Base erosion and profit shifting

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rights are not generally geographically bound and are therefore highly mobile. As a result, they can be relocated without significant costs using planned licensing structures. Several multinational companies use IP structuring models to separate the ownership, funding, maintenance and use rights of intangible assets from the actual activities and physical location of intangible assets to operate in a manner that the income made from the intangibles in one location is received in another location with a low/no tax regime. As such IP models have a meaningful role in the taxation of multinationals. Multinationals, for instance can establish licensing and patent holding companies suitable for offshore locations to acquire, exploit, license or sublicense IP rights for their foreign subsidiaries. Then profits can be shifted from the foreign subsidiary to the offshore patent owning company where low to no taxes are applied on the royalties earned. Any fees derived by the licensing and patent holding company from the exploitation of the intellectual property will be exempt from the tax or subject to a low tax rate in the tax haven jurisdiction, these companies can also be used to avoid high withholding taxes that are normally charged on royalties coming from the country in which they are derived, furthermore they can be reduced by double taxation treaties between countries. Many countries allow for the deductions in respect of expenditure on research and development (R&D) or on the acquisition of IP. As such MNE's can set up R&D facilities in countries where the best tax advantage can be obtained. As such MNEs can make use of an attractive research infrastructure and generous R&D tax incentives in one country and benefit in another from low tax rates on the income from exploiting intangible assets.

3476:"An exception whereby a third party may be given the right to enforce a term of a contract between two other parties where that term expressly or by implication is intended to benefit the third party. But, on the face of it, this merely relaxes the rules on privity of contract and not those relating to consideration. The answer to this problem seems to turn on the reasoning employed by the Law Commission, on whose report the provisions of the 1999 Act are based. The Law Commission expressed the view that the consideration question related only to the relationship between the original parties to the contract and should not apply also to the third party, since this would only raise questions of enforceability and would have no bearing on whether or not there was a bargain. Had the reasoning in the report stopped there, there would have been little difficulty. However, in a later section of the report, there are further views that the 1999 Act may have the effect of relaxing rules on consideration in certain respects. In particular, this view" 2622:(i.e. profit before tax/revenue) calculated using an averaging mechanism with the turnover threshold to be reduced to 10 billion euros, contingent on successful implementation including of tax certainty on Amount A, with the relevant review beginning 7 years after the agreement comes into force, and the review being completed in no more than one year. Extractives and Regulated Financial Services are excluded. Tax base determination: The relevant measure of profit or loss of the in-scope MNE will be determined by reference to financial accounting income, with a small number of adjustments. Losses will be carried forward. Elimination of double taxation : Double taxation of profit allocated to market jurisdictions will be relieved using either the exemption or credit method. The entity (or entities) that will bear the tax liability will be drawn from those that earn residual profit. 2376: 2160: 1849: 49: 1800:

corporate group, nor any major change of its operations. Furthermore, intra-group debts provide significant flexibility for manipulations, as explained in a paper released by the United Nations. The popularity of using intra-group debts as a tax avoidance tool is further enhanced by the fact that in general they are not recognized under accounting standards and therefore do not affect consolidated financial statements of MNEs. It is not surprising that the OECD describes the BEPS risks arising from intra-group debt as the "main tax policy concerns surrounding interest deductions" (emphasis added).

2472: 1731:(OECD) define BEPS strategies as "exploiting gaps and mismatches in tax rules". While some of the tactics are illegal, the majority are not. Because businesses that operate across borders can utilize BEPS to obtain a competitive edge over domestic businesses, it affects the righteousness and integrity of tax systems. Furthermore, it lessens deliberate compliance, when taxpayers notice multinationals legally avoiding corporate income taxes. Because developing nations rely more heavily on corporate income tax, they are disproportionately affected by BEPS. 2515:("TCJA") moved the U.S. from a "worldwide" corporate tax system to a hybrid "territorial" tax system. The TCJA includes anti–BEPS tool regimes including the GILTI–tax and BEAT–tax regimes. It also contains its own BEPS tools, namely the FDII–tax regime. The TCJA could represent a major change in Washington's tolerance of U.S. multinational use of BEPS tools. Tax experts in early 2018 forecast the demise of the two major U.S. corporate tax havens, Ireland and Singapore, in the expectation that U.S. multinationals would no longer need foreign BEPS tools. 2548: 2064:, using repatriation tax data from the TCJA, said that: "In recent years, about half of the foreign profits of U.S. multinationals have been booked in tax haven affiliates, most prominently in Ireland (18%), Switzerland, and Bermuda plus Caribbean tax havens (8%–9% each). One of the authors of this research was also quoted as saying, "Ireland solidifies its position as the #1 tax haven.... U.S. firms book more profits in Ireland than in China, Japan, Germany, France & Mexico combined. Irish tax rate: 5.7%." 2419:, as minister for finance, to resist the proposals in January 2017. In a letter to him the group recommended Ireland not adopt article 12, as the changes "will have effects lasting decades" and could "hamper global investment and growth due to uncertainty around taxation". The letter said that "keeping the current standard will make Ireland a more attractive location for a regional headquarters by reducing the level of uncertainty in the tax relationship with Ireland's trading partners". 2577:

taxed at the GILTI 10.5 percent rate net of any taxes paid abroad and the deduction for tangible assets abroad). The only good news, as I see it, is that the scale of profit shifting is now so big that it almost cannot be ignored—it is distorting the U.S. GDP numbers, not just the Irish numbers. And in my view, the current tax reform's failure to change the incentive to profit shift will eventually become so obvious that it will become clear that the reform itself needs to be reformed.

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a five-year extension to 2020. Even before 2015, Ireland had already publicly replaced the double Irish with two new BEPS tools: the single malt (as used by Microsoft and Allergan), and capital allowances for intangible assets ("CAIA"), also called the "Green Jersey", (as used by Apple in Q1 2015). None of these new BEPS tools have been as yet proscribed by the OECD. Tax experts show that disputes between higher-tax jurisdictions and tax havens are very rare.

2631:• two interlocking domestic rules (together the Global anti-Base Erosion Rules (GloBE) rules): (i) an Income Inclusion Rule (IIR), which imposes top-up tax on a parent entity in respect of the low taxed income of a constituent entity; and (ii) an Undertaxed Payment Rule (UTPR), which denies deductions or requires an equivalent adjustment to the extent the low tax income of a constituent entity is not subject to tax under an IIR; and 6002: 1807:(TCJA), the U.S. was one of only eight jurisdictions to operate a "worldwide" tax system. Most global jurisdictions operate a "territorial" corporate tax system with lower tax rates for foreign sourced income, thus avoiding the need to "shift" profits (i.e. IP can be charged directly from the home country at preferential rates and/or terms; post the 2017 TCJA, this happens in the U.S. via the FDII-regime). 1652: 5213: 6013: 1640: 1707:, stating that the U.S.: "has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting". International tax academics showed in 2018 that U.S. multinationals are the largest users of BEPS tools in the world; while U.S tax academics demonstrated, even as early as 1994 that the U.S. Treasury is a net beneficiary from the use of tax havens and BEPS by U.S. multinationals. 4540: 3355:..for US multinationals, the real explosion in profit shifting began in the 1990s. At this point, a 'mere' 5–10% of global profits were declared away from the jurisdictions of the underlying real economic activity. By the early 2010s, that had soared to 25–30% of global profits, with an estimated revenue loss of around $ 130 billion a year.. 2323:("TCJA") levied 15.5% on the untaxed offshore cash reserves built up by U.S. multinationals with BEPS tools from 2004 to 2017. Had the U.S. multinationals not used BEPS tools and paid their full foreign taxes, their foreign tax credits would have removed most of their residual exposure to any U.S. tax liability, under the U.S. tax code. 3736: 1727:

company's income or profit. Tax is levied as a percentage on this income/profit. When that income / profit is transferred to a tax haven, the tax base is eroded and the company does not pay taxes to the country that is generating the income. As a result, tax revenues are reduced and the country is disadvantaged. The

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The U.K. is the leader with over 122, followed by the Netherlands with over 100. The "blacklisting" of a corporate tax haven is a serious event, which is why major BEPS hubs are OECD-compliant. Ireland was the first major corporate tax haven to be "blacklisted" by a G20 economy: Brazil in September 2016.

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The BEPS tools used by tax havens have been known and discussed for decades in Washington. For example, when Ireland was pressured by the EU–OECD to close its double Irish BEPS tool, the largest in history, to new entrants in January 2015, existing users, which include Google and Facebook, were given

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U.S. multinationals use tax havens more than multinationals from other countries which have kept their controlled foreign corporations regulations. No other non–haven OECD country records as high a share of foreign profits booked in tax havens as the United States. This suggests that half of all the

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are responsible for the largest global BEPS income flows. Intangible assets such as patents, designs, trademarks (or brands) and copyrights are usually easy to identify, value and transfer, which is why they are attractive in tax planning structures for multinational companies, especially since these

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The OECD BEPS Multilateral Instrument ("MLI"), was adopted on 24 November 2016 and has since been signed by over 78 jurisdictions. It came into force in July 2018. Many tax havens opted out from several of the Actions, including Action 12 (Disclosure of aggressive tax planning), which was considered

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Germany taxes only 5% of the active foreign business profits of its resident corporations. Furthermore, German firms do not have incentives to structure their foreign operations in ways that avoid repatriating income. Therefore, the tax incentives for German firms to establish tax haven affiliates

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Scope The GloBE rules will apply to MNEs that meet the 750 million euros threshold as determined under BEPS Action 13 (country by country reporting). Countries are free to apply the IIR to MNEs headquartered in their country even if they do not meet the threshold. Government entities, international

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As of 8 October 2021 OECD has stated a new Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalization of the Economy. The scope of pillar one is in-scope companies are the multinational enterprises (MNEs) with global turnover above 20 billion euros and profitability above 10%

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to "shift" profits from higher-tax jurisdictions to lower-tax jurisdictions or no-tax locations where there is little or no economic activity, thus "eroding" the "tax-base" of the higher-tax jurisdictions using deductible payments such as interest or royalties. For the government, the tax base is a

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So, best I can tell, neither the OECD's base erosion and profit shifting work nor the U.S. tax reform, will end the ability of major U.S. companies to reduce their overall tax burden by aggressively shifting profits offshore (and paying between 0-3 percent on their offshore profits and then being

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BEPS tools could not function if the corporate tax haven did not have a network of bilateral tax treaties that accept the haven's BEPS tools, which "shift" the profits to the haven. Modern corporate tax havens, which are the main global BEPS hubs, have extensive networks of bilateral tax treaties.

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The EU has signed multiple international tax treaties and has been working on their implementation in order to tackle the BEPS. Furthermore, the EU has been involved in discussions on the common consolidated corporate tax base (CCCTB) development, which reduces the opportunities for tax planning.

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The United Kingdom has 122 bilateral, comprehensive, double taxation conventions in force. It remains the largest number of tax treaties of any one country in the world. The United Kingdom may no longer be the world leader in manufacturing cars, or in playing football... however we are still the

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However, by mid–2018, U.S. multinationals had not repatriated any BEPS tools, and the evidence is that they have increased exposure to corporate tax havens. In March–May 2018, Google committed to doubling its office space in Ireland, while in June 2018 it was shown that Microsoft is preparing to

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We identify 41 countries and regions as tax havens for the purposes of U. S. businesses. Together the seven tax havens with populations greater than one million (Hong Kong, Ireland, Liberia, Lebanon, Panama, Singapore, and Switzerland) account for 80 percent of total tax haven population and 89

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U.S. companies are the most aggressive users of profit-shifting techniques, which often relocate paper profits without bringing jobs and wages, according to the study by economists Thomas Torslov and Ludvig Wier of the University of Copenhagen and Gabriel Zucman of the University of California,

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Intra group debts are another common way multinationals avoid taxes. Intra-group debts are particularly simple to use, as they do not involve third parties and "can be created with the wave of a pen or keystroke". They often do not require any movement of assets, functions or personnel within a

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The complex accounting tools, and the detailed tax legislation, that corporate tax havens require to become OECD–compliant BEPS hubs, requires both advanced international tax–law professional services firms, and a high degree of coordination with the State, who encode their BEPS tools into the

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In a policy note, the Washington-based think tank said US proposals to ensure companies pay taxes based on where they make their sales were gathering momentum and already had the backing of Brazil, China, India, and other emerging economies. Currently, the tax big companies such as Google and

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The U.S. didn't sign the groundbreaking tax treaty inked by 68 countries in Paris June 7 because the U.S. tax treaty network has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting issues", a U.S. Department of Treasury official said at a transfer pricing conference co–sponsored by

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Lower foreign tax rates entail smaller credits for foreign taxes and greater ultimate U.S. tax collections (Hines and Rice, 1994). Dyreng and Lindsey (2009), offer evidence that U.S. firms with foreign affiliates in certain tax havens pay lower foreign taxes and higher U.S. taxes than do

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2662:. The project consists of 15 Actions, which OECD advises governments to follow in order to prevent profit shifting. An example of such recommendation is avoidance of direct taxation on digital products. Furthermore, the project improves cooperation information sharing between countries. 2605:

On 29 January 2019, the OECD released a policy note regarding new proposals to combat the BEPS activities of multinationals, which commentators labeled "BEPS 2.0". In its press release, the OECD announced its proposals had the backing of the U.S., as well as China, Brazil, and India.

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Finally, we find that US firms with operations in some tax haven countries have higher federal tax rates on foreign income than other firms. This result suggests that in some cases, tax haven operations may increase US tax collections at the expense of foreign country tax

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Tax experts describe a more complex picture of an implicit acceptance by Washington that U.S. multinationals could use BEPS tools on non–U.S. earnings to offset the very high U.S. 35% corporate tax rate from the historical U.S. "worldwide" corporate tax system (see

2634:• a treaty-based rule (the Subject to Tax Rule (STTR)) that allows source jurisdictions to impose limited source taxation on certain related party payments subject to tax below a minimum rate. The STTR will be creditable as a covered tax under the GloBE rules. 3185:

With a conservatively estimated annual revenue loss of USD 100 to 240 billion, the stakes are high for governments around the world. The impact of BEPS on developing countries, as a percentage of tax revenues, is estimated to be even higher than in developed

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In June 2017, a U.S. Treasury official explained that the reason why U.S. refused to sign up to the OECD's MLI, or any of its Actions, was because: "the U.S. tax treaty network has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting issues".

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along with OECD has been actively involved in the BEPS Project. In 2015, the G20 supported the transfer pricing recommendations, which aims to guide governments on how profits of multinational companies should be divided among individual countries.

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The major problem, it says, has been the decision by the Organisation in 2013 when it came up with its standard on country–by–country reporting (CBCR) to give into intense lobbying, largely from US multinationals, and place limits on access to the

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Irish-based media highlighted a particular threat to Ireland as the world's largest BEPS hub, regarding proposals to move to a global system of taxation based on where the product is consumed or used, and not where its IP has been located. The

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Moreover, the UN has contributed in the efforts to develop the Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) standard, which provides tax authorities with additional information about multinational companies, hence helping to identify BEPS issues.

2226:("CbCr") or the need to file public accounts, by multinationals in the haven's jurisdiction. BEPS hubs (or Conduit OFCs) strongly deny they are corporate tax havens, and that their use of IP is as a tax avoidance tool. They call themselves " 2638:

organisations, non-profit organisations, pension funds or investment funds that are Ultimate Parent Entities (UPE) of an MNE Group or any holding vehicles used by such entities, organisations or funds are not subject to the GloBE rules.

4509:, a huge law firm based in Chicago. The firm has a reputation for devising creative offshore structures for multinationals and defending them to tax regulators. It has also fought international proposals for tax avoidance crackdowns. 2543:

system. There is debate as to whether they are drafting mistakes to be corrected or concessions to enable U.S. multinationals to reduce their effective corporate tax rates to circa 10% (the Trump administration's original target).

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Cutting the official corporate tax rate to 20 per cent from its present 35 per cent — a level that US companies say hurts them in global competition — would leave companies short of the 15 per cent Mr Trump promised as a

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for flows from higher–tax locations to the Sink OFCs. It was noted that the five major Conduit OFCs, namely, Ireland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Singapore and Switzerland, all have a top–ten ranking in the 2018

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Some academics consider IP–based BEPS tools to be a subset of TP–based BEPS tools (e.g. the corporate is transfer pricing the IP like any other product), however others consider IP to be a unique item (e.g. the IP is a

1741:"). BEPS activities cost nations 100-240 billion dollars in lost revenue each year, which is 4-10 percent of worldwide corporate income tax collection. It is alleged that BEPS tools are associated mostly with American 2534:

that incentivise these actions. For example, by accepting Irish tangible, and intangible, capital allowances in the GILTI calculation, Irish BEPS tools like the "Green Jersey" enable U.S. multinationals to achieve

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In 2017 the EU introduced mandatory disclosure rules for tax planning intermediaries, demanding the intermediaries to report information to tax authorities, in order to aid identifying and addressing BEPS issues.

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Furthermore, the G20 is involved in developing a global tax framework. In 2021 the G20 endorsed a framework for international tax reforem, which provides guidance for implementation of the global minimum tax.

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global profits shifted to tax havens, are shifted by U.S. multinationals. By contrast, about 25% accrues to E.U. countries, 10% to the rest of the OECD, and 15% to developing countries (Tørsløv et al., 2018).

2289:, note that U.S. multinational use of BEPS tools and corporate tax havens had actually increased the long–term tax receipts of the U.S. Treasury, at the expense of other higher–tax jurisdictions, making the 2459:("CbCr"), had been dropped due to lobbying by the U.S. multinationals. Country–by–country reporting is the only way to observe the level of BEPS activity and OECD compliance in any country conclusively . 2455:'s Alex Cobham described the OECD's MLI as a failure due to the opt–outs and watering–down of individual BEPS Actions. In December 2016, Cobham highlighted one of the key anti–BEPS Actions, full public 3770:

Ireland solidifies its position as the #1 tax haven," Zucman said on Twitter. "U.S. firms book more profits in Ireland than in China, Japan, Germany, France & Mexico combined. Irish tax rate: 5.7%.

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Of the wider tax environment, O'Rourke thinks the OECD base-erosion and profit-shifting (BEPS) process is "very good" for Ireland: "If BEPS sees itself to a conclusion, it will be good for Ireland."

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multinationals. A few studies showed that use of the BEPS tools by American multinationals maximized long–term American Treasury revenue and shareholder return, at the expense of other countries.

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It focuses particularly on the dominant approach within the economics literature on income shifting, which dates back to Hines and Rice (1994) and which we refer to as the "Hines–Rice" approach.

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restructuring, the largest individual BEPS transaction in history. The effect of BEPS tools is most felt in developing economies, who are denied the tax revenues needed to build infrastructure.

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has been trying to combat BEPS. The Committee has been involved in developing the UN Model Tax Convention, which guides governments on rights of taxation and preventiontion of double taxation.

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IP tax planning models such as these successfully result in profit shifting which in most instances may lead to base erosion of the tax base. Corporate tax havens have some of the most

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This political capture produces one of the great offshore paradoxes: these zones of ultra–freedom are often highly repressive places, wary of scrutiny and intolerant of criticism.

3025: 3790: 3757: 4939: 4911: 6078: 2444:("PwC), predicted in May 2015 that the OECD's MLI would be a success for the leading corporate tax havens, at the expense of the smaller, less developed, traditional 1757:

In January 2017 the OECD estimated that BEPS tools are responsible for tax losses of circa $ 100–240 billion per annum. In June 2018 an investigation by tax academic

2820:("IP"), which the BEPS tool converts into a charge that is deductible against pre–tax income. Technology, Life Sciences, and industries have the largest pools of IP. 2218:). Higher–tax jurisdictions do not enter into full bilateral tax treaties with obvious tax havens (e.g. the Cayman Islands, a major Sink OFC). That is achieved with 4141:"INTERNATIONAL TAXATION: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions" 2611: 2339: 5066: 3894: 3552: 3223: 2527:, forecasted a potential boom in U.S. multinationals on–shoring their BEPS tools from the Caribbean to Ireland, and not to the U.S. as was expected after TCJA. 1803:

Most BEPS activity is also most associated with U.S. multinationals, and is attributed to the historical U.S. "worldwide" corporate taxation system. Before the

1334: 3952: 3062:"Using Financial Accounting Data to Examine the Effect of Foreign Operations Located in Tax Havens and Other Countries on US Multinational Firms' Tax Rates" 4637: 4193: 4106:

Our key findings demonstrate that there is a strong correlation and causal link between the size of an MNE's tax haven network and their use of the Big 4

4029:"Explainer: what is a tax haven? The most important feature of a secrecy jurisdiction is that local politics is captured by financial services interests" 2234:

Make no mistake: the headline rate is not what triggers tax evasion and aggressive tax planning. That comes from schemes that facilitate profit shifting.

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highlighting material issues with TCJA in terms of curtailing U.S. corporate use of major tax havens such as Ireland, the Netherlands, and Singapore.

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whose value is decided internally by the corporation; it is more of an accounting invention rather than a tangible good), that it is a separate set.

2792: 2090:, which enable the profits to be extracted via the cross–border charge–out of internal virtual IP assets (known as "intergroup IP charging"); and/or 1700: 1056: 1051: 5186: 2375: 4522: 4360: 1776:("IP"), namely Technology (e.g. Apple, Google, Microsoft, Oracle), and Life Sciences (e.g. Allergan, Medtronic, Pfizer and Merck & Co) (see 5206: 3617: 1405: 998: 224: 4771: 3269: 6083: 4211: 3495: 3453: 3324: 2416: 2096:, which enable the profits to be extracted via the cross–border charge–out artificially high interest (known as "earnings stripping"); and/or 5549: 4598:"International Tax Advisory: Impact of the Multilateral Instrument on U.S. Taxpayers: Why Didn't the United States Choose to Sign the MLI?" 4283: 4258: 4075: 3719: 3206: 2979: 2061: 1821: 1605: 791: 5554: 2923: 2159: 2356:

approved. The project is intended to prevent multinationals from shifting profits from higher- to lower-tax jurisdictions. An OECD BEPS

2152: 1480: 4007: 1848: 48: 5895: 5795: 1682: 1545: 673: 185: 3110: 5648: 5539: 5400: 3535: 3409: 2771: 2699: 2600: 1737:

offer BEPS tools to "shift" profits to the haven, and additional BEPS tools to avoid paying taxes within the haven (e.g. Ireland's "

1006: 759: 3310: 2133:", showed that the pressure to maintain OECD–compliance had split corporate–focused tax havens into two different classifications: 6068: 6038: 4827: 3827: 3030: 4879: 4094: 3173: 2436:

of the largest ever global corporate BEPS tools (e.g. Google and Facebooks' Double Irish and Apple's Green Jersey), tax partner

2206:(e.g. so that their BEPS tools will be accepted by the higher–tax locations), they go to great lengths to obscure the fact that 6048: 6043: 5641: 4301: 2353: 658: 254: 4456: 2691:

has adopted an Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD), which follows the BEPS project and aims to implement its recommendations.

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chief economist described the OECD proposal as "a move last week may bring the day of reckoning closer". The Head of Tax for

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along with G20 has introduced its BEPS Project, which aims to give governments tools to prevent international companies from

1610: 1329: 4049: 3912: 4681: 5576: 4677: 2512: 2320: 1804: 1615: 579: 4686:

IP onshoring is something we should be expecting to see much more of as we move towards the end of the decade. Buckle up!

4122: 3612: 3347:"Progress on global profit shifting: no more hiding for jurisdictions that sell profit shifting at the expense of others" 2618:

in Ireland said, "There's a limited number of users in Ireland and would obviously benefit the much larger countries".

5277: 5074: 4806: 4802: 4767: 4655: 3926: 3255: 3224:"Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says" 2736: 2586: 2560: 1313: 609: 4140: 3577:"New research finds 40% of multinationals' profits shifted to tax havens – EU biggest loser while US firms most shifty" 5695: 5267: 5242: 5179: 5159: 2164: 1853: 1555: 1525: 4597: 4579: 4163:

Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions

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This is not to be confused with the repatriation of the circa USD 1 trillion in offshore untaxed cash; these are the

5720: 5569: 4304:(1 July 2011). "Tax havens: how globalization really works: Ronen Palan, Richard Murphy and Christian Chavagneux". 2547: 941: 413: 3674: 2471: 2171:

Once profits are "shifted" to the corporate tax haven (or Conduit OFC), additional tools are used to avoid paying

6073: 5415: 5378: 4076:"Revealed: Project Goldcrest, how Amazon worked with the Luxembourg Government to avoid huge sums in tax with IP" 2345: 988: 566: 523: 374: 229: 78: 3992: 3628:

are likely to differ from those of U.S. firms and bear strong similarities to those of other G-7 and OECD firms.

5636: 5314: 5257: 5216: 5122:"Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters, Second Edition | READ online" 4028: 2506: 2196: 2180: 1575: 993: 497: 492: 482: 3519:

Limiting Base Erosion Involving Interest Deductions and Other Financial Payments, Action 4 - 2015 Final Report

2398:(including Microsoft, Google, Facebook, IBM, Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer, amongst many others), and the 5940: 5492: 5336: 5284: 5096: 3557: 2365: 2219: 1723: 1590: 1530: 1041: 1036: 663: 544: 195: 2319:. Hines–Rice concluded, "low foreign tax rates ultimately enhance U.S. tax collections". For example, the 6088: 6058: 6005: 5880: 5522: 5512: 5395: 5331: 5262: 5247: 5172: 4698: 2761: 2531: 2520: 2500: 2487:. Irish secrecy laws prevented the transaction from being confirmed until January 2018, and was labelled " 2441: 2399: 2282: 2265: 2249: 2184: 2107: 1738: 1675: 1500: 1385: 1380: 981: 560: 379: 4720: 3346: 2099: 5820: 5658: 5390: 5319: 5016: 4706: 3114: 2987: 2886: 2873: 2817: 2741: 2698:

The EU is also involved in forming an international tax framework, through which it aims to establish a

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Distribution of U.S. corporate profits (as a % of U.S. GDP) booked in foreign locations (BEA Data).

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designed to be implemented domestically and through bilateral tax treaty provisions, were agreed at the

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Clemens Fuest; Christoph Spengel; Katharina Finke; Jost Heckemeyer; Hannah Nusser (15 October 2013).

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U.S. multinationals book over half of their non–U.S. profits in tax havens by using BEPS tools (2016

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Research in June 2018 identified Ireland as the world's largest BEPS hub. Ireland is larger than the

1766: 1600: 1565: 1540: 1420: 1400: 572: 249: 110: 4850: 4331: 4229: 3688: 3251: 5725: 5482: 5472: 5467: 5450: 5341: 5324: 5237: 4562: 4496: 4126: 4014: 3818: 3745:

New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean

3350: 3295: 3276: 3106: 2766: 2484: 2452: 2437: 2387: 2079: 1762: 1734: 1620: 1520: 1515: 1460: 1445: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1370: 1360: 1355: 1339: 1209: 1155: 963: 471: 4738: 4175: 3974: 3388: 5790: 5616: 5564: 5527: 5272: 4776: 2800:, was the BEPS tool Apple used in Q1 2015 to restructure its non-U.S. IP. It created the famous " 2746: 2565: 2312: 2303: 2286: 1595: 1585: 1570: 1560: 1535: 1485: 1450: 1440: 1410: 1395: 1390: 1245: 1160: 953: 917: 838: 717: 73: 5041: 1780:) as our economy is changing to become more digital and knowledge based. IP is described as the 1695: 435: 17: 2927: 2893:

for the BEPS tools. A repatriation of a major U.S. multinational BEPS tool would cause reverse–

2415:, representing a coalition of 24 multinational US software firms, including Microsoft, lobbied 5978: 5845: 5730: 5611: 5517: 5383: 5289: 4944: 4916: 4356: 3608: 3531: 3491: 3449: 3111:"What Do We Know About Base Erosion and Profit Shifting? A Review of the Empirical Literature" 3021: 2863:, because it still forces minimum U.S. tax rates on foreign income under the TCJA GILTI regime 2253: 2125: 1668: 1510: 1495: 1490: 1465: 1415: 1215: 931: 883: 823: 739: 680: 392: 359: 165: 4619: 2601:

Global minimum corporate tax rate § OECD-led Inclusive Framework global minimum tax 2023

2114:("TP") at which the finished product is charged–out by the haven to higher–tax jurisdictions. 6053: 5885: 5865: 5780: 5705: 5534: 5405: 5304: 4601: 4313: 4118: 3581: 3523: 3483: 3441: 3075: 2239: 2111: 1550: 1475: 1081: 1046: 1026: 843: 811: 685: 539: 290: 4898:

Facebook pay largely depends on where their assets, employees and head offices are located.

3640: 6017: 5968: 5900: 5875: 5840: 5755: 5626: 5544: 5462: 5371: 5299: 5252: 4194:"Ireland's move to close the 'double Irish' tax loophole unlikely to bother Apple, Google" 3822: 3765: 3000: 2751: 2483:

transaction in history, and double the blocked 2016 USD 160 billion Pfizer–Allergan Irish

2227: 2192: 2093: 2087: 2073: 1793: 1785: 1644: 1260: 1118: 1113: 853: 816: 727: 692: 594: 518: 354: 314: 280: 190: 180: 175: 170: 88: 2804:" event in Ireland in August 2016, when restated Irish GDP rose 34.4% in a single quarter 2256:, where the necessary skills and State support for tax avoidance tools, already existed. 3553:"Corporations Push Profits Into Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Study Says" 2210:

paid by multinationals in their jurisdiction are close to zero percent, rather than the

5870: 5735: 5710: 5581: 5427: 5366: 5221: 4854: 4724: 4615: 4506: 4272: 4247: 3711: 3198: 2968: 2942: 2756: 2715: 2688: 2412: 1838: 1817: 1758: 1203: 1175: 1150: 1011: 858: 653: 589: 487: 425: 329: 324: 307: 285: 4991: 2972: 2889:("IP") assets that U.S. multinationals house in locations like Ireland, which are the 2831:

Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland, Singapore, Bermuda and Caribbean havens

2641:

Minimum rate: The minimum tax rate used for purposes of the IIR and UTPR will be 15%.

1765:

estimated that profits of $ 660 billion were "shifted" in 2015 due to Apple's Q1 2015

6032: 5983: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5905: 5815: 5785: 5745: 5653: 5420: 5294: 5195: 4721:"A Hybrid Approach: The Treatment of Foreign Profits under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" 4673: 4336: 3805:"Intellectual Property Tax Planning in the light of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting" 3641:"Territorial vs. Worldwide Corporate Taxation: Implications for Developing Countries" 3080: 3061: 2659: 2524: 2476: 1275: 948: 873: 764: 697: 631: 599: 466: 408: 369: 349: 319: 234: 155: 150: 125: 115: 57: 5963: 5890: 5860: 5805: 5715: 5487: 4912:"Dan O'Brien: 'As Brexit gets all the attention, changes are afoot further afield'" 4276: 4008:"The Professionals: Dealing with the enablers of tax avoidance and financial crime" 3758:"Half of U.S. foreign profits booked in tax havens, especially Ireland: NBER paper" 3232:

Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $ 200 billion globally

2492: 2395: 2203: 2188: 1777: 1746: 1719: 1656: 1170: 958: 927: 898: 878: 769: 754: 734: 648: 643: 445: 239: 4638:"Google, Facebook and Salesforce.com dramatically expand their Dublin office hubs" 2714:

Through the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters, the

4230:"How often is the 'Single Malt' tax loophole used? The government is finding out" 4053: 5973: 5855: 5810: 5800: 5750: 5740: 5690: 5497: 4940:"Irish corporation tax faces new squeeze as OECD kicks off digital reform probe" 4884: 4798: 4763: 4297: 3783: 3433: 3247: 2582: 2556: 2424: 2326:

The U.S. was one of the only major developed nations not to sign up to the 2016

2078:

Research identifies three main BEPS techniques used for "shifting" profits to a

1165: 908: 868: 786: 722: 668: 604: 430: 420: 364: 244: 145: 140: 98: 83: 3475: 3445: 3368: 1761:(et alia), estimated that the figure is closer to $ 200 billion per annum. The 5915: 5910: 5775: 5700: 5559: 5477: 5457: 4404: 4251: 3945:"Singapore's government says it's not a tax haven, it's a value-adding IP hub" 3517: 3487: 2445: 2383: 2176: 1742: 1270: 1240: 1123: 1108: 1031: 968: 936: 888: 863: 848: 749: 744: 712: 638: 344: 339: 160: 120: 66: 3527: 5586: 5410: 5309: 4439: 4147: 2731: 2585:, "Why the U.S. Tax Reform's International Provisions Need to Be Reformed", 2380: 2290: 2271: 1842: 1103: 1021: 1016: 707: 702: 513: 440: 130: 4252:"€600 billion and counting: Why high-tax locations let tax havens flourish" 3291:"The scale of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS): Tax Justice Network" 3202: 6012: 4483:"FEARGAL O'ROURKE: Man Making Ireland Tax Avoidance Hub Proves Local Hero" 2285:). Other tax experts, including a founder of academic tax haven research, 2248:

State's statutory legislation. Tax investigators call such jurisdictions "

1639: 4541:"Scion of a prominent political dynasty who gave his vote to accountancy" 4317: 3804: 2427:. "Ireland resists closing corporation tax ‘loophole’" (10 November 2017) 2057:(†) Mostly consists of The Cayman Islands and The British Virgin Islands 1265: 1233: 922: 912: 833: 828: 801: 774: 584: 334: 275: 270: 103: 4803:"Why the U.S. Tax Reform's International Provisions Need to Be Reformed" 3864:

leading country in the world in negotiating double taxation conventions.

3376:

Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax-avoidance vehicle.

1703:

decided against signing the 2016 OECD anti–BEPS MLI initiative from the

4567:

Second, it confirms (once again) that the OECD BEPS process has failed.

4212:"Multinationals replacing 'Double Irish' with new tax avoidance scheme" 3290: 3148: 1834: 1076: 903: 806: 796: 135: 93: 3877:"UK tops global table of damaging tax deals with developing countries" 3784:"Profit Shifting and "Aggressive" Tax Planning by Multinational Firms" 2572:

Setser followed up his New York Times piece on the CoFR website with:

2315:

on U.S. multinational use of tax havens was the first to use the term

3737:"Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics" 1285: 1096: 1091: 1086: 893: 781: 3658:"Tax Reform in the UK Reversed the Tide of Corporate Tax Inversions" 3393:

Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal

2876:("IP") direct from the U.S., at a preferential 13.125% U.S. tax rate 4421: 2924:"Treasury Official Explains Why U.S. Didn't Sign OECD Super-Treaty" 2175:

tax rates in the haven. Some of the tools are OECD–compliant (e.g.

4497:"After a Tax Crackdown, Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits" 3421:

Figure I: U.S. Chamber International IP Index 2018, Overall Scores

3311:"New UN tax handbook: Lower–income countries vs OECD BEPS failure" 2546: 2470: 2252:", and explain that most leading BEPS hubs started as established 2158: 1847: 1694: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1280: 1255: 1250: 1197: 1069: 4966: 5164: 5149: 4095:"Tax haven networks and the role of the Big 4 accountancy firms" 3180: 3134: 2655: 2480: 1728: 5168: 3993:"DE CORRESPONDENT REVEALS HOW THE NETHERLANDS BECAME TAX HAVEN" 2507:

Double Irish arrangement § Effect of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

2671: 2615: 2291:

U.S a major beneficiary of BEPS tools and corporate-tax havens

208: 40: 3895:"Blacklisted by Brazil, Dublin funds find new ways to invest" 3724:

Table 2: Shifted Profits: Country–by–Country Estimates (2015)

2242:, EU Commissioner on Taxation, Financial Times, 11 March 2018 2202:

Because BEPS hubs (or Conduit OFCs) need extensive bilateral

3823:"What Problems and Opportunities are Created by Tax Havens?" 3715: 4772:"The Global Con Hidden in Trump's Tax Reform Law, Revealed" 4440:"TAX ANNEX TO THE SAINT PETERSBURG G20 LEADERS DECLARATION" 4361:"FISCAL PARADISE: FOREIGN TAX HAVENS AND AMERICAN BUSINESS" 2816:

The critical component of the most important BEPS tools is

2872:

The FDII regime allows U.S. multinationals to charge-out

2519:

execute Apple's Irish BEPS tool, the "Green Jersey" (see

4146:. U.S. GAO. 18 December 2008. p. 12. Archived from 2195:), while others have not attracted OECD attention (e.g. 4176:"Brussels in crackdown on 'double Irish' tax loophole" 3482:, Routledge-Cavendish, p. 757, 12 December 1995, 3369:"Intellectual Property Law Solutions to Tax Avoidance" 2123:

An important academic study in July 2017 published in

1772:

Most BEPS activity is associated with industries with

1729:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3270:"Tax avoidance and evasion: The scale of the problem" 1000:

European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base

4656:"Irish Microsoft firm worth $ 100bn ahead of merger" 4523:"Ireland resists closing corporation tax 'loophole'" 4052:. Tax Justice Network. November 2015. Archived from 3389:"Intellectual Property and Tax Avoidance in Ireland" 3325:"The desperate inequality behind global tax dodging" 3060:

Scott Dyreng; Bradley P. Lindsey (12 October 2009).

5954: 5829: 5764: 5681: 5672: 5599: 5436: 5357: 5350: 5230: 4739:"Donald Trump seeks to slash US corporate tax rate" 4682:"When can we expect the next wave of IP onshoring?" 4457:"What's Wrong With Intercompany Accounting? Plenty" 4332:"Gimme shelter - A survey of globalisation and tax" 2394:of two of the largest BEPS tools in the world, the 2266:

Ireland as a tax haven § Political compromises

3975:"Multinationals pay lower taxes than a decade ago" 2102:, shifts profits to the haven by asserting that a 5042:"Tax Alert: Mandatory Disclosure Rules In Europe" 4563:"The US Treasury just declared tax war on Europe" 4405:"Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting" 4123:"How Ireland became an offshore financial centre" 3689:"The United Kingdom's Experience with Inversions" 3252:"Tax Avoidance and the Irish Balance of Payments" 2530:In May 2018, it was shown that the TCJA contains 2448:, whose BEPS tools were not sufficiently robust. 1820:, Thomas Wright, "THE EXORBITANT TAX PRIVILEGE", 5067:"Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB)" 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 2327: 1704: 4445:. St Petersburg Tax Annex OECD. September 2013. 4250:; Thomas Tørsløv; Ludvig Wier (November 2017). 4093:Alex Cobham; Chris Jones; Yama Temouri (2017). 2574: 2409: 2340:Base erosion and profit shifting (OECD project) 2295: 2232: 1809: 4967:"Base erosion and profit shifting - OECD BEPS" 3848:"The Tax Treaty Network of the United Kingdom" 5180: 3927:"MOF rejects claim of Singapore as tax haven" 1676: 8: 4368:Quarterly Journal of Economics (Harvard/MIT) 2926:. Bloomberg BNA. 8 June 2017. Archived from 2501:Ireland as a tax haven § Impact of TCJA 2372:onerous by corporations who use BEPS tools. 4830:. International Tax Review. 4 February 2019 4275:; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). 3714:; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). 3201:; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 1833:Caribbean tax haven BEPS system, excluding 5678: 5354: 5187: 5173: 5165: 4277:"The Policy Failure of High-Tax Countries" 1867: 1683: 1669: 1318: 1139: 397: 213: 31: 4880:"Ireland may soon run out of road on tax" 3913:"Tax haven blacklisting in Latin America" 3611:; Anna Gumpert; Monika Schnitzer (2016). 3313:. Tax Justice Network. 11 September 2017. 3079: 2479:of US$ 300 billion in IP, is the largest 2163:Profitability of U.S. subsidiaries (2015 1837:. The largest global BEPS hubs, from the 1192:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy 4758: 4756: 4703:"6 ways to fix the tax system post TCJA" 2793:Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets 2374: 2187:"), others became OECD–proscribed (e.g. 2181:Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets 1701:United States Department of the Treasury 6079:Corporate taxation in the United States 5097:"Financing for Sustainable Development" 4873: 4871: 4580:"OECD's BEPs measures seriously flawed" 3340: 3338: 3242: 3240: 3135:"OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting" 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2783: 2298:otherwise-similar large U.S. companies. 2272:Tax haven § Benefits of tax havens 2074:Corporate haven § Global BEPS hubs 1347: 1321: 1183: 1142: 552: 505: 458: 400: 262: 216: 39: 4828:"Why BEPS 2.0 makes tax heads nervous" 3846:Philip Baker OBE QC (September 2013). 3618:The Review of Economics and Statistics 3129: 3127: 3041:otherwise-similar large U.S. companies 2996: 2985: 1862: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4050:"Tax Justice Network: Captured State" 3791:Centre for European Economic Research 3675:"How Tax Reform solved UK inversions" 3404: 3402: 2841: 2839: 2523:). In July 2018, an Irish tax expert 2214:corporate tax rate of the haven (see 2110:), justifies a large increase in the 1841:table below, are synonymous with the 7: 5550:New international division of labour 4938:Gavin McLoughlin (31 January 2019). 4284:National Bureau of Economic Research 4259:National Bureau of Economic Research 3915:. Tax Justice Network. 6 April 2017. 3720:National Bureau of Economic Research 3613:"Multinational Firms and Tax Havens" 3207:National Bureau of Economic Research 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2980:National Bureau of Economic Research 2812: 2810: 2796:(CAIA) BEPS tool, also known as the 2491:" by Nobel Prize–winning economist, 2402:(as used by Apple in their Q1 2015 " 2062:National Bureau of Economic Research 4992:"G20 Finance Communiqué, July 2021" 3995:. Oxfam/De Correspondant. May 2017. 3807:. University of Tilburg. June 2017. 2060:Research in September 2018, by the 5017:"The Anti Tax Avoidance Directive" 4485:. Bloomberg News. 28 October 2013. 4422:"Base Erosion and Profit Shifting" 3677:. Tax Foundation. 14 October 2014. 3663:. Tax Foundation. 14 October 2014. 3440:, Bloomsbury Methuen Drama, 2018, 2971:; Thomas Wright (September 2018). 2328:§ Failure of OECD (2012–2016) 2306:, "Treasure Islands" p. 107 (2010) 1873:. Table 1: Shifted Profits (2015) 1705:§ Failure of OECD (2012–2016) 25: 4286:, Working Papers. pp. 44–49. 3410:United States Chamber of Commerce 2772:Global minimum corporate tax rate 2153:Global Innovation Property Centre 1007:Global minimum corporate tax rate 27:Multinational tax avoidance tools 6011: 6001: 6000: 5211: 4849:Daniel Bunn (14 February 2019). 4359:; Eric M. Rice (February 1994). 3828:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 3716:"The Missing Profits of Nations" 3203:"The Missing Profits of Nations" 3081:10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00346.x 3031:Journal of Economic Perspectives 2859:The TCJA system is described as 1824:Working Papers (September 2018). 1712:Base erosion and profit shifting 1650: 1638: 477:Base erosion and profit shifting 47: 18:Base Erosion and Profit Shifting 5212: 4910:Dan O'Brien (3 February 2019). 4561:Cobham, Alex (24 August 2016). 4521:Jack Power (10 November 2017). 4006:George Turner (November 2017). 3951:. 30 April 2015. Archived from 3691:. Tax Foundation. 5 April 2016. 3174:"BEPS Project Background Brief" 2829:The paper lists tax havens as: 2539:of 0–3% via the TCJA's foreign 2354:2013 G-20 St. Petersburg summit 2082:via OECD–compliant BEPS tools: 255:Optimal capital income taxation 4878:Cantillion (2 February 2019). 3722:, Working Papers. p. 31. 3585:. 20 July 2018. Archived from 3551:Richard Rubin (10 June 2018). 3438:Goldilocks and the water bears 3250:; Cole Frank (25 April 2018). 3209:, Working Papers. p. 31. 3067:Journal of Accounting Research 2973:"THE EXORBITANT TAX PRIVILEGE" 2222:laws, and by the avoidance of 2106:performed in the haven (e.g., 1782:raw materials of tax avoidance 1330:List of countries by tax rates 1: 5155:Ernst & Young BEPS Portal 5071:taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu 5021:taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu 4678:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council 4582:. economia. 9 December 2016. 4306:Journal of Economic Geography 2702:for multinational companies. 2563:(CoFR), wrote an article for 2513:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 2348:tasked the OECD to develop a 2321:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 1805:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 760:Natural resources consumption 6084:Corporate taxation in Canada 4807:Council on Foreign Relations 4768:Council on Foreign Relations 3367:Andrew Blair-Stanek (2015). 3345:Alex Cobham (24 July 2018). 3256:Council on Foreign Relations 3211:Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens 2897:events in various tax havens 2737:Country-by-Country Reporting 2587:Council on Foreign Relations 2561:Council on Foreign Relations 2475:Apple's Q1 2015 Irish quasi– 2457:country–by–country–reporting 2406:" restructuring in Ireland). 2224:country–by–country reporting 2215: 1891:Effective Corporate Tax Rate 610:United States as a tax haven 5268:Environmental globalization 5243:Anti-globalization movement 3183:. January 2017. p. 9. 2467:Failure of TCJA (2017–2018) 2334:Failure of OECD (2012–2016) 2046: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1886:Headline Corporate Tax Rate 1794:advanced IP tax legislation 6105: 5416:Offshore financial centres 4851:"Ready to go on BEPS 2.0?" 3480:Sourcebook on Contract Law 3446:10.5040/9781472940902.0005 2625:Pillar Two Overall design 2598: 2595:OECD BEPS 2.0 (2019)(2021) 2521:Irish experience post–TCJA 2504: 2498: 2337: 2269: 2263: 2071: 2040: 2026: 2012: 1998: 1984: 1970: 1956: 1942: 1928: 1914: 1900: 1871:Missing Profits of Nations 1865: 524:Offshore financial centres 414:Repatriation tax avoidance 5996: 5202: 4392:percent of tax haven GDP. 4102:Journal of World Business 3901:. Reuters. 20 March 2017. 3488:10.4324/9781843141518-296 2346:2012 G20 Los Cabos summit 989:Financial transaction tax 79:Property tax equalization 5258:Democratic globalization 3528:10.1787/9789264261594-ko 2628:Pillar Two consists of: 2537:U.S. effective tax rates 2283:source of contradictions 1915:Caribbean† (ex. Bermuda) 1843:top 10 global tax havens 1796:in their statute books. 1335:Tax revenue to GDP ratio 994:Currency transaction tax 580:Liechtenstein tax affair 6069:Corporate tax avoidance 6039:Competition (economics) 5540:Investor-state disputes 5493:Illicit financial flows 5337:Political globalization 5285:Global financial system 4620:"Tax Reform: Round One" 3646:. IMF. 2013. p. 4. 3558:The Wall Street Journal 3228:The Wall Street Journal 2700:global minimum tax rate 2366:2015 G20 Antalya summit 2358:Multilateral Instrument 2330:to curtail BEPS tools. 1042:Permanent establishment 1037:Exchange of Information 545:Financial Secrecy Index 196:Medical savings account 6049:International taxation 6044:International business 5881:Christopher Chase-Dunn 5649:Primitive accumulation 5332:Military globalization 5263:Economic globalization 5248:Cultural globalization 3949:Sydney Morning Hearald 3855:International Taxation 3762:The Japan Times Online 2995:Cite journal requires 2762:Ireland as a tax haven 2592: 2552: 2496: 2442:PriceWaterhouseCoopers 2430: 2407: 2309: 2245: 2168: 2108:contract manufacturing 1857: 1827: 1718:) refers to corporate 1708: 942:Vehicle miles traveled 561:Ireland as a tax haven 375:Private tax collection 6064:Administrative theory 4745:. 27 September 2017. 4707:Brookings Institution 4505:A key architect was 3768:. 10 September 2018. 3115:University of Chicago 2887:intellectual property 2874:intellectual property 2818:intellectual property 2742:Conduit and Sink OFCs 2550: 2474: 2386:(l), and PwC Partner 2378: 2313:1994 Hines–Rice paper 2162: 2131:Conduit and Sink OFCs 2094:Debt–based BEPS tools 1869:Zucman–Tørsløv–Wier. 1851: 1774:intellectual property 1698: 615:Panama as a tax haven 567:Ireland v. Commission 535:Conduit and sink OFCs 530:Offshore magic circle 451:Unreported employment 5946:Immanuel Wallerstein 5607:Capital accumulation 5473:Endangered languages 4801:(19 February 2019). 4660:Sunday Business Post 3414:"GIPC IP Index 2018" 2895:leprechaun economics 2802:leprechaun economics 2541:participation relief 2489:Leprechaun economics 2451:In August 2016, the 2404:leprechaun economics 2193:Dutch Double–Dipping 2141:for BEPS flows, and 1893:(foreign firms) (%) 1767:leprechaun economics 1735:Corporate tax havens 1606:United Arab Emirates 1348:Individual Countries 1057:Foreign revenue rule 854:Inheritance (estate) 573:Leprechaun economics 6018:Business portal 5577:Transnational crime 5483:Forced displacement 5468:Economic inequality 5342:Trade globalization 5238:Alter-globalization 4996:www.g20.utoronto.ca 4770:(6 February 2019). 4503:. 6 November 2017. 4374:(1). Archived from 4236:. 15 November 2017. 4218:. 14 November 2017. 4127:Tax Justice Network 4082:. 18 February 2016. 4015:Tax Justice Network 3933:. 14 December 2016. 3883:. 23 February 2016. 3819:Dhammika Dharmapala 3434:"A Brave New World" 3374:. UCLA Law Review. 3351:Tax Justice Network 3296:Tax Justice Network 3279:. 17 November 2017. 3277:Tax Justice Network 3149:"About - OECD BEPS" 3107:Dhammika Dharmapala 2767:Transfer mispricing 2453:Tax Justice Network 2228:knowledge economies 2208:effective tax rates 2145:, which act as the 2137:, which act as the 2100:TP–based BEPS tools 2088:IP–based BEPS tools 2080:corporate tax haven 1874: 1839:Zucman–Tørsløv–Wier 1786:IP–based BEPS tools 1763:Tax Justice Network 1722:strategies used by 1645:Business portal 1340:Tax rates in Europe 1210:Tax Justice Network 1156:Dhammika Dharmapala 664:Airport improvement 472:Transfer mispricing 263:Distribution of Tax 35:Part of a series on 5791:Andre Gunder Frank 5565:Race to the bottom 5555:North–South divide 5273:Global citizenship 4777:The New York Times 4501:The New York Times 4461:BlackLine Magazine 4357:James R. Hines Jr. 4340:. 27 January 2000. 4318:10.1093/jeg/lbr008 4035:. 9 January 2011. 3609:James R. Hines Jr. 3331:. 8 November 2017. 3026:"Treasure Islands" 3022:James R. Hines Jr. 2941:Bloomberg BNA and 2747:James R. Hines Jr. 2566:The New York Times 2555:In February 2019, 2553: 2497: 2411:Global legal firm 2408: 2304:James R. Hines Jr. 2287:James R. Hines Jr. 2169: 1868: 1858: 1709: 1246:Eight per thousand 1161:James R. Hines Jr. 1052:European Union FTT 74:Government revenue 6026: 6025: 5992: 5991: 5851:K. Anthony Appiah 5846:Daniele Archibugi 5595: 5594: 5384:COVID-19 pandemic 5290:Global governance 5126:oecd-ilibrary.org 4945:Irish Independent 4917:Irish Independent 4642:Irish Independent 4602:Alston & Bird 4381:on 25 August 2017 4261:, Working Papers. 4153:on 20 August 2018 4121:(November 2015). 3931:The Straits Times 3821:(December 2008). 3589:on 31 August 2018 3497:978-1-84314-151-8 3455:978-1-4729-2011-9 3412:(February 2018). 3395:. 30 August 2016. 2432:The acknowledged 2254:financial centres 2220:financial secrecy 2155:(GIPC) IP Index". 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 1693: 1692: 1628: 1627: 1224: 1223: 1216:Tax Policy Center 964:Negative (income) 740:Environmental tax 622: 621: 540:Financial centres 360:Tax investigation 298: 297: 166:Tax harmonization 16:(Redirected from 6096: 6074:Offshore finance 6016: 6015: 6004: 6003: 5957: 5866:Jean Baudrillard 5834: 5781:Giovanni Arrighi 5769: 5726:Branko Milanović 5706:Jagdish Bhagwati 5684: 5679: 5570:pollution havens 5535:Invasive species 5439: 5360: 5355: 5305:Global workforce 5215: 5214: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5166: 5160:KPMG BEPS Portal 5150:OECD BEPS Portal 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5077:on 16 April 2023 5073:. Archived from 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4680:(18 July 2018). 4670: 4664: 4663: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4624:Harvard Magazine 4612: 4606: 4605: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4463:. 15 August 2018 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4365: 4353: 4342: 4341: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4256: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4119:Nicholas Shaxson 4115: 4109: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3981:. 11 March 2018. 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3743:. 13 June 2018. 3733: 3727: 3726: 3708: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3582:Business Insider 3573: 3567: 3566: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3522:. 18 July 2016. 3514: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230:. 10 June 2018. 3220: 3214: 3213: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3083: 3074:(5): 1283–1316. 3057: 3044: 3043: 3018: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2977: 2965: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2920: 2898: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2805: 2788: 2590: 2532:technical issues 2438:Feargal O'Rourke 2428: 2388:Feargal O'Rourke 2360:, consisting of 2350:BEPS Action Plan 2307: 2243: 2240:Pierre Moscovici 1888:(all firms) (%) 1875: 1860: 1859: 1825: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1657:Money portal 1655: 1654: 1653: 1643: 1642: 1319: 1140: 1047:Transfer pricing 1027:Tax equalization 1001: 949:Corporate profit 585:Luxembourg Leaks 519:Corporate havens 398: 214: 51: 32: 21: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6010: 5988: 5969:Thomas Friedman 5955: 5950: 5901:Anthony Giddens 5876:Manuel Castells 5841:Arjun Appadurai 5832: 5830: 5825: 5767: 5765: 5760: 5756:Joseph Stiglitz 5696:Richard Baldwin 5682: 5674: 5668: 5627:Fiscal localism 5591: 5545:McDonaldization 5463:Development aid 5437: 5432: 5401:Multilingualism 5396:Labor arbitrage 5372:Climate justice 5358: 5346: 5300:Global politics 5253:Deglobalization 5226: 5198: 5193: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4890: 4888: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4743:Financial Times 4737: 4736: 4732: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4701:(25 May 2018). 4697: 4696: 4692: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4662:. 24 June 2018. 4654: 4653: 4649: 4644:. 26 July 2018. 4636: 4635: 4631: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4604:. 14 July 2014. 4596: 4595: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545:The Irish Times 4539: 4538: 4534: 4527:The Irish Times 4520: 4519: 4515: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4363: 4355: 4354: 4345: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4279: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4200:. October 2014. 4192: 4191: 4187: 4182:. October 2014. 4180:Financial Times 4174: 4173: 4169: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4097: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4056:on 20 June 2018 4048: 4047: 4043: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3979:Financial Times 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766:The Japan Times 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741:The Irish Times 3735: 3734: 3730: 3710: 3709: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3105: 3104: 3093: 3059: 3058: 3047: 3038:(24): 103–125. 3020: 3019: 3008: 2994: 2984: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2951: 2933: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2884: 2880: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2854: 2848:virtual product 2844: 2837: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2808: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2752:Helena Malikova 2728: 2712: 2685: 2668: 2652: 2647: 2645:Current efforts 2603: 2597: 2591: 2581: 2509: 2503: 2469: 2429: 2423: 2342: 2336: 2317:profit shifting 2308: 2302: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2250:captured states 2244: 2238: 2117: 2076: 2070: 1892: 1887: 1879: 1878:Profits Shifted 1826: 1816: 1755: 1689: 1651: 1649: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1316: 1306: 1305: 1261:Fiscus Judaicus 1236: 1226: 1225: 1184:Advocacy groups 1137: 1129: 1128: 1119:Trade agreement 1114:Free-trade zone 1072: 1062: 1061: 999: 984: 974: 973: 634: 624: 623: 595:Paradise Papers 436:Debtors' prison 395: 385: 384: 355:Tax preparation 315:Revenue service 310: 300: 299: 211: 201: 200: 181:Double taxation 176:Tax withholding 171:Tax competition 89:Non-tax revenue 69: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6102: 6100: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6031: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6008: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5871:Zygmunt Bauman 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5736:Thomas Piketty 5733: 5731:Kevin O'Rourke 5728: 5723: 5721:Michael Hudson 5718: 5713: 5711:Robert Brenner 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5582:Westernization 5579: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5442: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5421:Tax inversions 5418: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5391:Digital divide 5388: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5367:Climate change 5363: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5144:External links 5142: 5139: 5138: 5113: 5088: 5058: 5033: 5008: 4983: 4958: 4930: 4902: 4867: 4855:Tax Foundation 4841: 4819: 4790: 4752: 4730: 4725:Tax Foundation 4712: 4690: 4665: 4647: 4629: 4616:Mihir A. Desai 4607: 4589: 4571: 4553: 4547:. 8 May 2015. 4532: 4513: 4507:Baker McKenzie 4488: 4474: 4448: 4431: 4413: 4396: 4343: 4323: 4312:(4): 753–756. 4302:Richard Murphy 4289: 4273:Gabriel Zucman 4264: 4248:Gabriel Zucman 4239: 4221: 4203: 4185: 4167: 4132: 4110: 4085: 4067: 4041: 4020: 3998: 3984: 3966: 3955:on 22 May 2018 3936: 3918: 3904: 3886: 3868: 3838: 3810: 3796: 3774: 3749: 3728: 3712:Gabriel Zucman 3694: 3680: 3666: 3649: 3632: 3600: 3568: 3543: 3536: 3509: 3496: 3467: 3454: 3425: 3398: 3380: 3359: 3334: 3316: 3302: 3282: 3261: 3236: 3215: 3199:Gabriel Zucman 3190: 3165: 3140: 3123: 3091: 3045: 3006: 2997:|journal= 2969:Gabriel Zucman 2949: 2943:Baker McKenzie 2930:on 22 May 2018 2909: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2878: 2865: 2852: 2835: 2822: 2806: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2757:Gabriel Zucman 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2711: 2708: 2684: 2681: 2667: 2664: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2596: 2593: 2579: 2468: 2465: 2421: 2417:Michael Noonan 2413:Baker McKenzie 2335: 2332: 2300: 2264:Main article: 2261: 2258: 2236: 2116: 2115: 2112:transfer price 2097: 2091: 2084: 2072:Main article: 2069: 2066: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1864: 1863: 1818:Gabriel Zucman 1814: 1759:Gabriel Zucman 1754: 1751: 1724:multinationals 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1673: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1647: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1611:United Kingdom 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1204:Tax Foundation 1201: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1176:Gabriel Zucman 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1151:Mihir A. Desai 1145: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1012:Robin Hood tax 1009: 1004: 996: 991: 985: 980: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 966: 961: 956: 954:Excess profits 951: 946: 945: 944: 939: 934: 925: 920: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 839:Gross receipts 836: 831: 826: 821: 820: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 779: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 737: 732: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 690: 689: 688: 678: 677: 676: 671: 666: 656: 651: 646: 641: 635: 630: 629: 626: 625: 620: 619: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 590:Offshore Leaks 587: 582: 577: 576: 575: 570: 555: 554: 553:Major examples 550: 549: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 521: 516: 508: 507: 503: 502: 501: 500: 495: 490: 488:Dutch Sandwich 485: 480: 474: 469: 461: 460: 456: 455: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 426:Tax resistance 423: 418: 417: 416: 403: 402: 396: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 330:Taxable income 327: 325:Tax assessment 322: 317: 311: 306: 305: 302: 301: 296: 295: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 265: 264: 260: 259: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 219: 218: 217:General Theory 212: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 193: 188: 186:Representation 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 107: 106: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6101: 6090: 6089:Global issues 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Tax avoidance 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5985: 5984:Vandana Shiva 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5936:Saskia Sassen 5934: 5932: 5931:George Ritzer 5929: 5927: 5926:Antonio Negri 5924: 5922: 5921:L. H. M. Ling 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906:Michael Hardt 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Alfred Crosby 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Susan Strange 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Robert W. Cox 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5746:Jeffrey Sachs 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5664:World-systems 5662: 5660: 5659:World history 5657: 5655: 5654:Social change 5652: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5632:Modernization 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5295:Global health 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5196:Globalization 5190: 5185: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4727:. 3 May 2018. 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4674:Seamus Coffey 4669: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4618:(June 2018). 4617: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4410:. OECD. 2013. 4406: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337:The Economist 4333: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4234:thejournal.ie 4231: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3537:9789264261594 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3419:. p. 6. 3415: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3117:. p. 1. 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2989: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945:in Washington 2944: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2891:raw materials 2888: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2687:In 2016, the 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2660:tax avoidance 2657: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2602: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2525:Seamus Coffey 2522: 2516: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477:tax inversion 2473: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379:Former Irish 2377: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2273: 2267: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2183:("CAIA") or " 2182: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2075: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2036: 2022: 2008: 1994: 1980: 1966: 1952: 1938: 1924: 1910: 1896: 1890: 1885: 1883:Jurisdiction 1882: 1880:(2015 $ bn) 1877: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1616:United States 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1322:All Countries 1320: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1276:Tolerance tax 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1002: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 983: 982:International 978: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 915: 914: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 884:Resource rent 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 783: 780: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 741: 738: 736: 733: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 694: 691: 687: 684: 683: 682: 681:Capital gains 679: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 633: 628: 627: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 600:Panama Papers 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 574: 571: 569: 568: 564: 563: 562: 559: 558: 557: 556: 551: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 504: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 467:Tax inversion 465: 464: 463: 462: 457: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 415: 412: 411: 410: 409:Tax avoidance 407: 406: 405: 404: 399: 394: 393:Noncompliance 389: 388: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 370:Tax collector 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 350:Tax residence 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 320:Revenue stamp 318: 316: 313: 312: 309: 304: 303: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 235:Tax incidence 233: 231: 230:Excess burden 228: 226: 223: 222: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 204: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 156:Tax incentive 154: 152: 151:Tax advantage 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 111:Tax threshold 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 68: 63: 62: 59: 58:fiscal policy 56:An aspect of 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5979:John R. Saul 5964:Noam Chomsky 5956:Non–academic 5896:Susan George 5891:Nancy Fraser 5861:Walden Bello 5806:David Harvey 5796:Stephen Gill 5716:Jayati Ghosh 5622:Earth system 5488:Human rights 5428:Water crisis 5325:early modern 5129:. Retrieved 5125: 5116: 5104:. Retrieved 5100: 5091: 5079:. Retrieved 5075:the original 5070: 5061: 5049:. Retrieved 5045: 5036: 5024:. Retrieved 5020: 5011: 4999:. Retrieved 4995: 4986: 4974:. Retrieved 4971:www.oecd.org 4970: 4961: 4949:. Retrieved 4943: 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4915: 4905: 4896: 4889:. Retrieved 4883: 4858:. Retrieved 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4822: 4810:. Retrieved 4793: 4781:. Retrieved 4775: 4746: 4742: 4733: 4715: 4693: 4685: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4610: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4566: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4516: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4477: 4465:. Retrieved 4460: 4451: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4399: 4390: 4383:. Retrieved 4376:the original 4371: 4367: 4335: 4326: 4309: 4305: 4292: 4267: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4198:The Guardian 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4162: 4155:. Retrieved 4148:the original 4135: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4088: 4080:The Guardian 4079: 4070: 4058:. Retrieved 4054:the original 4044: 4036: 4033:The Guardian 4032: 4023: 4001: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3957:. Retrieved 3953:the original 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3881:The Guardian 3880: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3813: 3799: 3777: 3769: 3761: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3723: 3683: 3669: 3652: 3635: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3603: 3591:. Retrieved 3587:the original 3580: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3546: 3518: 3512: 3501:, retrieved 3479: 3470: 3459:, retrieved 3437: 3428: 3420: 3383: 3375: 3362: 3354: 3329:The Guardian 3328: 3319: 3305: 3294: 3285: 3264: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3210: 3193: 3184: 3168: 3156:. Retrieved 3153:www.oecd.org 3152: 3143: 3118: 3087:collections. 3085: 3071: 3065: 3039: 3035: 3029: 2988:cite journal 2939: 2932:. Retrieved 2928:the original 2890: 2881: 2868: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2830: 2825: 2798:Green Jersey 2797: 2791: 2786: 2720: 2713: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2677: 2669: 2654:In 2013 the 2653: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2608: 2604: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2554: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2517: 2510: 2493:Paul Krugman 2461: 2456: 2450: 2433: 2431: 2410: 2400:Green Jersey 2396:Double Irish 2391: 2370: 2361: 2349: 2343: 2325: 2316: 2310: 2296: 2279: 2275: 2246: 2233: 2223: 2211: 2207: 2204:tax treaties 2201: 2189:Double Irish 2185:Green Jersey 2177:patent boxes 2172: 2170: 2151: 2146: 2143:Conduit OFCs 2138: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2103: 2077: 2059: 2056: 1870: 1830: 1828: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1781: 1771: 1756: 1747:life science 1733: 1720:tax planning 1715: 1711: 1710: 1576:South Africa 1171:Joel Slemrod 844:Hypothecated 812:Sugary drink 686:Expatriation 565: 483:Double Irish 476: 446:Black market 291:Proportional 240:Laffer curve 225:Price effect 29: 5974:Naomi Klein 5856:Ulrich Beck 5831:Politics / 5821:Robert Wade 5811:Ronen Palan 5801:Peter Gowan 5751:Amartya Sen 5741:Dani Rodrik 5691:David Autor 5617:Development 5498:Imperialism 5446:Brain drain 4951:26 February 4923:26 February 4891:26 February 4885:Irish Times 4860:26 February 4834:26 February 4812:24 February 4799:Brad Setser 4783:24 February 4764:Brad Setser 4298:Ronen Palan 3248:Brad Setser 2583:Brad Setser 2557:Brad Setser 2425:Irish Times 2197:Single Malt 1985:Puerto Rico 1957:Netherlands 1943:Switzerland 1591:Switzerland 1556:Philippines 1531:New Zealand 1526:Netherlands 1166:Ronen Palan 909:User charge 728:Value-added 693:Consumption 605:Swiss Leaks 493:Single Malt 431:Tax shelter 421:Tax evasion 380:Tax farming 365:Tax shelter 281:Progressive 245:Optimal tax 146:Tax amnesty 141:Tax holiday 99:Tax bracket 84:Tax revenue 6033:Categories 5916:Paul Hirst 5911:David Held 5776:Samir Amin 5766:Political 5701:Ravi Batra 5642:history of 5637:ecological 5612:Dependency 5560:Offshoring 5523:scientific 5513:linguistic 5478:Fair trade 5458:Care drain 5411:Tax havens 5406:Population 5315:History of 5101:www.un.org 4699:Ben Harris 4467:7 February 3625:(4): 714. 3186:countries. 2905:References 2599:See also: 2505:See also: 2499:See also: 2446:tax havens 2384:Enda Kenny 2362:15 Actions 2338:See also: 2270:See also: 1971:Luxembourg 1743:technology 1501:Kazakhstan 1386:Bangladesh 1381:Azerbaijan 1314:By country 1271:Temple tax 1241:Church tax 1124:ATA Carnet 1109:Free trade 1104:Tariff war 1032:Tax treaty 918:Congestion 859:Land value 750:Eco-tariff 718:Television 674:Solidarity 654:Ad valorem 514:Tax havens 345:Tax shield 340:Tax refund 308:Collection 286:Regressive 161:Tax reform 5941:John Urry 5833:sociology 5683:Economics 5587:World war 5310:Globality 5278:education 4748:candidate 4157:13 August 4060:10 August 3593:31 August 2833:(page 6.) 2732:Tax haven 2589:, (2019). 2559:from the 2485:inversion 2434:architect 2392:architect 2381:Taoiseach 2135:Sink OFCs 1999:Hong Kong 1929:Singapore 1831:aggregate 1739:CAIA tool 1581:Sri Lanka 1546:Palestine 1506:Lithuania 1471:Indonesia 1456:Hong Kong 1376:Australia 1366:Argentina 1234:Religious 1022:Spahn tax 1017:Tobin tax 874:Pigouvian 792:Cigarette 765:Severance 698:Departure 506:Locations 459:Corporate 441:Smuggling 209:Economics 131:Tax shift 126:Deduction 116:Exemption 6006:Category 5675:scholars 5600:Theories 5508:cultural 5503:academic 5207:Journals 5131:16 April 5106:16 April 5081:16 April 5051:16 April 5026:16 April 5001:16 April 4976:16 April 4426:oecd.org 4385:8 August 3959:9 August 3793:, (ZEW). 3564:Berkeley 3503:16 April 3461:16 April 3158:16 April 3109:(2014). 3024:(2010). 2934:8 August 2726:See also 2580:— 2422:— 2352:, which 2301:— 2237:— 2212:headline 2173:headline 2139:terminus 1815:— 1601:Tanzania 1566:Portugal 1541:Pakistan 1421:Colombia 1401:Bulgaria 1266:Leibzoll 1143:Academic 1136:Research 959:Windfall 899:Turnover 879:Property 829:Georgist 775:Stumpage 770:Steering 755:Landfill 735:Dividend 659:Aviation 649:Per unit 644:Indirect 335:Tax lien 271:Tax rate 250:Theories 104:Flat tax 67:Policies 41:Taxation 6054:Pricing 5768:economy 5673:Notable 5451:reverse 5379:Disease 5320:archaic 5231:Aspects 5222:Studies 5217:Outline 3899:Reuters 3835:(4): 3. 2260:Agendas 2216:Table 1 2147:conduit 2104:process 2027:Belgium 2013:Bermuda 1901:Ireland 1835:Bermuda 1621:Uruguay 1521:Namibia 1516:Morocco 1481:Ireland 1461:Iceland 1446:Germany 1436:Finland 1431:Denmark 1426:Croatia 1371:Armenia 1361:Algeria 1356:Albania 1003:(CCCTB) 869:Payroll 824:General 817:Tobacco 787:Alcohol 723:Tourist 669:Landing 401:General 136:Tax cut 94:Tax law 5528:social 5359:Global 5351:Issues 4216:RTÉ.ie 3861:(13). 3534: 3494: 3452: 2861:hybrid 2167:data). 2126:Nature 1784:, and 1596:Taiwan 1586:Sweden 1571:Russia 1561:Poland 1536:Norway 1486:Israel 1451:Greece 1441:France 1411:Canada 1396:Brazil 1391:Bhutan 1286:Kharaj 1194:(ITEP) 1097:Export 1092:Import 1087:Tariff 1077:Custom 969:Wealth 894:Surtax 889:Single 864:Luxury 849:Income 782:Excise 745:Carbon 639:Direct 526:(OFCs) 479:(BEPS) 191:Unions 121:Credit 5518:media 5438:Other 4585:data. 4443:(PDF) 4408:(PDF) 4379:(PDF) 4364:(PDF) 4280:(PDF) 4255:(PDF) 4151:(PDF) 4144:(PDF) 4098:(PDF) 4011:(PDF) 3851:(PDF) 3787:(PDF) 3661:(PDF) 3644:(PDF) 3417:(PDF) 3372:(PDF) 3273:(PDF) 3177:(PDF) 2982:: 11. 2976:(PDF) 2778:Notes 2440:from 2068:Tools 2041:Malta 1918:<3 1753:Scale 1511:Malta 1496:Japan 1491:Italy 1466:India 1416:China 1301:Zakat 1296:Nisab 1291:Khums 1281:Jizya 1256:Tithe 1251:Teind 1212:(TJN) 1198:Oxfam 1070:Trade 713:Stamp 708:Sales 703:Hotel 632:Types 5133:2023 5108:2023 5083:2023 5053:2023 5046:vLex 5028:2023 5003:2023 4978:2023 4953:2019 4925:2019 4893:2019 4862:2019 4836:2019 4814:2019 4785:2019 4469:2019 4387:2018 4159:2018 4062:2018 3961:2018 3595:2018 3532:ISBN 3505:2022 3492:ISBN 3463:2022 3450:ISBN 3181:OECD 3160:2023 3001:help 2936:2018 2790:The 2670:The 2656:OECD 2650:OECD 2612:IIEA 2511:The 2481:BEPS 2390:(r) 2344:The 2311:The 2191:and 1988:37.5 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