
2204:'Cherry Candles'
2157:Birthday Candles
2118:'Carnarvon Gold'
1871:Like most other
1804:Brown antechinus
1781:
1651:) to inland dry
1611:, north through
1601:Dandenong Ranges
1390:Allan Cunningham
1347:and north coast.
1270:Hawkesbury River
1160:with respect to
1050:B. seminuda
920:
452:The distinctive
248:
177:
65:
64:
35:
21:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4208:
4200:
4195:
4187:
4182:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4156:
4148:
4143:
4135:
4130:
4122:
4117:
4109:
4104:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4018:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3992:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3966:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3918:
3890:
3862:
3833:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3753:
3752:
3743:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3397:10.1071/BT00004
3382:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3335:
3318:Hopper, Stephen
3315:
3314:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3269:10.1071/SB98024
3254:
3253:
3249:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3041:Sieber ex Rchb"
3035:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2893:
2892:
2879:
2874:(184): 123–133.
2865:
2864:
2857:
2850:10.1071/SB06016
2835:
2834:
2830:
2823:10.1071/SB04015
2808:
2807:
2803:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2722:(Proteaceae)".
2710:
2709:
2705:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2465:George, Alex S.
2463:
2462:
2447:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2405:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2096:
2012:iron deficiency
1943:
1850:(noisy miner),
1820:survey include
1779:
1767:New South Wales
1708:
1691:
1613:New South Wales
1597:
1577:"Giant Candles"
1550:Natural hybrids
1547:
1333:Dicks Tableland
1308:Banksia collina
1250:hairpin banksia
1222:
1208:
1071:B. brownii
918:
867:Pauline Ladiges
802:B. collina
768:B. collina
708:B. collina
680:
591:B. serrata
573:New South Wales
547:'s painting of
522:
431:Carnarvon Gorge
415:linear in shape
399:
290:, of the genus
284:hairpin banksia
184:
179:
173:
160:
59:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:wfo-0000559828
4219:
4206:
4193:
4180:
4167:
4154:
4141:
4128:
4115:
4102:
4089:
4076:
4063:
4050:
4037:
4024:
4011:
3998:
3985:
3972:
3959:
3944:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3888:
3859:
3858:
3857:at Wikispecies
3846:
3832:
3831:External links
3829:
3827:
3826:
3800:
3774:
3767:
3755:Stewart, Angus
3741:
3714:
3644:
3613:
3586:
3579:
3561:
3538:
3508:
3497:(6): 629–637.
3472:
3441:
3422:(4): 203–211.
3402:
3391:(5): 637–644.
3372:
3365:
3340:
3333:
3316:Taylor, Anne;
3303:
3274:
3247:
3218:
3183:
3160:
3133:
3126:
3105:
3076:
3053:
3028:
3021:
3003:
2974:
2942:
2935:
2917:
2877:
2855:
2828:
2801:
2743:
2732:(5): 661–733.
2703:
2684:
2663:Meissner, Carl
2654:
2634:
2612:
2594:
2576:
2569:
2540:
2509:
2506:(187): 256–60.
2490:
2483:
2445:
2438:
2403:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2344:
2322:
2283:
2282:
2268:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2207:
2179:
2178:
2145:
2122:
2095:
2092:
2061:and var.
2042:-grown plant.
1942:
1939:
1885:solubilisation
1881:proteoid roots
1755:Apis mellifera
1697:Immature spike
1690:
1687:
1671:Lakes Entrance
1596:
1593:
1546:
1543:
1524:in 1998, with
1454:
1453:
1437:
1423:
1422:
1408:and var.
1382:
1365:Blue Mountains
1349:
1348:
1300:
1286:
1285:
1254:Walshs Pyramid
1242:
1207:
1204:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1008:
997:
959:
951:
893: subser.
826:. Endlicher's
778:George Bentham
679:
673:
521:
518:
512:and var.
454:inflorescences
398:
395:
322:inflorescences
296:in the family
258:
257:
250:
249:
241:
240:
239:
238:
227:
216:
205:
191:
190:
186:
185:
180:
169:
168:
162:
161:
154:
152:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4295:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4241:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3461:(4): 319–25.
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3334:0-644-07124-9
3330:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3263:(4): 257–66.
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3207:(3): 309–17.
3206:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2971:(3): 239–473.
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:Thiele, Kevin
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:Brown, Robert
2638:
2635:
2631:(3): 106–109.
2630:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2570:0-86417-006-8
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2340:French Island
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:Bill Molyneux
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:Central Coast
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1960:'Stumpy Gold'
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:pygmy possums
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:Known as the
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:Known as the
1301:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:is placed in
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
991:
987:
986:
985:
984:
980:
979:
978:
977:
976:
970:
969:
968:
967:
966:
960:
958:
957:
952:
950:
949:
944:
943:
942:
941:
940:
934:
933:
932:
931:
930:
924:
923:
922:
917:
913:
912:
905:
903:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
834:
829:
825:
824:
819:
815:
811:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
779:
775:
774:
769:
765:
761:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:Carl Meissner
739:
735:
734:
729:
728:Banksia verae
725:
724:
719:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:Banksia verae
693:
689:
685:
678:
674:
672:
670:
666:
663:term meaning
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:
644:
638:
636:
632:
626:
622:
618:
616:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
550:
546:
545:James Sowerby
542:
535:
531:
526:
519:
517:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
486:
484:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
406:lignotuberous
404:
396:
394:
392:
390:
385:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:was named by
329:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:
273:
269:
264:
256:
251:
247:
242:
237:
236:
232:
228:
226:
225:
221:
217:
215:
214:
210:
206:
204:
203:
199:
195:
194:
192:
187:
183:
178:
176:
170:
167:
166:Binomial name
163:
159:
158:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
4240:
3923:
3899:
3893:
3871:
3865:
3817:. Retrieved
3812:
3803:
3791:. Retrieved
3786:
3777:
3758:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3698:the original
3685:
3681:
3635:. Retrieved
3626:
3616:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3570:
3564:
3550:(6): 29–33.
3547:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3520:
3511:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3388:
3384:
3356:
3321:
3294:. Retrieved
3290:
3277:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3169:
3163:
3149:(6): 20–23.
3146:
3142:
3136:
3117:
3096:
3091:cunninghamii
3090:
3086:
3079:
3062:
3056:
3044:
3038:
3031:
3012:
3006:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2926:
2920:
2906:(2): 15–16.
2903:
2899:
2895:
2871:
2867:
2844:(1): 63–71.
2841:
2837:
2831:
2817:(1): 75–88.
2814:
2810:
2804:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2752:Mast, Austin
2746:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2679:the original
2674:
2667:"Proteaceae"
2657:
2647:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2556:
2526:
2523:cunninghamii
2522:
2518:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2472:
2468:
2429:
2394:
2388:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2330:cunninghamii
2329:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2294:cunninghamii
2293:
2289:
2278:'Honey Pots'
2275:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2247:'Honey Pots'
2244:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2097:
2083:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2036:cunninghamii
2035:
2028:
2007:
1995:cunninghamii
1994:
1990:
1987:Woburn Abbey
1975:Joseph Banks
1970:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1808:sugar glider
1799:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1667:cunninghamii
1666:
1662:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1598:
1589:cunninghamii
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1564:subsp.
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1538:cunninghamii
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:cunninghamii
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1410:cunninghamii
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1378:cunninghamii
1377:
1373:
1371:
1357:cunninghamii
1356:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:hill banksia
1303:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1249:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1199:
1198: subg.
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1178: subg.
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:paraphyletic
1153:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1095:
1089:Dryandroidae
1087:
1079:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:cunninghamii
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1000:
993:
989:
982:
981:
973:
971:
963:
961:
954:
946:
937:
935:
927:
925:
915:
910:
906:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
863:Kevin Thiele
860:
854:
849:
845:
841:
836:
835: subg.
832:
827:
821:
817:
812:
805:
801:
797:
791:
785:
771:
767:
763:
757:
753:
745:
731:
730:was renamed
727:
721:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
683:
681:
676:
668:
664:
656:
652:
646:
642:
640:
634:
630:
628:
624:
620:
614:
608:
602:
598:
595:integrifolia
594:
590:
588:
582:
576:
560:
558:
548:
533:
529:
513:
509:
505:cunninghamii
504:
489:
487:
473:
451:
446:
443:cunninghamii
442:
438:
434:
426:
422:
400:
388:
383:
379:invertebrate
368:
363:
355:
352:cunninghamii
351:
339:
327:
326:
316:to northern
291:
283:
278:
277:
276:
254:
234:
230:
223:
219:
213:cunninghamii
212:
208:
201:
197:
174:
172:
156:
155:
143:
106:
93:
80:
44:
40:
24:
18:
4163:kew-2669270
4080:iNaturalist
3948:Wikispecies
3296:15 November
2585:White, John
2225:floriferous
2134:Stumpy Gold
2088:South Coast
2014:. Known as
1941:Cultivation
1703:Ecology of
1653:sclerophyll
1621:Maryborough
1452:undersides.
1449:New England
1200:Spathulatae
1180:Spathulatae
1142:Austin Mast
1081:Tricuspidae
814:Alex George
397:Description
360:Alex George
306:understorey
100:Angiosperms
4247:Categories
4158:Plant List
3819:25 January
3793:25 January
3688:(1): 3–5.
3233:neoanglica
3172:(4): 5–8.
3065:(5): 2–4.
2955:The Genus
2521:var.
2371:References
2362:var.
2360:B. s.
2355:Tura Beach
2334:Lemon Glow
2328:var.
2326:B. s.
2312:var.
2310:B. s.
2274:var.
2272:B. s.
2256:var.
2254:B. s.
2232:B. s.
2213:var.
2211:B. s.
2200:var.
2198:B. s.
2151:var.
2149:B. s.
2144:cultivars.
2128:var.
2126:B. s.
2114:var.
2112:B. s.
2057:var.
2055:B. s.
1969:var.
1955:(L) &
1923:under the
1897:phosphorus
1873:Proteaceae
1748:var.
1736:marsupials
1730:var.
1701:See also:
1683:Glen Davis
1679:Jervis Bay
1665:var.
1645:neoanglica
1617:Queensland
1587:var.
1566:ericifolia
1556:var.
1554:B. s.
1536:var.
1528:var.
1520:as sister
1518:neoanglica
1516:var.
1508:var.
1500:var.
1492:var.
1480:var.
1472:var.
1464:var.
1433:neoanglica
1431:var.
1402:neoanglica
1400:var.
1376:var.
1355:var.
1329:Isla Gorge
1318:var.
1294:var.
1280:var.
1236:var.
1214:var.
1184:cotyledons
1025:var.
1016:neoanglica
1014:var.
1003:var.
992:var.
975:Spicigerae
965:Oncostylis
895:Spinulosae
887:Spicigerae
885:in series
855:Spicigerae
846:Oncostylis
842:Oncostylis
793:Oncostylis
780:published
603:ericifolia
569:John White
447:neoanglica
375:vertebrate
371:pollinated
336:John White
318:Queensland
298:Proteaceae
235:spinulosa
224:neoanglica
189:Varieties
133:Proteaceae
3736:0728-2893
3694:1444-285X
3637:8 October
3608:0728-2893
3556:0728-2893
3531:16 August
3178:0728-2893
3155:0728-2893
3071:0728-2893
2912:0159-3714
2535:0728-2893
2467:(1999). "
2364:spinulosa
2314:spinulosa
2276:spinulosa
2258:spinulosa
2215:spinulosa
2202:spinulosa
2190:Kenthurst
2167:Ulladulla
2153:spinulosa
2094:Cultivars
2086:from the
2084:spinulosa
2063:spinulosa
2048:cultivars
2016:chlorosis
1971:spinulosa
1901:Australia
1889:nutrients
1657:eucalypts
1649:spinulosa
1637:spinulosa
1615:and into
1605:Melbourne
1558:spinulosa
1530:spinulosa
1494:spinulosa
1474:spinulosa
1460:complex.
1406:spinulosa
1320:spinulosa
1238:spinulosa
1216:spinulosa
1206:Varieties
1150:phylogeny
1140:In 2005,
1128:Salicinae
1109:Isostylis
1106:Subgenus
1097:Abietinae
994:spinulosa
936:Subgenus
881:retained
875:cladogram
871:cladistic
861:In 1996,
828:Eubanksia
773:Salicinae
759:Abietinae
746:Eubanksia
740:in 1847.
733:Eubanksia
657:spinulosa
510:spinulosa
497:follicles
435:spinulosa
427:spinulosa
411:lenticels
366:complex.
344:taxonomic
310:heathland
302:Australia
151:Species:
123:Proteales
70:Kingdom:
45:spinulosa
4210:VicFlora
4202:50205641
4197:Tropicos
4132:NSWFlora
4098:703190-1
3939:Q2882800
3933:Wikidata
3757:(2001).
3631:Archived
3602:: 6–16.
3525:Archived
3487:Rands".
3320:(1988).
2796:21665734
2766:Dryandra
2758:(2002).
2665:(1856).
2645:(1830).
2605:(1793).
2587:(1790).
2529:(9): 5.
2343:drought.
2175:Brisbane
2067:Bushcare
2029:Regular
1812:bush rat
1738:such as
1609:Victoria
1603:east of
1552:between
1345:Central-
1264:and the
1188:Dryandra
1168:Dryandra
1163:Dryandra
962:Section
956:Coccinea
953:Section
945:Section
762:, while
744:demoted
581:is of a
520:Taxonomy
501:bushfire
470:anthesis
458:perianth
314:Victoria
129:Family:
113:Eudicots
4059:7124071
4007:5587514
3730:: 3–5.
3707:23 June
3424:Bibcode
3201:Nuytsia
3195:Banksia
3143:Banksia
2989:collina
2964:Nuytsia
2957:Banksia
2762:Banksia
2720:Banksia
2694:Banksia
2673:(ed.).
2469:Banksia
2351:variant
2319:collina
2130:collina
2121:spikes.
2116:collina
2076:collina
2059:collina
2040:cutting
2031:pruning
2024:sulfate
2004:dieback
1991:collina
1917:Banksia
1750:collina
1732:collina
1705:Banksia
1689:Ecology
1641:collina
1575:Banksia
1545:Hybrids
1510:collina
1502:collina
1466:collina
1296:collina
1282:collina
1246:autonym
1172:Banksia
1154:Banksia
1146:Banksia
1131:, with
1094:Series
1086:Series
1078:Series
1005:collina
972:Series
948:Banksia
939:Banksia
929:Banksia
911:Banksia
837:Banksia
830:became
818:Banksia
776:. When
700:Banksia
684:Banksia
677:Banksia
653:Banksia
599:dentata
530:Banksia
514:collina
490:Banksia
439:collina
423:collina
419:serrate
403:stemmed
389:Banksia
356:Banksia
293:Banksia
202:collina
144:Banksia
139:Genus:
119:Order:
74:Plantae
4171:PLANTS
4150:830654
4124:199798
4111:894937
4085:208902
3981:662059
3968:109243
3875:Online
3765:
3734:
3692:
3606:
3577:
3554:
3363:
3331:
3176:
3153:
3124:
3069:
3019:
2933:
2910:
2794:
2567:
2533:
2481:
2436:
1893:uptake
1810:, and
1798:visit
1716:nectar
1629:Cairns
1522:clades
1414:Lawson
1258:Cairns
1256:(near
1156:to be
926:Genus
907:Under
902:series
597:, nor
565:Sydney
481:, and
462:tepals
282:, the
4176:BASP6
4041:FoAO2
4033:46169
4020:BANSN
3701:(PDF)
3678:(PDF)
3231:var.
3089:var.
2987:var.
2669:. In
2302:Bulli
2292:var,
2053:Both
1780:'
1633:heath
1627:near
1361:Leura
1339:, in
1220:Nowra
919:'
661:Latin
472:. In
466:style
312:from
288:shrub
272:Leura
233:var.
231:B. s.
222:var.
220:B. s.
211:var.
209:B. s.
200:var.
198:B. s.
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
43:var.
4184:POWO
4119:NCBI
4106:ITIS
4093:IPNI
4072:6480
4067:GRIN
4054:GBIF
4028:FoAO
4015:EPPO
3994:KL9X
3976:BOLD
3963:APNI
3821:2012
3795:2012
3763:ISBN
3732:ISSN
3709:2007
3690:ISSN
3639:2007
3604:ISSN
3575:ISBN
3552:ISSN
3533:2007
3361:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3298:2006
3174:ISSN
3151:ISSN
3122:ISBN
3067:ISSN
3017:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2908:ISSN
2792:PMID
2764:and
2565:ISBN
2531:ISSN
2479:ISBN
2434:ISBN
1985:and
1879:has
1675:Eden
1673:and
1647:and
1639:and
1583:and
1560:and
1532:and
1512:and
1496:and
1331:and
1121:and
865:and
766:and
706:and
671:Sm.
659:, a
528:The
493:cone
477:the
445:and
437:and
377:and
4223:WFO
4002:EoL
3989:CoL
3896:Sm"
3868:Sm"
3499:doi
3463:doi
3432:doi
3416:Emu
3393:doi
3265:doi
3209:doi
2961:".
2898:".
2846:doi
2819:doi
2782:doi
2734:doi
2696:".
2563:).
2391:Sm"
2219:(=
2069:or
1979:Kew
1887:of
1681:to
1260:),
1170:to
784:in
736:by
567:by
182:Sm.
4249::
4225::
4212::
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4160::
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2840:.
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2778:89
2776:.
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2615:^
2543:^
2504:23
2502:.
2448:^
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2026:.
2020:pH
1981:,
1958:B.
1951:B.
1927:.
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1806:,
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