762:
522:
511:
499:
486:
474:
463:
452:
441:
430:
419:
408:
397:
142:
167:
533:
308:
1958:
1949:(or Kurshirmat), who had renewed the revolt in 1920. British intelligence reported that Kurshirmat possessed forces of 5,000-6,000 men. After years of war, however, popular support for the Basmachi cause was drying up. Peasants wanted to return to work, especially now that Soviet policies had made Turkestan livable again. Kurshirmat's forces shrank to around 2,000, many resorting to banditry, and he soon fled to Afghanistan. Turkestan was at this point exhausted by war. 200,000 people had fled Tajik lands, leaving two-thirds of arable land abandoned. Lesser devastation could be observed in Ferghana.
202:
190:
572:
561:
544:
238:
343:
254:
2086:. The cavalry brigade advanced 50–70 km inland in northern Afghanistan and was carefully controlled as to not "touch" the farms and property of locals as to not affect their nationalistic or religious feelings. This was relatively successful, as the Afghan locals were friendly and guided them. Ibrahim Bek initially wanted to fight but after hearing of the cavalry's strength and lack of local Afghan sympathy, he halted plans. As a result the Soviets did not face organized resistance and managed to eliminate the Basmachis and their accomplices. The
222:
1850:
2266:
in
Tashkent made Tsarist and Soviet rule appear identical. The ranks of the Basmachi were filled with those left jobless by poor economic conditions, and those who felt that they were opposing an attack on their way of life. The first Basmachi fighters were bandits, as their name suggests, and they reverted to brigandage as the movement fizzled later on. Although the Basmachi were relatively united at certain points, the movement suffered from atomization overall. Rivalry between various leaders and more serious ethnic disputes between
1666:
736:
360:
1779:, however, caused the peasants' army to sour on the Tashkent Soviet. In May 1919, Madamin Bey formed an alliance with the settlers, entailing a non-aggression pact and a coalition army. The new allies made plans for establishing a joint Russian-Muslim state, with power sharing arrangements and cultural rights for both groups. Disputes over the Islamic orientation of the Basmachi led to the break-up of the alliance, however, and both Madamin and the settlers suffered defeats at the hands of the Muslim
692:
674:
375:
323:
842:
155:
281:
178:
746:
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52:
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1869:, arrived in Bukhara to assist the Soviet war effort. Enver Pasha had been an advocate of a Turkish-Soviet alliance against the British, and gained the trust of the Soviet authorities. Soon, however, he defected and became the single most important Basmachi leader, centralizing and revitalizing the movement. Enver Pasha intended to create a pan-Turkic confederation encompassing all of Central Asia, as well as
1552:-growing region. The resulting economic development brought some small-scale industry to the region, but several scholars suggest that native shop workers were worse off than their Russian counterparts, and the new wealth from cotton was spread unevenly; many farmers became indebted. Many criminals organized into bands, forming the basis for the early Basmachi movement when it began in the Ferghana Valley.
703:
681:
648:
622:
603:
584:
272:
1702:
1620:
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715:
297:
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1698:," in which as many as 25,000 people died. This massacre, along with the execution of many Ferghana peasants who were suspected of hoarding cotton and food, incensed the Muslim population. Irgash Bey took up arms against the Soviets, declaring himself "Supreme Leader of the Islamic Army", and the Basmachi rebellion started in earnest.
1823:, the Emir directed the Bokhara Basmachi movement, supported by the angry populace and clergy. Fighters operated on behalf of the Emir and were under the command of Ibrahim Bey, a tribal leader. Basmachi forces operated with success in both Khiva and Bokhara for an extended period. The insurgency also began spreading to
2035:. During the Soviet operation the Basmachi continued raiding across the border, capturing Kalai-Liabob on 20 April, and on 21 April capturing Nimichi, 35 kilometres east of Garm, after an intense battle. Between 20 and 22 April, further Basmachi units crossed into the Soviet Union, one of which made it as far as
1922:. The strategy of concessions with airstrikes was successful, and when in May 1922 Enver Pasha rejected a peace offer and issued an ultimatum demanding that all Red Army troops be withdrawn from Turkestan within fifteen days, Moscow was well prepared for a confrontation. In June 1922 Soviet units led by General
1501:
origin and means "Bandit" or "Robber" which probably derived from "baskinji" meaning "Attacker". The
Russians used the term for the Central Asian resistance fighters, and it was widely used throughout the region to denote them, in an attempt to persuade the public that the fighters were no more than
2265:
reformers, pan-Turkic ideologues and leftist
Turkestani nationalists. Peasants and nomads, long opposed to Russian colonial rule, reacted with hostility to anti-Islamic policies and Soviet requisitioning of food and livestock. The fact that Bolshevism in Turkestan was dominated by Russian colonists
2112:
in 1929. Ibrahim Bek led a brief resurgence of the movement when collectivization fuelled resistance and succeeded in delaying the policy until 1931 in
Turkmenistan, but he was soon caught and executed. The movement then largely died out. The last major Basmachi combat operation occurred In October
2039:
before being turned back by the guards there on 30 April. On 22 April, the
Basmachi captured Garm, which the Soviets recaptured either the same day or the next day. On 24 April, the Soviets began a large counteroffensive, and recaptured Kalai-Liabob that same day. On 3 May, the last Basmachi units
2149:
in 1924. During the
Sovietization of Central Asia, Islam became the focus of antireligious campaigns. The government closed most mosques, repressing Islamic clerics and targeting symbols of Islamic identity such as the veil. Uzbeks who remained practicing Muslims were deemed nationalist and often
2103:
After the
Basmachi movement was destroyed as a political and military force, the fighters who remained hidden in mountainous areas conducted a guerrilla war. The Basmachi uprising had died out in most parts of Central Asia by 1926. However, skirmishes and occasional fighting along the border with
1791:
The pacification of
Ferghana did not last long. During the summer of 1920 the Soviets felt secure enough to requisition food and mobilize Muslim conscripts. The result was a renewed uprising and new Basmachi groups proliferated, fueled by religious slogans. Renewed conflict would see the Basmachi
1605:
The suppression of the rebellion was a deliberate campaign of annihilation against the Kazakh and Kyrgyz tribes on the part of the
Russian soldiers and settlers. Hundreds of thousands of Kazakh and Kyrgyz people were killed or expelled. The ethnic cleansing had its roots in the Tsarist government
2253:
ideologies that some of their leaders ascribed to. However, some
Basmachi groups received support from British and Turkish intelligence services and in order to cut off this outside help, special military detachments of the Red Army masqueraded as Basmachi forces and successfully intercepted
3011:
1905:
Now fearing the total loss of Turkestan, the Soviet authorities once again adopted a double strategy to crush the rebellion: political reconciliation and cultural concessions along with overwhelming military power. Religious concessions reinstated Sharia law, while
1685:, but restricted its jurisdiction to the Muslim old section of Tashkent, and demanded the final say in regional affairs. After violent riots in Tashkent, relations broke down, and despite the leftist leanings of many of its members, Kokand aligned itself with the
1693:
were amnestied and recruited to defend Kokand. This force, however, was unable to resist an attack on Kokand by the forces of the Tashkent Soviet. In February, 1918 the Red Army soldiers thoroughly pillaged Kokand, and carried out what was described as a
2094:
where Basmachis were based, and the Basmachi's properties, were burned down, although the local Afghan population remained untouched. The Basmachis and accomplices lost 839 people, whereas the Soviet army had one loss (from drowning) and two injuries.
1253:
2638:
The uprising spread, and as it gained strength, the Bolsheviks began to refer to its fighters as Basmachi, meaning "bandit" in the local tongues. As they prepared for the Hisor Expedition in the fall of 1920, Turkfront commanders viewed it as
2059:
on 23 May. In addition, international resentment (at a time the Soviet Union attempted to gain international recognition) was also cited as a reason for canceling the operation. The last Soviet unit crossed back from Afghanistan in June 1929.
3619:
2568:
These traditionalist, protomujahideen—called Basmachi, meaning "bandits", by the Soviets— described themselves as standing for Islam, Turkic nationalism, and anticommunism. One of these bands of Muslim rebels was led by Enver Pasha,
1927:
2004:, and the second was undertaken by Kurbashi Kerim Berdoi with 100 Basmachi troops. Both incursions were defeated. Further incursions were repelled on 17 March and 7 April. On 12 April, Basmachi insurgents successfully crossed the
1590:, which was put down by martial law. Tensions between Central Asians (especially Kazakhs) and Russian settlers led to large-scale massacres on both sides. Thousands died, and hundreds of thousands fled, most into the neighbouring
1783:
Red Brigade. The inhabitants of the Ferghana Valley were exhausted after the punishing winter of 1919-20, and Madamin Bey defected to the Soviet side in March. Meanwhile, famine relief reached the region under the more moderate
1246:
1763:
was unable to contain the insurgency, and the end of 1918 decentralized bands of fighters, totaling roughly 20,000, controlled Ferghana and the countryside surrounding Tashkent. Irgash Bey faced rival commanders such as
1025:
2505:"The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. By Edward Dennis Sokol . Foreword by S. Frederick Starr . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016 (original edition 1954). x, 187 pp. Bibliography. Index. Figures"
2748:, in "Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia", Editors: Andreas Kappeler, Gerhard Simon, Gerog Brunner, 1994, pg. 284.
2735:, in "Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia", Editors: Andreas Kappeler, Gerhard Simon, Gerog Brunner, 1994, pg. 282.
2722:, in "Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia", Editors: Andreas Kappeler, Gerhard Simon, Gerog Brunner, 1994, pg. 280.
2580:
Victor Spolnikov, "Impact of Afghanistan's War on the Former Soviet Republics of Central Asia", in Hafeez Malik, ed, Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994),
1239:
3224:
2082:, demanded Ibrahim Bek to lay down arms against the Soviet Union, but he refused. Afghanistan and Soviet Union agreed for another intervention, launched by the Red Army in June 1930 and commanded by Colonel
4420:
1918:, and it is estimated that 15-25 percent of Soviet troops in this region were Muslim. The Soviets primarily relied on thousands of regular Red Army troops, veterans of the Civil War, now bolstered by
171:
3631:
Zeki Velidi Togan, Memoirs: National Existence and Cultural Struggles of Turkistan and Other Muslim Eastern Turks (2011) Full Text translation from the 1969 original. Translated by Paksoy.
808:
Tens of thousands of civilians killed. Several hundred thousand Kazakh and Kyrgyz people killed or evicted with an unknown amount dying to famine according to Sokol. Alternative estimate:
1654:, an organization dominated by Russian railway workers and colonial proletarians, rejected Muslim participation in government. Stung by this apparent reaffirmation of colonial rule, the
1650:. Together, these Muslim nationalists formed a coalition, but it fell apart after the October Revolution, when the Jadids lent their support to the Bolsheviks who had seized power. The
2241:
war with the support of British agents. In reality, the Basmachi were a diverse and multi-faceted group that received negligible foreign aid. The Basmachi were not viewed favorably by
3777:
1873:
and Chinese lands. His call for jihad attracted much support, and he managed to transform the Basmachi guerillas into an army of 16,000 men. By early 1922, a considerable part of the
1481:
practices in the mid-1920s, the military fortunes and popular support of the Basmachi declined. Resistance to Soviet leadership did flare up again, to a lesser extent, in response to
957:
4812:
1454:. The Bolsheviks launched an assault on Kokand in February 1918 and carried out a general massacre of up to 25,000 people. The massacre rallied support to the Basmachi who waged a
4469:
2220:
that sought to end foreign rule over the Central Asian territories then known as Turkestan, and also the protectorates of Khiva and Bokhara. It is suggested that "basmacı" is a
1808:
was born. Before the end of the year, the Soviets deposed the Young Khivans government, and the Muslim nationalists fled to join Junaid, strengthening his forces considerably.
998:
4518:
4484:
3814:
3278:
Ritter, William S (1985). "The Final Phase in the Liquidation of Anti-Soviet Resistance in Tadzhikistan: Ibrahim Bek and the Basmachi, 1924-31". Soviet Studies 37 (4).
3232:
1930:) defeated the Basmachi forces in the Battle of Kafrun. The Red Army began to drive the rebels eastwards, retaking considerable territory. Enver himself was killed in
4348:
4040:
1473:
The fortunes of the movement fluctuated throughout the early 1920s, but by 1923 the Red Army's extensive campaigns had dealt the Basmachis many defeats. After major
1105:
4603:
923:
4797:
4681:
159:
4457:
1115:
3353:
4817:
4698:
3416:
Fazal-Ur-Rahim Khan Marwat, The Basmachi Movement in Soviet Central Asia (A Study in Political Development) (Peshawar, Emjay Books International: 1985), 151.
2000:
by the end of March 1929. In mid-March 1929, two raids were undertaken by the Afghan Basmachi into the Soviet Union, the first into Amu Darya, south-west of
1095:
993:
761:
521:
510:
498:
485:
473:
462:
451:
440:
429:
418:
407:
396:
147:
2261:, the Basmachi drew support from many ideological camps and major sectors of the population. At some point or another the Basmachi attracted the support of
4807:
4410:
4405:
3665:
2069:
1971:
950:
4326:
1788:, while land reform and amnesty placated Ferghana residents. As a result, the Basmachi movement lost control of most populated areas and shrank overall.
1032:
3726:
1578:
Major violence in Russian Turkestan broke out in 1916, when the Tsarist government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service. This caused the
988:
4842:
3952:
3072:
Ritter, William S (1990). "Revolt in the Mountains: Fuzail Maksum and the Occupation of Garm, Spring 1929". Journal of Contemporary History 25: 547.
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4558:
4489:
3782:
3716:
1957:
1771:
With the Tashkent Soviet in a vulnerable military position, the Bolsheviks left Russian settlers to organize their own defense by creating the
1139:
943:
631:
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Afghanistan continued until the early 1930s. Junaid Khan threatened Khiva in 1926, but was finally exiled in 1928. Two prominent commanders,
4427:
1914:
lands were restored. Moscow sought to indigenize the fight with the creation of a volunteer militia composed of Muslim peasants, called the
1768:, who was supported by more moderate Muslim factions, but he secured formal, nominal leadership of the movement at a council in March 1919.
4437:
3721:
3364:
Richard Lorenz, "Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley," in Andreas Kappelerm Gerhard Simon, Edward Allworth, ed,
2146:
1482:
1874:
1689:. Politically and militarily weak, the Muslim government began looking around for protection. To this end, a band of armed robbers led by
532:
195:
4802:
4462:
2654:
Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz stan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran
1805:
1804:
and set up a Young Khivan provisional government. Junaid Khan fled into the desert with his followers, and the Basmachi movement in the
1315:
916:
183:
4395:
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Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia
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4029:
4024:
4001:
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3942:
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2224:
word which refers to a bandit or marauder, such as the bands of thieves that preyed on caravans in the region, derived from the word
2150:
targeted for imprisonment or execution. Stalinist collectivization and industrialization proceeded as elsewhere in the Soviet Union.
1591:
3787:
3582:
3574:
3565:
Alexander Marshall: "Turkfront: Frunze and the Development of Soviet Counter-insurgency in Central Asia" in Tom Everett-Heath (Ed.)
3488:
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3208:
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226:
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1977:
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to form the Kokand Autonomous Government. This was to be the nucleus of an autonomous state in Turkestan, governed by Sharia law.
1598:
was the first anti-Russian incident on a mass scale in Central Asia, and it set the stage for native resistance after the fall of
4832:
4220:
4156:
3894:
657:
4613:
4373:
4358:
4299:
3658:
3615:
Modern Encyclopedia of Religions in Russia and the Soviet Union (FL: Academic International Press) 1991, Vol. 4, pp. 5–20.
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1049:
885:
871:
4081:
3498:
Les Basmatchis: le mouvement national des indigènes d'Asie Centrale depuis la Révolution d'octobre 1917 jusqu'en octobre 1924.
2669:
The Communists' major problem now was how to counter the continuing nationalist Basmachi (meaning "bandit" in Uzbek) movement.
4045:
2458:
2185:
1775:. This often involved brutal reprisals for Basmachi attacks by Soviet forces and Russian farmers both. The harsh policies of
1176:
909:
821:
3752:
2012:. and a few days later, occupied Gashion, and on the 15th, they captured Vanch, which the Soviets recaptured the next day.
4496:
4247:
3976:
3802:
3797:
2114:
2008:
and captured the town of Togmai. Soon after, this force then reached Dzafr and Kevron. On 13 April, the Basmachi captured
1989:
1642:
body that sought a federated, democratic state with autonomy for Muslims. More conservative religious scholars formed the
1073:
735:
696:
685:
380:
359:
4772:
4573:
4543:
4538:
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4363:
4331:
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4034:
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1595:
1579:
1515:
1427:
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1125:
1110:
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1039:
841:
3268:
History of the Afghan War in the 1990s and the transformation of Afghanistan into the source of threats to Central Asia
4708:
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1340:
1044:
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2693:
2621:
2551:
2652:
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4106:
4096:
3711:
3651:
2401:
Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR, By Bohdan Nahaylo,Victor Swoboda, p. 40, 1990.
1984:
allowed Basmachi insurgents to operate in northern Afghanistan, who then had established themselves in Imanseiide,
1923:
1844:
1330:
1166:
1100:
4341:
2174:
1732:, Basmachi leader Junaid Khan overthrew the Russian puppet and suppressed the modernizing movement of the leftist
4447:
4141:
2304:
2142:
1915:
1293:
1015:
4294:
1981:
1083:
740:
4792:
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4513:
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1849:
1665:
1335:
1320:
1181:
64:
4501:
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2125:
Indigenous leaders began to cooperate with Soviet authorities and large numbers of Central Asians joined the
4827:
4230:
3849:
2292:
1772:
1373:
552:
503:
2230:- to raid, to press. The term Basmachi was often used in Soviet sources because of its pejorative meaning.
2051:
to Amanullah Khan. However the operation was halted after Moscow heard that Amanullah Khan had fled to the
1540:
was an ethnically diverse, densely populated region that was divided between settled farmers (often called
1263:
1203:
4703:
4378:
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3899:
3834:
3291:
Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare: A New Era of Modern Warfare
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2126:
571:
560:
543:
348:
259:
237:
4593:
4353:
2341:
In Union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands with July 10, 1919, to January 1920.
1881:
Muslim Magaza Masanchi formed the Dungan Cavalry Regiment to fight for the Soviets against the Basmachi.
1631:
of 1917, Muslim political forces began to organize. Members of the All-Russian Muslim council formed the
1059:
4633:
4282:
3731:
1345:
1151:
876:
866:
861:
856:
830:
565:
1961:
Habibullah Kalakani pictured with his followers in Afghanistan, gave a safe haven for Basmachi fighters
1446:
began. Turkestani Muslim political movements attempted to form an autonomous government in the city of
1298:
2141:
policy. Many gained high positions in the governments of the Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Turkmen
4166:
3839:
3736:
3706:
3468:
Marco Buttino: "Ethnicité et politique dans la guerre civile: à propos du 'basmačestvo' au Fergana",
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1997:
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537:
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and Ibrahim Bey, continued to operate out of Afghanistan and conducted a number of raids into the
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Baberowski, Jörg; Doering-Manteuffel, Anselm (2009). Geyer, Michael; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (eds.).
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2298:
2032:
2015:
Because of the Basmachi attacks, the Soviet Union dispatched a small force into Afghanistan from
1945:. A Basmachi presence remained in the Ferghana Valley until 1924, and fighters there were led by
1765:
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1705:
1435:
1231:
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campaigns carried out from Tashkent had caused economic collapse, and the Ferghana Valley faced
1744:
1728:
populace after a period of looting, and the Emir retained his throne for the time-being. In the
1690:
626:
1938:). His successor, Selim Pasha, continued the struggle but finally fled to Afghanistan in 1923.
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88:
43:
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After the Saqqawists lost the civil war and Kalakani was executed, the Afghan prime minister
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131:
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1941:
In July to August 1923, a large Soviet offensive succeeded at forcing the Basmachi out of
1812:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1678:
1670:
1651:
1556:
1537:
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and conventional war that seized control of large parts of the Fergana Valley and much of
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526:
478:
445:
2009:
3315:
Pipes, Richard (1955). "Muslims of Soviet Central Asia: Trends and Prospects (Part I)".
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Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban
2117:'s forces were defeated in the Karakum desert. The Basmachi movement had ended by 1934.
1747:'s claims to leadership of an army of the faithful won recognition by the clergy of the
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1498:
1451:
1408:
1384:
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401:
312:
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in absence of grain imports. All these factors drove people to join the Basmachi. The
51:
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2105:
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Richard Lorenz, Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley, 186.
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2250:
1828:
1701:
1416:
1412:
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207:
4203:
3161:
1946:
1646:(Board of Learned Men), more concerned with safeguarding Islamic institutions and
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which erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service in
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39:
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The Basmachi movement in Soviet Central Asia: A study in political development.
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17:
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3476:
3000:
Martha B. Olcott, The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918-24, 358.
2233:
The Soviets portrayed the movement as being composed of brigands motivated by
2048:
2005:
1935:
1824:
1647:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1439:
1020:
364:
301:
2528:
2027:. This Red Army force of 700 to 1,000 eventually took control of the city of
4171:
3595:
Martha B. Olcott: "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan 1918-24",
3390:
Martha B. Olcott, "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918-24,"
2603:
Martha B. Olcott, "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918-24,"
2036:
1985:
1889:
1459:
1877:, including Samarkand and Dushanbe, was under Basmachi control. Meanwhile,
4736:
4598:
3092:
Yılmaz Şuhnaz, "An Ottoman Warrior Abroad: Enver Paşa as an Expatriate."
2520:
2426:"SOVIET ARMED FORCES LOSSES IN WARS,COMBAT OPERATIONS MILITARY CONFLICTS"
1870:
1568:
1529:
1474:
1420:
60:
3088:
3086:
2226:
3552:
3328:
2188: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1993:
1854:
1816:
1725:
221:
56:
3254:
3675:
2287:
2271:
2134:
2016:
2001:
1756:
1695:
1682:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1447:
714:
296:
3550:
Basmatschi. Nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934.
1932:
a failed last-ditch cavalry charge on August 4, 1922, near Baldzhuan
1865:, former Turkish war minister and one of the key architects of the
1548:(mostly Kyrgyz). Under Russian rule, it was converted into a major
2453:
Uzbekistan, By Thomas R McCray, Charles F Gritzner, pg. 30, 2004,
2262:
2258:
2130:
2056:
2044:
1956:
1942:
1907:
1896:
1801:
1700:
1664:
1639:
1633:
1618:
1478:
2553:
Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence
1976:
In January 1929, after coming to power in Afghanistan during the
3520:— Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2014. — 60 с. —
3013:
The Modern encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet history, Volume 21
2087:
1911:
1541:
1533:
1486:
3647:
3542:, Vol. 6 (1987), No. 1, pp. 1–73, and No.2, pp. 7–42.
2354:
Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising
1235:
939:
3405:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
3379:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2942:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2903:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2877:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2864:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2848:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2809:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2746:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2733:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2720:
Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley
2414:'12,827 killed or dead', p. 43, London: Greenhill Books, 1997.
2157:
1751:, and he soon controlled a sizable fighting force. Widespread
3605:"BASMACHI": Turkish National Liberation Movement 1916–1930s,
3518:История Ибрагим-бека. Басмачество одного курбаши с его слов.
2783:
2490:
2412:
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
27:
1916–1934 Central Asian uprising against Russian/Soviet rule
2682:
Basmachi Movement From Within: Account of Zeki Velidi Togan
2615:
2613:
3592:(Повесть по воспоминаниям сотрудников КГБ) Dushanbe (1984)
2090:
in the river valley including the villages of Aq Tepe and
2099:
Intermittent Basmachi operations after the Soviet victory
1442:
seized power in many parts of the Russian Empire and the
2351:
Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999).
2245:, who saw the Basmachi as potential enemies due to the
3481:
Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism
3163:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
1575:
that became commonplace, and crime rose considerably.
1536:
or Governor-Generalship. To the east of Tashkent, the
4470:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
3432:
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism compared
2759:
A History of Russia: Peoples, Legends, Events, Forces
1378:
774:
Perhaps 30,000 at its height, over 20,000 (late 1919)
4657:
4258:
4010:
3908:
3827:
3745:
3695:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2377:
Saqqawists had fought only in northern Afghanistan.
2257:Although many fighters were motivated by calls for
1839:
Enver Pasha and the height of the Basmachi movement
1395:
3558:M. Holdsworth: "Soviet Central Asia, 1917–1940",
2216:The Basmachi movement has been characterized as a
1652:Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies
1477:campaigns and concessions regarding economic and
4485:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
3815:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
3638:Восстание 1916 Года в Средней Азии и Казахстане.
3225:"История в лицах. "Наполеон из Локая". Часть II"
2385:
2383:
1815:was finally deposed when the Red Army conquered
1740:First phase of the revolt in the Ferghana Valley
1559:made matters worse, and a large, landless rural
4604:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
4519:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
1953:Cross-border operations in northern Afghanistan
32:
3342:Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia
2592:Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia
2431:. MOSCOW MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE. p. 56
2390:Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia
786:29,617 wounded or sick (Jan. 1921 – July 1922)
4458:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
3659:
3195:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3044:The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan
3016:. Academic International Press. p. 125.
2978:
2976:
2916:The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan
2858:
2856:
2822:The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan
2803:
2801:
2761:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 265
2479:The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan
1712:Meanwhile, Soviet troops temporarily deposed
1247:
951:
917:
8:
3628:, Peshawar, Emjay Books International (1985)
3538:Glenda Fraser: "Basmachi (parts I and II)",
2996:
2994:
2992:
2968:The Basmachi Movement in Soviet Central Asia
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
1615:Kokand autonomy and the start of hostilities
1177:Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army
4411:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
4406:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
3368:(Durham: Duke University Press, 1994), 277.
2424:General-Lieutenant G.F.KRIVOSHEYEV (1993).
2070:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
1972:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
1407:'bandits') was an uprising against
790:867 wounded or sick (Oct. 1922 – June 1931)
3727:Military history of the Russian Federation
3699:
3666:
3652:
3644:
3599:, Vol. 33 (1981), No. 3, pp. 352–369.
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
1254:
1240:
1232:
958:
944:
936:
924:
910:
815:
50:
29:
3977:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
3562:, Vol. 3 (1952), No. 3, pp. 258–277.
3354:Basmachis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online
2204:Learn how and when to remove this message
4813:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
3506:: "The Basmachi Movement in Turkestan",
2784:Baberowski & Doering-Manteuffel 2009
2491:Baberowski & Doering-Manteuffel 2009
2357:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 12.
1888:
1848:
3938:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
3808:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
3465:, Vol. 2 (1983), No. 1, pp. 57–81.
2620:Abdullaev, Kamoludin (10 August 2018).
2334:
1800:In January 1920, the Red Army captured
1172:Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army
829:
818:
4559:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
4490:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
4349:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
4327:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
4041:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
3717:Military history of the Russian Empire
3567:"Central Asia. Aspects of Transition",
2594:(Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc, 1990), 41.
2286:The rebellion is featured in several "
2278:posed major problems to the movement.
1724:. Russian troops were repulsed by the
1708:(1880–1944), the last Emir of Bukhara.
1681:initially recognized the authority of
4798:Rebellions against the Russian Empire
4709:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
4087:Russian colonization of North America
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
2692:Goodson, Larry P. (28 October 2011).
2043:The Red Army had planned to head for
7:
3722:Military history of the Soviet Union
3470:Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique
3394:, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1981), 252.
2186:adding citations to reliable sources
2147:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
4818:Rebellions against the Soviet Union
4463:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
3199:. Oxford University Press. p.
2623:Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan
2607:, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1981), 361.
2550:Parenti, Christian (28 June 2011).
1462:. The group's notable leaders were
4808:Uprisings of the Russian Civil War
4509:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3875:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
3483:2nd ed., London, Macmillan (1967)
3132:. University of Washington Press.
2757:Catherin Evtuhov, Richard Stites,
2698:. University of Washington Press.
1792:movement spread across Turkestan.
1428:anti-conscription violence of 1916
25:
4374:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
3288:Tucker, Spencer C. (2013-10-29).
1875:Bukharan People's Soviet Republic
1606:policy of ethnic homogenization.
4428:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4221:Russian conquest of Central Asia
4157:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
3953:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
3895:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
3500:Paris: Éditions E. Leroux, 1925.
2162:
2023:, to support ousted Afghan King
1714:Emir Sayeed Alim Khan of Bukhara
1706:Emir Sayeed Alim Khan of Bukhara
1426:The movement's roots lay in the
893:
840:
760:
744:
734:
713:
701:
690:
679:
672:
646:
620:
601:
582:
570:
559:
542:
531:
520:
509:
497:
484:
472:
461:
450:
439:
428:
417:
406:
395:
373:
358:
341:
321:
306:
295:
279:
270:
252:
236:
220:
200:
188:
176:
165:
153:
140:
124:
4714:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
4359:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
4300:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
3569:RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2003;
2308:, and in the television series
2173:needs additional citations for
2145:, formed out of the Turkestani
2110:Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
1555:Cotton price-fixing during the
784:9,338 killed or died of disease
4396:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
4046:War of the Austrian Succession
3434:. Cambridge University Press.
1434:. In the months following the
63:troops and burning during the
1:
4619:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
4497:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4248:Russian invasion of Manchuria
4238:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
4184:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
4179:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
4122:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
4112:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
4077:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
4072:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
4062:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
4052:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
4030:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
4025:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
4002:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
3997:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
3972:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
3948:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
3943:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
3928:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
3803:List of wars involving Russia
3798:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3010:Joseph L. Wieczynski (1994).
2651:Hiro, Dilip (November 2011).
1796:Basmachi in Khiva and Bukhara
1623:Flag of the Basmachi Movement
1147:Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt
381:Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)
4843:Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)
4838:Anti-communist organizations
4768:Uprisings during World War I
4574:Eritrean War of Independence
4544:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4539:East German uprising of 1953
4480:Eastern Front (World War II)
4369:Red Army invasion of Georgia
4364:Red Army invasion of Armenia
4332:Estonian War of Independence
4273:Russian occupation of Tabriz
4194:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
4152:War of the Seventh Coalition
4035:War of the Polish Succession
3982:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
3624:Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan Marwat:
3166:. DIANE Publishing. p.
2966:Fazal-Ur-Rahim Khan Marwat,
2626:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2503:Morrison, Alexander (2017).
2324:Central Asian revolt of 1916
2218:national liberation movement
2040:retreated into Afghanistan.
1978:Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)
1853:Negotiations with Basmachi,
1811:In August of that year, the
1596:Central Asian revolt of 1916
1580:Central Asian revolt of 1916
1516:Central Asian revolt of 1916
1419:by rebel groups inspired by
109:Red Army conquered Turkestan
4614:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
4564:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4433:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
4401:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
4337:Latvian War of Independence
4226:Russian conquest of Bukhara
4117:War of the Fourth Coalition
4102:War of the Second Coalition
3191:Rodric Braithwaite (2011).
3096:35, no. 4 (1999), pp. 47-30
2410:Krivosheev, Grigori (Ed.),
2078:on behalf of the new king,
1901:Soviet Central Asia in 1922
1396:
1379:
999:Central Powers intervention
4859:
4803:Rebellions by ethnic group
4609:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4147:War of the Sixth Coalition
4137:War of the Fifth Coalition
4107:War of the Third Coalition
3712:Military history of Russia
3674:Armed conflicts involving
3472:, Vol. 38, No. 1–2, (1997)
3344:, Michael Rywkin, page 43.
3078:10.1177/002200949002500408
2143:Soviet Socialist Republics
2067:
2019:on April 15, commanded by
1969:
1842:
1509:
1497:The term "Basmachi" is of
1483:collectivization campaigns
4823:Wars involving Uzbekistan
4783:1930s in the Soviet Union
4778:1920s in the Soviet Union
4722:
4448:Soviet invasion of Poland
4142:French invasion of Russia
3753:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
3702:
3590:В горах Восточной Бухары.
3160:J. Bruce Amstutz (1994).
3129:Afghanistan's Endless War
3126:Larry P. Goodson (2011).
3114:Moscow's Muslim Challenge
2984:Moscow's Muslim Challenge
2955:Moscow's Muslim Challenge
2929:Moscow's Muslim Challenge
2890:Moscow's Muslim Challenge
2835:Moscow's Muslim Challenge
2392:, Michael Rywkin, page 35
2154:Character of the movement
2047:to take it back from the
1582:, centered in modern-day
1388:
1368:
1279:
979:
806:
778:
753:
388:
117:
71:
49:
37:
4589:South African Border War
4514:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
4416:Chechen uprising of 1932
4097:Russo-Persian War (1796)
3294:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
1716:in favor of the leftist
1627:In the aftermath of the
1321:Bukhara operation (1920)
1182:Great Siberian Ice March
212:(from December 30, 1922)
4833:20th-century rebellions
4231:Khivan campaign of 1873
4082:Russo-Polish War (1792)
3555:, Dreisam-Verlag (1993)
2293:White Sun of the Desert
1845:Enver Pasha's Rebellion
1773:Peasant Army of Fergana
1602:in the following year.
1436:October 1917 Revolution
799:30,484+ wounded or sick
504:Konstantin Avksentevsky
4704:Western Libya campaign
4379:East Karelian uprising
3900:Wagner Group rebellion
3835:Uprising of Bolotnikov
3094:Middle Eastern Studies
2235:Islamic fundamentalism
2127:Soviet Communist Party
1962:
1902:
1894:
1885:Defeat of the movement
1858:
1709:
1674:
1624:
1116:Armenia and Azerbaijan
389:Commanders and leaders
4699:Intervention in Syria
4634:Tajikistani Civil War
4342:Lithuanian–Soviet War
4283:Battle of Robat Karim
3732:Post-Soviet conflicts
1960:
1900:
1893:Turkestan front, 1922
1892:
1852:
1704:
1668:
1638:(Islamic Council), a
1622:
1265:Central Asian Theatre
900:Tajikistan portal
810:150,000 dead in 1916.
779:Casualties and losses
566:Sardar Shah Wali Khan
227:Armenian nationalists
4682:Annexation of Crimea
4386:Central Asian Revolt
4295:Ukrainian–Soviet War
4167:Russo-Circassian War
3850:Pugachev's Rebellion
3793:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
3737:Russian Armed Forces
3707:Early modern warfare
3540:Central Asian Survey
3462:Central Asian Survey
2521:10.1017/slr.2017.185
2239:counterrevolutionary
2182:improve this article
2076:Mohammad Hashim Khan
1079:Ukrainian-Soviet War
862:Early modern history
232:In cooperation with:
4773:Soviet Central Asia
4742:Sphere of influence
4672:Russo-Ukrainian War
4529:First Indochina War
4502:Soviet–Japanese War
4438:Xinjiang War (1937)
4307:Kazakhstan Campaign
4092:Kościuszko Uprising
3992:Second Northern War
3870:Coup attempt (1991)
3763:Soviet-Finnish wars
3618:Zeki Velidi Togan,
3317:Middle East Journal
2786:, pp. 201–202.
2080:Mohammed Nader Shah
1982:Habibullāh Kalakāni
1786:New Economic Policy
1673:'s building in 1917
1629:February Revolution
1567:clergy decried the
1316:Petro-Aleksandrovsk
1284:Bukharan Revolution
994:Allied intervention
989:Left-wing uprisings
741:Habibullāh Kalakāni
720:Konstantin Monstrov
549:Mohammad Nadir Shah
516:Vladimir Lazarevich
491:Mikhail Levandovsky
243:Amanullah loyalists
4732:Russian Revolution
4667:Russo-Georgian War
4649:Second Chechen War
4629:Georgian Civil War
4268:Russo-Japanese War
4020:Great Northern War
3918:Russo-Crimean Wars
3890:Second Chechen War
3788:Russo-Turkish wars
3783:Russo-Swedish wars
3773:Russo-Persian Wars
3758:Russo-Crimean Wars
3611:2017-02-01 at the
3508:The Asiatic Review
3235:on 4 February 2016
3042:Martha B. Olcott,
2914:Martha B. Olcott,
2820:Martha B. Olcott,
2477:Martha B. Olcott,
2299:The Seventh Bullet
2282:In popular culture
1963:
1903:
1895:
1861:In November 1921,
1859:
1710:
1675:
1625:
1299:Kolesov's Campaign
1294:Tashkent Rebellion
984:October Revolution
877:Since independence
697:Muhammad Alim Khan
413:Grigory Sokolnikov
329:Emirate of Bukhara
163: •
151: •
67:, 1 September 1920
4763:Basmachi movement
4750:
4749:
4639:First Chechen War
4594:Soviet–Afghan War
4579:Angolan Civil War
4354:Polish–Soviet War
4312:Finnish Civil War
4290:Russian Civil War
4189:November Uprising
4127:Anglo-Russian War
4067:Bar Confederation
3880:First Chechen War
3860:Russian Civil War
3855:Decembrist revolt
3845:Bulavin Rebellion
3840:Razin's Rebellion
3823:
3822:
3778:Russo-Polish Wars
3746:Lists by opponent
3602:Hasan B. Paksoy,
3526:978-3-659-13813-3
3441:978-0-521-89796-9
2705:978-0-295-80158-2
2664:978-1-59020-378-1
2633:978-1-5381-0252-7
2563:978-1-56858-662-5
2556:. PublicAffairs.
2214:
2213:
2206:
1867:Armenian genocide
1827:, as well as the
1722:Fayzulla Xoʻjayev
1592:Republic of China
1526:Russian Turkestan
1512:Russian Turkestan
1444:Russian Civil War
1406:
1394:
1377:
1361:Basmachi movement
1356:
1355:
1331:Enver's Rebellion
1326:Basmachi movement
1289:Khivan Revolution
1271:Russian Civil War
1229:
1228:
971:Russian Civil War
934:
933:
814:
813:
538:Fayzulla Xoʻjayev
276:Basmachi movement
113:
112:
89:Russian Turkestan
65:Bukhara operation
44:Russian Civil War
33:Basmachi movement
16:(Redirected from
4850:
4624:Transnistria War
4569:War of Attrition
4475:Continuation War
4424:
4216:January Uprising
4057:Seven Years' War
3957:Time of Troubles
3923:Russo-Kazan Wars
3768:Russo-Kazan Wars
3700:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3459:: The Basmachi.
3445:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3403:Richard Lorenz,
3401:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3377:Richard Lorenz,
3375:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3255:"Павел Аптекарь"
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3231:. Archived from
3221:
3215:
3214:
3198:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3123:
3117:
3112:Michael Rywkin,
3110:
3097:
3090:
3081:
3070:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2987:
2982:Michael Rywkin,
2980:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2953:Michael Rywkin,
2951:
2945:
2940:Richard Lorenz,
2938:
2932:
2927:Michael Rywkin,
2925:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2901:Richard Lorenz,
2899:
2893:
2888:Michael Rywkin,
2886:
2880:
2875:Richard Lorenz,
2873:
2867:
2862:Richard Lorenz,
2860:
2851:
2846:Richard Lorenz,
2844:
2838:
2833:Michael Rywkin,
2831:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2807:Richard Lorenz,
2805:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2744:Richard Lorenz,
2742:
2736:
2731:Richard Lorenz,
2729:
2723:
2718:Richard Lorenz,
2716:
2710:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2590:Michael Rywkin,
2588:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2462:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2166:
2158:
1934:(in present-day
1819:. From exile in
1730:Khanate of Khiva
1718:Young Bukharians
1600:Tsar Nicholas II
1563:soon developed.
1409:Imperial Russian
1401:
1399:
1393:romanized:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1309:Battle of Dushak
1304:Malleson mission
1274:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1233:
974:
972:
960:
953:
946:
937:
926:
919:
912:
898:
897:
896:
857:Medieval history
844:
834:
816:
765:
764:
749:
748:
739:
738:
730:
728:
718:
717:
706:
705:
704:
695:
694:
684:
683:
682:
677:
676:
668:
661:
651:
650:
649:
642:
635:
625:
624:
623:
616:
606:
605:
604:
597:
587:
586:
585:
577:Ghulam Nabi Khan
575:
574:
564:
563:
547:
546:
536:
535:
525:
524:
514:
513:
506:
502:
501:
493:
489:
488:
477:
476:
466:
465:
455:
454:
444:
443:
433:
432:
422:
421:
411:
410:
400:
399:
379:
377:
376:
369:
363:
362:
355:
354:(until mid-1922)
351:
347:
345:
344:
333:
327:
325:
324:
318:
317:
311:
310:
309:
300:
299:
291:
287:Khanate of Khiva
285:
283:
282:
275:
274:
273:
266:
262:
258:
256:
255:
248:
241:
240:
225:
224:
213:
206:
204:
203:
194:
192:
191:
182:
180:
179:
170:
169:
168:
158:
157:
156:
146:
144:
143:
137:
132:Russian Republic
130:
128:
127:
73:
72:
54:
30:
21:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4793:Peasant revolts
4788:Pan-nationalism
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4718:
4659:
4653:
4644:War of Dagestan
4418:
4391:August Uprising
4260:
4254:
4243:Boxer Rebellion
4211:Amur Annexation
4012:
4006:
3910:
3904:
3885:War of Dagestan
3865:August Uprising
3819:
3741:
3691:
3672:
3640:Tashkent (1962)
3613:Wayback Machine
3588:Яков Нальский:
3535:Tashkent (1984)
3510:Vol.XXIV (1928)
3494:Joseph Castagné
3453:
3451:Further reading
3448:
3442:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3140:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3100:
3091:
3084:
3071:
3050:
3046:, 1918-24, 357.
3041:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2922:
2918:, 1918-24, 356.
2913:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2824:, 1918-24, 354.
2819:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2634:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2564:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2481:, 1918-24, 355.
2476:
2465:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2320:
2284:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2179:
2167:
2156:
2123:
2101:
2072:
2066:
2021:Vitaly Primakov
1974:
1968:
1955:
1887:
1847:
1841:
1813:Emir of Bukhara
1798:
1761:Tashkent Soviet
1753:nationalization
1749:Ferghana Valley
1742:
1720:faction led by
1679:Tashkent Soviet
1671:Tashkent Soviet
1617:
1612:
1557:First World War
1538:Ferghana Valley
1528:was ruled from
1518:
1510:Main articles:
1508:
1495:
1421:Islamic beliefs
1383:, derived from
1357:
1352:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1230:
1225:
1084:Western Ukraine
1026:Eastern Karelia
975:
970:
968:
967:Theaters of the
966:
964:
930:
894:
892:
832:
825:
798:
796:
791:
789:
787:
785:
771:120,000–160,000
770:
767:Turkestan Front
759:
733:
732:
731:
724:
712:
711:
710:
702:
700:
699:
689:
688:
680:
678:
671:
670:
664:
655:
647:
645:
644:
638:
629:
621:
619:
618:
612:
602:
600:
599:
593:
583:
581:
569:
568:
558:
557:
541:
540:
530:
529:
527:Magaza Masanchi
519:
518:
508:
507:
496:
495:
494:
483:
482:
481:
479:Semyon Pugachov
471:
470:
460:
459:
449:
448:
446:Vitaly Primakov
438:
437:
427:
426:
416:
415:
405:
404:
394:
374:
372:
367:
357:
356:
353:
352:
342:
340:
339:
338:
334:
331:
322:
320:
319:
315:
307:
305:
304:
294:
293:
292:
289:
280:
278:
277:
271:
269:
264:
263:
253:
251:
250:
249:
246:
245:
235:
234:
229:
219:
218:
211:
210:
201:
199:
198:
189:
187:
186:
177:
175:
174:
166:
164:
162:
154:
152:
150:
141:
139:
138:
135:
134:
125:
123:
105:
91:
59:under siege by
55:
28:
23:
22:
18:Basmachi Revolt
15:
12:
11:
5:
4856:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:White movement
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Russian Winter
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Vlora incident
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4324:
4319:
4317:Sochi conflict
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3616:
3600:
3597:Soviet Studies
3593:
3586:
3563:
3560:Soviet Studies
3556:
3546:Baymirza Hayit
3543:
3536:
3529:
3514:Pavel Gusterin
3511:
3504:Mustafa Chokay
3501:
3491:
3473:
3466:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3409:
3396:
3392:Soviet Studies
3383:
3370:
3357:
3346:
3334:
3323:(2): 149–150.
3307:
3300:
3280:
3271:
3260:
3246:
3229:abdunazarov.ru
3216:
3209:
3183:
3176:
3145:
3139:978-0295801582
3138:
3118:
3098:
3082:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3002:
2988:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2868:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2813:
2797:
2788:
2776:
2770:Hafeez Malik,
2763:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2704:
2684:
2673:
2663:
2643:
2632:
2609:
2605:Soviet Studies
2596:
2583:
2573:
2562:
2542:
2515:(3): 772–778.
2495:
2493:, p. 202.
2483:
2463:
2441:
2416:
2403:
2394:
2379:
2370:
2363:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2283:
2280:
2243:Western Powers
2212:
2211:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2139:indigenization
2122:
2119:
2100:
2097:
2084:Yakov Melkumov
2068:Main article:
2065:
2062:
2029:Mazar-i-Sharif
2025:Amanullah Khan
1970:Main article:
1967:
1964:
1954:
1951:
1886:
1883:
1843:Main article:
1840:
1837:
1806:Khorezm Region
1797:
1794:
1741:
1738:
1658:reunited with
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1507:
1504:
1494:
1491:
1452:Fergana Valley
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:South Caucasus
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
977:
976:
965:
963:
962:
955:
948:
940:
932:
931:
929:
928:
921:
914:
906:
903:
902:
889:
888:
882:
881:
880:
879:
874:
869:
867:Russian vassal
864:
859:
854:
846:
845:
837:
836:
827:
826:
819:
812:
811:
804:
803:
800:
781:
780:
776:
775:
772:
756:
755:
751:
750:
579:
435:Yakov Melkumov
402:Mikhail Frunze
391:
390:
386:
385:
384:
383:
313:Alash Autonomy
267:
160:Turkestan ASSR
120:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
101:
100:
99:Soviet Victory
97:
93:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4855:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4692:2022 invasion
4690:
4688:
4687:War in Donbas
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Ili Rebellion
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4162:Caucasian War
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
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4018:
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3998:
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3649:
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3639:
3636:Х. Турсунов:
3635:
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3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
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3607:
3606:
3601:
3598:
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3583:0-7007-0957-6
3580:
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3575:0-7007-0956-8
3572:
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3564:
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3537:
3534:
3531:Б. В. Лунин:
3530:
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3519:
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3509:
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3495:
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3308:
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3301:9781610692809
3297:
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3269:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3210:9780199911516
3206:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3177:9780788111112
3173:
3169:
3165:
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3146:
3141:
3135:
3131:
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3049:
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3025:
3023:0-87569-064-5
3019:
3015:
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3006:
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2997:
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2522:
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2514:
2510:
2509:Slavic Review
2506:
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2364:9781558761551
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2329:
2325:
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2321:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:The Bodyguard
2301:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2208:
2205:
2197:
2194:December 2023
2187:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2171:This section
2169:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2106:Faizal Maksum
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1851:
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1838:
1836:
1834:
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1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1777:War Communism
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1734:Young Khivans
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:Ulema Jemyeti
1657:
1656:Shura-i Islam
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:Ulema Jemyeti
1641:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1347:
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1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:Central Asian
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
978:
973:
961:
956:
954:
949:
947:
942:
941:
938:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
908:
907:
905:
904:
901:
891:
890:
887:
884:
883:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
852:Early history
850:
849:
848:
847:
843:
839:
838:
835:
828:
823:
817:
809:
805:
801:
794:
783:
782:
777:
773:
768:
763:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
729:
727:
721:
716:
709:
698:
693:
687:
675:
669:
667:
659:
654:
643:
641:
633:
628:
617:
615:
609:
598:
596:
590:
580:
578:
573:
567:
562:
556:
555:
550:
545:
539:
534:
528:
523:
517:
512:
505:
500:
492:
487:
480:
475:
469:
464:
458:
457:Vasily Shorin
453:
447:
442:
436:
431:
425:
424:Pyotr Kobozev
420:
414:
409:
403:
398:
393:
392:
387:
382:
371:
370:
366:
361:
350:
337:
336:Supported by:
330:
314:
303:
298:
288:
268:
261:
244:
239:
233:
230:
228:
223:
217:
216:Supported by:
209:
197:
185:
173:
161:
149:
133:
122:
121:
116:
108:
103:
102:
98:
95:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4443:World War II
4385:
3967:Smolensk War
3933:Livonian War
3637:
3625:
3604:
3589:
3566:
3549:
3539:
3532:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3480:
3469:
3460:
3457:Marie Broxup
3431:
3423:Bibliography
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3263:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3228:
3219:
3194:
3186:
3162:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3093:
3043:
3038:
3027:. Retrieved
3012:
3005:
2983:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2791:
2779:
2772:Central Asia
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2694:
2687:
2676:
2668:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2622:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2567:
2552:
2545:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2486:
2478:
2433:. Retrieved
2419:
2411:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2373:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2311:State Border
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2256:
2251:Pan-Islamist
2232:
2225:
2215:
2200:
2191:
2180:Please help
2175:verification
2172:
2124:
2102:
2073:
2042:
2014:
2010:Qal'ai Khumb
1975:
1940:
1910:schools and
1904:
1860:
1810:
1799:
1790:
1770:
1743:
1711:
1676:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1604:
1577:
1554:
1519:
1496:
1472:
1466:and, later,
1425:
1417:Central Asia
1380:Basmachestvo
1360:
1358:
1341:2nd Dushanbe
1336:1st Dushanbe
1325:
1220:
1197:Yakut revolt
1091:South Russia
1016:North Russia
807:
792:
725:
665:
639:
613:
594:
553:
335:
231:
215:
214:
208:Soviet Union
196:Bukharan PSR
172:Kirghiz ASSR
148:Russian SFSR
118:Belligerents
4549:Vietnam War
4419: [
4278:World War I
4199:Crimean War
4132:Finnish War
4048:(1740–1748)
4037:(1733–1738)
3962:Ingrian War
3678:(including
3533:Басмачество
2290:", such as
2247:Pan-Turkist
2237:, waging a
2115:Junaid Khan
2113:1933, when
2053:British Raj
2033:Tashqurghan
1920:air support
1863:Enver Pasha
1821:Afghanistan
1781:Volga Tatar
1766:Madamin Bey
1561:proletariat
1522:World War I
1502:criminals.
1485:in the pre-
1468:Ibrahim Bek
1464:Enver Pasha
1432:World War I
1369:Басмачество
872:Soviet rule
831:History of
797:9,854+ dead
686:Junaid Khan
656: [
653:Madamin Bey
630: [
608:Ibrahim Bek
589:Enver Pasha
468:August Kork
349:Afghanistan
260:Afghanistan
184:Khorezm PSR
104:Territorial
40:World War I
4757:Categories
4584:Ogaden War
4534:Korean War
4453:Winter War
4322:Heimosodat
3909:Tsardom of
3477:Olaf Caroe
3239:11 January
3029:2011-01-01
2657:. Abrams.
2459:1438105517
2435:2015-06-21
2330:References
2254:supplies.
2049:Saqqawists
2006:Panj River
1936:Tajikistan
1916:Red Sticks
1825:Kazakhstan
1745:Irgash Bey
1691:Irgash Bey
1648:Sharia law
1588:Uzbekistan
1584:Kazakhstan
1573:alcoholism
1506:Background
1440:Bolsheviks
1121:Azerbaijan
1096:Bessarabia
1021:Heimosodat
833:Tajikistan
788:516 killed
627:Irgash Bey
365:Saqqawists
302:White Army
4204:Åland War
4172:Murid War
4011:18th–19th
2537:166171560
2529:0037-6779
2121:Aftermath
2037:Tavildara
1986:Khan Abad
1947:Korşirmat
1520:Prior to
1493:Etymology
1460:Turkestan
1456:guerrilla
1450:, in the
1374:romanized
1162:2nd Kazan
1157:1st Kazan
1055:Petrograd
1050:Lithuania
708:Korşirmat
316:(1919–20)
290:(1918–20)
79:1916–1934
4737:Cold War
4599:Gulf War
3955:and the
3828:Internal
3684:Imperial
3621:Memoirs.
3609:Archived
3577:(cloth)
2774:, p.101.
2318:See also
2092:'Aliabad
1998:Fayzabad
1871:Anatolia
1726:Bukharan
1640:Jadidist
1636:-i Islam
1610:Conflict
1569:gambling
1530:Tashkent
1475:Red Army
1415:rule in
1397:Bosmachi
1221:Basmachi
1192:Mongolia
1167:1st Perm
1067:Southern
1005:Northern
886:Timeline
822:a series
820:Part of
754:Strength
84:Location
61:Red Army
42:and the
38:Part of
4677:Outline
4660:century
4261:century
4013:century
3696:Related
3680:Tsarist
3329:4322692
2288:Osterns
2276:Turkmen
1994:Taloqan
1924:Kakurin
1855:Fergana
1835:lands.
1833:Turkmen
1817:Bukhara
1479:Islamic
1405:
1389:Босмачи
1376::
1365:Russian
1268:of the
1211:Bukhara
1152:Siberia
1140:Eastern
1126:Armenia
1111:Georgia
1106:Ossetia
1074:Ukraine
1040:Estonia
1033:Western
1011:Finland
802:Unknown
795:40,000+
726:†
666:†
640:†
614:†
595:†
106:changes
57:Bukhara
3987:Deluge
3911:Russia
3690:times)
3688:Soviet
3676:Russia
3585:(pbk.)
3581:
3573:
3524:
3487:
3438:
3407:, 289.
3327:
3298:
3207:
3174:
3136:
3020:
2970:, 160.
2944:, 296.
2905:, 295.
2866:, 293.
2850:, 291.
2811:, 290.
2702:
2661:
2630:
2560:
2535:
2527:
2457:
2361:
2302:, and
2272:Uzbeks
2268:Kyrgyz
2227:basmak
2222:Turkic
2135:Stalin
2129:under
2017:Termez
2002:Kulyab
1990:Rostaq
1879:Dungan
1857:, 1921
1757:famine
1696:pogrom
1687:Whites
1683:Kokand
1594:. The
1565:Muslim
1550:cotton
1546:nomads
1544:) and
1448:Kokand
1438:, the
1413:Soviet
1133:Tambov
1060:Poland
1045:Latvia
824:on the
793:Total:
743:
722:
662:
636:
610:
591:
551:
378:
368:(1929)
346:
332:(1920)
326:
284:
265:(1930)
257:
247:(1929)
205:
193:
181:
145:
136:(1917)
129:
96:Result
4423:]
3381:, 293
3325:JSTOR
3116:, 42.
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