31:
410:
2951:
2924:
1670:
418:
44:
313:
1746:
1455:
1463:
173:
205:, is a shrub that grows in marshes and swamps along the lower west coast of Australia. It grows as an upright bush up to 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) tall, with narrow leaves and a pale brown flower spike, which can produce profuse quantities of nectar. First collected in the 1840s, it was not published as a separate species until 1981; as with several other similar species it was previously included in
1759:
is rarely cultivated. It grows fairly quickly, but tends to become untidy as it ages. The flower spikes, though attractive, occur within the bush where they are usually obscured by foliage. In its natural habitat it flowers prolifically over several months, but according to George it may be reluctant
1652:
was investigated in 1985, but no evidence of nitrogen fixing was found. Further investigations in 1996 suggested that the discolouration is not caused by cyanobacteria or other microorganisms in the nectar, but is rather "a chemical phenomenon of plant origin". As of
February 2007, the cause was
1541:
spike are purported to be adaptations to pollination by nocturnal mammals: the strong, musky odour, the occurrence of inflorescences hidden within the foliage close to the ground, the large amounts of nectar produced, and the pattern of nectar production, which peaks at dawn and dusk. This last
1595:(banksia boring moth), which burrows into the woody axis, rendering the spike barren. On the other hand, the same study observed heavy infestation of fruiting structures, with over 90% of spikes with follicles found to contain at least one larva of an unidentified species of moth of the genus
1338:
occurs neither in the lowest parts of the flat, where seasonal inundation occurs; nor on the tops of the ridges, where the drainage is good; but it is one of the most abundant plants of intermediate habitats, on ridge slopes and in higher areas of the clay flat.
372:. The species generally flowers from April to August, although flowers have been observed as late as November. They take five to six weeks to develop from bud, then reach anthesis over a period of two weeks. The flowers produce unusually large quantities of
1451:. If moistened, these wings close up, and as they dry they open out again, levering the seeds out of position, making it possible for them to fall. This adaptation ensures that seeds are released only after the first rains following a bushfire.
1760:
to flower in cultivation. It tolerates light pruning not below the green foliage. George recommends a sunny position in poorly drained soil, preferably with moisture in winter. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take around 14 days to
1623:
species produce nectar that is clear and watery, the nectar of these species is pale yellow initially, but gradually becomes darker and thicker, changing to a thick, olive-green mucilage within one to two days of secretion. In the case of
1696:
recommended that "the species should continue to be monitored since land clearing could change the situation greatly, particularly amongst its northern populations." It is also known to be susceptible to dieback caused by the
764:, which Thiele defined as containing those species with "indurated and spinescent common bracts on the infructescence axes, and densely arachnose seedling stems." In accordance with their cladogram, their arrangement placed
1396:, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These roots are particularly efficient at absorbing nutrients from nutrient-poor soils, such as the
2765:
1730:
1729:) criteria to the species, determining it to have a conservation status of "3R": a rare species found only in small populations, but not considered endangered or vulnerable. Western Australia's
2944:
2791:
Fitzpatrick, Matthew C.; Gove, Aaron D.; Sanders, Nathan J.; Dunn, Robert R. (2008). "Climate change, plant migration, and range collapse in a global biodiversity hotspot: the
2713:
324:
made up of hundreds of flower pairs densely packed around a woody axis. Arising from short lateral branchlets off stems older than four years of age, the inflorescence of
1549:
Reproductive success is strongly affected by insects that infest the flower spikes and fruiting structures. Infestation of the flower spikes is not as severe as in other
2334:
2757:
1714:
that causes root rot; in fact it is so reliably susceptible that it is used as an indicator species for the presence of the disease. An assessment of the potential
1447:
are not released immediately after the passage of a bushfire. The follicles open straight away, but at first the seeds are blocked from falling out by the winged
3158:
483:, but regarded its preference for swampy rather than sandy soils and winter flowering as worthy of warranting species status. George gave it the specific name
776:
2917:
2728:
1722:; but under less severe change scenarios the distribution may actually grow, depending on how effectively it can migrate into newly habitable areas.
3251:
3106:
1686:
is a fairly secure species, as most populations are of more than 100 plants, and 26% of known plants are in conservation reserves. Its proximity to
2094:
3256:
3085:
1628:, it eventually becomes "an almost black, gelatinous lump adhering to the base of the flowers". This unusual nectar was first noted in 1980 by
379:
The fruiting structure is a stout woody "cone", with a hairy appearance caused by the persistence of old withered flower parts. Up to 70 woody
2882:
2500:
2102:
2048:
1850:
1734:
1162:
690:
2641:
Barrett, Gregory J.; Lamont, Byron B. (1985). "Absence of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by procaryotes in nectar of banksias".
1876:
463:
391:, the proportion is around 4% for those "cones" that set some fruit. About 80% of fruiting structures set no fruit at all. According to
309: in) wide. The leaves have a green upper surface and white hairy undersurface. The new growth is pale brown, later turning green.
1141:
662:
3261:
2444:
2007:
1975:
2262:
Mast, Austin R.; Jones, Eric H.; Havery, Shawn P. (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of
2732:
2579:
2436:
3132:
1542:
adaptation is thought to favour visits by birds and mammals, which feed in the morning and evening respectively, as opposed to
2769:
1300:
1296:
472:
219:
368:. The styles are hooked rather than straight, and are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at
2389:
Lamont, Byron B. (1993). "Why are hairy root clusters so abundant in the most nutrient-impoverished soils of
Australia?".
1925:
1431:
dependent upon a suitable fire regime for successful regeneration; indeed, excessive fire frequency may be one reason why
1312:
1304:
223:
2852:
2362:
2134:
755:
2034:
3028:
2966:
2911:
2073:
1841:
1253:
was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then
30:
3197:
3163:
2217:
2030:
903:
445:, but by 1980 it was recognised as a distinct species. In recognition of its distinctness from, yet affinity with,
356: in). It contains between 500 and 900 golden brown to pale brown flowers, each of which consists of a tubular
1601:. These larvae burrow from follicle to follicle to eat the seed, resulting in 100% seed loss for infested spikes.
1715:
1677:
1327:
1236:
438:
2902:
43:
1687:
891:
867:
528:
3202:
409:
2628:
2040:
1029:
879:
328:
is roughly oval to cylindrical, with a height of 3–5 cm (1–2 in) and diameter of 4–7 centimetres (
3019:
1648:, which is then washed off the flower heads by rain, and absorbed by the proteoid root mat. This purported
2981:
1832:
1706:
1669:
1591:
1491:
916:
854:
534:
497:/τελματ- ("the mud of a pond"), in reference to its swampy habitat. Thus the full name for the species is
458:
240:
238:. Reports suggest that a variety of birds and small mammals pollinate it. Like many members of the series
163:
1087:
842:
830:
787:
was restored to George's 1981 circumscription, and all of Thiele and
Ladiges' subseries were abandoned.
518:
147:
2526:
1537:
species have consistently demonstrated their involvement. Moreover, a number of characteristics of the
1752:
flowers prolifically, but hides its flower spikes within the bush, and tends to become untidy with age
1579:(bull banksia). Also, whereas other species were attacked by a range of insects, the inflorescence of
1454:
1318:
The species favours lowland areas that are seasonally wet but never inundated, such as the margins of
417:
3054:
2804:
2678:
Nicolson, Susan W.; Van Wyk, Ben-Erik (1998). "Nectar sugars in
Proteaceae: patterns and processes".
2332:
Speck, N. H.; Baird, A. M. (1984). "Vegetation of Yule Brook
Reserve near Perth, Western Australia".
1800:
1362:
1281:
1056:. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very different from George's arrangement. With respect to
929:
596:, and so retained. It further resolved into four subclades, so Thiele and Ladiges split it into four
577:
235:
207:
3098:
2525:
Hansen, Dennis M.; Olesen, Jens M.; Mione, Thomas; Johnson, Steven D.; Müller, Christine B. (2007).
2172:; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography".
1794:
1436:
958:
541:
404:
392:
395:, "there no obvious reason on the basis of morphology of pollination for this lack of seed set".
3223:
3093:
3080:
2820:
2695:
2660:
2559:
2534:
2408:
1698:
1379:
1356:
1277:
38:
775:
Thiele and
Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, and was largely discarded by him in
3150:
1458:
Bushfire kills adult plants, but also triggers the release of seed, ensuring rapid regeneration
3171:
3041:
2878:
2596:
2551:
2496:
2440:
2244:
2236:
2200:
2098:
2044:
1971:
1965:
1894:
1885:
1846:
1692:
1645:
1569:
1559:
1125:
1001:
973:
937:
639:
551:
312:
227:
1845:. Vol. 17B. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251.
3176:
2812:
2687:
2652:
2588:
2543:
2473:
2400:
2371:
2314:
2279:
2226:
2181:
2143:
1934:
1919:
Scott, John K. (1982). "The impact of destructive insects on reproduction in six species of
1499:
1420:
1008:
994:
980:
557:
380:
246:, it has not been considered to have much horticultural potential and is rarely cultivated.
1745:
1529:
have not been directly observed, but their involvement in pollination is certain, as their
2125:
1575:
1518:
569:
81:
2950:
2923:
539:
because its inflorescence is roughly spherical. He considered its closest relative to be
3189:
2808:
2460:
Lamont, Byron B.; Markey, Adrienne (1995). "Biogeography of fire-killed and resprouting
549:
in having longer leaves and larger flowers; yet in his arrangement he placed it between
3184:
3072:
2930:
2643:
2391:
1960:
1788:
1782:
1508:
1475:
1462:
1448:
1210:
1184:
1082:
1016:
987:
966:
944:
797:
792:
712:
584:. They retained George's subgenera and many of his series, but discarded his sections.
488:
68:
2838:
2592:
172:
3245:
3145:
2957:
2816:
2547:
2064:
2026:
1633:
1393:
1292:
1285:
468:
434:
321:
2824:
2699:
2664:
2563:
2527:"Coloured nectar: distribution, ecology, and evolution of an enigmatic floral trait"
2412:
1657:
nectar has shown it to have a normal nectar sugar composition, albeit dominated by
387:
species, only a small proportion of flowers go on to form follicles; in the case of
3228:
3046:
2121:
1994:
1690:
suggests that land clearing for urban development could pose a threat, and in 1988
1629:
1288:
1049:
565:
383:, each of which contains a single seed, may be embedded in the cone. As with other
257:
grows as an upright bush up to 2 m (6.6 ft) high. It has hairy stems and
3033:
1060:, Mast's results accord closely with Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement, inferring a
1366:(moonah) may also be present, sometimes in sufficient numbers to form a low open
3119:
3013:
2161:
1711:
1523:
1308:
1045:
3004:
2725:
Management of
Phytophthora cinnamomi for Biodiversity Conservation in Australia
2356:
Lewis, Jeffrey; Bell, David T. (1981). "Reproductive isolation of co-occurring
2577:
Carthew, S. M.; Goldingay, R. L. (1997). "Non-flying mammals as pollinators".
1719:
1641:
1416:
1397:
1385:
1061:
1053:
573:
114:
2240:
1898:
3067:
2939:
2847:
1761:
1649:
1597:
1483:
1401:
1351:
1347:
1246:
597:
593:
491:
258:
215:
104:
3215:
2600:
2555:
2248:
1423:
following a bushfire, and so regenerates rapidly. This behaviour, known as
2231:
2204:
3210:
2998:
2875:
Australian seeds: a guide to their collection, identification and biology
2714:"Part 2, Appendix 4: The responses of native Australian plant species to
1702:
1424:
1367:
1231:
369:
357:
94:
3111:
2656:
2404:
1658:
1584:
1343:
1323:
1249:. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of
822:
231:
197:
124:
3124:
2477:
2435:. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the
2375:
2147:
1938:
2205:"Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in
1616:
1543:
1526:
1342:
Favoured soils are deep grey sandy loams or shallower sand overlying
373:
365:
2975:
2691:
2318:
2283:
2185:
376:; indeed some flowers produce so much that it drips to the ground.
3137:
1744:
1726:
1725:
In 1987, George applied the Rare or
Threatened Australian Plants (
1668:
1637:
1530:
1461:
1453:
1435:
does not occur further south, despite suitable habitat throughout
1331:
1319:
416:
408:
361:
311:
55:
1733:
do not consider it to be rare, and have not included it on their
1419:, so plants are killed by bushfire. It is adapted to release its
218:
in seasonally wet lowland areas of the coastal sandplain between
3059:
2971:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
2758:"Common Indicator Species for the Presence of Disease caused by
2078:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
1587:
1470:
Four species of bird have been observed visiting the flowers of
2979:
2091:
Common and
Aboriginal names of Western Australian plant species
1466:
Recruitment of seedlings at the same location four months later
421:
Fruiting structure with persistent flowers and closed follicles
2360:
species at the Yule Brook Botany
Reserve, Western Australia".
1718:
on this species found that severe change is likely to lead to
1533:
have often been found on inflorescences, and studies of other
1513:
1048:
has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of
1225:
Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of
1315:, there being only a few scattered populations in between.
816:
in George's 1999 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
2945:
Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
2297:
Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of
1557:
inflorescences to be infested, compared to over 50% for
2164:(1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (
2493:
An introduction to the Proteaceae of Western Australia
1970:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
1291:
regions, inland from the coast but never east of the
230:. A little studied species, not much is known of its
2623:
International Symposium on the Biology of Proteaceae
479:
S. George 9309". He found it most closely resembled
2988:
2335:Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia
851:(9 series, 50 species, 9 subspecies, 3 varieties)
16:Australian shrub that grows in marshes and swamps
805:, thus better according with the affinity with
2617:Markey, Adrienne S.; Lamont, Byron B. (1996).
2612:
2610:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2426:
2424:
2422:
1640:. Noting that many of these cyanobacteria had
1307:in the south. Most populations occur north of
467:, based on a specimen collected by him on the
449:, it was for a time informally referred to as
2731:, Australian Government. 2006. Archived from
2351:
2349:
2116:
2114:
1989:
1987:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1522:plasterer bees have been recorded. Visits by
545:(Slender-leaved Banksia), which differs from
505:include swamp fox banksia and marsh banksia.
8:
2213:(Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny"
1968:(Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8)
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1644:, he speculated that they aid the plant by
1632:, who attributed its transformation to the
1512:) is also commonly observed, and visits by
299: in) long and about a one millimetre (
2976:
2949:
2922:
2918:Department of the Environment and Heritage
2766:Department of Environment and Conservation
2729:Department of the Environment and Heritage
1553:species: one study found less than 10% of
171:
29:
20:
2495:. Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press. p. 21.
2230:
1354:, although moisture-loving trees such as
533:because it has hooked styles, and series
1636:that he observed feeding off the nectar
1546:, which are most active during the day.
471:about 45 kilometres (28 miles) north of
2873:Sweedman, Luke; Merritt, David (2006).
2619:Why do some banksias have green nectar?
2095:Wildflower Society of Western Australia
1997:(1980). "Blue-green algae in nectar of
1817:
1773:
523:because its inflorescence is a typical
888:(7 species, 2 subspecies, 4 varieties)
2464:species in south-western Australia".
2437:Society for Growing Australian Plants
2039:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom:
1735:Declared Rare and Priority Flora List
1573:(Menzies' banksia), and over 90% for
1506:). The introduced European honeybee (
1346:. Associated vegetation is typically
7:
2795:(Proteaceae) of Western Australia".
1653:still unknown. Chemical analysis of
441:. For many years it was included in
2625:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.
1100:
1093:
683:
655:
631:
607:
464:The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)
433:was first collected around 1840 by
261:, and straight, narrow leaves from
1615:, that have highly unusual flower
320:Flowers occur in "flower spikes",
14:
2877:. CSIRO Publishing. p. 203.
2580:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2433:The Banksia Book (Second Edition)
2128:(1996). "A cladistic analysis of
2008:The Western Australian Naturalist
1245:for the taxa having spoon-shaped
457:. It was eventually published by
3203:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:897047-1
2943:. Western Australian Government
2817:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01559.x
2548:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2006.00005.x
1731:Department of Parks and Wildlife
1611:species, all closely related to
1086:(Coarse Banksia) as the nearest
604:appeared in the third of these:
475:on 14 May 1969, and labelled "A.
42:
3252:Banksia taxa by scientific name
754:This clade became the basis of
1:
3257:Eudicots of Western Australia
2593:10.1016/S0169-5347(96)10067-7
1926:Australian Journal of Zoology
1839:". In Wilson, Annette (ed.).
501:A.S.George. Common names for
2853:Western Australian Herbarium
2680:Australian Journal of Botany
2466:Australian Journal of Botany
2363:Australian Journal of Botany
2307:Australian Systematic Botany
2272:Australian Systematic Botany
2174:Australian Systematic Botany
2135:Australian Systematic Botany
2089:Bennett, Eleanor M. (1991).
1496:Phylidonyris novaehollandiae
592:was found to be very nearly
2967:Australian Plant Name Index
2074:Australian Plant Name Index
1780:The other four species are
1646:fixing atmospheric nitrogen
1400:-deficient native soils of
809:claimed by George in 1981.
572:published the results of a
3278:
2218:American Journal of Botany
1377:
402:
1678:Yule Brook Botany Reserve
1583:was attacked only by the
1439:. Unlike most serotinous
1328:Yule Brook Botany Reserve
1207:
1181:
1160:
1139:
1122:
1105:
1098:
709:
688:
681:
660:
653:
636:
629:
612:
555:(Burma Road Banksia) and
413:Inflorescence in late bud
179:
170:
153:
146:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
3262:Plants described in 1981
2920:, Australian Government.
2491:George, Alex S. (1984).
2431:George, Alex S. (1987).
2097:, Eastern Hills Branch.
1875:George, Alex S. (1981).
1716:impact of climate change
1269:Distribution and habitat
1235:into it, and publishing
561:(Rose-fruited Banksia).
214:The shrub grows amongst
2041:Oxford University Press
2036:A Greek–English Lexicon
1563:(candlestick banksia),
1480:Anthochaera carunculata
2760:Phytophthora cinnamomi
2716:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1753:
1707:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1680:
1592:Arotrophora arcuatalis
1492:New Holland honeyeater
1467:
1459:
1443:species, the seeds of
1330:, where parallel sand
1326:. For example, in the
1052:data for the subtribe
527:flower spike, section
509:Infrageneric placement
461:in his 1981 monograph
422:
414:
360:made up of four fused
317:
2969:(APNI), IBIS database
2797:Global Change Biology
2232:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311
2076:(APNI), IBIS database
2027:Liddell, Henry George
1748:
1672:
1465:
1457:
801:(Coarse Banksia) and
420:
412:
315:
2772:on 27 September 2007
2738:on 12 September 2007
2305:L.f. (Proteaceae)".
1923:L.f. (Proteaceae)".
1613:B. sphaerocarpa
1504:Lichmera indistincta
1363:Melaleuca preissiana
1282:Geraldton Sandplains
1064:clade consisting of
930:B. sphaerocarpa
777:his 1999 arrangement
447:B. sphaerocarpa
443:B. sphaerocarpa
426:Discovery and naming
364:, and one long wiry
236:conservation biology
208:B. sphaerocarpa
194:, commonly known as
2809:2008GCBio..14.1337F
2126:Ladiges, Pauline Y.
1676:among scrub in the
1488:Zosterops lateralis
1437:southwest Australia
1360:(swamp banksia) or
1334:cross a clay flat,
1164:B. leptophylla
1143:B. leptophylla
1066:B. leptophylla
959:B. leptophylla
807:B. leptophylla
803:B. leptophylla
692:B. leptophylla
664:B. leptophylla
542:B. leptophylla
481:B. leptophylla
405:Taxonomy of Banksia
3099:Banksia telmatiaea
3020:Banksia telmatiaea
2990:Banksia telmatiaea
2960:Banksia telmatiaea
2933:Banksia telmatiaea
2912:Flora of Australia
2905:Banksia telmatiaea
2841:Banksia telmatiaea
2657:10.1007/BF02220200
2535:Biological Reviews
2405:10.1007/BF00025034
2201:Givnish, Thomas J.
2067:Banksia telmatiaea
1881:L.f. (Proteaceae)"
1842:Flora of Australia
1757:B. telmatiaea
1754:
1750:B. telmatiaea
1684:B. telmatiaea
1681:
1674:B. telmatiaea
1655:B. telmatiaea
1626:B. telmatiaea
1605:B. telmatiaea
1581:B. telmatiaea
1565:B. littoralis
1555:B. telmatiaea
1539:B. telmatiaea
1472:B. telmatiaea
1468:
1460:
1445:B. telmatiaea
1433:B. telmatiaea
1429:B. telmatiaea
1413:B. telmatiaea
1390:B. telmatiaea
1380:Ecology of Banksia
1357:B. littoralis
1336:B. telmatiaea
1278:Swan Coastal Plain
1276:grows only in the
1274:B. telmatiaea
1255:B. telmatiaea
1109:B. telmatiaea
1070:B. telmatiaea
1058:B. telmatiaea
952:B. telmatiaea
814:B. telmatiaea
789:B. telmatiaea
766:B. telmatiaea
616:B. telmatiaea
602:B. telmatiaea
547:B. telmatiaea
515:B. telmatiaea
499:Banksia telmatiaea
431:B. telmatiaea
423:
415:
389:B. telmatiaea
326:B. telmatiaea
318:
316:Closeup of foliage
255:B. telmatiaea
191:Banksia telmatiaea
182:Banksia telmatiaea
157:Banksia telmatiaea
139:B. telmatiaea
24:Swamp fox banksia
3239:
3238:
3172:Open Tree of Life
2982:Taxon identifiers
2884:978-0-643-09298-3
2502:978-0-86417-005-7
2478:10.1071/BT9950283
2376:10.1071/BT9810665
2199:Mast, Austin R.;
2148:10.1071/SB9960661
2104:978-0-9595443-7-4
2050:978-0-19-910207-5
1966:The Banksia Atlas
1939:10.1071/ZO9820901
1852:978-0-643-06454-6
1693:The Banksia Atlas
1570:B. menziesii
1560:B. attenuata
1303:in the north, to
1295:. It occurs from
1222:
1221:
1196:
1195:
1126:B. scabrella
1074:B. scabrella
1002:B. pulchella
974:B. scabrella
938:B. micrantha
812:The placement of
791:was moved in the
770:B. scabrella
751:
750:
742:
741:
733:
732:
724:
723:
640:B. scabrella
552:B. scabrella
228:Western Australia
187:
186:
3269:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2977:
2972:
2953:
2948:
2926:
2921:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2768:. Archived from
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2722:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2531:
2522:
2507:
2506:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2266:with respect to
2259:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2225:(8): 1311–1323.
2196:
2190:
2189:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1995:Lamont, Byron B.
1991:
1982:
1981:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1872:
1857:
1856:
1829:
1805:
1778:
1619:. Whereas other
1500:brown honeyeater
1421:aerial seed bank
1384:Like most other
1101:
1094:
1009:B. meisneri
995:B. laricina
981:B. violacea
684:
656:
632:
608:
558:B. laricina
478:
355:
354:
350:
347:
341:
340:
336:
333:
308:
307:
303:
298:
297:
293:
290:
284:
283:
279:
274:
273:
269:
266:
180:Distribution of
175:
159:
47:
46:
33:
21:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2956:
2929:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2692:10.1071/BT97039
2677:
2676:
2672:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2510:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2319:10.1071/SB06016
2296:
2295:
2291:
2284:10.1071/SB04015
2270:(Proteaceae)".
2261:
2260:
2256:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2186:10.1071/SB97026
2162:Mast, Austin R.
2160:
2159:
2155:
2132:(Proteaceae)".
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1961:Hopper, Stephen
1958:
1957:
1946:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1893:(3): 239–473 .
1874:
1873:
1860:
1853:
1833:George, Alex S.
1831:
1830:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1801:B. sphaerocarpa
1779:
1775:
1770:
1743:
1710:, a soil-borne
1667:
1607:is one of five
1576:B. grandis
1382:
1376:
1271:
1223:
1197:
752:
743:
734:
725:
570:Pauline Ladiges
511:
476:
428:
407:
401:
352:
348:
345:
343:
338:
334:
331:
329:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
288:
286:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
264:
262:
252:
211:(fox banksia).
166:
161:
155:
142:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:wfo-0000559834
3220:
3207:
3194:
3181:
3168:
3155:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3010:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2954:
2927:
2897:
2896:External links
2894:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2865:
2830:
2783:
2749:
2705:
2686:(4): 489–504.
2670:
2651:(3): 443–445.
2644:Plant and Soil
2633:
2606:
2587:(3): 104–108.
2569:
2508:
2501:
2483:
2472:(3): 283–303.
2452:
2445:
2418:
2392:Plant and Soil
2381:
2370:(6): 665–674.
2345:
2324:
2289:
2254:
2191:
2180:(4): 321–342.
2153:
2142:(5): 661–733.
2110:
2103:
2081:
2056:
2049:
2018:
1983:
1976:
1959:Taylor, Anne;
1944:
1933:(6): 901–921.
1904:
1858:
1851:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1795:B. leptophylla
1783:Banksia grossa
1772:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1742:
1739:
1666:
1663:
1509:Apis mellifera
1476:red wattlebird
1449:seed separator
1394:proteoid roots
1375:
1372:
1270:
1267:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:B. grossa
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:B. lanata
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1083:B. grossa
1078:B. lanata
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1017:B. nutans
1013:
1012:(2 subspecies)
1005:
998:
991:
988:B. incana
984:
977:
970:
967:B. lanata
963:
955:
948:
945:B. grossa
941:
934:
913:
901:
889:
864:
852:
798:B. grossa
793:phyletic order
759: subser.
749:
748:
745:
744:
740:
739:
736:
735:
731:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
718:
717:
713:B. lanata
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
687:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
659:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
635:
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
611:
606:
580:characters of
513:George placed
510:
507:
439:James Drummond
427:
424:
400:
397:
322:inflorescences
275:to 3 cm (
251:
248:
185:
184:
177:
176:
168:
167:
162:
151:
150:
144:
143:
136:
134:
130:
129:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3274:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:(1): 83–111.
2541:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2446:0-86417-006-8
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:(1): 269–72.
2398:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:(4): 147–162.
2341:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:Thiele, Kevin
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:(7): 193–194.
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:0-644-07124-9
1973:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:cyanobacteria
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:nectarivorous
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:Darling Scarp
1290:
1289:biogeographic
1287:
1286:Jarrah Forest
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:is placed in
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:(2 varieties)
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
996:
992:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:(2 varieties)
961:
960:
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:(3 varieties)
932:
931:
927:
926:
925:
924:
923:
919:
914:
911:
910:
909:Dryandroideae
906:
902:
899:
898:
894:
890:
887:
886:
882:
878:
877:
876:
875:
874:
870:
865:
862:
861:
857:
853:
850:
849:
845:
841:
840:
839:
838:
837:
833:
828:
827:
826:
825:
824:
819:
818:
817:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
762:
758:
747:
746:
738:
737:
729:
728:
720:
719:
716:
715:
714:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
697:
693:
686:
685:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
669:
665:
658:
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
641:
634:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
617:
610:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:morphological
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
544:
543:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
522:
521:
516:
508:
506:
504:
503:B. telmatiaea
500:
496:
493:
490:
486:
482:
474:
470:
469:Brand Highway
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Ludwig Preiss
432:
425:
419:
411:
406:
398:
396:
394:
393:John K. Scott
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
327:
323:
314:
310:
260:
256:
249:
247:
245:
244:
243:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
209:
204:
203:marsh banksia
200:
199:
193:
192:
183:
178:
174:
169:
165:
160:
158:
152:
149:
148:Binomial name
145:
141:
140:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:Tracheophytes
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2989:
2965:
2959:
2938:
2932:
2910:
2904:
2874:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2846:
2840:
2833:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2759:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2733:the original
2724:
2715:
2708:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2622:
2618:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2539:
2533:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2432:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2313:(1): 63–71.
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2278:(1): 75–88.
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2090:
2084:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2035:
2031:Robert Scott
2021:
2012:
2006:
2003:Sphaerocarpa
2002:
1998:
1964:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1840:
1836:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1724:
1705:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1665:Conservation
1654:
1630:Byron Lamont
1625:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1534:
1517:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1407:Unlike many
1406:
1389:
1383:
1361:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1317:
1311:or south of
1273:
1272:
1262:
1261: subg.
1258:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1240: subg.
1237:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1183:
1182:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1050:DNA sequence
1044:Since 1998,
1043:
1034:
1033: subg.
1030:
1015:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
957:
951:
950:
943:
936:
928:
921:
917:
915:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
871: sect.
868:
866:
859:
858: sect.
855:
847:
846: sect.
843:
835:
834: subg.
831:
829:
821:
820:
813:
811:
806:
802:
796:
788:
784:
780:
774:
769:
765:
761:Leptophyllae
760:
756:
753:
711:
710:
695:
691:
689:
667:
663:
661:
638:
637:
615:
614:
613:
601:
594:monophyletic
589:
585:
581:
576:analysis of
566:Kevin Thiele
563:
556:
550:
546:
540:
535:
529:
524:
519:
517:in subgenus
514:
512:
502:
498:
494:
484:
480:
462:
455:Sphaerocarpa
454:
450:
446:
442:
430:
429:
388:
384:
378:
325:
319:
254:
253:
241:
239:
213:
206:
202:
195:
190:
189:
188:
181:
156:
154:
138:
137:
125:
88:
75:
62:
18:
3190:kew-2669277
3120:iNaturalist
3014:Wikispecies
2962:A.S.George"
2935:A.S.George"
2907:A.S.George"
2843:A.S.George"
2803:(6): 1–16.
2069:A.S.George"
1877:"The Genus
1741:Cultivation
1712:water mould
1642:heterocysts
1309:Moore River
1301:Badgingarra
1263:Spathulatae
1242:Spathulatae
1229:by merging
1168:leptophylla
1046:Austin Mast
1038:(3 species)
920: ser.
912:(1 species)
907: ser.
900:(1 species)
897:Tricuspidae
895: ser.
883: ser.
863:(1 species)
795:to between
783: ser.
696:leptophylla
588: ser.
473:Regans Ford
459:Alex George
250:Description
220:Badgingarra
82:Angiosperms
3246:Categories
3185:Plant List
2858:16 January
1812:References
1720:extinction
1699:introduced
1498:) and the
1417:lignotuber
1398:phosphorus
1386:Proteaceae
1378:See also:
1313:Cannington
1305:Serpentine
1297:Hill River
1247:cotyledons
1062:polytomous
1054:Banksiinae
885:Spicigerae
873:Oncostylis
530:Oncostylis
485:telmatiaea
403:See also:
259:branchlets
224:Serpentine
201:or rarely
196:swamp fox
164:A.S.George
115:Proteaceae
3151:112530031
3068:FloraBase
2940:FloraBase
2848:FloraBase
2301:R.Br. to
2241:0002-9122
1899:0085-4417
1835:(1999). "
1789:B. incana
1762:germinate
1650:symbiosis
1598:Xylorycta
1484:silvereye
1411:species,
1402:Australia
1352:shrubland
1348:scrubland
1147:melletica
1035:Isostylis
922:Abietinae
785:Abietinae
668:melletica
598:subseries
590:Abietinae
574:cladistic
564:In 1996,
536:Abietinae
487:from the
381:follicles
242:Abietinae
216:scrubland
133:Species:
105:Proteales
52:Kingdom:
3216:50205784
3211:Tropicos
3138:897047-1
3005:Q2882805
2999:Wikidata
2825:31990487
2742:30 April
2700:84518352
2665:39550788
2631:sighted)
2629:abstract
2601:21237993
2564:21719506
2556:17313525
2413:32550881
2299:Dryandra
2268:Dryandra
2249:21665734
2211:Dryandra
2203:(2002).
2170:Dryandra
2093:. Boya:
2033:(1980).
1963:(1988).
1703:pathogen
1427:, makes
1425:serotiny
1415:lacks a
1368:woodland
1251:Dryandra
1232:Dryandra
1088:outgroup
860:Coccinea
768:next to
399:Taxonomy
370:anthesis
358:perianth
111:Family:
95:Eudicots
3112:5637181
3060:5587520
2805:Bibcode
2793:Banksia
2462:Banksia
2358:Banksia
2303:Banksia
2264:Banksia
2207:Banksia
2166:Banksia
2130:Banksia
1999:Banksia
1921:Banksia
1886:Nuytsia
1879:Banksia
1837:Banksia
1659:sucrose
1621:Banksia
1609:Banksia
1585:tortrix
1551:Banksia
1544:insects
1535:Banksia
1527:mammals
1519:Hylaeus
1441:Banksia
1409:Banksia
1374:Ecology
1344:claypan
1324:marshes
1227:Banksia
1080:, with
848:Banksia
836:Banksia
823:Banksia
582:Banksia
525:Banksia
520:Banksia
495:telmat-
451:Banksia
385:Banksia
351:⁄
337:⁄
304:⁄
294:⁄
280:⁄
270:⁄
232:ecology
198:banksia
126:Banksia
121:Genus:
101:Order:
56:Plantae
3177:830652
3164:199799
3125:896433
3034:109308
2914:Online
2881:
2823:
2698:
2663:
2627:(only
2599:
2562:
2554:
2499:
2443:
2411:
2247:
2239:
2101:
2047:
1974:
1897:
1849:
1701:plant
1638:sugars
1617:nectar
1474:: the
1332:ridges
1320:swamps
477:
374:nectar
362:tepals
3094:FoAO2
3086:46193
3047:68CCP
2821:S2CID
2776:1 May
2736:(PDF)
2721:(PDF)
2696:S2CID
2661:S2CID
2560:S2CID
2530:(PDF)
2409:S2CID
2001:aff.
1768:Notes
1727:ROTAP
1688:Perth
1531:scats
1299:near
1166:var.
1145:var.
694:var.
666:var.
489:Greek
453:aff.
366:style
89:Clade
76:Clade
63:Clade
3198:POWO
3159:NCBI
3146:IUCN
3133:IPNI
3107:GBIF
3081:FoAO
3073:1852
3029:APNI
2879:ISBN
2860:2007
2778:2007
2744:2007
2597:PMID
2552:PMID
2497:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2245:PMID
2237:ISSN
2209:and
2168:and
2099:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2029:and
1972:ISBN
1895:ISSN
1847:ISBN
1798:and
1588:moth
1567:and
1516:and
1514:ants
1392:has
1322:and
1284:and
1076:and
568:and
492:stem
437:and
222:and
3224:WFO
3055:EoL
3042:CoL
2813:doi
2688:doi
2653:doi
2589:doi
2544:doi
2474:doi
2439:).
2401:doi
2397:156
2372:doi
2315:doi
2280:doi
2227:doi
2182:doi
2144:doi
2005:".
1935:doi
1490:),
1482:),
1350:or
285:to
234:or
226:in
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2013:14
2011:.
1986:^
1947:^
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1265:.
1259:B.
1238:B.
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