Banksia prionotes - Knowledge (XXG)

1324: 450: 391:. The main sinker root grows straight down to the water table; it may be up to 15 m (49 ft) long if the water table is that deep. Typically from 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) in diameter immediately below the root crown, roots become gradually finer with depth, and may be less than half a centimetre (0.2 in) wide just above the water table. Upon reaching the water table, the sinker branches out into a network of very fine roots. The laterals radiate out horizontally from the base of the plant, at a depth of 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in). They may extend over 5 m (16 ft) from the plant, and may bear secondary laterals; larger laterals often bear auxiliary sinker roots. Lateral roots seasonally form secondary rootlets from which grow dense surface mats of 438: 414: 426: 1897: 40: 1486:, and growth then ceases until October. On resumption of shoot growth, the shoots grow rapidly for a short time, while the plant is under little water stress; then, with the onset of water stress, the plant settles into a long period of slower shoot growth. This pattern of summer-only shoot growth is maintained throughout the life of the plant, except that in mature plants, seasonal shoot growth may cease with the formation of a terminal inflorescence rather than a resting bud. Inflorescence development continues after shoot growth ceases, and flowering commences in February or March. March and April are the peak months for flowering, which ends in July or August. 1144: 462: 2149: 1724: 549: 402: 784: 1250: 4396: 4369: 53: 1818:. As they probe for nectar, honeyeaters end up with large quantities of pollen on their beaks, foreheads and throats, some of which they subsequently transfer to other flowers. This transfer is quite efficient: flowers typically lose nearly all their pollen within four hours of opening, and pollen is deposited on the majority of stigmata. Around 15% of these stigmata end up with pollen lodged in the stigmatic groove, a prerequisite to fertilisation. 1512:, that is, its long taproot extends down to the water table, securing it a continuous water supply through the dry summer months, when surface water is generally unavailable. This not only helps ensure survival over summer, but allows plants to grow then. Though the supply of water is the taproot's primary function, the ground water obtained typically contains 1990:; its two wings pull together when wet, then spread and curl inwards as it dries out again. In doing so, it functions as a lever, gradually prying seeds out of a follicle over the course of a wet-dry cycle. This adaptation ensures that seed release following fire is delayed until the onset of rain, when germination and seedling survival rates are higher. 1482:

increases to eight to ten within ten years. During the first winter, there is a great deal of root system development, especially elongation of the sinker root, but almost no shoot growth. By summer, the sinker root has generally almost reached the water table, and shoot growth increases substantially. Around February, the shoot forms a

1955:

non-serotinous in the south, since all seed is released by the end of the second year. Seed retention increases steadily to the north, and at the northern end of its range, it typically takes around four years for a plant to release half of its seed in the absence of bushfire, with some seed retained for up to 12 years.

2172:, but does not do well in areas with high summer humidity. It requires a sunny position in well-drained soil, and tolerates at least moderate frost. It should be pruned lightly, not below the green foliage, as it tends to become straggly with age otherwise. Seeds do not require any treatment prior to 1191:

usually does not begin until June. In disturbed areas, however, the increased runoff and reduced competition mean extra nutrients are available, and this results in larger plants with more flowers and a longer flowering season. Thus the flowering seasons overlap, and the sole barrier to interbreeding

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thus has a very patchy distribution east of the scarp. This area nonetheless accounts for around half of its geographic range, with the species extending well to the south and south-east of the scarp. In total, the species occurs over a north–south distance of about 815 km (500 mi), and an

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and lower slopes of dunes. Various reasons for this have been proposed; on the one hand, it has been argued that its dependence on ground water necessitates that it grow only where ground water is relatively near the surface; on the other hand, it has been suggested that it cannot survive in higher

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Flowering begins in February and is usually finished by the end of June. The species has an unusually low rate of flowering: even at the peak of its flowering season, it averages less than seven inflorescences per plant flowering at any one time. Individual flowers open sequentially from bottom to

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is quite susceptible to reductions in fire intervals. On the other hand, it shows little susceptibility to increases in fire interval: although senescence and death are often observed in plants older than about 30 years, healthy stands have been observed that have escaped fire for 50 years. These

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grows as a tree up to 10 m (30 ft) high in southern parts of its distribution, but in northern parts it is usually a shorter tree or spreading shrub, reaching about 4 m (13 ft) in height; it diminishes in size as the climate becomes warmer and drier further north. It has thin,

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on this species found that severe change is likely to lead to a reduction in its range of around 50% by 2080; and even mild change is projected to cause a reduction of 30%; but under mid-severity scenarios the distribution may actually grow, depending on how effectively it can migrate into newly

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can be understood as secondary responses to weak serotiny. For example, winter flowering ensures that seed is ripe by the beginning of the bushfire season; this is very important for weakly serotinous species, which rely heavily upon the current year's seed crop. Another example is the deciduous

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is unusual in that it does not fit neatly into either of these groups. It lacks a lignotuber or thick bark, and so cannot be considered a resprouter; yet it may survive or escape some fires because of its height, the sparseness of its foliage, and because it occurs in dune swales where fires are

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The uptake of nutrient and water by the cluster roots peaks through winter and spring, but ceases when the upper layer of soil dries out in summer. The cluster roots are then allowed to die, but the laterals are protected from desiccation by a continuous supply of water from the sinker root. The

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and can reach up to 10 m (33 ft) in height. It can be much smaller in more exposed areas or in the north of its range. This species has serrated, dull green leaves and large, bright flower spikes, initially white before opening to a bright orange. Its common name arises from the partly

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of this species. The differences in fire regime between dune crests and swales would have created different evolutionary pressures, with plants on crests adapting to frequent hot fires by becoming strongly serotinous, and plants in swales adapting to patchier, cooler fires with weaker serotiny.

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The structure of the root system, comprising a vertical tap root and multiple horizontal laterals, develops in the seedling's first year. Thereafter, the sinker and laterals continue to lengthen, and new laterals appear. There are only three to five laterals at first, but this number typically

369:. Oval or oblong in shape and initially covered in fine hairs, these follicles are from 14 to 20 mm (0.6 to 0.8 in) long and 6–11 mm (0.24–0.43 in) wide, and protrude 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) from the cone. Inside, they bear two seeds separated by a brownish woody 1954:

varies with latitude, or, more likely, climate. Observations suggest that it is always killed by fire in the north of its range, which is relatively hot and dry, and where individual plants are usually smaller, but may survive fire in the cooler, moister south. Moreover, it is essentially

365:, this process sweeps through the inflorescence from bottom to top over a period of days, creating the effect of a cream inflorescence that progressively turns bright orange. The old flower parts fall away after flowering finishes, revealing the axis, which may bear up to 60 embedded 1875:

Cone production varies a great deal from year to year, but, as a result of its low flowering rate, is generally very low. However, there are typically a very high number of follicles per cone, leading to relatively high seed counts. There is some seed predation, primarily from the

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soils in which it grows. With the onset of autumn rains, the lateral roots form dense surface mats of cluster roots in the top 20 cm (8 in) of soil, just below the leaf litter, where most minerals are concentrated. These roots exude chemicals that enhance mineral

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just before shoot growth begins in mid- summer. This is also the time when the oldest leaves senesce and die, returning nutrients to the plant at the time when they are needed most. When glutamine eventually reaches the leaves, it is broken down and used to synthesise

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occurrence in lower parts of the landscape, it does not occur in areas prone to flooding, because of its intolerance of heavy soils, and because extended periods of flooding kill seedlings. However, recent falls of the water table on the Swan Coastal Plain have seen

1707:. The low levels of potassium and phosphate reflect the extremely low availability of these minerals in the soil. The unusually high levels of sodium and chloride—at concentrations usually only seen under saline conditions—may be due to the necessity of maintaining 1740:

top within each inflorescence, the rate varying with the time of day: more flowers open during the day than at night, with a peak rate of around two to three florets per hour during the first few hours of daylight, when honeyeater foraging is also at its peak.

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The species is also considered ideal for cut flower production, as its flowers fulfill the commercial criteria of terminal blooms and a long stem length. As such it is one of the most popular banksias for cut flower production, with commercial crops grown in

3279: 1200:. This raises the possibility of the parent species gradually losing their genetic integrity, especially if the intermediate characteristics of the hybrid offer it a competitive advantage over the parent species, such as a wider habitat tolerance. Moreover, 2164:

a popular garden plant. It is good for attracting honeyeaters to the garden, and sometimes flowers twice a year. A low growing dwarf form which reaches 1 m (3.3 ft) high is available in Western Australia, sold as "Little Kalbarri Candles".

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species; and though preferring different soils, they often occur near enough to each other for pollinators to move between them. It therefore appears that the only barrier to hybridisation in undisturbed areas is the different flowering seasons:

1971:, however, seed release is triggered at relatively low temperatures: in one study, 50% of follicles opened at 265 °C (509 °F), and 90% opened at 330 °C (626 °F). In contrast, the closely related but strongly serotinous 2127:

low woodlands on transported yellow sand". Although currently in near-pristine and static condition, it is considered at risk due to a large number of threatening processes, including land clearing, landscape fragmentation, rising

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at first. Eventually, however, the need for weakly serotinous plants to produce ripe seed before the bushfire season would have brought forward their flowering season until the two flowering seasons no longer overlapped; thus a

2108:

from the region would therefore mean the loss of all the honeyeaters as well, and this would affect the many other species of plants that rely on honeyeaters for pollination. The primary vegetation community in which

1867:. This does not imply high rates of self-fertilisation, however, as the species appears highly self-incompatible: although pollen grains will germinate on flowers of the self plant, they apparently fail to produce 672:

species with flat leaves with serrated margins, and rigid, erect styles that "give the cones after the flowers have opened a different aspect". In 1981, Alex George published a revised arrangement that placed

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that penetrate the style. Even where cross-pollination does occur, fertilisation rate is fairly low. It is speculated that this is related to "a variety of chemical reactions at the pollen-stigma interface".

1967:. In strongly serotinous species, the old florets are retained on the cones, where they function as fire fuel, helping to ensure that follicles reach temperatures sufficient to trigger seed release. In 2089: 1604:

water supplied to the laterals by the sinker root is continually lost to the soil; thus this plant facilitates the movement of ground water from the water table into surface soil, a process known as

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are fully fertile, with seed production rates similar to that of the parent species. There is no barrier to backcrossing of hybrids with parent species, and in some populations this has resulted in

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required 340 and 500 °C (644 and 932 °F) respectively. Floret retention would therefore be to no advantage, and might even prevent seed from escaping spontaneously opened follicles.

1807:. Of these, evidence suggests that only birds are effective pollinators. Insects apparently play no role in pollination, since inflorescences do not form follicles when birds are excluded in 3594:

Dawson, Todd E.; Pate, John S. (1996). "Seasonal water uptake and movement in root systems of Australian phraeatophytic plants of dimorphic root morphology: a stable isotope investigation".

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Annual growth increases exponentially for the first eight years or so, but then slows down as resources are diverted into reproduction and the greater density of foliage results in reduced

1863:, only about a quarter of all movements from inflorescence to inflorescence involve a change of plant. Geitonogamous self-pollination must therefore occur more often in this species than 4389: 3236: 2085: 2051: 3965:

Krauss, Siegfried L.; He, T.; Lamont, Byron B.; Miller, B. P.; Enright, Neil J. (2006). "Late Quaternary climate change and spatial genetic structure in the shrub Banksia hookeriana".

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Pate, John S.; Jeschke, W. Dieter; Aylward, Matt J. (1995). "Hydraulic architecture and xylem structure of the dimorphic root systems of South-West Australian species of Proteaceae".

727: 4085:

Fitzpatrick, Matthew C.; Gove, Aaron D.; Sanders, Nathan J.; Dunn, Robert R. (2008). "Climate change, plant migration, and range collapse in a global biodiversity hotspot: the

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Lamont, Byron B.; Enright, Neal J.; Witkowski, E. T. F.; Groeneveld, J. (2007). "Conservation biology of banksias: insights from natural history to simulation modelling".

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Sedgely, Margaret; Wirthensohn, M. G.; Delaporte, K. L. (1996). "Interspecific hybridization between Banksia hookeriana Meisn. and Banksia prionotes Lindl. (Proteaceae)".

762:. Questioning the emphasis on cladistics in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement, George published a slightly modified version of his 1981 arrangement in his 1999 treatment of 3518:

Pate, John S.; Jeschke, Dieter; Dawson, Todd E.; Raphael, Carlos; Hartung, Wolfram; Bowen, Barbara J. (1998). "Growth and seasonal utilisation of water and nutrients by

1612:, only for it to be lost at the end of the growing season, represents a substantial investment by the plant, but one that is critical in the competition for nutrients. 373:. The matte blackish seeds are wedge-shaped (cuneate) and measure 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long by 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) wide with a membranous 'wing'. 2753: 1289:. At the time this was considered an important discovery, as the parent species were thought not to be closely related. Mast's analyses, however, place them both in a 4200: 627: 3438: 4629: 1178:

has also been verified as occurring in the wild, but only in disturbed locations. The two parent species have overlapping ranges and are pollinated by the same

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cooler and patchier. On the other hand, it is not a typical reseeder either, because of its relatively low fire mortality rates, and because it is only weakly

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Sedgley, Margaret; Sierp, M. G.; Maguire, T. L. (1994). "Interspecific hybridization involving Banksia prionotes Lind. and B. menziesii R.Br. (Proteaceae)".

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Speciation would be made possible by the much reduced genetic exchange between crest plants and swale plants, although evidence suggests that there was some

777: 4362: 4056: 4189: 1844:: a delay in a flower's receptivity to pollen until after its own pollen has lost its viability. There is dispute, however, over whether this occurs in 1214:

hybrids have characteristics intermediate between the two parents. For example, the first putative hybrids studied had a habit "like that of gigantic

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might occur if the hybrid's intermediate characteristics allow it to occupy a habitat unsuited to both parents, such as an intermediate soil type.

4749: 4577: 3000: 449: 2630: 437: 4739: 4543: 4280: 2686: 2093: 2104:, where it is the only source of nectar during a critical period of the year when no other nectar-producing plant is in flower. The loss of 519:

Herbarium (CGE), labelled "Swan River, Drummond, 1839" and annotated "Banksia prionotes m" in Lindley's hand, has since been designated the

413: 2518:(3rd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the Society for Growing Australian Plants). p. 116. 2293: 1389:

to the south, its distribution is discontinuous, being largely confined to patches of suitable sand in the narrow transition zone where

425: 401: 3330:

Groom, Phillip (2004). "Rooting depth and plant water relations explain species distribution patterns within a sandplain landscape".

1848:: one study claimed to have confirmed "protandrous development", yet recorded high levels of stigmatic receptivity immediately after 1608:. Cluster roots have been estimated as composing about 30% of total root biomass in this species; the seasonal production of so much 4313: 3314: 3289: 3259: 3168: 2669: 2583: 2523: 2363: 2924:

Mast, Austin R.; Jones, Eric H.; Havery, Shawn P. (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of

4754: 4603: 2114: 1808: 1085:. They have not yet published a full arrangement, but if their nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then 4134:

Landscape Planning for Biodiversity Conservation in Agricultural Regions: A Case Study from the Wheatbelt of Western Australia

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After a bushfire. Fire has killed the maternal tree, but has also triggered the release of seed, ensuring population recovery.

4145: 1402: 1381:; it has a fairly continuous distribution there, often as the dominant species, and extends inland to around the 350 mm 581: 4246: 3946:

Cowling, Richard M.; Lamont, Byron B.; Enright, Neal J. (1990). "Fire and management of south-western Australian banksias".

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parts of the landscape because fires are too frequent there. The latter hypothesis is supported by the recent expansion of

3123: 1143: 4014: 3695: 2971: 2934: 2831: 2791: 1905: 1859:

self-pollination: that is, pollination with pollen from another flower on the same plant. In fact, when birds forage at

1429: 1335: 275: 230: 2064:; and some of its range is subject to land clearing for urban or agricultural purposes. An assessment of the potential 1122: 4744: 4486: 4473: 4411: 4356: 4060: 2731: 2354: 2232: 2113:

occurs in the Avon Wheatbelt is considered a priority ecological community, and is proposed for formal gazetting as a

1156: 768: 757: 4008:

McCredie, T. A.; Dixon, K. W.; Sivasithamparam, K. (1985). "Variability in the resistance of Banksia L.f. species to

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Pate, John S.; Jeschke, W. Dieter (1993). "Mineral uptake and transport in xylem and phloem of the proteaceous tree,

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Groom, P. K.; Froend, R. H.; Mattiske, E. M.; Gurner, R. P. (2001). "Long-term changes in vigour and distribution of

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Collins, Brian G.; Spice, John (1986). "Honeyeaters and the pollination biology of Banksia prionotes (Proteaceae)".

2358:. Vol. 17B. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. 4678: 4634: 2879: 1118:(Hooker's banksia) under experimental conditions, indicating that these species have highly compatible pollen. The 291: 3457: 2607: 4759: 2065: 1493: 1378: 1315:(firewood banksia) have also been produced by artificial means, and presumed natural hybrids have been recorded. 1059: 663: 512: 361:

has cream-coloured flowers with a bright orange limb that is not revealed until the flower fully opens. Known as

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Watsnu: Species and Communities Branch Newsletter for Threatened Species and Ecological Communities Conservation

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Because of its higher susceptibility and lower reliance on fire for reproduction, the optimal fire interval for

52: 3275: 1784: 1760: 1605: 980: 918: 4683: 342:

dull green leaves are 15–27 cm (6–11 in) long, and 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) wide, with toothed

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Sedgely, Margaret (1996). "Banksia, Family Proteaceae". In Johnson, Krystyna A.; Burchett, Margaret (eds.).

2544: 2123: 2074: 1711:; that is, with so little potassium and phosphate available, and that needed in the building of new tissue, 994: 930: 906: 639: 516: 1249: 4426: 2056: 1752: 1286: 1137: 1133: 968: 954: 942: 827: 645: 528: 4491: 4464: 3035: 1054:

is very different from George's arrangement. Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of

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Honeyeaters prefer to forage at individual flowers which have only just opened, as these offer the most

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series of monographs. To date, this remains the most recent comprehensive arrangement. The placement of

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stands have a multi-aged structure, demonstrating the occurrence of successful inter-fire recruitment.

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made up of hundreds of small individual flowers, or florets, densely packed around a cylindrical axis.

4582: 3884:

Enright, Neal J.; Lamont, Byron B. (1989). "Fire temperatures and follicle-opening requirements in 10

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Goldingay, Ross L.; Carthew, Susan M. (1998). "Breeding and mating systems of Australian Proteaceae".

4644: 4098: 3603: 2638: 2189: 1374: 851: 839: 751: 723: 20: 3121:

Keighery, Greg (1985). "Possible hybrids between Banksia hookeriana and B. prionotes (Proteaceae)".

461: 4556: 2829:; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". 2770: 2451:

Pate, John S.; Bell, T. L. (1999). "Application of the ecosystem mimic concept to the species-rich

478: 287: 2697: 2390:

Jeschke, W. Dieter; Pate, John S. (1995). "Mineral nutrition and transport in xylem and phloem of

1723: 4704: 4551: 4538: 4114: 3990: 3773: 3752:

Cowling, R. M.; Lamont, Byron B.; Pierce, S. M. (1987). "Seed bank dynamics of four co-occurring

3627: 3573: 3201: 3103: 3017: 2472: 2327: 2097: 1833: 1776: 1728: 1468: 1455: 1386: 1277: 1114: 1039: 891: 568:; and orange banksia. Other reported common names include saw-toothed banksia and golden banksia 270: 180: 47: 1029:, Mast's results are fairly consistent with those of both George and Thiele and Ladiges. Series 548: 39: 4621: 4305: 2069:

habitable areas. However, this study does not address the potential of climate change to alter

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species with which it occurs. One simulation suggested an interval of 18 years was optimal for

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s tendency to branch from near the base of the trunk. Similarly, the infructescences were like

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are generally too heavy for this species, with the exception of some isolated pockets of deep

1311: 1267: 898: 884: 596: 234: 16:

Species of shrub or tree in the family Proteaceae native to the southwest of Western Australia

4657: 4297: 4170: 4106: 4023: 3974: 3928: 3897: 3866: 3835: 3804: 3791:

Scott, John K. (1982). "The impact of destructive insects on reproduction in six species of

3765: 3731: 3704: 3662: 3611: 3565: 3531: 3419: 3387: 3339: 3193: 3085: 3009: 2980: 2943: 2888: 2840: 2800: 2464: 2430: 2403: 2311: 2265: 2133: 1921: 1884: 1826: 1768: 1703:, and very low concentrations of phosphate and amino acids compared to chloride and sulfate 1635: 1619:

immediately, but other nutrients, especially phosphates and glutamine, are removed from the

1359: 1129: 1073: 366: 265: 1803:

have also been observed feeding at the flowers, as have insects, including ants, bees, and

1237:. Inflorescences and leaves were intermediate in size and shape, and bark was like that of 2786: 2193: 2088:

to these factors, however, as it is so widely distributed and common. Western Australia's

1935: 1708: 715: 650:, a large series that is now considered quite heterogeneous. This series was discarded in 504: 90: 4395: 4368: 1947:: although fire promotes seed release, seed release still occurs in the absence of fire. 395:, which function throughout the wetter months before dying off with the onset of summer. 322:

region, where it is the only nectar-producing plant in flower at some times of the year.

4670: 4174: 4102: 3822:

Lamont, Byron B.; Markey, Adrienne (1995). "Biogeography of fire-killed and resprouting

3607: 783: 4665: 4530: 4375: 3932: 3901: 3870: 3281:

Sense of Place: A Response to an Environment: The Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia

3222: 3156: 2269: 2101: 1983: 1792: 1553: 1490: 787:

A taller, more upright habit, with an open canopy, is typical in the south of the range

655: 370: 319: 77: 4161:

Walker, Brian (1995). "Conserving Biological Diversity through Ecosystem Resilience".

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species can be placed in one of two broad groups according to their response to fire:

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is forced to circulate whatever other ions are available in order to maintain turgor.

1323: 4728: 4616: 4402: 4298: 4110: 3978: 3647:"Seasonal water acquisition and redistribution in the Australian woody phreatophyte, 3392: 3371: 3090: 3069: 2722: 2687:"Nyungar NRM Wordlist & Language Collection Booklet of the Avon Catchment Region" 2331: 2223: 2036: 2027: 1877: 1628: 1565: 1438: 1409: 1394: 1370: 623: 535: 392: 354: 294:(33°50′S). It grows exclusively in sandy soils, and is usually the dominant plant in 239: 4118: 3631: 3577: 3205: 3107: 3021: 2476: 2077:, and this change is thought to have led to a decline in the abundance and range of 1912:

is adapted to an environment in which bushfire events are relatively frequent. Most

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the previous year. There are no recognised varieties, although it has been known to

4709: 2249: 2096:. It nonetheless has high conservation importance in at least one context: it is a 2061: 2032: 1868: 1540: 1509: 1398: 1390: 1197: 1014: 711: 564:

are acorn banksia, derived from the resemblance of partly opened inflorescences to

490: 381: 311: 257: 247: 172: 4504: 4478: 3994: 1852:, and long pollen viability, observations that are not consistent with protandry. 4197:

A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia's 54 Biogeographical Subregions in 2002

1350:(34°24'S 118°55'E) in the south and south-east respectively. It grows among tall 4590: 4458: 2818: 2070: 1987: 1856: 1748: 1744: 1589: 1347: 1010: 611: 557: 377: 343: 303: 4449: 4053:

Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi for Biodiversity Conservation in Australia

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Burgess, Stephen S. O.; Pate, John S.; Adams, Mark A.; Dawson, Todd E. (2000).

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Lamont, Byron B.; He, T.; Enright, N. J.; Krauss, S. L.; Miller, B. P. (2003).

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animals in the autumn and winter months. It is an important source of food for

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Cowling, Richard M.; Lamont, Byron B. (1985). "Variation in serotiny of three

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because its inflorescence is a spike rather than a domed head, and in series

4525: 4512: 4384: 3309:. Perth, Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management. 3231: 2177: 2022: 1841: 1800: 1692: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1620: 1597: 1533: 1525: 1351: 1339: 1193: 1069: 1051: 1034: 524: 520: 335: 295: 283: 113: 4696: 3986: 3667: 3646: 3623: 3351: 3099: 2910: 2434: 2407: 2136:, competition with weeds, changes to the fire regime, rubbish dumping, and 2893: 2866: 2496:

Appendix to the first twenty-three volumes of Edwards's Botanical Register

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A more gnarled shorter tree or shrub is typical in the north of the range.

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Australian Seeds: A Guide to their Collection, Identification and Biology

4042:"Part 2, Appendix 4: The responses of native Australian plant species to 1944: 1849: 1732: 1585: 1557: 1517: 1413: 1355: 1119: 700: 362: 299: 103: 1508:

exhibits two common environmental adaptations. Firstly, this species is

1338:, occurring both along the west coast and well inland, and ranging from 4569: 3777: 3615: 3569: 2599: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1644: 1609: 1577: 1529: 1382: 1343: 1187:

has usually finished flowering by the end of May, whereas flowering of

794: 699:, a new series of four closely related species, all with bright orange 573: 221: 133: 4595: 4027: 3839: 3808: 3708: 2804: 2315: 1811:; and pollination by mammals has never been recorded in this species. 511:

is based primarily upon the collections of early settler and botanist

2942:(1). CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society: 75–88. 2867:"Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in 2197: 2185: 2173: 1880: 1815: 1700: 1688: 1660: 1521: 704: 690: 4420: 3769: 3735: 3535: 3423: 3343: 2984: 2947: 2844: 1576:, phosphate, chloride, sodium and potassium. When soils are high in 1366:, and shows a very strong preference for deep white or yellow sand. 1285:

but leaves intermediate between the two parents, was found north of

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is unusual in having an extremely low ratio of potassium to sodium

246:. The tree is a popular garden plant and also of importance to the 4608: 4517: 4137: 3370:

Groeneveld, J.; Enright, N. J.; Lamont, B. B.; Wissel, C. (2002).

2548: 2157: 2147: 2092:

does not consider it to be rare, and has not included it on their

2054:

to a number of threatening processes. It is highly susceptible to

1895: 1804: 1722: 1704: 1648: 1639: 1322: 1290: 1248: 1142: 782: 565: 547: 243: 212: 64: 2552: 2035:

barrier to exchange was erected, allowing the two populations to

4416:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. 2736:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. 2237:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. 1920:

are killed by fire, but fire also triggers the release of their

1632: 1363: 339: 216: 4424: 3915:

Cowling, Richard M.; Lamont, Byron B. (1985). "Seed release in

3284:(Facsimile ed.). Melbourne: Bloomings Books. p. 140. 1543:, which allow it to extract enough nutrients to survive in the 3439:"Seedling growth and physiological responses of two sandplain 3376:

species along a topographic gradient in fire-prone shrublands"

3161:

The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8)

1513: 1483: 4275:. Melbourne, Victoria: Bloomings Books. pp. 53, 304–05. 2352:

George, Alex S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.).

1568:

is available, they take in water and a range of minerals. In

1013:

has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of

2757:. Vol. 14. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. 2060:

dieback; wild populations are harvested commercially by the

1401:(32°00′S), it does not occur on the sandplain south of the 4190:"Avon Wheatbelt 2 (AW2 – Re-juvenated Drainage subregion)" 3070:"Anthropogenic disturbance promotes hybridization between 2774:. Vol. 5. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–62. 2152:

Dwarf form in cultivation, with inflorescences in late bud

318:(Meliphagidae), and is critical to their survival in the 4390:

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions

4271:

Collins, Kevin; Collins, Kathy; George, Alex S. (2008).

3237:

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions

2961:

Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of

2789:(1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". 2606:. Canberra: Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2160:, its brightly coloured, conspicuous flower spikes make 2821:(1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae ( 710:

George's arrangement remained current until 1996, when

346:

made up of triangular lobes, and often a wavy surface.

3252:

An Introduction to the Proteaceae of Western Australia

3163:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 2394:(Proteaceae), a tree with dimorphic root morphology". 2084:

The species as a whole is not considered particularly

2021:

Fire response may also furnish an explanation for the

1425:

east–west distance of about 125 km (80 mi).

1261:, in cultivation, Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia 1924:, thus promoting recruitment of the next generation; 1564:-deficient native soils of Australia. For as long as 1536:

that are adequate for the plant's nutritional needs.

545:('quality'), referring to the serrated leaf margins. 2156:

Described as "an outstanding ornamental species" by

1950:

The actual degree of serotiny and fire mortality in

1855:

If it does occur, protandry does nothing to prevent

1058:

by publishing several new names, including subgenus

4433: 2492:

A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony

1572:they are principally responsible for the uptake of 509:

A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony

496:

A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony

3948:Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 3365: 3363: 3361: 1982:is promoted by repeated wetting of the cones. The 1840:species, the risk of this occurring is reduced by 1271:project, a single presumed natural hybrid between 1128:is believed to be such a hybrid, having arisen by 989:(4 series, 22 species, 4 subspecies, 11 varieties) 3492:Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 3450:Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 3307:Leaf & Branch: Trees and Tall Shrubs of Perth 3217: 3215: 2662:The Protea Book: A Guide to Cultivated Proteaceae 2637:. Government of Western Australia. Archived from 1735:. Insects are apparently ineffective pollinators. 1539:The other common adaptation is the possession of 1050:closest relative. Overall, however, the inferred 742:, but discarded George's sections and his series 499:; hence the species' standard author citation is 2754:Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 1459:in some areas that were previously flood-prone. 1428:The species is almost totally restricted to the 693:are straight rather than hooked, and the series 256:was first described in 1840 by English botanist 4331:Native Australian Plants: Horticulture and Uses 4266: 4264: 3747: 3745: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3490:overstorey species on the Swan Coastal Plain". 668:, which Bentham defined as consisting of those 306:by birds, it provides food for a wide array of 4333:. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. 4201:Department of Conservation and Land Management 3589: 3587: 3405: 3403: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3063: 3061: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 1132:during a breeding experiment conducted at the 4059:, Australian Government. 2006. Archived from 2509: 2507: 2505: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 8: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3372:"A spatial model of coexistence among three 2875:(Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny" 2856: 2854: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 1825:flower, with the style end functioning as a 419:Leaves, upper (left) and lower (right) faces 2604:Australian National Botanic Gardens website 2446: 2444: 1441:, where fires are relatively rare. Despite 534:, but it is assumed to be derived from the 4421: 4394: 4367: 4363:Department of the Environment and Heritage 4057:Department of the Environment and Heritage 3764:(2). British Ecological Society: 289–302. 2168:It is fairly easy to grow in areas with a 2090:Department of Environment and Conservation 2073:; these have already been impacted by the 1552:, greatly increasing the availability and 334:mottled grey, smooth or grooved bark, and 38: 27: 3666: 3391: 3254:. Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press. p. 21. 3089: 2892: 1233:in size, but had persistent flowers like 614:'s unsuccessful 1891 attempt to transfer 4229:Chow, Wendy; Creese, Sonja (June 2008). 2747:Meissner, Carl (1856). "Proteaceae". In 2696:. Avon Catchment Council. Archived from 2600:"Australian Plant Common Names Database" 2539: 2537: 2535: 2252:(1985). "Variation in serotiny of three 1743:The flowers provide food for a range of 1584:activities, primarily the conversion of 1397:. With the exception of a population at 489:was first published by English botanist 455:Mature infructescence after seed release 4296:Sweedman, Luke; Merritt, David (2006). 3186:International Journal of Plant Sciences 3001:International Journal of Plant Sciences 2208: 718:published an arrangement informed by a 407:Typical smooth, mottled light grey bark 397: 4235:community on transported yellow sands" 4136:. Biodiversity Technical Paper No. 2. 1072:; in this way they also redefined the 591:No further subspecies or varieties of 523:. Lindley also made no mention of the 515:. A sheet of mounted specimens at the 260:, probably from material collected by 3826:species in South-western Australia". 3443:species differing in flood tolerance" 2094:Declared Rare and Priority Flora List 1958:A number of other characteristics of 1281:(porcupine banksia), with fruit like 1163:, together with the narrow leaves of 1134:Waite Agricultural Research Institute 683:because of its flower spike, section 588:is one of several species occurring. 507:upon which he based the species, but 7: 4645:26fdafe8-2b25-4c65-8599-e8c82df813be 4089:(Proteaceae) of Western Australia". 3857:species along a climatic gradient". 2256:species along a climatic gradient". 4231:"A hydrological investigation of a 4175:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040747.x 2768:Bentham, George (1870). "Banksia". 2576:CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names 1687:, these are then circulated in the 595:have been described, and it has no 376:The root system consists of a main 4140:Division of Wildlife and Ecology. 3933:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1985.tb00878.x 3902:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01012.x 3871:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1985.tb00895.x 3074:species by altering their biology" 2270:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1985.tb00895.x 1727:Close-up of inflorescence, with a 1560:in impoverished soils such as the 1159:. The large size, consistent with 14: 2610:from the original on 11 July 2009 2455:woodlands of Western Australia". 1986:that holds the seeds in place is 1930:survive fire, resprouting from a 493:in the January 1840 issue of his 4684:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:703167-1 4388:. Western Australian Government 4111:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01559.x 3979:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02860.x 3393:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00712.x 3235:. Western Australian Government 3091:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00548.x 2013:. The same model suggested that 1809:pollinator exclusion experiments 1297:remains less closely related to 1218:", having inherited the size of 750:was placed at the end of series 460: 448: 436: 424: 412: 400: 290:) in the north, south as far as 51: 4735:Banksia taxa by scientific name 3919:: the role of wet-dry cycles". 3078:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3044:Plant Breeders' Rights database 2115:threatened ecological community 4750:Trees of Mediterranean climate 2694:Avon Catchment Council website 2423:Journal of Experimental Botany 2396:Journal of Experimental Botany 1453:replace the more water-loving 1369:It is most common amongst the 1334:occurs throughout much of the 1009:Since 1998, American botanist 780:may be summarised as follows: 503:Lindl. He did not specify the 23:(formerly Dryandra prionotes). 1: 4740:Eudicots of Western Australia 3921:Australian Journal of Ecology 3890:Australian Journal of Ecology 3859:Australian Journal of Ecology 3797:Australian Journal of Zoology 3124:Western Australian Naturalist 2574:Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). 2258:Australian Journal of Ecology 2039:independently of each other. 1615:During winter, asparagine is 1580:, they may also perform some 1155:, growing on a roadside near 556:The most frequently reported 4304:. CSIRO Publishing. p. 4015:Australian Journal of Botany 3828:Australian Journal of Botany 3724:Australian Journal of Botany 3696:Australian Journal of Botany 3524:Australian Journal of Botany 3412:Australian Journal of Botany 2972:Australian Systematic Botany 2935:Australian Systematic Botany 2832:Australian Systematic Botany 2792:Australian Systematic Botany 2664:. Timber Press. p. 50. 2176:, and take 21 to 35 days to 1906:south-west Western Australia 1757:Phylidonyris novaehollandiae 1336:Southwest Botanical Province 628:his infrageneric arrangement 276:south-west Western Australia 4412:Australian Plant Name Index 4132:Lambeck, Robert J. (1999). 3456:(3): 115–21. Archived from 2732:Australian Plant Name Index 2660:Matthews, Lewis J. (2002). 2233:Australian Plant Name Index 2005:, compared to 15 years for 1342:(25°30′S) in the north, to 1265:During data collection for 431:Inflorescence, mid-anthesis 349:Flowers occur in a typical 4776: 2880:American Journal of Botany 2578:. CRC Press. p. 263. 1638:for release back into the 1466: 1192:is removed. The resultant 836:(11 species, 7 subspecies) 476: 242:, which is shaped like an 18: 2498:. London: James Ridgeway. 1997:is higher than for other 1938:protected by thick bark. 1437:along road verges of the 1293:of eight species, though 778:George's 1999 arrangement 443:Developing infructescence 186: 179: 162: 155: 48:Scientific classification 46: 37: 30: 4365:, Australian Government. 3564:. 155/156 (1): 273–276. 3332:Functional Plant Biology 3250:George, Alex S. (1984). 2514:George, Alex S. (1996). 2292:George, Alex S. (1981). 2066:impact of climate change 1836:must be common. In many 1785:tawny-crowned honeyeater 1761:white-cheeked honeyeater 1731:feeding at the plane of 1606:hydraulic redistribution 1500:Nutrition and metabolism 1319:Distribution and habitat 1112:readily hybridises with 915:(6 species, 3 varieties) 274:. Widely distributed in 19:Not to be confused with 3305:Powell, Robert (1990). 2685:Aboriginal NRM (2009). 2490:Lindley, John (1839). " 2469:10.1023/A:1006218310248 2124:Xylomelum angustifolium 1797:Anthochaera carunculata 1068:that have spoon-shaped 517:University of Cambridge 4755:Drought-tolerant trees 4245:(1): 5. Archived from 4044:Phytophthora cinnamomi 4010:Phytophthora cinnamomi 3668:10.1006/anbo.1999.1019 2153: 2057:Phytophthora cinnamomi 1901: 1753:New Holland honeyeater 1736: 1504:The root structure of 1463:Ecology and physiology 1408:The soils east of the 1328: 1287:Kalbarri National Park 1262: 1245:Other putative hybrids 1168: 1138:University of Adelaide 1089:is placed in subgenus 1017:data for the subtribe 788: 662:was placed in section 553: 229:. It is native to the 4414:(APNI), IBIS database 4091:Global Change Biology 3437:Groom, P. K. (2004). 2894:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311 2734:(APNI), IBIS database 2725:Sirmuellera prionotes 2235:(APNI), IBIS database 2170:Mediterranean climate 2151: 1899: 1821:The structure of the 1726: 1651:amino acids, such as 1623:and stored in mature 1326: 1252: 1146: 786: 605:Sirmuellera prionotes 601:nomenclatural synonym 551: 384:extending from a non- 189:Sirmuellera prionotes 4163:Conservation Biology 3795:L.f. (Proteaceae)". 2969:L.f. (Proteaceae)". 2457:Agroforestry Systems 2435:10.1093/jxb/46.8.907 2408:10.1093/jxb/46.8.895 1904:Like many plants in 1773:Lichmera indistincta 1375:Geraldton Sandplains 1362:and lower slopes of 1126: 'Waite Orange' 652:the 1870 arrangement 203:, commonly known as 21:Banksia prionophylla 4103:2008GCBio..14.1337F 3608:1996Oecol.107...13D 3463:on 21 February 2011 2787:Ladiges, Pauline Y. 2771:Flora Australiensis 2703:on 19 February 2011 2545:"Banksia prionotes" 2062:cut flower industry 1789:Gliciphila melanops 1781:Gavicalis virescens 1064:for the species of 634:in 1856, he placed 610:, which arose from 248:cut flower industry 4745:Trees of Australia 4357:Flora of Australia 3758:Journal of Ecology 3616:10.1007/BF00582230 3570:10.1007/BF00025035 3380:Journal of Ecology 3038:Banksia hookeriana 2863:Givnish, Thomas J. 2629:Perth Zoo (2006). 2355:Flora of Australia 2298:L.f. (Proteaceae)" 2154: 2098:keystone mutualist 2007:B. hookeriana 1902: 1834:self-fertilisation 1777:singing honeyeater 1737: 1729:European honey bee 1516:concentrations of 1456:Banksia littoralis 1387:Swan Coastal Plain 1329: 1303:B. hookeriana 1295:B. lindleyana 1283:B. lindleyana 1278:B. lindleyana 1263: 1235:B. hookeriana 1224:B. hookeriana 1189:B. hookeriana 1169: 1165:B. hookeriana 1115:Banksia hookeriana 1104:Banksia hookeriana 1040:B. hookeriana 1025:. With respect to 892:B. hookeriana 789: 769:Flora of Australia 618:into the new name 597:taxonomic synonyms 554: 271:Banksia hookeriana 211:, is a species of 4720: 4719: 4653:Open Tree of Life 4557:Banksia prionotes 4465:Banksia prionotes 4435:Banksia prionotes 4427:Taxon identifiers 4405:Banksia prionotes 4378:Banksia prionotes 4350:Banksia prionotes 4282:978-1-876473-68-6 4233:Banksia prionotes 4028:10.1071/BT9850629 3967:Molecular Ecology 3840:10.1071/BT9950283 3809:10.1071/ZO9820901 3709:10.1071/BT9860175 3649:Banksia prionotes 3558:Banksia prionotes 3520:Banksia prionotes 3225:Banksia prionotes 3040:) 'Waite Orange'" 2861:Mast, Austin R.; 2805:10.1071/SB9960661 2749:de Candolle, A. P 2635:Perth Zoo website 2392:Banksia prionotes 2316:10.58828/nuy00060 2226:Banksia prionotes 2162:B. prionotes 2138:P. cinnamomi 2119:Banksia prionotes 2111:Banksia prionotes 2106:B. prionotes 2079:B. prionotes 2075:arrival of humans 2048:Banksia prionotes 2015:B. prionotes 2011:B. attenuata 2009:and 11 years for 2003:B. prionotes 1995:B. prionotes 1980:B. prionotes 1969:B. prionotes 1965:B. prionotes 1960:B. prionotes 1952:B. prionotes 1940:B. prionotes 1934:or, more rarely, 1910:B. prionotes 1865:cross-pollination 1861:B. prionotes 1846:B. prionotes 1713:B. prionotes 1697:B. prionotes 1582:nitrate reductase 1570:B. prionotes 1506:B. prionotes 1451:B. prionotes 1443:B. prionotes 1435:B. prionotes 1422:B. prionotes 1332:Banksia prionotes 1312:B. menziesii 1307:B. prionotes 1299:B. prionotes 1273:B. prionotes 1268:The Banksia Atlas 1255:B. menziesii 1239:B. prionotes 1231:B. prionotes 1220:B. prionotes 1216:B. hookerana 1208:Banksia prionotes 1185:B. prionotes 1172:Banksia prionotes 1167:, are diagnostic. 1161:B. prionotes 1149:B. prionotes 1110:Banksia prionotes 1087:B. prionotes 1045:B. prionotes 1027:B. prionotes 1021:, which includes 899:B. victoriae 885:B. burdettii 878:B. prionotes 774:B. prionotes 748:B. prionotes 732:B. prionotes 728:Their arrangement 726:characteristics. 675:B. prionotes 660:B. prionotes 636:B. prionotes 609: 593:B. prionotes 584:catchment, where 562:B. prionotes 501:Banksia prionotes 487:Banksia prionotes 359:B. prionotes 353:flower spike, an 338:young stems. The 331:Banksia prionotes 280:B. prionotes 254:Banksia prionotes 235:Western Australia 200:Banksia prionotes 196: 195: 166:Banksia prionotes 148:B. prionotes 32:Banksia prionotes 4767: 4760:Ornamental trees 4713: 4712: 4700: 4699: 4687: 4686: 4674: 4673: 4661: 4660: 4648: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4625: 4624: 4612: 4611: 4599: 4598: 4586: 4585: 4573: 4572: 4560: 4559: 4547: 4546: 4534: 4533: 4521: 4520: 4508: 4507: 4495: 4494: 4482: 4481: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4422: 4417: 4398: 4393: 4371: 4366: 4335: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4303: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4209: 4203:. Archived from 4194: 4188:Beecham, Brett. 4185: 4179: 4178: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3690: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3655:Annals of Botany 3642: 3636: 3635: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3515: 3500: 3499: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3447: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3367: 3356: 3355: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3152: 3133: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3093: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3032: 3026: 3025: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2928:with respect to 2921: 2915: 2914: 2896: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2727:(Lindl.) Kuntze" 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2691: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2551:. Archived from 2541: 2530: 2529: 2516:The Banksia Book 2511: 2500: 2499: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2402:(289): 895–905. 2387: 2370: 2369: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2289: 2274: 2273: 2248:Cowling, R. M.; 2245: 2239: 2238: 2220: 2134:grazing pressure 2117:under the name " 1978:Seed release in 1922:canopy seed bank 1892:Response to fire 1885:Cechides amoenus 1829:, suggests that 1827:pollen presenter 1769:brown honeyeater 1751:, including the 1679:. Together with 1447: 1358:, mostly in the 1228: 1222:, together with 1130:open pollination 1049: 1043:is confirmed as 677:in the subgenus 607: 529:specific epithet 464: 452: 440: 428: 416: 404: 380:, and up to ten 191:(Lindl.) Kuntze 168: 56: 55: 42: 28: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4643: 4641: 4633: 4628: 4620: 4615: 4607: 4602: 4594: 4589: 4581: 4576: 4568: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4529: 4524: 4516: 4511: 4503: 4498: 4490: 4485: 4477: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4429: 4401: 4374: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4249:on 20 July 2011 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4210:on 30 July 2008 4207: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4066:on 5 March 2011 4063: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3770:10.2307/2260419 3751: 3750: 3743: 3736:10.1071/BT97037 3721: 3720: 3716: 3692: 3691: 3676: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3555: 3554: 3543: 3536:10.1071/BT97045 3517: 3516: 3503: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3424:10.1071/BT06024 3409: 3408: 3401: 3369: 3368: 3359: 3344:10.1071/FP03200 3329: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3157:Hopper, Stephen 3154: 3153: 3136: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3029: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2985:10.1071/SB06016 2960: 2959: 2955: 2948:10.1071/SB04015 2932:(Proteaceae)". 2923: 2922: 2918: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2845:10.1071/SB97026 2819:Mast, Austin R. 2817: 2816: 2812: 2785:Thiele, Kevin; 2784: 2783: 2779: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2631:"Acorn Banksia" 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2533: 2526: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2463:(1/3): 303–41. 2450: 2449: 2442: 2429:(289): 907–15. 2420: 2419: 2415: 2389: 2388: 2373: 2366: 2351: 2350: 2339: 2291: 2290: 2277: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2222: 2221: 2210: 2206: 2194:South Australia 2146: 2045: 1894: 1721: 1719:Breeding system 1709:turgor pressure 1502: 1479: 1474: 1465: 1445: 1321: 1247: 1226: 1107: 1099: 1080: subgenus 1047: 756:, in subseries 716:Pauline Ladiges 608:(Lindl.) Kuntze 484: 475: 468: 465: 456: 453: 444: 441: 432: 429: 420: 417: 408: 405: 328: 175: 170: 164: 151: 50: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4727: 4726: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4710:wfo-0000559775 4701: 4688: 4675: 4662: 4649: 4639: 4626: 4613: 4600: 4587: 4574: 4561: 4548: 4535: 4522: 4509: 4496: 4483: 4470: 4455: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4399: 4372: 4342: 4341:External links 4339: 4337: 4336: 4321: 4314: 4288: 4281: 4260: 4221: 4180: 4153: 4146: 4124: 4077: 4033: 4000: 3973:(4): 1125–37. 3957: 3938: 3907: 3876: 3845: 3834:(3): 283–303. 3814: 3783: 3741: 3714: 3703:(2): 175–185. 3674: 3637: 3583: 3562:Plant and Soil 3541: 3530:(4): 511–532. 3501: 3474: 3429: 3399: 3357: 3322: 3315: 3297: 3290: 3276:Seddon, George 3267: 3260: 3242: 3211: 3198:10.1086/297215 3176: 3169: 3155:Taylor, Anne; 3134: 3113: 3057: 3046:. IP Australia 3027: 3014:10.1086/297385 2990: 2953: 2916: 2887:(8): 1311–23. 2850: 2810: 2799:(5): 661–733. 2777: 2760: 2739: 2714: 2677: 2670: 2652: 2641:on 3 July 2009 2621: 2591: 2584: 2566: 2555:on 12 May 2008 2531: 2524: 2501: 2482: 2440: 2413: 2371: 2364: 2337: 2310:(3): 239–473. 2275: 2240: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2145: 2142: 2102:Avon Wheatbelt 2044: 2041: 1984:seed separator 1936:epicormic buds 1893: 1890: 1793:red wattlebird 1747:birds: mainly 1720: 1717: 1501: 1498: 1491:photosynthetic 1478: 1475: 1464: 1461: 1346:(33°50'S) and 1320: 1317: 1246: 1243: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1033:appears to be 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 992: 991: 990: 978: 966: 965: 964: 952: 940: 928: 916: 904: 903: 902: 895: 888: 881: 861: 849: 837: 656:George Bentham 513:James Drummond 474: 471: 470: 469: 466: 459: 457: 454: 447: 445: 442: 435: 433: 430: 423: 421: 418: 411: 409: 406: 399: 393:proteoid roots 371:seed separator 327: 324: 320:Avon Wheatbelt 282:is found from 262:James Drummond 225:in the family 209:orange banksia 194: 193: 184: 183: 177: 176: 171: 160: 159: 153: 152: 145: 143: 139: 138: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 94: 93: 88: 81: 80: 75: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4772: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4723: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4315:0-643-09298-6 4311: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4225: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4169:(4): 747–52. 4168: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4022:(6): 629–37. 4021: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3927:(2): 169–71. 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3896:(1): 107–13. 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3865:(3): 345–50. 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3803:(6): 901–21. 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3730:(4): 421–37. 3729: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3661:(2): 215–24. 3660: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3418:(3): 280–92. 3417: 3413: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3389: 3386:(5): 762–74. 3385: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338:(5): 423–28. 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3316:0-7309-3916-2 3312: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3293: 3291:1-876473-53-3 3287: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3261:0-86417-005-X 3257: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3192:(6): 755–62. 3191: 3187: 3180: 3177: 3172: 3170:0-644-07124-9 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3084:(4): 551–57. 3083: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008:(5): 638–43. 3007: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2839:(4): 321–42. 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2718: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2671:0-88192-553-5 2667: 2663: 2656: 2653: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2585:0-8493-2678-8 2581: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525:0-86417-818-2 2521: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365:0-643-06454-0 2361: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2264:(3): 345–50. 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:Lamont, B. B. 2244: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:soil salinity 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2028:introgression 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1973:B. hookeriana 1970: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:geitonogamous 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:nectarivorous 1741: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:surface water 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1541:cluster roots 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:phreatophytic 1507: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1439:Brand Highway 1436: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1420:yellow sand. 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410:Darling Scarp 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:jarrah forest 1393:gives way to 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:kwongan heath 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1305:. Hybrids of 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1198:hybrid swarms 1195: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1002: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 987: 983: 979: 976: 975: 971: 967: 962: 961: 957: 953: 950: 949: 945: 941: 938: 937: 933: 929: 926: 925: 921: 917: 914: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900: 896: 894: 893: 889: 887: 886: 882: 880: 879: 875: 874: 873: 872: 871: 867: 862: 859: 858: 854: 850: 847: 846: 842: 838: 835: 834: 830: 826: 825: 824: 823: 822: 818: 813: 812: 811: 810: 809: 805: 800: 799: 798: 797: 796: 791: 790: 785: 781: 779: 775: 771: 770: 765: 761: 760: 755: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724:morphological 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 697: 692: 688: 687: 682: 681: 676: 671: 667: 666: 661: 657: 653: 649: 648: 643: 642: 637: 633: 629: 625: 624:Carl Meissner 621: 617: 613: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 572:is a generic 571: 567: 563: 559: 550: 546: 544: 540: 537: 536:Ancient Greek 533: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:type material 502: 498: 497: 492: 488: 483: 482: 472: 463: 458: 451: 446: 439: 434: 427: 422: 415: 410: 403: 398: 396: 394: 390: 387: 386:lignotuberous 383: 382:lateral roots 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:inflorescence 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 332: 325: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 249: 245: 241: 240:inflorescence 236: 232: 228: 224: 223: 219:of the genus 218: 214: 210: 206: 205:acorn banksia 202: 201: 192: 190: 185: 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 161: 158: 157:Binomial name 154: 150: 149: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78:Tracheophytes 76: 73: 70: 69: 66: 63: 60: 59: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 33: 29: 26: 22: 4722: 4434: 4410: 4404: 4383: 4377: 4355: 4349: 4330: 4324: 4299: 4291: 4272: 4251:. 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Retrieved 3043: 3037: 3030: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2979:(1): 63–71. 2976: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2796: 2790: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2752: 2742: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2705:. Retrieved 2698:the original 2693: 2680: 2661: 2655: 2643:. Retrieved 2639:the original 2634: 2624: 2612:. Retrieved 2603: 2594: 2575: 2569: 2557:. Retrieved 2553:the original 2515: 2495: 2485: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2353: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2231: 2225: 2182: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2137: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2105: 2083: 2078: 2071:fire regimes 2055: 2047: 2046: 2043:Conservation 2033:phenological 2020: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1939: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1883: 1874: 1869:pollen tubes 1860: 1854: 1845: 1837: 1822: 1820: 1813: 1796: 1788: 1780: 1772: 1764: 1756: 1742: 1738: 1712: 1696: 1614: 1602: 1569: 1545:oligotrophic 1538: 1505: 1503: 1488: 1480: 1470: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1434: 1427: 1421: 1407: 1399:Point Walter 1391:tuart forest 1368: 1331: 1330: 1327:Distribution 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1254: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1123: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1044: 1038: 1035:monophyletic 1030: 1026: 1022: 1015:DNA sequence 1008: 999: 998: subg. 995: 985: 984: sect. 981: 973: 972: sect. 969: 959: 955: 947: 943: 935: 931: 927:(13 species) 923: 919: 911: 907: 897: 890: 883: 877: 876: 869: 865: 863: 856: 852: 844: 840: 832: 828: 820: 819: sect. 816: 814: 807: 806: subg. 803: 801: 793: 792: 773: 767: 763: 758: 752: 747: 743: 739: 738: subg. 735: 731: 722:analysis of 712:Kevin Thiele 709: 695: 689:because its 685: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 646: 640: 635: 631: 619: 615: 604: 592: 590: 586:B. prionotes 585: 577: 569: 561: 558:common names 555: 542: 541:('saw') and 538: 531: 508: 500: 494: 491:John Lindley 486: 485: 480: 479:Taxonomy of 375: 358: 350: 348: 344:leaf margins 330: 329: 312:invertebrate 279: 269: 258:John Lindley 253: 252: 220: 208: 204: 199: 198: 197: 188: 187: 165: 163: 147: 146: 134: 97: 84: 71: 31: 25: 4671:kew-2669220 4591:iNaturalist 4459:Wikispecies 4097:(6): 1–16. 2294:"The genus 2144:Cultivation 2052:susceptible 1988:hygroscopic 1963:florets of 1927:resprouters 1878:curculionid 1749:honeyeaters 1617:metabolised 1590:amino acids 1484:resting bud 1469:Ecology of 1348:Jerramungup 1253:Foliage of 1061:Spathulatae 1011:Austin Mast 1003:(3 species) 977:(1 species) 963:(2 species) 958: ser. 951:(1 species) 946: ser. 939:(3 species) 934: ser. 924:Cyrtostylis 922: ser. 910: ser. 868: ser. 860:(8 species) 855: ser. 848:(2 species) 843: ser. 831: ser. 759:Cratistylis 746:. Instead, 730:maintained 665:Orthostylis 658:; instead, 638:in section 620:Sirmuellera 612:Otto Kuntze 599:. Its only 378:sinker root 326:Description 316:honeyeaters 91:Angiosperms 4729:Categories 4666:Plant List 4147:0642214239 3888:species". 3756:species". 3050:25 January 3036:"Banksia ( 2204:References 2086:vulnerable 1945:serotinous 1932:lignotuber 1831:autogamous 1693:phloem sap 1683:and other 1594:asparagine 1592:, such as 1562:phosphorus 1550:solubility 1494:efficiency 1467:See also: 1403:Swan River 1212:hookeriana 1202:speciation 1194:F1 hybrids 1180:honeyeater 1176:hookeriana 1153:hookeriana 1147:A hybrid, 1070:cotyledons 1056:Banksiinae 1019:Banksiinae 986:Oncostylis 936:Tetragonae 912:Prostratae 626:published 582:Avon River 477:See also: 389:root crown 308:vertebrate 304:Pollinated 227:Proteaceae 124:Proteaceae 4622:112529241 4526:FloraBase 4385:FloraBase 4070:22 August 3954:: 177–83. 3596:Oecologia 3488:Melaleuca 3232:FloraBase 2965:R.Br. to 2903:0002-9122 2614:22 August 2559:22 August 2332:196677407 2324:0085-4417 2178:germinate 2140:dieback. 2023:evolution 1918:reseeders 1842:protandry 1801:Lorikeets 1665:glutamate 1657:threonine 1653:aspartate 1621:xylem sap 1598:glutamine 1558:nutrients 1534:potassium 1526:magnesium 1385:. 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