791:
825:
695:
3785:
3462:
3797:
1173:
not make sense unless the appropriate taxonomic level(s) (genus, in this case) is specified. If that level cannot be specified (i.e., if the clade in question is unranked) a more detailed description of the relevant sister groups may be needed. As can be seen, the term is not reflective of ancestral states or proximity to the common ancestor of extant species.
363:
301:", the latter of which may carry false connotations of inferiority or a lack of complexity. The terms ''deep-branching'' or ''early-branching'' are similar in meaning, and equally may misrepresent extant taxa that lie on branches connecting directly to the root node as having more ancestral character states.
2122:
Li, H.-T.; Yi, T.-S.; Gao, L.-M.; Ma, P.-F.; Zhang, T.; Yang, J.-B.; Gitzendanner, M.A.; Fritsch, P.W.; Cai, J.; Luo, Y.; Wang, H.; van der Bank, M.; Zhang, S.-D.; Wang, Q.-F.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.-R.; Fu, C.-N.; Yang, J.; Hollingsworth, P.M.; Chase, M.W.; Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S.; Li, D.-Z. (2019).
1310:, the basal position of the Malagasy family suggests, in combination with the fossil record and the next-most-basal placement of the New Zealand family, that the superfamily originated in Africa and then migrated eastward to South America, proliferating there but surviving in the Old World only in
1172:
are both basal within
Hominidae, but given that there are no nonbasal subfamilies in the cladogram it is unlikely the term would be applied to either. In general, a statement to the effect that one group (e.g., orangutans) is basal, or branches off first, within another group (e.g., Hominidae) may
277:
the extant taxa of a given rank within the clade; this is one reason the term basal is highly deceptive, as the lack of additional species in one clade is taken as evidence of morphological affinity with ancestral taxa. Additionally, this qualification does not ensure that the diversity of extinct
128:
itself. In the context of large groups, the term "basal" is often used loosely to refer to positions closer to the root than the majority, and in such cases, expressions like "very basal" can appear. A 'core clade' refers to the grouping that encompasses all constituent clades except for the basal
1197:
Given that the deepest phylogenetic split in a group is likely to have occurred early in its history, identification of the most basal subclade(s) in a widely dispersed taxon or clade can provide valuable insight into its region of origin; however, the lack of additional species in a clade is not
317:
rank). The term may be equivocal in that it also refers to the direction of the root of the tree, which represents a hypothetical ancestor; this consequently may inaccurately imply that the sister group of a more species-rich clade displays ancestral features. An extant basal group may or may not
3259:
Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C.M.; Mikkelsen, T.S.; Karlsson, E.K.; Jaffe, D.B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J.L.; Kulbokas, E.J.; Zody, M.C.; Mauceli, E.; Xie, X.; Breen, M.; Wayne, R.K.; Ostrander, E.A.; Ponting, C.P.; Galibert, F.; Smith, D.R.; Dejong, P.J.; Kirkness, E.; Alvarez, P.; Biagi, T.;
322:
of a larger clade to a greater degree than other groups, and is separated from that ancestor by the same amount of time as all other extant groups. However, there are cases where the unusually small size of a sister group does indeed correlate with an unusual number of ancestral traits, as in
3064:
Yonezawa, T.; Segawa, T.; Mori, H.; Campos, P. F.; Hongoh, Y.; Endo, H.; Akiyoshi, A.; Kohno, N.; Nishida, S.; Wu, J.; Jin, H.; Adachi, J.; Kishino, H.; Kurokawa, K.; Nogi, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Mukoyama, H.; Yoshida, K.; Rasoamiaramanana, A.; Yamagishi, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Koike, H.;
50:. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root, or more loosely applied to nodes regarded as being close to the root. Note that extant taxa that lie on branches connecting directly to the root are not more closely related to the root than any other extant taxa.
1176:
In this example, orangutans differ from the other genera in their Asian range. This fact plus their basal status provides a hint that the most recent common ancestor of extant great apes may have been
Eurasian (see below), a suggestion that is consistent with other evidence. (Of course,
312:
try to avoid its usage because its application to extant groups is unnecessary and misleading. The term is more often applied when one branch (the one deemed "basal") is less diverse than another branch (this being the situation in which one would expect to find a basal taxon of lower
272:
While it is easy to identify a basal clade in such a cladogram, the appropriateness of such an identification is dependent on the accuracy and completeness of the diagram. It is often assumed in this example that the terminal branches of the cladogram depict
1202:
and
Noctilionoidea cases below). As with all other traits, the phylogeographic location of one clade that connects to the root does not provide information about the ancestral state. Examples where such unjustified inferences may have been made include:
1949:
Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2008).
1246:(Opluridae) were previously thought to be basal, with an estimated divergence date from the others of ~162 million years, not long before the time of Madagascar's separation from Africa. This suggested that iguanids once had a widespread
1577:
may have similarly traveled overland from South
America to colonize Australia; a fossil ratite is known from Antarctica, and South American rheas are more basal within the group than Australo-Pacific ratites.
2657:
Schulte, J. A.; Valladares, J. P.; Larson, A. (September 2003). "Phylogenetic
Relationships Within Iguanidae Inferred Using Molecular and Morphological Data and a Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards".
1812:
Fernández-Mazuecos, M.; Blanco-Pastor, J.L.; Juan, A.; Carnicero, P.; Forrest, A.; Alarcón, M.; Vargas, P.; Glover, B.J. (2019). "Macroevolutionary dynamics of nectar spurs, a key evolutionary innovation".
1213:
are present in South Africa, Australia, New
Zealand and Chile. The most basal clade is South African; DNA sequence evidence indicates that after their South American ancestors reached South Africa, they
1198:
evidence that it carries the ancestral state for most traits. Most deceptively, people often believe that the direction of migration away from the area of origin can also be inferred (as in the
391:, consisting of the most species, genus, family and order within the group that are sister to all other angiosperms (out of a total of about 250,000 angiosperm species). The traits of
1270:, having only diverged 60 million years ago following a likely rafting event of their own. Due to this, neither of the Old World "iguanids" are thought to represent basal lineages.
2845:; Boundy, J.; Lawson, R. (June 2001). "The Phylogenetic Relationships of Asian Coral Snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters".
1565:, with about 120 extant species, suggesting a South American origin for the group. This is consistent with the finding of a fossil from the South American family in Antarctica.
1443:
Greater diversification of a clade may also be associated with colonization of a new land mass, especially if larger or less competitive than the ancestral land mass; see the
1276:
comprise about 16 species in Asia and over 65 species in the
Americas. However, none of the American clades are basal, implying that the group's ancestry was in the Old World.
790:
3147:
Teeling, E. C.; Springer, M.; Madsen, O.; Bates, P.; O'Brien, S.; Murphy, W. (2005-01-28). "A Molecular
Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record".
2620:
Okajima, Y.; Kumazawa, Y. (2009-07-15). "Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of
Madagascan oplurines".
2391:
399:), of any living angiosperm" as well as "simple, separate flower parts of indefinite numbers, and unsealed carpels". However, those traits are a mix of archaic and
1473:
That is, in the diagram below, both basal clades #1 and #2 are more basal than non-basal clade #1, which in turn is more basal than non-basal clades #2 and #3.
2385:
Moya-Sola, S.; Alba, D. M.; Almecija, S.; Casanovas-Vilar, I.; Kohler, M.; De
Esteban-Trivigno, S.; Robles, J. M.; Galindo, J.; Fortuny, J. (2009-06-16).
1327:, suggesting a North American origin of the nearly worldwide group. This is consistent with fossil evidence indicating a North American origin for the
395:
are regarded as providing significant insight into the evolution of flowering plants; for example, it has "the most primitive wood (consisting only of
1283:) in South America. The fact that the monito del monte occupies a basal position (the most basal species, genus, family and order) in the superorder
2198:
Ramírez-Barahona, S.; Sauquet, H.; Magallón, S. (2020). "The delayed and geographically heterogeneous diversification of flowering plant families".
3400:
1509:; i.e., in this case the geographic location of the basal clade is not thought to provide evidence for the locale in which angiosperms originated.
3004:"First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia"
2738:"Molecular and morphological analysis of the critically endangered Fijian iguanas reveals cryptic diversity and a complex biogeographic history"
1434:
is the basal genus of family Hominidae. The two basal clades of the latter both have the highest rank of subfamily, i.e. Homininae and Ponginae.
403:(derived) features that have only been sorted out via comparison with other angiosperms and their positions within the phylogenetic tree (the
3347:
1879:
2904:"A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians"
2528:
53:
While there must always be two or more equally "basal" clades sprouting from the root of every cladogram, those clades may differ widely in
3595:
716:
2945:"Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary"
3200:"New Myzopodidae (Chiroptera) from the Late Paleogene of Egypt: Emended Family Diagnosis and Biogeographic Origins of Noctilionoidea"
1287:
is an important clue that its origin was in South America. This conclusion is consistent with the fact that the South American order
3555:
738:
3309:
Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard; Taylor, Beryl (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)".
3635:
1641:
407:
could potentially also be helpful in this respect, but is absent in this case). The cladogram below is based on Ramírez-Barahona
285:
cannot be objectively applied to clades of organisms, but tends to be applied selectively and more controversially to groups or
3640:
3573:
2332:
Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010-07-27). Penny, David (ed.).
1554:
1482:
Since a lineage is a linear chain of descent, all lineages within a clade can be traced back not only to the root, but to the
3650:
3580:
1360:
Meaning the lowest taxonomic ranks of the respective clades; the highest ranks should be the same (assuming they are ranked).
3107:
1506:
1311:
1262:
are nested deeply within American iguanids, having apparently colonized their isolated range after an epic 10,000 km
384:
2557:
Kuntner, M.; Ceccarelli, F. S.; Opell, B. D.; Haddad, C. R.; Raven, Robert J.; Soto, E. M.; Ramírez, M. J. (2016-10-12).
1606:
1209:
2170:
3560:
3467:
3423:
3393:
2038:"The Platypus Is in Its Place: Nuclear Genes and Indels Confirm the Sister Group Relation of Monotremes and Therians"
709:
703:
1952:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary"
1536:, which is presumed to have served as a way station on the migration route to Australia before the final breakup of
824:
141:
A basal group in the stricter sense forms a sister group to the rest of the larger clade, as in the following case:
1486:. Thus, from a phylogenetic standpoint, the notion of a lineage being basal is nonsensical. However, in genetics,
329:(see below). This is likely a source of the mis-use of the term. Other famous examples of this phenomenon are the
3750:
3676:
298:
720:
3801:
3371:
2874:"New marsupial (Mammalia) from the Eocene of Antarctica, and the origins and affinities of the Microbiotheria"
3630:
3428:
1906:
Jenner, Ronald A (2006). "Unburdening evo-devo: ancestral attractions, model organisms, and basal baloney".
3823:
3789:
3513:
3386:
2842:
58:
3260:
Brockman, W.; Butler, J.; Chin, C.-W.; Cook, A.; Cuff, J.; Daly, M.J.; Decaprio, D.; et al. (2005).
2559:"Around the World in Eight Million Years: Historical Biogeography and Evolution of the Spray Zone Spider
3443:
2297:
1691:
2943:
Feng, Y.-J.; Blackburn, D.C.; Liang, D.; Hillis, D.M.; Wake, D.B.; Cannatella, D.C.; Zhang, P. (2017).
1254:, less isolated Old World iguanids became extinct through competition with other lizard groups (e.g.,
3602:
3508:
3273:
3213:
3156:
3015:
2956:
2574:
2400:
2094:
1770:
1550:
367:
319:
101:
should not be imputed to the members of a less species-rich basal clade without additional evidence.
3067:"Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites"
1279:
Extant australidelphian marsupials constitute about 240 species in Australasia and one species (the
3645:
3527:
2533:
286:
1734:
Heard, S.B.; Hauser, D.L. (1995). "Key evolutionary innovations and their ecological mechanisms".
3568:
3522:
3438:
3180:
2872:
Goin, F. J.; Zimicz, N.; Reguero, M. A.; Santillana, S. N.; Marenssi, S. A.; Moly, J. J. (2007).
2854:
2824:
2718:
2675:
2223:
2148:
2018:
1931:
1848:
1794:
1716:
1668:
3106:
Tambussi, C.P.; Noriega, J.I.; Gazdzicki, A.; Tatur, A.; Reguero, M.A.; Vizcaino, S.F. (1994).
3496:
3343:
3291:
3241:
3172:
3088:
3043:
2984:
2925:
2816:
2808:
2767:
2639:
2602:
2509:
2468:
2447:
MaClatchy, L.; Gebo, D.; Kityo, R.; Pilbeam, D. (2000). "Postcranial functional morphology of
2428:
2367:
2273:
2215:
2140:
2059:
1983:
1923:
1885:
1875:
1840:
1786:
1708:
1660:
1488:
1215:
795:
388:
152:
43:
3337:
1867:
3585:
3539:
3318:
3281:
3231:
3221:
3164:
3078:
3033:
3023:
2974:
2964:
2915:
2798:
2757:
2749:
2710:
2667:
2631:
2592:
2582:
2499:
2460:
2418:
2408:
2387:"A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade"
2357:
2347:
2309:
2263:
2207:
2132:
2102:
2049:
2010:
1973:
1963:
1915:
1830:
1822:
1778:
1743:
1700:
1650:
1410:
1280:
673:
483:
290:
832:
inferred from nuclear DNA sequence data, showing the basal position of the Malagasy family
779:
has been termed the basal genus. However, if the analysis is not restricted to genera, the
3686:
1558:
1381:
1336:
1288:
1284:
978:
958:
817:
803:
593:
376:
3277:
3217:
3160:
3019:
2960:
2578:
2404:
2098:
1774:
1266:. However, a 2022 study found oplurids to be closely allied with the American iguanians
3660:
3367:
3236:
3199:
3038:
3003:
2979:
2944:
2787:"Dispersal, not vicariance, explains the biogeographic origin of iguanas on Madagascar"
2762:
2737:
2622:
2597:
2558:
2423:
2386:
2362:
2333:
1978:
1951:
1562:
1533:
1523:
1299:
829:
90:
54:
3817:
3655:
3625:
3532:
3409:
2873:
2828:
2227:
2152:
1655:
1636:
1295:; i.e., extant marsupials as a whole also appear to have originated in South America.
1263:
536:
404:
380:
294:
130:
31:
3184:
2679:
1935:
1852:
1720:
1689:
Krell, Frank-T; Cranston, Peter S. (2004). "Which side of the tree is more basal?".
1672:
3760:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3681:
3489:
3484:
3262:"Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog"
2488:"Orangutan positional behavior and the nature of arboreal locomotion in Hominoidea"
2338:
1798:
1527:
1385:
1332:
1303:
1267:
1259:
437:
346:
117:
94:
3226:
3122:
2587:
2352:
1250:
distribution; after the Malagasy and New World representatives were separated by
1218:
all the way back to South America over an interval of about 8 million years.
3755:
3448:
3108:"Ratite bird from the Paleogene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica"
2920:
2903:
2803:
2786:
1457:
1388:). Meanwhile, the other (unranked) sister basal clade has about 250,000 species.
1307:
1292:
1273:
1019:
are a sister group to Homininae and are the basal genus in the great ape family
833:
807:
460:
423:
309:
3028:
2635:
2314:
1704:
1464:, but its specializations for a bamboo diet are not ancestral ursid characters.
3457:
3433:
3083:
3066:
2211:
2136:
1919:
1747:
1251:
1231:
1226:
1178:
1102:
913:
812:
799:
760:
400:
98:
2812:
1889:
3770:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3619:
3501:
3168:
2969:
2413:
2054:
1968:
1406:
1247:
1243:
1050:
1031:
1020:
1016:
845:
772:
752:
513:
341:, a clade of mammals with just five species, and the archaic anatomy of the
338:
334:
330:
325:
47:
3368:"Interpreting the Tree Diagram or List of Subgroups on a Tree of Life Page"
3295:
3245:
3176:
3092:
3047:
2988:
2929:
2820:
2771:
2753:
2643:
2606:
2513:
2472:
2464:
2432:
2371:
2277:
2268:
2251:
2219:
2144:
2063:
1987:
1927:
1844:
1790:
1761:
Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2004). "New light shed on the oldest insect".
1712:
1664:
17:
3461:
2334:"Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions"
3204:
2298:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
1537:
1186:
1169:
1043:
396:
93:' implies some degree of correlation between evolutionary innovation and
3286:
3261:
2001:
McLellan, Bruce; Reiner, David C. (1994). "A Review of Bear Evolution".
1782:
97:. However, such a correlation does not make a given case predicable, so
2858:
2722:
2504:
2487:
2107:
2078:
2022:
1835:
1492:
refers to a lineage connecting a common ancestor with a single variant
1461:
1377:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1221:
1131:
756:
609:
552:
362:
342:
289:
thought to possess ancestral characters, or to such presumed ancestral
2742:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2077:
Herrera-Flores, J. A.; Stubbs, T. L.; Benton, M. J.; Ruta, M. (2017).
1826:
3322:
2037:
1574:
1549:
Similarly, among australobatrachian frogs, the South American family
1519:
1493:
1460:
represents the most basal extant species, genus and subfamily within
1255:
893:
764:
2714:
2014:
1181:
are entirely Asiatic.) However, orangutans also differ from African
3590:
3518:
2671:
1402:
1239:
866:
823:
789:
768:
361:
129:
clade(s) of the lowest rank within a larger clade, exemplified by
82:
2451:, with implications for the evolution of modern ape locomotion".
1189:
lifestyle, a trait generally viewed as ancestral among the apes.
3378:
2736:
Keogh, J. S.; Edwards, D. L; Fisher, R. N; Harlow, P. S (2008).
2079:"Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (
1557:
as the monito del monte), is basal to the Australasian families
1483:
1235:
836:. Locations with only fossil members are indicated by red stars.
3382:
3065:
Akishinonomiya, F.; Willerslev, E.; Hasegawa, M. (2016-12-15).
2529:"Seafaring Spiders Made It around the World—in 8 Million Years"
3198:
Gunnell, G. F.; Simmons, N. B.; Seiffert, E. R. (2014-02-04).
1182:
828:
Relationship of biogeography and phylogeny of bat superfamily
688:
2252:"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view"
411:(2020), with species counts taken from the source indicated.
2123:"Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap".
1405:
and the other basal clade(s) might have the higher ranks of
2785:
Welt, Rachel S.; Raxworthy, Christopher J. (2022-02-01).
1331:
as a whole (the other two canid subfamilies, the extinct
2697:(Iguanidae) including the Description of a New Species,
2291:
2289:
2287:
1518:
These conclusions have been supported by the finding of
133:. No extant taxon is closer to the root than any other.
1637:"Do early branching lineages signify ancestral traits?"
1607:"For the love of trees: The ancestors are not among us"
1444:
293:
themselves. In describing characters, "ancestral" or "
3339:
Dogs, Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History
2693:
Gibbons, J. R. H. (1981-07-31). "The Biogeography of
1445:
coral snake, marsupial and noctilionoid bat examples
69:
that has the lowest rank of all basal clades within
3743:
3717:
3669:
3611:
3548:
3477:
3416:
1380:(that is also the sole living representative of an
3311:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1496:to a branch ancestor with two descendant variants.
1430:is the basal genus of subfamily Homininae, while
771:. These five species form a clade, the subfamily
278:taxa (which may be poorly known) is represented.
2250:Palmer, J.D.; Soltis, D.E.; Chase, M.W. (2004).
802:data shows the basal position of South American
3059:
3057:
2949:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1339:, the latter being basal in Canidae, were both
2552:
2550:
2327:
2325:
1376:, in which one basal clade is a single extant
1230:) are distributed throughout the Americas, on
3394:
3342:. Columbia University Press. pp. 23–31.
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
1901:
1899:
8:
3002:Mörs, T.; Reguero, M.; Vasilyan, D. (2020).
2878:Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina
2296:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016).
2164:
2162:
1553:, with 5 extant species (living in the same
759:(eastern and western) are a sister group to
810:, and the basal position of South American
3401:
3387:
3379:
2486:Thorpe, S. K. S.; Crompton, R. H. (2006).
1874:. Princeton University Press. p. 57.
3285:
3235:
3225:
3082:
3037:
3027:
2978:
2968:
2919:
2802:
2761:
2596:
2586:
2503:
2492:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2422:
2412:
2361:
2351:
2313:
2267:
2106:
2053:
1977:
1967:
1834:
1654:
739:Learn how and when to remove this message
1323:(gray and island foxes) is basal in the
1302:has over 200 species in the Neotropics,
702:This section includes a list of general
1868:"Phylogenetics and the History of Life"
1635:Crisp, Michael D.; Cook, Lyn G (2005).
1590:
1353:
2908:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2791:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1370:
304:Despite the ubiquity of the usage of
209: Non-basal clade #2
7:
3796:
1684:
1682:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
2003:Bears: Their Biology and Management
1078:
1071:
1038:
1026:
951:
886:
859:
852:
840:
586:
529:
506:
499:
476:
453:
430:
418:
202:
182:
159:
148:
1242:in the western South Pacific. The
1193:Relevance to biogeographic history
708:it lacks sufficient corresponding
387:in the southwestern Pacific, is a
371:, the most basal extant angiosperm
25:
2902:Pyron, R.A.; Wiens, J.J. (2011).
1642:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
389:basal clade of extant angiosperms
3795:
3784:
3783:
3636:Phylogenetic comparative methods
3460:
3336:Wang, X.; Tedford, R.H. (2008).
1872:The Princeton Guide to Evolution
1656:10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00262.x
693:
3641:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
2042:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1908:Development Genes and Evolution
1866:Baum, D. A. (4 November 2013).
1423:
297:" are preferred to "basal" or "
2200:Nature Ecology & Evolution
816:within otherwise Australasian
1:
1505:New Caledonia is viewed as a
333:reproduction and nipple-less
3227:10.1371/journal.pone.0086712
3121:(1–2): 15–20. Archived from
2588:10.1371/journal.pone.0163740
2353:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436
1605:Smith, Stacey (2016-09-19).
3561:Phylogenetic reconciliation
3468:Evolutionary biology portal
3424:Computational phylogenetics
2921:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012
2804:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107345
2171:"What's so primitive about
2169:Essig, F. B. (2014-07-01).
1291:is basal within infraclass
798:of marsupials derived from
413:
281:In phylogenetics, the term
143:
27:Root of a phylogenetic tree
3840:
3029:10.1038/s41598-020-61973-5
2636:10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011
2453:Journal of Human Evolution
2315:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
2256:American Journal of Botany
1705:10.1016/j.tree.2004.11.010
1298:While the bat superfamily
1168:Subfamilies Homininae and
3779:
3751:Phylogenetic nomenclature
3455:
3084:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029
2212:10.1038/s41559-020-1241-3
2137:10.1038/s41477-019-0421-0
2036:Van Rheede, Teun (2005).
1920:10.1007/s00427-006-0084-5
1748:10.1080/10292389509380518
1129:
1100:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1048:
1036:
976:
956:
949:
911:
891:
884:
864:
857:
850:
775:(African apes), of which
607:
591:
584:
550:
534:
527:
511:
504:
497:
481:
474:
458:
451:
435:
428:
222: Non-basal clade #3
220:
207:
200:
189: Non-basal clade #1
187:
180:
164:
157:
108:is more basal than clade
3372:Tree of Life Web Project
2563:(Araneae: Anyphaenidae)"
2527:Kukso, F. (2016-11-08).
1956:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1260:western Pacific iguanids
612:(about 175,000 species)
65:is a basal clade within
44:rooted phylogenetic tree
38:is the direction of the
3631:Molecular phylogenetics
3581:Distance-matrix methods
3429:Molecular phylogenetics
3169:10.1126/science.1105113
2970:10.1073/pnas.1704632114
2414:10.1073/pnas.0811730106
1969:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220
723:more precise citations.
555:(about 70,000 species)
349:with a single species.
3651:Phylogenetics software
3565:Probabilistic methods
3514:Long branch attraction
2754:10.1098/rstb.2008.0120
2703:Journal of Herpetology
2465:10.1006/jhev.2000.0407
2449:Morotopithecus bishopi
2269:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
1522:fossil remains of the
1067: Homininae
837:
821:
516:(about 9,000 species)
372:
3444:Evolutionary taxonomy
3115:Polish Polar Research
2055:10.1093/molbev/msj064
1692:Systematic Entomology
1611:For the love of trees
1207:Spiders of the genus
1185:in their more highly
827:
793:
787:clade is also basal.
365:
116:is a subgroup of the
3603:Three-taxon analysis
3509:Phylogenetic network
1551:Calyptocephalellidae
393:Amborella trichopoda
368:Amborella trichopoda
320:last common ancestor
99:ancestral characters
89:. The concept of a '
85:of that rank within
77:may be described as
3646:Phylogenetic signal
3287:10.1038/nature04338
3278:2005Natur.438..803L
3218:2014PLoSO...986712G
3161:2005Sci...307..580T
3020:2020NatSR..10.5051M
2961:2017PNAS..114E5864F
2955:(29): E5864–E5870.
2748:(1508): 3413–3426.
2579:2016PLoSO..1163740C
2534:Scientific American
2405:2009PNAS..106.9601M
2099:2017Palgy..60..319H
2083:) a living fossil?"
2081:Sphenodon punctatus
1783:10.1038/nature02291
1775:2004Natur.427..627E
539:(about 80 species)
486:(about 95 species)
463:(about 90 species)
345:, a basal clade of
3574:Bayesian inference
3569:Maximum likelihood
3008:Scientific Reports
2505:10.1002/ajpa.20422
2108:10.1111/pala.12284
1736:Historical Biology
1424:great apes example
1343:to North America).
1304:two in New Zealand
1216:dispersed eastward
838:
822:
596:(about 6 species)
373:
104:In general, clade
3811:
3810:
3556:Maximum parsimony
3549:Inference methods
3497:Phylogenetic tree
3349:978-0-231-13528-3
3272:(7069): 803–819.
3155:(5709): 580–584.
2399:(24): 9601–9606.
2262:(10): 1437–1445.
1881:978-1-4008-4806-5
1827:10.1111/nph.15654
1769:(6975): 627–630.
1456:For example, the
1308:two in Madagascar
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1118:
1117:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
938:
937:
929:
928:
796:phylogenetic tree
749:
748:
741:
682:
681:
674:Basal angiosperms
666:
665:
657:
656:
648:
647:
639:
638:
630:
629:
621:
620:
573:
572:
564:
563:
270:
269:
258:
257:
249:
248:
240:
239:
231:
230:
59:species diversity
16:(Redirected from
3831:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3586:Neighbor-joining
3540:Ghost population
3470:
3465:
3464:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3375:
3354:
3353:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3031:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2972:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2843:Slowinski, J. B.
2839:
2833:
2832:
2806:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2573:(10): e0163740.
2554:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2293:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2206:(9): 1232–1238.
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2179:Botany Professor
2166:
2157:
2156:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1914:(7–8): 385–394.
1903:
1894:
1893:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1821:(2): 1123–1138.
1809:
1803:
1802:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1602:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1555:Valdivian forest
1547:
1541:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1395:
1389:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1325:canine subfamily
1281:monito del monte
1258:). In contrast,
1079:
1072:
1039:
1027:
979:Western gorillas
963:Gorilla beringei
959:Eastern gorillas
952:
887:
860:
853:
841:
744:
737:
733:
730:
724:
719:this section by
710:inline citations
697:
696:
689:
587:
530:
507:
500:
484:Austrobaileyales
477:
454:
431:
419:
414:
383:, restricted to
358:Flowering plants
203:
183:
169:
160:
149:
144:
21:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3775:
3739:
3713:
3687:Symplesiomorphy
3665:
3607:
3544:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3417:Relevant fields
3412:
3407:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3071:Current Biology
3063:
3062:
3055:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2715:10.2307/1563429
2692:
2691:
2687:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2346:(7): e1000436.
2331:
2330:
2323:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2249:
2248:
2235:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2015:10.2307/3872687
2000:
1999:
1995:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1815:New Phytologist
1811:
1810:
1806:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1559:Limnodynastidae
1548:
1544:
1524:microbiotherian
1517:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1421:
1417:
1396:
1392:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1337:Hesperocyoninae
1289:Didelphimorphia
1285:Australidelphia
1195:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1119:
1013:
1004:
995:
983:Gorilla gorilla
939:
930:
918:Pan troglodytes
818:Australidelphia
804:Didelphimorphia
745:
734:
728:
725:
715:Please help to
714:
698:
694:
687:
678:
677:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
594:Ceratophyllales
574:
565:
377:flowering plant
360:
355:
266:
265:
259:
250:
241:
232:
167:
139:
95:diversification
42:(or root) of a
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3661:Phylogeography
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3612:Current topics
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3481:
3479:
3478:Basic concepts
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3362:
3361:External links
3359:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3328:
3301:
3251:
3190:
3139:
3098:
3053:
2994:
2935:
2914:(2): 543–583.
2894:
2864:
2853:(2): 233–245.
2834:
2777:
2728:
2709:(3): 255–273.
2701:, from Fiji".
2685:
2666:(3): 399–419.
2649:
2630:(1–2): 28–35.
2612:
2546:
2519:
2498:(3): 384–401.
2478:
2459:(2): 159–183.
2439:
2377:
2321:
2308:(3): 201–217.
2283:
2233:
2190:
2158:
2131:(5): 461–470.
2114:
2093:(3): 319–328.
2069:
2048:(3): 587–597.
2028:
1993:
1941:
1895:
1880:
1858:
1804:
1753:
1742:(2): 151–173.
1726:
1699:(3): 279–281.
1678:
1649:(3): 122–128.
1622:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1563:Myobatrachidae
1542:
1511:
1498:
1484:origin of life
1475:
1466:
1449:
1436:
1415:
1390:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1315:
1300:Noctilionoidea
1296:
1277:
1271:
1244:Malagasy forms
1219:
1194:
1191:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
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839:
830:Noctilionoidea
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359:
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351:
268:
267:
264:Basal clade #2
263:
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168:Basal clade #1
163:
158:
156:
147:
138:
135:
91:key innovation
61:, or both. If
55:taxonomic rank
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3836:
3825:
3824:Phylogenetics
3822:
3821:
3819:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
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3698:
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3694:
3692:
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3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Phylogenomics
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:DNA barcoding
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3596:Least squares
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3533:Ghost lineage
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
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3476:
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3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3410:Phylogenetics
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
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3385:
3384:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:
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3305:
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3212:(2): e86712.
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3143:
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3128:on 2019-12-28
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2847:Herpetologica
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2660:Herpetologica
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2561:Amaurobioides
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2125:Nature Plants
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2100:
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2087:Palaeontology
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2016:
2012:
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1989:
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1961:
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1491:
1490:
1489:basal lineage
1485:
1479:
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1463:
1459:
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1440:
1437:
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1397:For example,
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1264:rafting event
1261:
1257:
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1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1212:
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1210:Amaurobioides
1206:
1205:
1204:
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1200:Amaurobioides
1192:
1190:
1188:
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729:November 2021
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537:Chloranthales
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412:
410:
406:
405:fossil record
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:New Caledonia
382:
381:Amborellaceae
378:
370:
369:
364:
357:
352:
350:
348:
347:lepidosaurian
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
321:
318:resemble the
316:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
295:plesiomorphic
292:
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261:
254:
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162:
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154:
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150:
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145:
142:
136:
134:
132:
131:core eudicots
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:phylogenetics
19:
3800:
3788:
3765:
3761:Sister group
3744:Nomenclature
3707:Autapomorphy
3702:Synapomorphy
3682:Plesiomorphy
3670:Group traits
3618:
3490:Cladogenesis
3485:Phylogenesis
3338:
3331:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3269:
3265:
3254:
3209:
3203:
3193:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3118:
3114:
3101:
3077:(1): 68–77.
3074:
3070:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2886:. Retrieved
2884:(4): 597–603
2881:
2877:
2867:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2706:
2702:
2699:B. vitiensis
2698:
2695:Brachylophus
2694:
2688:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2538:. Retrieved
2532:
2522:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2396:
2390:
2380:
2343:
2339:PLOS Biology
2337:
2305:
2301:
2259:
2255:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:
2172:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2009:(1): 85–96.
2006:
2002:
1996:
1962:(220): 220.
1959:
1955:
1944:
1911:
1907:
1871:
1861:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1696:
1690:
1646:
1640:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1570:
1545:
1528:Woodburnodon
1526:
1514:
1501:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1452:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1398:
1393:
1386:Amborellales
1371:
1365:
1356:
1333:Borophaginae
1329:canid family
1318:
1274:Coral snakes
1268:Leiosauridae
1225:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1175:
1167:
1135:
1130:
1106:
1101:
1087:Homo sapiens
1086:
1084:
1054:
1049:
1023:as a whole.
1014:
982:
977:
962:
957:
917:
912:
898:Pan paniscus
897:
892:
871:Homo sapiens
870:
865:
811:
784:
780:
776:
750:
735:
726:
707:
608:
592:
551:
535:
512:
482:
459:
440:(1 species)
438:Amborellales
436:
408:
392:
374:
366:
324:
314:
310:systematists
305:
303:
282:
280:
274:
271:
221:
208:
188:
165:
140:
125:
121:
118:sister group
113:
109:
105:
103:
86:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
52:
39:
35:
29:
3756:Crown group
3718:Group types
3449:Systematics
3132:28 December
3014:(1): 5051.
1836:10045/89954
1458:giant panda
1401:might be a
1293:Marsupialia
1179:lesser apes
1103:Chimpanzees
914:Chimpanzees
834:Myzopodidae
808:Marsupialia
761:chimpanzees
751:Within the
721:introducing
461:Nymphaeales
424:Angiosperms
18:Basal clade
3434:Cladistics
2888:2016-07-17
2797:: 107345.
2540:2016-11-10
2184:2014-10-04
1616:2022-03-07
1585:References
1534:Antarctica
1317:The genus
1252:vicariance
1232:Madagascar
1227:sensu lato
1051:Orangutans
1017:orangutans
1015:Moreover,
813:Dromiciops
800:retroposon
753:great apes
704:references
685:Great apes
514:Magnoliids
401:apomorphic
339:monotremes
3771:Supertree
3735:Polyphyly
3730:Paraphyly
3725:Monophyly
3697:Apomorphy
3677:Primitive
3620:PhyloCode
3502:Cladogram
3323:2246/1588
2829:243821392
2813:1055-7903
2302:Phytotaxa
2228:220375828
2173:Amborella
2153:146118264
1890:861200134
1407:subfamily
1372:Amborella
1248:Gondwanan
1234:, and on
1224:lizards (
1032:Hominidae
1021:Hominidae
846:Homininae
773:Homininae
397:tracheids
335:lactation
331:oviparous
326:Amborella
299:primitive
48:cladogram
3818:Category
3790:Category
3693:Derived
3439:Taxonomy
3296:16341006
3246:24504061
3205:PLoS ONE
3185:25912333
3177:15681385
3093:27989673
3048:32327670
2989:28673970
2930:21723399
2821:34748875
2772:18782726
2680:56054202
2644:18598742
2607:27732621
2567:PLOS ONE
2514:16617429
2473:10968927
2433:19487676
2372:20668664
2278:21652302
2220:32632260
2145:31061536
2064:16291999
1988:18662376
1936:23140594
1928:16733736
1853:58567195
1845:30570752
1791:14961119
1721:12285373
1713:16701355
1673:82371239
1665:16701355
1538:Gondwana
1507:refugium
1369:See the
1187:arboreal
1170:Ponginae
1132:Gorillas
1085:Humans (
1044:Ponginae
757:gorillas
610:Eudicots
553:Monocots
353:Examples
287:lineages
3802:Commons
3528:Lineage
3274:Bibcode
3237:3913578
3214:Bibcode
3157:Bibcode
3149:Science
3039:7181706
3016:Bibcode
2980:5530686
2957:Bibcode
2859:3893186
2763:2607380
2723:1563429
2598:5061358
2575:Bibcode
2424:2701031
2401:Bibcode
2363:2910653
2095:Bibcode
2023:3872687
1979:2518930
1799:4431205
1771:Bibcode
1575:Ratites
1462:Ursidae
1428:Gorilla
1422:In the
1378:species
1374:example
1341:endemic
1320:Urocyon
1312:refugia
1256:agamids
1222:Iguanid
1136:Gorilla
1046:
1034:
894:Bonobos
848:
806:within
777:Gorilla
765:bonobos
717:improve
672: '
426:
379:family
343:tuatara
315:minimum
155:
3346:
3294:
3266:Nature
3244:
3234:
3183:
3175:
3091:
3046:
3036:
2987:
2977:
2928:
2857:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2770:
2760:
2721:
2678:
2642:
2605:
2595:
2512:
2471:
2431:
2421:
2370:
2360:
2276:
2226:
2218:
2151:
2143:
2062:
2021:
1986:
1976:
1934:
1926:
1888:
1878:
1851:
1843:
1797:
1789:
1763:Nature
1719:
1711:
1671:
1663:
1520:Eocene
1494:allele
1411:family
1306:, and
1138:spp.)
1109:spp.)
1057:spp.)
1042:
1030:
867:Humans
844:
769:humans
706:, but
422:
409:et al.
291:traits
166:
124:or of
81:basal
3766:Basal
3591:UPGMA
3523:Grade
3519:Clade
3181:S2CID
3126:(PDF)
3111:(PDF)
2855:JSTOR
2825:S2CID
2719:JSTOR
2676:S2CID
2224:S2CID
2149:S2CID
2019:JSTOR
1932:S2CID
1849:S2CID
1795:S2CID
1717:S2CID
1669:S2CID
1530:casei
1432:Pongo
1403:genus
1382:order
1348:Notes
1335:and
1240:Tonga
1055:Pongo
783:plus
306:basal
283:basal
137:Usage
83:taxon
36:basal
3344:ISBN
3292:PMID
3242:PMID
3173:PMID
3134:2019
3089:PMID
3044:PMID
2985:PMID
2926:PMID
2817:PMID
2809:ISSN
2768:PMID
2640:PMID
2623:Gene
2603:PMID
2510:PMID
2469:PMID
2429:PMID
2392:PNAS
2368:PMID
2274:PMID
2216:PMID
2141:PMID
2060:PMID
1984:PMID
1924:PMID
1886:OCLC
1876:ISBN
1841:PMID
1787:PMID
1709:PMID
1661:PMID
1561:and
1238:and
1236:Fiji
1183:apes
794:The
781:Homo
767:and
375:The
153:Root
40:base
3521:vs
3319:hdl
3315:243
3282:doi
3270:438
3232:PMC
3222:doi
3165:doi
3153:307
3079:doi
3034:PMC
3024:doi
2975:PMC
2965:doi
2953:114
2916:doi
2799:doi
2795:167
2758:PMC
2750:doi
2746:363
2711:doi
2668:doi
2632:doi
2628:441
2593:PMC
2583:doi
2500:doi
2496:131
2461:doi
2419:PMC
2409:doi
2397:106
2358:PMC
2348:doi
2310:doi
2306:261
2264:doi
2208:doi
2133:doi
2103:doi
2050:doi
2011:doi
1974:PMC
1964:doi
1916:doi
1912:216
1831:hdl
1823:doi
1819:222
1779:doi
1767:427
1744:doi
1701:doi
1651:doi
1532:in
1409:or
1107:Pan
785:Pan
337:of
275:all
120:of
112:if
79:the
46:or
30:In
3820::
3370:.
3317:.
3313:.
3290:.
3280:.
3268:.
3264:.
3240:.
3230:.
3220:.
3208:.
3202:.
3179:.
3171:.
3163:.
3151:.
3119:15
3117:.
3113:.
3087:.
3075:27
3073:.
3069:.
3056:^
3042:.
3032:.
3022:.
3012:10
3010:.
3006:.
2983:.
2973:.
2963:.
2951:.
2947:.
2924:.
2912:61
2910:.
2906:.
2882:62
2880:.
2876:.
2851:57
2849:.
2823:.
2815:.
2807:.
2793:.
2789:.
2766:.
2756:.
2744:.
2740:.
2717:.
2707:15
2705:.
2674:.
2664:59
2662:.
2638:.
2626:.
2601:.
2591:.
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