37:
1815:
50:
1040:
816:
377:
1154:, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These roots are particularly efficient at absorbing nutrients from nutrient-poor soils, such as the
1205:
789:. They eventually accepted both of George's subgenera, using each as an outgroup in the analysis of the other. Thus their analysis yielded no information about the circumscription and placement of
1969:
1368:
759:
402:
1388:
471:
534:
568:
801:
417:
1808:
1954:
1959:
1918:
1308:
1261:
1569:
Mast, Austin R.; Eric H. Jones & Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of
1384:
1364:
397:
153:
49:
1769:
1702:
1316:
507:
968:
has been set aside. If maintained at all in Mast and Thiele's forthcoming arrangement, it will be at a lesser rank than subgenus.
1761:
909:, and suggest an overall phylogeny that is very greatly different from George's arrangement. Mast's results clearly recognise
1201:
1108:
1080:
594:
1616:
1579:
1476:
627:
1900:
1834:
1802:
1413:
1345:
1298:
1104:
1891:
1524:
1028:
36:
1096:
943:
1789:
1238:
is better known, but its usefulness as an amenity plant is limited by the fact that it has very prickly leaves.
1964:
1123:
1736:
1717:
616:
1931:
1849:
1294:
1210:
698:
836:
287:
225:
1643:
Broadhurst, Linda M.; Coates, David J. (2004). "Genetic divergence among and diversity within two rare
1024:
1215:
660:
1474:; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography".
573:
214:
778:, finding George's arguments unconvincing but failing to find any further evidence for or against
234:, but structurally more like reduced versions of the "flower spikes" characteristic of most other
1926:
1913:
1668:
1020:
984:
913:
as a distinct clade, but place it in a fairly recent position, within a clade that also contains
860:
650:
250:
176:
44:
800:
Thiele and
Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, and was largely discarded by him in
271:
is widely distributed and relatively common, but the other two species are rare and threatened.
1234:
species are popular in cultivation. The two rare species are virtually unknown in cultivation.
1765:
1698:
1692:
1551:
1543:
1507:
1312:
1270:
1197:
1076:
1039:
921:
867:
743:
598:
262:
217:
183:
1660:
1625:
1588:
1533:
1485:
1445:
1304:
1179:
1008:
541:
487:
325:
729:
were much more important taxonomically. His conclusion was that the taxon should remain in
682:, and his four names are now considered taxonomic synonyms of their respective names under
1433:
1012:
915:
874:
755:
703:
670:
640:
382:
256:
169:
87:
1814:
1687:
1112:
815:
679:
564:
462:
is treated as the type because it was the only member when the subgenus was published.
376:
316:
flower heads have an ovoid axis, suggestive of a greatly reduced flower spike, whereas
74:
1821:
1743:
1724:
1332:
1948:
1404:
1171:
1151:
1088:
717:, which was then a distinct genus. He argued, however, that the similarities between
707:. In discussing the subgenus, George commented that there had been calls to transfer
620:
605:
590:
530:
502:
1672:
1099:. The other two species occur further inland, and have quite limited distributions.
479:
species were published, but there was no change to the 1810 arrangement, and no new
1429:
1115:
1092:
890:
751:
455:
1905:
351:
species are all upright shrubs or trees, with a single trunk. They generally have
336:
follicles are thin and hairless; and the involucral, common and floral bracts of
296:
the property of having compact, dome-shaped flower heads. Structurally, however,
1885:
1463:
929:, suggesting that similarities between those two groups are indeed superficial.
886:
360:
1876:
1664:
1163:
1155:
987:
within the subgenus yielded both other possibilities: some analyses suggested
894:
763:
120:
1547:
1159:
953:
898:
329:
110:
1555:
733:, although he did not rule out promoting it into a separate genus. A third
1538:
1511:
1870:
1183:
1007:. The origin of this population is unknown. It might have arisen through
1000:
995:. Further complicating the situation is the existence of a population of
938:
713:
224:
have dome-shaped flower heads that are superficially similar to those of
213:. It contains three closely related species, all of which occur only in
204:
100:
956:. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of
829:
352:
209:
130:
1760:. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the
1449:
1587:(1). CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society: 75–88.
1512:"Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in
1843:
1629:
1592:
1489:
701:
promoted it back to subgenus rank, and published a second species,
1038:
814:
499:
375:
61:
16:
Subgenus in the family
Proteaceae from southwest Western Australia
1839:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
1418:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
1350:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
1186:, ensures the rapid regeneration of populations killed by fire.
845:(3 sections, 11 series, 73 species, 11 subspecies, 14 varieties)
1847:
1019:
would be the most basal of the three species: it occurs in the
1011:, or it may be a transitional or even ancestral form. Finally,
454:
with a dome-shaped inflorescence. He did not explicitly name a
308:, having more in common with the erect flower spikes of other
1206:
Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
889:
has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of
932:
Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of
925:(Candlestick Banksia). It falls a substantial distance from
983:
to be the most basal of the three species, a 2004 study of
1027:
are most common, whereas the others are restricted to the
320:
flower heads emerge from a flat receptable. Furthermore,
1746:, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia.
1727:, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia.
1647:
species and their common close relative in the subgenus
1606:
Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of
1436:(1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)".
897:. His analyses has provided compelling evidence for the
725:
were largely superficial, whereas the similarities with
1466:(1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (
1370:
Prodromus Florae Novae
Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen
1031:, where more recently evolved species are most common.
403:
Prodromus Florae Novae
Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen
1697:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
1087:
is widespread within 70 kilometres of the coast from
822:
grows as a large shrub, up to three metres in height.
465:
Twenty years later, Brown issued a supplement to his
1390:
Supplementum Primum
Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae
1166:, so shrubs are killed by bushfire; mature trees of
472:
Supplementum Primum
Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae
1856:
577:, but Bentham also published a putative variety of
1122:occurs slightly further south, in the vicinity of
979:still remain unclear. Though Mast's studies found
812:was unaffected and can be summarised as follows:
540:in 1856, he demoted both of Brown's subgenera to
1970:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)
1182:following a bushfire. This adaptation, known as
406:; thus its full name, with author citation, is
300:flower heads are quite different from those of
770:. They took up the question of an affinity of
1297:(1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.).
1289:
1287:
1285:
1255:
1253:
1251:
634:for the entire genus, republishing the names
518:is now considered a nomenclatural synonym of
508:Histoire Naturelle des Vegetaux: Phanerogames
8:
1695:(Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8)
1520:(Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny"
1359:
1357:
686:L.f. None of them are considered members of
1501:
1499:
1844:
1813:
1809:Department of the Environment and Heritage
438:s first infrageneric taxon. Brown erected
420:was the first infrageneric arrangement of
35:
20:
1537:
559:. Meissner's rank and circumscription of
1721:— Matchstick Banksia, Quairading Banksia
1170:have a limited ability to resprout from
766:analysis of morphological characters of
555:as a monospecific taxon containing only
1247:
804:. The placement and circumscription of
674:(Saw Banksia). This challenge failed,
1762:Society for Growing Australian Plants
1309:Australian Biological Resources Study
1214:dieback, and grazing on seedlings by
656:Isostylis integrifolia (L.f.) Britten
7:
1744:Species Profile and Threats Database
1725:Species Profile and Threats Database
952:for the species having spoon-shaped
1208:. Threats include loss of habitat,
1196:have been declared rare under both
793:, and their arrangement maintained
747:, was published by George in 1988.
646:Isostylis ericifolia (L.f.) Britten
589:, based on specimens collected by
14:
1758:The Banksia Book (Second Edition)
991:as basal, while others suggested
666:Isostylis serrata (L.f.) Britten
636:Isostylis dentata (L.f.) Britten
450:, which was then the only known
48:
1955:Banksia taxa by scientific name
960:was complete; in the meantime,
355:leaves, although in rare cases
1202:Wildlife Conservation Act 1950
1:
1960:Eudicots of Western Australia
1150:taxa, all three species have
1081:South West Botanical Province
601:. This was later overturned.
511:. This was not accepted, and
1617:Australian Systematic Botany
1580:Australian Systematic Botany
1477:Australian Systematic Botany
1438:Australian Systematic Botany
1835:Australian Plant Name Index
1414:Australian Plant Name Index
1346:Australian Plant Name Index
1174:on the trunk. But like all
1158:-deficient native soils of
241:There are three species of
1986:
1525:American Journal of Botany
1043:Distribution of the three
1029:Transitional Rainfall Zone
608:challenged the genus name
1665:10.1007/s10592-004-5268-9
1260:George, Alex S. (1981). "
630:Britten adopted the name
261:(matchstick banksia) and
165:
160:
45:Scientific classification
43:
34:
23:
1811:, Australian Government.
1756:George, Alex S. (1987).
999:having both genetic and
942:into it, and publishing
654:(Heath-leaved Banksia),
255:(holly-leaved banksia),
1932:Banksia subg. Isostylis
1892:Banksia subg. Isostylis
1091:in the north, south to
396:was first published by
220:. Members of subgenus
1211:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1064:
919:(Elegant Banksia) and
893:data for the subtribe
823:
612:, on the grounds that
458:for the subgenus, but
386:
1837:(APNI), IBIS database
1653:Conservation Genetics
1651:R.Br. (Proteaceae)".
1539:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311
1416:(APNI), IBIS database
1348:(APNI), IBIS database
1178:s they release their
1042:
1015:factors suggest that
971:Relationships within
818:
760:a revised arrangement
379:
1614:L.f. (Proteaceae)".
1311:. pp. 175–251.
1142:is similar to other
802:his 1999 arrangement
678:L.f. was eventually
664:(Coast Banksia) and
661:B. integrifolia
644:(Tropical Banksia),
569:his 1870 arrangement
340:are unlike those of
312:taxa. Specifically,
1434:Ladiges, Pauline Y.
785:s placement within
697:came in 1981, when
693:The next change to
623:had precedent over
574:Flora Australiensis
535:his arrangement of
418:Brown's arrangement
1803:Flora of Australia
1300:Flora of Australia
1236:B. ilicifolia
1204:, and the federal
1168:B. ilicifolia
1085:B. ilicifolia
1065:
1053:B. ilicifolia
1021:High Rainfall Zone
1017:B. ilicifolia
989:B. ilicifolia
985:genetic divergence
861:B. ilicifolia
824:
651:B. ericifolia
579:B. ilicifolia
557:B. ilicifolia
544:rank, maintaining
460:B. ilicifolia
448:B. ilicifolia
387:
357:B. ilicifolia
269:B. ilicifolia
252:B. ilicifolia
177:Banksia ilicifolia
1942:
1941:
1850:Taxon identifiers
1738:Banksia oligantha
1693:The Banksia Atlas
1508:Thomas J. Givnish
1450:10.1071/SB9960661
1393:. London: Taylor.
1373:. London: Taylor.
1303:. Vol. 17B.
1266:L.f. (Proteaceae)
1198:Western Australia
1194:B. oligantha
1146:s. As with other
1120:B. oligantha
1077:Western Australia
1061:B. oligantha
1025:relictual species
1005:B. oligantha
993:B. oligantha
922:B. attenuata
868:B. oligantha
744:B. oligantha
599:Western Australia
372:Taxonomic history
332:coating, whereas
267:(Wagin banksia).
264:B. oligantha
218:Western Australia
192:
191:
184:Banksia oligantha
156:
1977:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1845:
1840:
1817:
1812:
1776:
1775:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1573:with respect to
1566:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1532:(8): 1311–1323.
1503:
1494:
1493:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1305:CSIRO Publishing
1291:
1280:
1279:
1257:
1180:aerial seed bank
1003:affinities with
905:with respect to
784:
563:was retained by
437:
152:
147:
53:
52:
39:
28:
21:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:
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1974:
1965:Plant subgenera
1945:
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1925:
1917:
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1899:
1890:
1889:
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1869:
1859:
1852:
1820:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:— Wagin Banksia
1735:
1731:
1719:Banksia cuneata
1716:
1712:
1705:
1688:Hopper, Stephen
1685:
1684:
1680:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1630:10.1071/SB06016
1605:
1604:
1600:
1593:10.1071/SB04015
1577:(Proteaceae)".
1568:
1567:
1563:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1490:10.1071/SB97026
1464:Mast, Austin R.
1462:
1461:
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1249:
1244:
1224:
1190:B. cuneata
1132:
1101:B. cuneata
1057:B. cuneata
1037:
1013:biogeographical
997:B. cuneata
981:B. cuneata
916:B. elegans
875:B. cuneata
820:B. cuneata
797:as a subgenus.
782:
756:Pauline Ladiges
704:B. cuneata
671:B. serrata
641:B. dentata
475:; another nine
435:
383:B. cuneata
374:
369:
277:
258:B. cuneata
170:Banksia cuneata
151:
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47:
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1783:External links
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1686:Taylor, Anne;
1678:
1659:(6): 837–846.
1635:
1598:
1561:
1506:Mast, Austin;
1495:
1484:(4): 321–342.
1455:
1444:(5): 661–733.
1421:
1409:(R.Br.) Spach"
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1172:epicormic buds
1162:. They lack a
1152:proteoid roots
1134:Ecologically,
1131:
1128:
1118:region; while
1113:Avon Wheatbelt
1075:occur only in
1036:
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525:
521:
517:
516:(R.Br.) Spach
515:
510:
509:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:Édouard Spach
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:
414:
410:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
385:
384:
378:
371:
366:
364:
362:
361:entire leaves
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:
290:
285:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
253:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
232:
228:
223:
219:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
197:
186:
185:
181:
179:
178:
174:
172:
171:
167:
166:
164:
159:
155:
150:
149:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:Tracheophytes
73:
70:
67:
66:
63:
60:
57:
56:
51:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
22:
19:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1757:
1751:
1737:
1732:
1718:
1713:
1691:
1681:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1624:(1): 63–71.
1621:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1441:
1437:
1424:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1299:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1235:
1231:
1230: subg.
1227:
1226:None of the
1225:
1209:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1175:
1167:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138: subg.
1135:
1133:
1119:
1100:
1095:and east to
1093:Cape Leeuwin
1084:
1072:
1071: subg.
1068:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1035:Distribution
1016:
1004:
996:
992:
988:
980:
976:
975: subg.
972:
970:
965:
964: subg.
961:
957:
948:
947: subg.
944:
937:
933:
931:
926:
920:
914:
910:
906:
902:
891:DNA sequence
885:Since 1998,
884:
873:
866:
859:
853:
852: subg.
849:
848:
841:
840: subg.
837:
828:
827:
819:
809:
808: subg.
805:
799:
794:
790:
786:
779:
775:
771:
767:
752:Kevin Thiele
749:
742:
738:
737: subg.
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
712:
708:
702:
694:
692:
687:
683:
675:
669:
665:
659:
655:
649:
645:
639:
635:
631:
624:
613:
609:
603:
587:integrifolia
586:
582:
578:
572:
560:
556:
550:
549: sect.
546:
545:
536:
528:
523:
519:
513:
512:
506:
495:
494: subg.
491:
485:
480:
476:
470:
466:
464:
459:
456:type species
451:
447:
443:
442: subg.
439:
432:
429:
428: subg.
425:
421:
412:
408:
407:
401:
400:in his 1810
398:Robert Brown
393:
392: subg.
389:
388:
381:
356:
348:
346:
341:
337:
333:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
286:shares with
283:
282: subg.
279:
278:
268:
263:
257:
251:
246:
242:
240:
235:
230:
226:
221:
208:
199:
195:
194:
193:
182:
175:
168:
143:
142:
131:
94:
81:
68:
24:
18:
1886:Wikispecies
1222:Cultivation
1067:Species of
1047: subg.
949:Spathulatae
936:by merging
887:Austin Mast
762:based on a
699:Alex George
585: var.
446:to contain
304: ser.
291: ser.
275:Description
229: ser.
88:Angiosperms
1949:Categories
1262:The Genus
1242:References
1164:lignotuber
1156:phosphorus
1109:Bruce Rock
954:cotyledons
895:Banksiinae
758:published
595:Swan River
583:B. i.
533:published
380:Branch of
324:has thick
139:Subgenus:
121:Proteaceae
1862:Isostylis
1828:Isostylis
1796:Isostylis
1649:Isostylis
1610:R.Br. to
1548:0002-9122
1407:Isostylis
1339:Isostylis
1232:Isostylis
1160:Australia
1140:Isostylis
1073:Isostylis
1051:species:
1049:Isostylis
977:Isostylis
966:Isostylis
911:Isostylis
899:paraphyly
854:Isostylis
810:Isostylis
795:Isostylis
791:Isostylis
780:Isostylis
772:Isostylis
764:cladistic
750:In 1996,
741:species,
739:Isostylis
719:Isostylis
709:Isostylis
695:Isostylis
688:Isostylis
680:conserved
632:Isostylis
617:J.R.Forst
604:In 1905,
593:near the
561:Isostylis
551:Isostylis
542:sectional
524:Isostylis
514:Isostylis
496:Isostylis
490:promoted
486:In 1846,
483:species.
481:Isostylis
469:entitled
467:Prodromus
444:Isostylis
430:Isostylis
424:, making
413:Isostylis
394:Isostylis
359:may have
349:Isostylis
338:Isostylis
326:follicles
322:Isostylis
314:Isostylis
298:Isostylis
284:Isostylis
247:Isostylis
222:Isostylis
215:Southwest
200:Isostylis
148:Isostylis
111:Proteales
58:Kingdom:
29:Isostylis
1877:Q2882792
1871:Wikidata
1858:Banksia
1826:subgen.
1690:(1988).
1673:39559876
1608:Dryandra
1575:Dryandra
1556:21665734
1518:Dryandra
1510:(2002).
1472:Dryandra
1387:(1830).
1367:(1810).
1337:subgen.
1184:serotiny
1105:Brookton
1001:phenetic
958:Dryandra
939:Dryandra
927:Dryandra
907:Dryandra
776:Dryandra
723:Dryandra
714:Dryandra
520:B.
367:Taxonomy
342:Dryandra
334:Dryandra
318:Dryandra
306:Dryandra
293:Dryandra
231:Dryandra
205:subgenus
161:Species
144:Banksia
117:Family:
101:Eudicots
25:Banksia
1824:Banksia
1792:Banksia
1645:Banksia
1612:Banksia
1571:Banksia
1514:Banksia
1468:Banksia
1335:Banksia
1271:Nuytsia
1264:Banksia
1176:Banksia
1148:Banksia
1144:Banksia
1130:Ecology
1111:in the
1103:occurs
1055:(red),
934:Banksia
903:Banksia
842:Banksia
830:Banksia
787:Banksia
768:Banksia
731:Banksia
727:Banksia
684:Banksia
676:Banksia
625:Banksia
621:G.Forst
614:Banksia
610:Banksia
537:Banksia
505:in his
477:Banksia
452:Banksia
433:Banksia
422:Banksia
409:Banksia
390:Banksia
353:serrate
328:with a
310:Banksia
280:Banksia
243:Banksia
236:Banksia
210:Banksia
196:Banksia
132:Banksia
127:Genus:
107:Order:
62:Plantae
1906:197886
1805:Online
1794:subg.
1768:
1701:
1671:
1554:
1546:
1315:
1097:Albany
1063:(blue)
1023:where
619:&
522:subg.
411:subg.
330:woolly
245:subg.
238:taxa.
198:subg.
1927:FoAO2
1919:46209
1860:subg.
1830:R.Br"
1798:R.Br"
1669:S2CID
1341:R.Br"
1124:Wagin
783:'
774:with
711:into
529:When
500:genus
436:'
415:R.Br.
203:is a
154:R.Br.
146:subg.
95:Clade
82:Clade
69:Clade
27:subg.
1914:FoAO
1901:APNI
1766:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1552:PMID
1544:ISSN
1516:and
1470:and
1313:ISBN
1192:and
1107:and
754:and
721:and
668:for
658:for
648:for
638:for
628:L.f.
571:for
503:rank
347:The
1764:).
1661:doi
1626:doi
1589:doi
1534:doi
1486:doi
1446:doi
1268:".
1200:'s
1079:'s
901:of
597:in
567:in
498:to
207:of
1951::
1929::
1916::
1903::
1888::
1873::
1832:.
1807:.
1800:.
1742:,
1723:,
1667:.
1655:.
1622:20
1620:.
1585:18
1583:.
1550:.
1542:.
1530:89
1528:.
1522:.
1498:^
1482:11
1480:.
1440:.
1432:;
1411:.
1356:^
1343:.
1307:/
1284:^
1274:.
1250:^
1228:B.
1218:.
1136:B.
1126:.
1083:.
1069:B.
1045:B.
973:B.
962:B.
945:B.
850:B.
838:B.
806:B.
735:B.
690:.
581:,
547:B.
526:.
492:B.
440:B.
426:B.
363:.
344:.
302:B.
289:B.
249:,
227:B.
97::
84::
71::
1822:"
1790:"
1774:.
1707:.
1675:.
1663::
1657:5
1632:.
1628::
1595:.
1591::
1558:.
1536::
1492:.
1488::
1452:.
1448::
1442:9
1405:"
1333:"
1321:.
1276:3
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