Kinky hair - Knowledge (XXG)

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months after her big chop, she entered the job market and became very nervous about how her hair would appear to interviewers. Luckily, none of the interviewers acknowledged her hair in a discriminating way. Brown later discussed the first appearance of "the bush" as a political statement and related it to her situation, worrying that her hair could be seen as a "professional liability". She then compared her natural hair, which is easier to style, and her relaxed hair, which is more accepted. Brown also incorporated examples of workplace discrimination toward Black hair styles. She recalls how "the Congressional Black Caucus took the U.S. military to task for its grooming policies, which barred cornrows, twists, and dreadlocks."(Brown 17) Brown followed up with another example from the same year in which the Transportation Security Administration has "come under fire for disproportionately patting down black women's hair—especially their Afros."(Brown 17) She continued, stating, "It's a practice TSA only agreed to stop a few months ago, when the agency reached an agreement with ACLU of Northern California, which had filed a complaint in 2012."(Brown 17)

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types: African Natural Hair, Braided African Natural Hair, African Natural Augmented Braid, and European/Asian Hairstyles. The results showed that "only 15.1% of respondents identified the category of African natural hair as beautiful."(Oyedemi 546) Braided natural hair had 3.1%, braided natural augmented hair had 30.8%, and European/Asian hair had 51%. Author Toks Oyedemi speaks on these findings as, "evidences the cultural violence of symbolic indoctrination that involves the perception of beautiful hair as mainly of a European/Asian texture and style and has created a trend where this type of hair is associated with being beautiful and preferable to other hair texture, in this instance, natural African hair."(Oyedemi 546) This article shows the telling truth of how African girls feel about their own hair, a perception that demonstrates a lack of self acceptance.

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were the only means of looking presentable and attaining success in society. The pressing comb and chemical straighteners became stigmatized within the community as symbols of oppression and imposed White beauty ideals. Certain Black people sought to embrace beauty and affirm and accept their natural physical traits. One of the ultimate goals of the Black movement was to evolve to a level where Black people "were proud of black skin and kinky or nappy hair. As a result, natural hair became a symbol of that pride." Negative perceptions of kinky hair and beauty had been passed down through the generations, so they had become ingrained in Black mentality to the point where they had been accepted as

399:– in common with cultures worldwide – developed hairstyles that defined status, or identity, in regards to age, ethnicity, wealth, social rank, marital status, religion, fertility, adulthood, and death. Hair was carefully groomed, as the social implications of hair grooming were a significant part of community life. Dense, thick, clean, and neatly groomed hair was something highly admired and sought after. Hair groomers possessed unique styling skills, allowing them to create a variety of designs that met the local cultural standards. 460: 33: 3638: 624: 773: 1365: 872:, as well as cutting and styling services, some to both White and Black clients. In this era, men regularly went to barber shops to have their beards groomed, and some Black barbers developed exclusively White, elite clientele, sometimes in association with hotels or clubs. Media images tended to perpetuate the ideals of European beauty of the majority culture, even when featuring African-Americans. 335: 844:) became an innovative method in the U.S. for Black men to straighten their kinky hair. Women at that time tended either to wear wigs, or to hot-comb their hair (rather than conk it) in order to temporarily mimic a straight style without permanently altering the natural curl pattern. Popular until the 1960s, the conk hair style was achieved through the application of a painful 969:

says, "hair is not just something to play with" – it is something that sends a message, not only to the outside public but also a message on how they see themselves. "In the 1800s and early 1900s, nappy, kinky, curly hair was deemed inferior, ugly and unkempt in comparison with the flowing, bouncy hair of people from other cultures", says Marcia Wade Talbert in

3626: 414:, in the 20th and 21st centuries it has developed into a multimillion-dollar business in such regions as the United States, South Africa and among black African migrants to western Europe. An individual's hair groomer was usually someone whom they knew closely. Sessions can include shampooing, oiling, combing, braiding and twisting, plus adding accessories. 229:, which can tend towards a circle or be distinctly flattened. East Asians heads of straight hair are formed from almost-round hair follicles producing straight hair, and European hair follicle forms oval shapes which produce wavy hair. Kinky hair has a flattened cross-section and is finer, and its ringlets can form tight circles with diameters of only a few 297:. Kinky hair requires more moisture than straight hair and tends to shrink when dry. Instead of sticking to the neck and scalp when damp (as do straighter textures), it tends to retain its basic springiness, unless completely drenched. The trait may have been retained and/or preferred among many anatomically modern populations in equatorial areas, such as 702:, a political activist, says that "the way wore hair was an expression of the rebellion of the time". Black activists infused straightened hair with political valence; straightening one's hair in an attempt to 'simulate Whiteness', whether chemically or with the use of heat, came to be seen by some as an act of self-hatred and a sign of 256: 718:. Wearing natural hair was seen as a progressive statement, and for all the support that the movement gathered, there were many who opposed natural hair both for its aesthetics and the ideology that it promoted. It caused tensions between the Black and White communities, as well as discomfort amongst more conservative African-Americans. 694:, the Black community endeavoured to define their own ideals and beauty standards, and hair became a central icon which was "promoted as a way of challenging mainstream standards regarding hair". During this time, kinky hair "was at its height of politicization", and wearing an Afro was an easily distinguishable physical expression of 730:', and "ethnicities are valorized according to the tilt of whiteness— functions as the ideological basis for status ascription." In turn, in this value system, "African elements—be they cultural or physical—are devalued as indices of low social status, while European elements are positively valorized as attributes enabling individual 799:, many African-Americans migrated to larger towns or cities, where they were influenced by new styles. The photos below show 19th-century women leaders with a variety of styles with natural hair. Others straightened their hair to conform to White beauty ideals. They wanted to succeed, and to avoid mistreatment including 202:

kinky hair. However, kinky hair is often difficult to categorize because of the many different variations among individuals. Those variations include pattern (mainly tight coils), pattern size (watch spring to chalk), density (sparse to dense), strand diameter (fine, medium, coarse), and feel (cottony, woolly, spongy).

807:. A variety of caustic products that contained bleaches, including laundry bleach, designed to be applied to kinky hair, were developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as African Americans demanded more fashion options. They used creams and lotions, combined with hot irons, to straighten their hair. 1302:, and they seem to be doing good business in Kenya. It just shocks me. It's not OK for a Caucasian to tell us to lighten our skin I have never attempted to change my skin. I am natural. People in Europe and America love my dark skin. But here in Kenya, in my home country, some consider it not attractive. 1047:

heat) can result in overprocessing, breakage and thinning of the hair. Rooks (1996) argues that hair-care products designed to straighten hair, which have been marketed by white-owned companies in African American publications since the 1830s, represent unrealistic and unattainable standards of beauty.

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Cheryl Thompson writes, "In 15th-century Africa, hairstyles were used to indicate a person's marital status, age, religion, ethnic identity, wealth and rank within the community (see Byrd & Tharps, 2001; Jacobs-Huey, 2006; Mercer, 1994; Patton, 2006; Rooks, 1996). For young black girls, Thompson

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The style of kinky hair continues to be politicized in contemporary American society. "These issues of style are highly charged as sensitive questions about very 'identity'." Whether an individual decides to wear their hair in its natural state or alter it, all Black hairstyles convey a message. In

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In 2016, the article "Beauty as violence: 'beautiful' hair and the cultural violence of identity erasure" discussed a study that was conducted at a South African university. 159 African female students looked at 20 pictures of various styles of kinky hair and categorized these styles as one of four

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In 2014, Stacia L. Brown related her story of feeling anxious about how her hair was styled prior to walking in for a job interview in her article "My Hair, My Politics". Brown begins her story describing her "Big Chop", a phrase used to indicate cutting off the relaxed or processed hair. A couple

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At this time, an African-American person's "ability to conform to mainstream standards of beauty tied to being successful." Thus, rejecting straightened hair symbolized a deeper act of rejecting the belief that straightening hair and other forms of grooming which were deemed 'socially acceptable'

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Wearing kinky hair in its natural state today represents embracing one's natural self, and for some it is a simple matter of style or preference. In the United States during the 1960s, kinky hair was transformed into a revolutionary political statement that became synonymous with Black Pride &

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According to Robbins (2012), kinky hair may have been adaptive for the earliest modern humans in Africa because the relatively sparse density of such hair, combined with its elastic helix shape, results in an airy effect. The resulting increased circulation of cool air onto the scalp may have thus

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The popularity of natural hair has waxed and waned. In the early 21st century, a significant percentage of African-American women still straighten their hair with relaxers of some kind (either heat- or chemical-based). This is done despite the fact that prolonged application of such chemicals (or

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Kinky hair has been through many different cycles. Slavery played a major role in the ups and downs of the pride that African-Americans take in their hair. "Everything I knew about American history I learned from looking at Black people's hair. It's the perfect metaphor for the African experiment

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has increased. "I see a lot of women who have started to accept themselves and their hair". "They're encouraging their children to start accepting themselves. This is entirely new", according to Terry Shrosphire in the article "Black Hair Relaxer Sales are Slumping Because Of This". Research has

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in deciding the value and politics of their own hair. Wearing one's hair naturally also opens up a new debate: Are those who decide to still wear their hair straightened, for example, less 'Black' or 'proud' of their heritage, than those who decide to wear their hair naturally? This debate is an

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found that kinky hair grows at an average rate of approximately 256 micrometers per day, whereas European-textured straight hair grows at approximately 396 micrometers per day. In addition, due to a phenomenon called 'shrinkage', kinky hair that is a given length when stretched straight can

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classifies kinky hair as 'type 4' (there are other types of hair, defined as type 1 for straight hair, type 2 for wavy, and type 3 for curly, with the letters A, B, and C used as indicators of the degree of coil variation in each type), with the subcategory of type 4C being most exemplary of the

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Published in 2016, the article entitled "African American Personal Presentation: Psychology of Hair and Self Perception" summarized an experimental procedure conducted in America, using data from five urban areas across the country and females ages 18–65. A questionnaire was administered which

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Over the years, natural hair styles and trends have varied from media influences and political climates. The care and styling of natural Black hair has become an enormous industry in the United States. Numerous salons and beauty supply stores cater solely to clients with natural kinky hair.

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and Black pride movements of the 1960s and 1970s, inspired African-Americans to express their political commitments by adopting more traditionally African styles. The Afro hairstyle developed as an affirmation of Black African heritage, expressed by the phrase, "Black is beautiful."

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In this system, "hair functions as a key 'ethnic signifier' because, compared with bodily shape or facial features, it can be changed more easily by cultural practices such as straightening." Racism originally "'politicized' hair by burdening it with a range of negative social and

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that was, and still is, often hidden from the public eye in Western society. Racism 'works' by encouraging the devaluation of self-identity by the victims themselves, and that re-centering of a sense of pride is a prerequisite for a politics of resistance and reconstruction.

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Other styles include the "natural" (also known as a "mini-fro" or "teenie weenie Afro") and "microcoils" for close-cropped hair, the twist-out and braid-out (in which hair is trained in twists or braids before being unravelled), "Brotherlocks" and "Sisterlocks", the

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as other follicle types. Specifically, the average density of kinky hair was found to be approximately 190 hairs per square centimeter. This was significantly lower than that of European hair, which, on average, has approximately 227 hairs per square centimeter.

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Black-owned businesses in the hair-care industry provided jobs for thousands of African-Americans. These business owners gave back strongly to the African-American community. During this time, hundreds of African-Americans became owner-operators of successful

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film which addresses a number of issues pertaining to African-American hair. He explores the styling industry, the variety of styles now acceptable in society for African-American women's hair, and the relations of these to African-American culture.

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A majority of Black hairstyles involve parting the natural hair into individual sections before styling. Research shows that excessive braiding, tight cornrows, relaxing, and vigorous dry-combing of kinky hair can be harmful to the hair and

1352:, a law that would prohibit discrimination based on hairstyle and hair texture. This was followed in coming years by similar laws in New York, New Jersey, Washington, Maryland, Virginia, and Colorado. In 2022, a similar law, the 1162:

demonstration outside of the station, and negotiations, Reed and the station reached an agreement. The company paid her lost salary, and she removed the colored beads. She returned to the air, still braided, but beadless.

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revolutionized hair care by inventing and marketing chemical (and heat-based) applications to alter the natural tightly curled texture. They rapidly became successful and dominated the Black hair care market. In 1898,

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Africans captured as slaves no longer had the sort of resources to practice hair grooming that they had had when home. The enslaved Africans adapted as best they could under the circumstances, finding sheep-fleece

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often-ongoing topic of discussion within the community. The issue is highly debated and disputed, creating almost a social divide within the community between those who decide to be natural and those who do not.

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determined how "African American women internalize beauty and wearing of hair through examination of locus of control and self-esteem."(Ellis-Hervey 879) The results showed a positive correlation between high

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which result in hair breakage, thinning of the hair, slowing of hair growth, scalp damage and even hair loss, according to Gheni Platenurg in the article, "Black Women Returning to Their Natural Hair Roots".

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protein content. Franbourg et al. have found that black hair may differ in the distribution of lipids throughout the hair shaft. Classical kinky hair has been found to be not as densely concentrated on the

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The perception of kinky hair, in the eyes of one with this hair type, may prefer to style their hair in a way that accentuates their racial background or they may conform to a more European hair style.

759:, "counter-politicized the signifier of ethnic DE valorization, redefining Blackness as a positive attribute". By wearing their hair as it naturally grows, individuals with kinky hair were taking back 82:. Each strand of this hair type grows in a repeating pattern of small contiguous kinks which can be classified as tight twists and sharp folds. These numerous kinks make kinky hair appear denser than 233:. In humans worldwide, East Asian-textured hair is the most common, whereas kinky hair is the least common. This is because the former hair texture is typical of the large populations inhabiting the 205:

Different genetic groups have observable differences in the structure, density, and growth rate of hair. With regard to structure, all human hair has the same basic chemical composition in terms of

1178:. Sherman was criticized by some in the community, who thought that the book presented a negative stereotype (although it won three awards), but she was supported by most parents of her students. 1439: 1438: 1435: 1440: 1318:

after the girl was criticized for an "unkempt" look. "Even little girls should not be a slave to the preconceived ideas of what a culture believes a little girl should be", the actress said.

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has criticized a trend in her native Kenya that rejects the indigenous Black African physical standards of beauty in favour of those of other communities. In a 2012 interview with the Kenyan

943:, who writes only about a character named Mother, I've decided to write only about hair: what we do to it, how we do it, and why. I figure this is enough", said Lisa Jones in an essay titled 1159: 1226:

Imus apologized two days later, after receiving widespread criticism. CBS Radio canceled Don Imus's morning show a week after the incident on April 12, 2007, firing both Imus and McGuirk.

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oath. The Rastafari movement has been so influential in the visibility and subsequent popularity of dreadlocks, throughout the Caribbean and in the global African diaspora, that the term

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appear much shorter when allowed to naturally coil. Shrinkage is most evident when kinky hair is (or has recently been) wet. The more coiled the hair texture, the higher its shrinkage.

1499:"Sisterlocks" method, which produces what could be called very neat micro-dreadlocks. Faux locs, a type of synthetic dreadlock which is obtained using extensions, are another style. 1050:

Sales of relaxers took a great fall among African-American women from 2010 to 2015. Many African-American women gave up relaxers to go back to their natural roots. Celebrities like

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Edmondson, Vickie Cox; Carroll, Archie B. (1999). "Giving Back: An Examination of the Philanthropic Motivations, Orientations and Activities of Large Black-Owned Businesses".

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included her negative comments about Black women wearing natural hairstyles in the workplace, calling them "shocking", "inappropriate", and "political". Both the law firm and

891:. In the early 20th century, media portrayal of traditional African hair styles, such as braids and cornrows, was associated with African-Americans who were poor and lived in 1437: 1868: 3455: 559:

directly on the scalp with a cloth as they carefully parted the hair. Enslaved field hands often shaved their hair and wore hats to protect their scalps against the sun.

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have straight hair, including the earliest hominids. Robbins (2012) suggests that kinky hair may have initially evolved because of an adaptive need amongst humans' early

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and changing styles. Some believe that slaves and later African-Americans absorbed prejudices of the European slaveholders and colonizers, who considered most slaves as

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tribe (in modern Senegal and The Gambia) went to war they wore a braided style. A woman in mourning would either not "do" her hair or adopt a subdued style. Since the

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that cost thousands of dollars and relaxers that take way too much time. Black woman has finally decided that it was simply too much", according to the documentary.

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or knots on the head. Bantu knots can be made from either loose natural hair or dreadlocks. When braided flat against the scalp, natural hair can be worn as basic

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Franbourg; et al. (2007). "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction". In Enzo Berardesca; Jean-Luc Lévêque; Howard I. Maibach (eds.).

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locks or fashion locks—have numerous styling options that include strategic parting, sectioning and patterning of the dreads. Popular dreadlocked styles include

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shown that relaxer sales dropped from $ 206 million in 2008 to $ 156 million in 2013. Meanwhile, sales of products for styling natural hair continued to rise.

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The shape of the hair follicle determines the hair's curliness. An individual hair's shape is never completely circular. The cross-section of a hair is an

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t seems that the world is conspiring in preaching that there is something wrong with Kenyan ladies' kinky hair and dark skin Their leaflets are all about

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In many traditional cultures, communal grooming was a social event when women socialized and strengthened bonds with their families. Historically, hair

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music, more non-Black people have begun to wear these hairstyles as well. A new market has developed in such hair products as "Out of Africa" shampoo.

747:'meanings'"—categorizing it as a problem. Ethnic difference that could be easily manipulated, like hair, was altered in order for ethnic minorities to 3070: 1966: 1004:

wore her Afro as a political statement and started a movement toward natural hair. This movement influenced a generation, including celebrities like

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Tishkoff SA, Dietzsch E, Speed W, et al. (March 1996). "Global patterns of linkage disequilibrium at the CD4 locus and modern human origins".

1436: 1495:, also called dreads, locks or locs, can also be formed by allowing the hairs to weave together on their own from an Afro. Another option is the 810:

The Black hair care industry was initially dominated by White-owned businesses. In the late 19th century, African-American entrepreneurs such as

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Lasisi, Tina; Smallcombe, James W.; Kenney, W. Larry; Shriver, Mark D.; Zydney, Benjamin; Jablonski, Nina G.; Havenith, George (13 June 2023).

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here: the price of the ticket (for a journey no one elected to take), the toll of slavery, and the costs remaining. It's all in the hair. Like

926:, as they were not citizens. Ayana Byrd and Lori Tharp say that they believe the preference for Eurocentric ideas of beauty still pervades the 282: 2355: 3695: 3678: 3661: 3436: 3370: 2649: 2611: 1899: 3217: 1557:, and bruises on the scalp. Keeping hair moisturized, trimming ends, and using very little to no heat will prevent breakage and split ends. 3723: 2813: 682:; "air came to symbolize either a continued move toward integration in the American political system or a growing cry for Black power and 3388:

Chaubey G, Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Villems R (January 2007). "Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India".

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and wearing hair in its natural state. American women have a feeling of empowerment when it comes to wearing their natural hair.

4908: 4130: 198: 3295: 3242: 2326: 2094: 840: 360: 535:, which extracted over 20 million people from West and Central Africa, their beauty ideals have undergone numerous changes. 3130:

Ellis-Hervey, Nina; et al. (2016). "African American Personal Presentation: Psychology of Hair and Self-Perception".

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of the sun in Africa. The author argues that kinky hair was the original hair texture of all modern humans prior to the

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Khumalo NP, Gumedze F (September 2007). "African hair length in a school population: a clue to disease pathogenesis?".

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their hair. During the 19th century, hair styling, especially among women, became more popular. Cooking grease such as

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on the ends. KGO called her hairstyle "inappropriate and distracting". After two weeks of a public dispute, an

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Because of the then-prevalent notion that straight wavy or curly hair (which, unlike kinky hair, is common in

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was common among African-American men and boys in the 1980s and has since been replaced in popularity by the

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Oyedemi, Toks (2016). "Beauty as violence: 'beautiful hair' and the cultural violence of identity erasure".

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identity. There have been numerous events in history that have shown disapproval of Black hair styles.

975:. Chemical relaxers increased in demand throughout the 1800s and 1900s. These relaxers often contained 4953: 4663: 4576: 4501: 4395: 4145: 3575: 3464: 2027: 1708: 1579: 1428: 923: 532: 3684: 3667: 3650: 3482:"The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations" 3402: 2142: 4986: 4981: 4933: 4810: 4755: 4668: 4561: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4325: 4290: 3970: 3890: 3709: 1416: 1400: 1199: 772: 715: 169: 142: 1525:", which involves sectioning the hair with square or triangular parts and fastening it into tight 4861: 4571: 4459: 4320: 3856: 3599: 3147: 3112: 2686: 2576: 2568: 1948: 1790: 1643: 1618: 1307: 1186: 1167: 1143:. The station threatened to take Tolliver off the air until the story caught national attention. 1051: 869: 815: 792: 777: 760: 595: 528: 396: 71: 63: 3525:"Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor" 2526: 1015:

Since the late 20th century, Black people have experimented with a variety of styles, including

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Scholars debate whether hair-straightening practices arose out of Black desires to conform to a

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have been used in the mid-20th century to describe natural afro-textured hair. More formally,

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This perception is reversed in another experiment, this time performed in the United States.

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include Black Girl Long Hair (BGLH), Curly Nikki and Afro Hair Club. With the emergence of

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tools particularly useful for detangling their hair. They suffered from scalp diseases and

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industrial cities, many African Americans wanted to leave this rural association behind.

831:. Men began using pomades, among other products, to achieve the standard aesthetic look. 3685:

Image of a woman modeling a short and curly hairdo by hair stylist Eddie Mitchell, 1972.

3579: 2814:"Boy who touched Obama's hair: Story behind White House photo is probably in your inbox" 2056: 2031: 2015: 1712: 1411:

has become synonymous with a dreadlocked individual. Today, dreadlocks are common among

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mimicking their "masters"', or similar hairstyles, while the women typically plaited or

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have worn natural hair looks. During the same time period, the number of natural-hair

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Thompson, Cheryl (2008). "Black Women and Identity: What's Hair Got to do with it?".

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A 1998 incident became national news when Ruth Ann Sherman, a young White teacher in

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conditions. In rare cases, kinky hair may also be found in populations living under

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Image of a woman modeling a straightened, short hairstyle by Mitch Pasqualie, 1972.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

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has shown what many women go through to achieve the "European standard" of hair. "

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founded a hair care company that offered saponified coconut shampoo and AIDA hair

116: 2635: 2478: 2445: 2143:"Sample text for Hair story : untangling the roots of Black hair in America" 4948: 4826: 4785: 4770: 4593: 4566: 4425: 4365: 4135: 4115: 4075: 3768: 3339: 2249:"Palm Oils - Red Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil - For Hair Care & Skin Care" 1837: 1673: 1628: 1623: 1538: 1488: 1473: 1457: 1456:

is a large, often spherical growth of kinky hair that became popular during the

1380: 1372: 1269: 1221: 1101: 1072: 1028: 996: 915: 884: 695: 687: 686:." Prior to this, the idealized Black person (especially Black women) "had many 679: 560: 544: 438: 422: 334: 302: 3453:

Interview by Dr. Victoria Holloway-Barbosa from the documentary on Black hair,

879:. The winners, many of whom wore straight hair styles and some of whom were of 803:. Some women, and a smaller number of men, lightened their hair with household 4892: 4795: 4745: 4464: 4340: 4270: 4205: 4175: 4160: 4040: 4010: 3965: 3870: 3831: 3821: 3794: 2797: 2564: 1653: 1638: 1595: 1492: 1481: 1469: 1461: 1396: 1391:

encouraged an active rejection of European standards of beauty. The resulting

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staffer gave a presentation on the "Do's and Don'ts of Corporate Fashion" for

1190: 1068: 1020: 1009: 1005: 892: 880: 756: 418: 230: 91: 59: 41: 3143: 2047: 1728: 1695:

Cloete, Elsabe; Khumalo, Nonhlanhla P.; Ngoepe, Malebogo N. (November 2019).

27:

Human hair texture indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, Melanesia, and Australia

4943: 4765: 4725: 4720: 4648: 4518: 4476: 4380: 4335: 4295: 4255: 4190: 4170: 4055: 4050: 4030: 3980: 3930: 3900: 3880: 3851: 3784: 3758: 3446: 3380: 2951:"'Glamour' Editor To Lady Lawyers: Being Black Is Kinda A Corporate 'Don't'" 2801: 2761: 2498: 2039: 1909: 1612: 1600: 1550: 1496: 1392: 1216: 1150:, the ABC affiliate in San Francisco, was suspended for wearing her hair in 1076: 1031:

and short, cropped hair, specifically designed for kinky hair. Natural hair

984: 278: 87: 79: 75: 3558: 3515: 3419: 3166:"California becomes first state to ban discrimination against natural hair" 2065: 1944: 1786: 1746: 1720: 527:

have experimented with ways to style their hair since their arrival in the

17: 3690:

Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,

3673:

Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,

3656:

Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,

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due to their living conditions. Enslaved people used varying remedies for

4805: 4760: 4750: 4315: 4265: 4125: 4085: 4045: 4025: 4020: 3995: 3990: 3975: 3960: 3915: 3910: 3895: 3836: 3789: 2201: 1633: 1590: 1554: 1530: 1507: 1404: 1315: 1244: 1182: 1151: 1024: 1016: 727: 580: 556: 552: 430: 403: 294: 234: 2690: 2572: 1395:

movement of the 20th century has maintained that the growth of freeform

531:

well before the 19th century. During the approximately 400 years of the

4790: 4780: 4583: 4385: 4250: 4235: 4080: 3945: 3905: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3411: 2976: 1663: 1518:, a variety of braided buns, and combinations of basic style elements. 1487:

Other styles include plaits or braids, the two-strand twist, and basic

1465: 1384: 1208: 1128: 1036: 919: 908: 540: 306: 271: 226: 206: 67: 37: 3429:

Ain't I a Beauty Queen?: Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race

751:

into a dominant, Eurocentric society. Natural hairstyles, such as the

4923: 4775: 4546: 4449: 4155: 3753: 2828:"Indelible Image of a Boy's Pat on Obama's Head Hangs in White House" 2682: 2350: 2348: 2327:"Hair Matters: African American Women and the Natural Hair Aesthetic" 1147: 1040: 861: 828: 804: 735: 576: 267: 53: 918:

standard of beauty, or as part of their individual experiments with

255: 3540: 3497: 4938: 4615: 4439: 4285: 4245: 2726:

Platenburg, Gheni "Black Women Returning to Their Natural Roots".

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Hair matters : beauty, power, and Black women's consciousness

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Image of a woman modeling a hairstyle inspired by the 50s, 1972.

1861:"LOIS Hair System: What Type of African/Black Hair Do You Have?" 1585: 1567: 1453: 1194: 1155: 1132: 1032: 961: 835: 752: 599: 572: 250: 174:'hair') refers to afro-textured hair, its antonym being 3705: 3480:

Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, et al. (February 2003).

2743:

Hair raising : beauty, culture, and African American women

1510:, the braid-out style or "lock crinkles", the basket weave and 1197:

Championship game, as a group of "nappy-headed hos" during his

309:, because of its contribution to enhanced comfort levels under 1992: 1765:

Loussouarn G (August 2001). "African hair growth parameters".

980: 845: 617: 603: 453: 441:

has traditionally been used to moisturize and dress the hair.

328: 3701: 3523:

Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, et al. (May 2004).

2746:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 13. 633:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

583:, were used to moisturize the hair. Women sometimes used hot 197:

created a numerical grading system for human hair types. The

563:

had to appear tidy and well-groomed. The men sometimes wore

3363:

On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker

2873:"For Many Black Women, Hair Tells the Story of Their Roots" 1967:"Shrinkage In Natural Curly Black Hair—How to Work with It" 1116:

Black hairstyles have been utilized to promote the idea of

1108:'s head, checking to see if their hair felt the same, went 275: 162: 135: 780:

invented a method that relaxed textured hair. Photo taken

2667:"'She's grown dreadlocks': the fiction of Angela Johnson" 2637:

Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America

2447:

Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America

2410:

Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America

2383:

Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America

2854:"Barack Obama bows to the significance of his ethnicity" 2386:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. 10–20, 70–75. 1131:

correspondent, made national headlines when she wore an

848:, egg and potato mixture that was toxic and immediately 2779:"Black Hair Relaxer Sales are Slumping Because Of This" 2275:"Best Moisturizer for 4C Hair and Ingredients to Avoid" 642: 266:

Kinky hair is a uniquely human characteristic, as most

2773: 2771: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 1549:. They have also been known to cause ailments such as 1460:

movement. The Afro has a number of variants including

818:, Madam Gold S.M. Young, Sara Spencer Washington and 734:". This value system is reinforced by the systematic 3322:"The Bantu Knots Hairstyle: A Beautiful Controversy" 1468:) and a variant in which the Afro is treated with a 4901: 4870: 4819: 4713: 4641: 4534: 4527: 4424: 3849: 3777: 3746: 3739: 2087:

Chemical, Weird and Physical Behavior of Human Hair

2016:"Human scalp hair as a thermoregulatory adaptation" 3456:My Nappy Roots: A Journey Through Black Hair-itage 3039:"Jada blasts Willow hair critics: It's her choice" 2595: 2444: 1809: 1533:or form a countless variety of artistic patterns. 1444:An example of a braid-out tutorial on natural hair 1104:staffer's African-American son touching President 3097:Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture 2136: 2134: 2106: 2104: 2102: 1356:, was passed in the US House of Representatives. 690:features, including hairstyles." However, during 678:Beauty, and by default a fundamental tool in the 3296:"Just A Super Useful Guide To Getting Faux Locs" 3243:"Huntington City Council members pass CROWN Act" 2165: 2163: 481:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 3465:"21 Best Protective Hairstyles for Black Women" 3077:. Vol. 246. pp. 16–17. Archived from 2020:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1991:. Hair Science. 1 February 2005. Archived from 1697:"The what, why and how of curly hair: a review" 598:, or relaxing, their tresses. One post-slavery 1760: 1758: 1756: 899:, when millions of African Americans left the 3717: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2443:Tharps, Lori; Byrd, Ayana (12 January 2002). 1894:. New York: Informa Healthcare. p. 101. 875:African-Americans began sponsoring their own 631:The examples and perspective in this section 551:and cleansing their scalps, such as applying 274:ancestors for protection against the intense 8: 2197:"How does black hair reflect black history?" 1969:. Blackhairinformation.com. 14 February 2010 1514:curls. Others include a variety of dreaded 1170:, introduced her students to the 1998 book 991:In the United States, the successes of the 363:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4531: 3743: 3724: 3710: 3702: 649:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 437:were popularly used for oiling the scalp. 3548: 3505: 3401: 2708:Wade Talbert, Marcia (22 February 2011). 2055: 1736: 1375:–winning American author, with dreadlocks 1233:magazine reported that an unnamed junior 665:Learn how and when to remove this message 512:Learn how and when to remove this message 383:Learn how and when to remove this message 293:of hominids while they lived on the open 2926:"N.Y. Teacher Runs Into a Racial Divide" 2634:Byrd, Ayana D.; Tharps, Lori L. (2001). 2598:Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History 2224:"What is black soap and how is it made?" 2171:"History of Hair - West African Origins" 1432: 1379:During the 19th century, throughout the 406:was not a paid trade. When men from the 3269:"Black women find freedom with new 'do" 2483:. New York: New York University Press. 2331:ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University 1687: 1306:In November 2012, the American actress 1181:On April 4, 2007, radio talk-show host 182:in 1825 introduced the scientific term 2602:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1521:Natural hair can also be styled into " 1360:In other diasporic African populations 1193:team, who were playing in the Women's 726:societies, the value system promotes ' 285:that populated the rest of the globe. 3696:University of California, Los Angeles 3679:University of California, Los Angeles 3662:University of California, Los Angeles 3090: 3088: 3064: 3062: 3060: 2304:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative 1146:In 1981 Dorothy Reed, a reporter for 1039:culture and Jamaican influences like 698:and the rejection of societal norms. 7: 2987:from the original on 26 October 2016 2413:. Macmillan. pp. 10–20, 21–31. 2356:"Colonialism, Hair, and Enslavement" 1502:Manicure locks—alternatively called 1088:Modern perceptions and controversies 361:adding citations to reliable sources 3431:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3037:Johnson, Craig (28 November 2012). 2981:Types of Faux Locs for African Hair 2871:Douglas, William (9 October 2009). 1403:, largely informed by the Biblical 180:Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent 4146:Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut 3529:American Journal of Human Genetics 3486:American Journal of Human Genetics 3340:"Braiding 'can lead to hair loss'" 2710:"Natural Hair and Professionalism" 2451:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 2407:Byrd, Ayana; Lori, Tharps (2002). 2380:Byrd, Ayana; Tharps, Lori (2014). 614:Politics of kinky hair in the West 525:Diasporic Africans in the Americas 291:body-temperature-regulation system 239:indigenous peoples of the Americas 25: 4914:Beard and haircut laws by country 3692:Charles E. Young Research Library 3675:Charles E. Young Research Library 3658:Charles E. Young Research Library 2730:(TX) 3 March 2011. 10 April 2015. 2195:Jahangir, Rumeana (31 May 2015). 3636: 3624: 3267:Irons, Meghan (6 January 2008). 3191:"U.S. Congress passes CROWN Act" 2300:"The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" 1937:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00326.x 1816:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1779:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04350.x 622: 458: 333: 4909:Andre Walker Hair Typing System 4131:Historical Christian hairstyles 3614:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 3361:Bundles, A'Lelia Perry (2001). 2924:Leyden, Liz (3 December 1998). 2852:Jones, Jonathan (25 May 2012). 2777:Shropshire, Terry (2015-04-02) 2360:African American Museum of Iowa 2175:African American Museum of Iowa 1925:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 1255:issued apologies to the staff. 801:legal and social discrimination 768:Emancipation and post-Civil War 395:Historically, many cultures in 199:Andre Walker Hair Typing System 2957:. Gawker Media. 14 August 2007 2826:Calmes, Jackie (23 May 2012). 2253:www.newdirectionsaromatics.com 1472:to become a flowing mane. The 1348:unanimously voted to pass the 1135:while covering the wedding of 895:. In the early decades of the 841:The Autobiography of Malcolm X 421:was widely used in nations in 1: 3641:The dictionary definition of 3588:10.1126/science.271.5254.1380 3109:10.1080/13504630.2016.1157465 1464:(a cross between an Afro and 781: 3427:Craig, Maxine Leeds (2002). 2085:Robbins, Clarence R. (2012) 1808:Walker, Andre (2 May 1997). 1573:Artificial hair integrations 163: 136: 2816:. The Cutline. Yahoo! News. 2527:"Black hair/style politics" 2141:Byrd, Ayana; Tharps, Lori. 1174:by African-American author 706:imposed by White-dominated 645:, discuss the issue on the 219:Geneviève Loussouarn PharmD 147:'crisp, curly' and 102:English adjectives such as 5003: 2594:Sherrow, Victoria (2006). 2553:Journal of Business Ethics 2333:. Georgia State University 1426: 1207:compared the game to "the 533:Trans-Atlantic slave trade 450:Trans-Atlantic slave trade 248: 152: 125: 3463:KimL (22 February 2017). 3195:Congresswoman Robin Kelly 2740:Rooks, Noliwe M. (1996). 2125:2027/spo.ark5583.0022.105 2113:Michigan Feminist Studies 1346:California State Assembly 1339:internal locus of control 592:people of European origin 289:served to facilitate the 283:"Out-of-Africa" migration 66:of many regions with hot 62:texture prevalent in the 36:Woman from the island of 3144:10.1177/0021934716653350 3132:Journal of Black Studies 2665:Johnson, Dianne (2004). 1676:, an unrelated condition 1139:, daughter of President 945:Hair Always and Forever. 776:Successful entrepreneur 610:the scalp upon contact. 606:, egg and potato, which 467:This section includes a 3216:America, Good Morning. 2781:. atlantadailyworld.com 2565:10.1023/A:1005993925597 2525:Mercer, Kobena (1987). 2306:. College of Charleston 2040:10.1073/pnas.2301760120 820:Garrett Augustus Morgan 704:internalized oppression 496:more precise citations. 3931:Brush, butch, burr cut 3365:. New York: Scribner. 3071:"My Hair, My Politics" 3069:Brown, Stacia (2015). 2671:World Literature Today 2477:Banks, Ingrid (2000). 1865:From Grandma's Kitchen 1838:"hot comb – Wari LACE" 1721:10.1098/rspa.2019.0516 1445: 1376: 1310:defended her daughter 1304: 1203:show. Imus's producer 1113: 965: 838:(vividly described in 788: 263: 64:indigenous populations 45: 3045:. Turner Broadcasting 1649:Natural hair movement 1516:mohawks or lock-hawks 1443: 1367: 1296: 1100:", a 2009 image of a 1095: 1012:took over the 1980s. 993:civil rights movement 952: 903:for opportunities in 775: 319:indigenous Tasmanians 262:women with kinky hair 258: 193:In 1997, hairstylist 120:('curly-haired' from 35: 4756:Hairstyling products 4331:Short back and sides 3633:at Wikimedia Commons 3222:Good Morning America 2983:. 7 September 2007. 2879:on 15 September 2012 1892:Ethnic Skin and Hair 1429:Protective hairstyle 1417:Afro-Latin Americans 1229:During August 2007, 680:Black Power Movement 643:improve this section 587:to curl their hair. 357:improve this section 317:conditions, such as 4934:Eponymous hairstyle 4820:Haircare techniques 4811:Hair texture powder 4669:Frictional alopecia 3580:1996Sci...271.1380T 3326:www.curlcentric.com 3197:. 29 September 2020 2905:on 8 September 2002 2147:Library of Congress 2032:2023PNAS..12001760L 2026:(24): e2301760120. 1713:2019RSPSA.47590516C 1401:divine illumination 1383:, the teachings of 1231:The American Lawyer 1200:Imus in the Morning 985:guanidine hydroxide 934:Rise of Black pride 812:Annie Turnbo Malone 251:Hair § Texture 186:for the purpose of 178:('smooth-haired'). 4871:Health and medical 3631:Afro-textured hair 3610:Walker, A (1997). 3412:10.1002/bies.20525 3328:. 21 October 2017. 3006:Danielle, Britni. 2832:The New York Times 2642:St. Martin's Press 1871:on 29 October 2010 1859:Naanis, Naturals. 1707:(2231): 20190516. 1644:List of hairstyles 1619:Hair straightening 1446: 1377: 1308:Jada Pinkett Smith 1243:, a New York City 1187:Rutgers University 1168:Bushwick, Brooklyn 1114: 1052:Esperanza Spalding 966: 870:hair-straightening 834:During the 1930s, 816:Madam C. J. Walker 793:American Civil War 789: 778:Madam C. J. Walker 529:Western Hemisphere 469:list of references 397:Sub-Saharan Africa 264: 72:sub-Saharan Africa 46: 4969: 4968: 4842:Curly Girl Method 4714:Haircare products 4709: 4708: 4676:Pattern hair loss 3956:Butterfly haircut 3845: 3844: 3688:Los Angeles Times 3671:Los Angeles Times 3654:Los Angeles Times 3629:Media related to 3438:978-0-19-514267-9 3372:978-0-684-82582-3 3346:. 24 August 2007. 3302:. 19 October 2023 2728:Victoria Advocate 2697:on 31 March 2016. 2651:978-0-312-28322-3 2613:978-0-313-33145-9 2273:Ware, Demetrion. 1995:on 25 August 2004 1901:978-0-8493-3088-9 1840:. 31 January 2016 1669:Waves (hairstyle) 1441: 1387:political leader 1354:CROWN Act of 2022 675: 674: 667: 602:was a mixture of 522: 521: 514: 393: 392: 385: 315:temperate climate 173: 161: 146: 134: 16:(Redirected from 4994: 4696:Trichotillomania 4532: 4528:Hair subtraction 4514:Designer stubble 4356:Standard haircut 4276:Professional cut 4006:Croydon facelift 3926:Broccoli haircut 3744: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3703: 3640: 3628: 3612:Andre Talks Hair 3607: 3574:(5254): 1380–7. 3562: 3552: 3519: 3509: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3450: 3423: 3405: 3384: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3081:on 27 July 2020. 3066: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3014:. Archived from 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2901:. Archived from 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2875:. Archived from 2868: 2862: 2861: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2804:. 10 April 2015. 2800:Productions and 2788: 2782: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2714:Black Enterprise 2705: 2699: 2698: 2693:. Archived from 2683:10.2307/40158506 2662: 2656: 2655: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2601: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2531: 2522: 2503: 2502: 2474: 2463: 2462: 2450: 2440: 2425: 2424: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2352: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2167: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2138: 2129: 2128: 2108: 2097: 2083: 2070: 2069: 2059: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1867:. Archived from 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1815: 1812:Andre Talks Hair 1805: 1799: 1798: 1762: 1751: 1750: 1740: 1692: 1442: 1253:Glamour Magazine 1236:Glamour Magazine 1185:referred to the 1176:Carolivia Herron 1137:Tricia Nixon Cox 1118:African-American 977:sodium hydroxide 972:Black Enterprise 864:. These offered 786: 783: 708:mainstream media 670: 663: 659: 656: 650: 626: 625: 618: 517: 510: 506: 503: 497: 492:this section by 483:inline citations 462: 461: 454: 429:. Additionally, 417:For shampooing, 412:African diaspora 388: 381: 377: 374: 368: 337: 329: 311:tropical climate 168: 166: 156: 154: 141: 139: 129: 127: 74:, some areas of 51:, also known as 21: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4897: 4878:Greying of hair 4866: 4857:Shampoo and set 4815: 4705: 4637: 4523: 4428: 4420: 4336:Short brush cut 4301:Regular haircut 3951:Businessman cut 3854: 3841: 3773: 3735: 3730: 3621: 3565: 3522: 3479: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3439: 3426: 3403:10.1.1.551.2654 3387: 3373: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3068: 3067: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3018:on 30 June 2012 3012:Clutch Magazine 3005: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2930:Washington Post 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2769: 2754: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2506: 2491: 2476: 2475: 2466: 2459: 2442: 2441: 2428: 2421: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2354: 2353: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2325:Hargro, Brina. 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2228:AshantiNaturals 2222: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2110: 2109: 2100: 2084: 2073: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1902: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1767:Br. J. Dermatol 1764: 1763: 1754: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1563: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1413:Afro-Caribbeans 1362: 1300:skin lightening 1282:Ajuma Nasenyana 1241:Cleary Gottlieb 1215:", alluding to 1205:Bernard McGuirk 1090: 1060:Solange Knowles 941:Jamaica Kincaid 936: 897:Great Migration 885:Black magazines 825:Anthony Overton 784: 770: 732:upward mobility 671: 660: 654: 651: 640: 627: 623: 616: 518: 507: 501: 498: 487: 473:related reading 463: 459: 452: 447: 435:palm kernel oil 389: 378: 372: 369: 354: 338: 327: 253: 247: 237:as well as the 100: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4961:Hair fetishism 4958: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4681:Hypertrichosis 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4538: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4436: 4434: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4186:Liberty spikes 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4151:Japanese women 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4121:High and tight 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4071:Feathered hair 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4016:Curtained hair 4013: 4008: 4003: 4001:Crochet braids 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3876:Asymmetric cut 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3741: 3740:Classification 3737: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3682: 3665: 3648: 3634: 3620: 3619:External links 3617: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3563: 3541:10.1086/383236 3520: 3498:10.1086/346068 3477: 3460: 3451: 3437: 3424: 3385: 3371: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3331: 3313: 3287: 3259: 3234: 3208: 3182: 3157: 3138:(8): 869–882. 3122: 3103:(5): 537–553. 3084: 3056: 3029: 2998: 2968: 2942: 2916: 2890: 2863: 2844: 2818: 2806: 2783: 2767: 2752: 2732: 2719: 2700: 2677:(3–4): 75–78. 2657: 2650: 2626: 2612: 2586: 2559:(2): 171–179. 2543: 2534:New Formations 2504: 2489: 2464: 2457: 2426: 2419: 2399: 2392: 2372: 2344: 2317: 2291: 2265: 2240: 2215: 2187: 2159: 2130: 2098: 2071: 2006: 1989:"Hair Science" 1980: 1958: 1915: 1900: 1882: 1851: 1829: 1823:978-0684824567 1822: 1800: 1752: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1607:Hair Like Mine 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1482:Caesar haircut 1424: 1421: 1399:is related to 1361: 1358: 1125:Melba Tolliver 1098:Hair Like Mine 1089: 1086: 1064:support groups 935: 932: 889:advertisements 769: 766: 673: 672: 637:of the subject 635:worldwide view 630: 628: 621: 615: 612: 520: 519: 477:external links 466: 464: 457: 451: 448: 446: 443: 427:Central Africa 391: 390: 341: 339: 332: 326: 323: 249:Main article: 246: 243: 188:human taxonomy 99: 96: 56:-textured hair 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4999: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883:Hair follicle 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4862:Straightening 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832:Hair coloring 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 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4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4111:Hair crimping 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3647:at Wiktionary 3646: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3535:(5): 827–45. 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492:(2): 313–32. 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3466: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3396:(1): 91–100. 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2999: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2956: 2952: 2946: 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1552: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:Marcus Garvey 1386: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1369:Toni Morrison 1366: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344:In 2019, the 1342: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1141:Richard Nixon 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:Janelle Monáe 1053: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 994: 989: 986: 982: 978: 974: 973: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946: 942: 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236: 232: 228: 223: 220: 216: 213: 208: 203: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 171: 165: 159: 150: 149:Ancient Greek 144: 138: 132: 123: 122:Ancient Greek 119: 118: 113: 109: 105: 97: 95: 93: 90:, and other 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 55: 50: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 4919:Bearded lady 4847:Hair cutting 4701:Pogonophobia 4691:Trichophilia 4411:Widow's peak 4181:Layered hair 4165: 4106:Frosted tips 4096:French twist 4091:French braid 4036:Digital perm 3643: 3611: 3571: 3567: 3532: 3528: 3489: 3485: 3469:. Retrieved 3454: 3428: 3393: 3389: 3362: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3304:. Retrieved 3299: 3290: 3278:. Retrieved 3274:Boston Globe 3272: 3262: 3250:. Retrieved 3246: 3237: 3225:. Retrieved 3221: 3211: 3199:. Retrieved 3194: 3185: 3173:. Retrieved 3169: 3160: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3100: 3096: 3079:the original 3075:New Republic 3074: 3047:. Retrieved 3042: 3032: 3020:. Retrieved 3016:the original 3011: 3001: 2989:. Retrieved 2980: 2971: 2959:. Retrieved 2954: 2945: 2933:. Retrieved 2929: 2919: 2907:. Retrieved 2903:the original 2893: 2881:. Retrieved 2877:the original 2866: 2858:The Guardian 2857: 2847: 2835:. Retrieved 2831: 2821: 2809: 2796:Produced by 2791: 2790:Rock, Chris 2786: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2713: 2703: 2695:the original 2674: 2670: 2660: 2636: 2629: 2617:. Retrieved 2597: 2589: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2479: 2446: 2409: 2402: 2382: 2375: 2363:. Retrieved 2359: 2335:. Retrieved 2330: 2320: 2308:. Retrieved 2303: 2294: 2282:. Retrieved 2278: 2268: 2258:20 September 2256:. 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Retrieved 1832: 1811: 1803: 1773:(2): 294–7. 1770: 1766: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1659:Polish plait 1605: 1578: 1553:, excessive 1543: 1535: 1522: 1520: 1512:pipe-cleaner 1501: 1486: 1451: 1447: 1408: 1378: 1343: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1305: 1297: 1294:, she said, 1291:Daily Nation 1289: 1275: 1263: 1257: 1252: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1220: 1198: 1180: 1171: 1165: 1145: 1122: 1115: 1106:Barack Obama 1075: 1049: 1045: 1014: 1002:Angela Davis 990: 970: 967: 958:Angela Davis 954:Civil rights 944: 937: 924:second-class 913: 887:and product 874: 854: 839: 833: 809: 797:emancipation 790: 741: 720: 712: 692:the movement 676: 661: 652: 632: 589: 585:butterknives 581:goose grease 561:House slaves 549:disinfecting 545:infestations 537: 523: 508: 499: 488:Please help 480: 416: 401: 394: 379: 370: 355:Please help 343: 299:Micronesians 287: 265: 224: 218: 217: 204: 195:Andre Walker 192: 183: 176:leiotrichous 175: 115: 111: 107: 103: 101: 94:hair types. 52: 48: 47: 29: 4949:Hairdresser 4888:Hair growth 4827:Backcombing 4741:Conditioner 4664:universalis 4426:Facial hair 4376:Temple fade 4366:Surfer hair 4136:Hi-top fade 4116:Hair twists 4076:Finger wave 3778:by location 3201:14 December 2977:"Faux Locs" 2909:29 December 2883:29 December 1674:Woolly hair 1629:Hi-top fade 1624:Hair twists 1523:Bantu knots 1497:trademarked 1474:hi-top fade 1458:Black Power 1381:West Indies 1373:Nobel Prize 1314:'s hair on 1270:documentary 1222:School Daze 1211:versus the 1102:White House 1073:documentary 1029:hair twists 1010:Jheri curls 997:Black power 960:wearing an 916:Eurocentric 893:rural areas 862:barbershops 852:the scalp. 785: 1914 696:Black pride 688:Eurocentric 684:nationalism 494:introducing 439:Shea butter 303:Melanesians 231:millimeters 117:ulotrichous 98:Terminology 18:Bantu knots 4987:Human hair 4982:Kinky hair 4976:Categories 4893:Trichology 4686:Management 4502:toothbrush 4465:Soul patch 4460:Shenandoah 4346:Spiky hair 4341:Short hair 4271:Punch perm 4206:Marcelling 4176:Laid edges 4166:Kinky hair 4161:Jheri curl 4061:Extensions 4041:Dreadlocks 4011:Curly hair 3966:Caesar cut 3871:Afro puffs 3852:hairstyles 3733:Human hair 3644:kinky hair 3467:. StayGlam 3355:References 3280:8 February 3049:8 February 2798:Chris Rock 2365:24 October 2310:24 October 2284:8 December 2180:1 November 2152:1 November 2095:3642256112 2089:, p. 181, 1875:18 January 1844:4 February 1654:Nubian wig 1639:Jheri curl 1615:(Alopecia) 1596:Dreadlocks 1493:Dreadlocks 1470:blow dryer 1462:afro puffs 1427:See also: 1397:dreadlocks 1286:broadsheet 1260:Chris Rock 1249:slide show 1191:basketball 1172:Nappy Hair 1069:Chris Rock 1006:Diana Ross 995:, and the 909:midwestern 883:, adorned 881:mixed race 866:permanents 791:After the 757:dreadlocks 749:assimilate 728:white bias 419:black soap 305:, and the 184:Oulotrichi 60:human hair 49:Kinky hair 42:Madagascar 4944:Good hair 4801:Volumizer 4642:disorders 4552:threading 4519:Sideburns 4492:horseshoe 4487:handlebar 4482:Fu Manchu 4477:Moustache 4455:Ned Kelly 4445:Chinstrap 4381:Titus cut 4371:Taper cut 4296:Razor cut 4261:Pompadour 4256:Pixie cut 4191:Long hair 4171:Kiss curl 4056:Eton crop 4051:Edgar cut 4031:Dido flip 3981:Comb over 3827:Abdominal 3398:CiteSeerX 3390:BioEssays 3152:148398852 3117:147092123 2860:. 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