118:(API), categorized base oils into five main groups. Chemical and physical characteristics are defined for Groups I through III that reflect how refined they are, correlating in some way to high and low-temperature viscosity, oxidative stability, volatility, and so on. Group IV oils comprise polyalphaolefins by definition, and Group V oils are those that do not fit into any previous category. The intent of such categorization is to help ensure that engine oils retain performance when different base oils are used.
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are removed as the base oil is hydrogenated from Group I through Group III. Reduction in heteroatoms reduces formation of acids when engine oils are exposed to the combustion environment, acids being corrosive to the engine. The reduction in aromatic compounds improves the oxidative stability of the
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Long chain alkanes form waxes that precipitate at relatively high temperature. They are removed either by crystallizing the waxes at low temperature, or they can be isomerized to branched alkanes. Various levels of hydrogenation are used thereafter to remove any remaining aromatic compounds and
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Mineral base oils are first distilled from petroleum, and they comprise the 26-40 carbon fraction. Aromatic compounds are initially removed by solvent extraction: The distillation cut is mixed with an immiscible solvent such as phenol or furfural. This solvent preferentially dissolves aromatic
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crude oil. This means that crude oil is heated in order to separate various distillates from one another. During the heating process, light and heavy hydrocarbons are separated – the light ones can be refined to make petrol and other fuels, while the heavier ones are suitable for
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Chemical substances – additives – are added to the base oil in order to meet the quality requirements for the end products in terms of, for example, friction and cleaning properties. Certain types of motor oils contain more than twenty percent additives.
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oil, delaying formation of sludge and varnish. Yet both effects lead to the oil becoming less polar, making it a poorer solvent for both the additive package of an engine oil, as well as accumulated oxidation byproducts.
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base oils. An improvement to the refining process in the 1960s called hydro-treating made this base oil more stable, less reactive, and longer lasting than the earlier base oils.
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2004/284/EC: Commission
Decision of 29 September 1999 declaring a concentration compatible with the common market and the EEA Agreement (Case No IV/M.1383 — Exxon/Mobil)
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Unofficial base oil classifications are not recognized by the
American Petroleum Institute (API), however, they are widely used and marketed for
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is suitable to be made into a base oil is determined by the concentration of base oil molecules as well as how easily these can be extracted.
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under high pressure, extremely pure base oils can be obtained, which are suitable when quality requirements are particularly stringent.
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333:, a broader term that encompasses many base oils. This term usually refers to the domestic or medical use of oil refined from petroleum
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There are large numbers of crude oils all around the world that are used to produce base oils. The most common one is a type of
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base oil, since they are fully produced by hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, and hydrotreating, which make these oils purer.
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Originating in the 1930s, the least refined type which is produced by solvent refining. It usually consists of conventional
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High viscosity index lubricating oil base stock and viscosity modifier combinations, and lubricating oils derived therefrom
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Originating in the 1940s, any type of base oil other than mentioned in the previously defined groups. Group V oils include
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Polyalphaolefin oils have a higher oxidative stability in extreme temperatures, and also have exceptionally low
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crude oils that create products with better solubility and very good properties at low temperatures. By using
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439:"Annex E - API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils"
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at the higher end of the API Group II range. The viscosity index is 110-115 minimum.
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compounds well, and the aromatic compounds are separated together with the solvent.
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API defines group III as "base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90 percent
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API defines group II as "base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90 percent
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residual heteroatoms (in the form of nitrogen and sulfur compounds).
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Poly-internal-olefins (PIO) oils are similar to Poly-alpha-olefins
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Very generally, heteroatoms (as nitrogen and sulfur compounds) and
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API defines group I as "base stocks contain less than 90 percent
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For example, adipate, trimellitate, and polyol esters:
298:(GTL) process. Group III+ base oils have a Very High
274:Originating in the 1990s, a more refined grade of
176:greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120".
145:greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120".
510:https://patents.google.com/patent/US20140113847
397:"The Fundamentals of Mineral Base Oil Refining"
184:Originating in 1993, the most refined grade of
157:base oil, which may be partially produced by
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526:A Review of Mineral and Synthetic Base Oils
457:A Review of Mineral and Synthetic Base Oils
22:are used to manufacture products including
38:at various temperatures. Whether or not a
250:(e.g., ExxonMobil Synesstic) and esters.
234:), as well as in very hot weather (as in
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374:http://www.qrpoil.com/site/?baseoilsn500
418:"How Solvency Impacts Lube Performance"
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195:and less than or equal to 0.03 percent
168:and less than or equal to 0.03 percent
153:Originating in 1971, a better grade of
444:. American Petroleum Institute. 2015.
314:made of Poly-internal-olefins (PIO).
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294:Originating in 2015, produced by a
61:crude oil, although there are also
282:. Group II+ base oils have a high
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211:Originating in 1974, consists of
137:and/or greater than 0.03 percent
45:Base oil is produced by means of
531:A Defining Moment for Synthetics
420:. Lubes 'n' Greases. 2015-02-15
278:Group II base oil, produced by
203:greater than or equal to 120".
89:Production of mineral base oils
455:https://www.bobistheoilguy.com
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264:automatic transmission fluids
219:. Group IV base oils have a
116:American Petroleum Institute
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492:. Vanderbilt Worldwide Ltd
254:Unofficial Classifications
215:made of polyalphaolefins
16:Type of petroleum product
468:"Alkylated Naphthalene"
399:. Machinery Lubrication
32:metal processing fluids
395:Jeremy Wright (2012).
248:alkylated naphthalenes
69:technology, in which
223:range of 125 - 200.
490:"Ester Base Stocks"
110:API classifications
24:lubricating greases
546:Petroleum products
379:2016-03-04 at the
103:aromatic compounds
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494:. Retrieved
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472:. Retrieved
470:. ExxonMobil
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310:Consists of
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331:Mineral oil
236:Middle East
228:pour points
199:and have a
172:and have a
141:and have a
551:Lubricants
540:Categories
496:2023-03-27
474:2023-03-27
424:2023-03-28
403:2023-03-28
338:References
290:Group III+
260:motor oils
63:naphthenic
59:paraffinic
372:QRP OIL:
276:petroleum
270:Group II+
193:saturates
186:petroleum
180:Group III
166:saturates
155:petroleum
135:saturates
128:petroleum
75:aromatics
40:crude oil
36:viscosity
28:motor oil
20:Base oils
377:Archived
325:See also
306:Group VI
207:Group IV
149:Group II
79:hydrogen
47:refining
242:Group V
122:Group I
52:bitumen
232:Europe
197:sulfur
170:sulfur
139:sulfur
71:sulfur
442:(PDF)
319:(PAO)
217:(PAO)
351:SPBI
262:and
73:and
30:and
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