20:
278:
Bashmur was a region of marshland with sand banks and dense cover of reeds. Nowhere else in Egypt was more propitious for armed rebellion. Access to inhabited places was provided through narrow sandy banks and the reeds provided cover for soldiers. Moreover, Arabs did not settle in the
Bashmur,
19:
279:
leaving the population religiously unmixed. The economy of the region also favoured the
Bashmurians, who relied on limited agriculture, fishing and hunting birds for food. Less dependent on irrigation works than the
219:
The boundaries of
Bashmur have not been constant throughout the centuries. Perhaps from the mid-eighth to the mid-ninth century, Bashmur encompassed the entire marsh region northeast of
1202:
516:
1247:
439:
756:
328:
353:
509:
429:
Feder, Frank (2017). "The
Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'". In Gawdat Gabra; Hany N. Takla (eds.).
1082:
776:
1322:
1097:
594:
258:
The name
Bashmur survives in this region as the name of a Nile canal that breaks off about 4.5 miles (7 km) east of
1222:
679:
1327:
1317:
1312:
1057:
502:
114:"). Thomas Edwards provided another explanation, suggesting that it could be linked to a Semitic term for "north" (
1332:
992:
46:
1192:
479:
470:
709:
266:
arm of the Nile and
Dekernes before emptying into the El Sirw canal some 3.5 miles (5.5 km) south of
173:
144:
124:
1134:
1092:
1087:
1002:
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267:
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632:
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296:
71:
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1177:
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359:
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324:
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1242:
1227:
1102:
766:
744:
252:
1284:
1077:
1012:
997:
962:
932:
828:
545:
431:
Christianity and
Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta
259:
224:
197:
185:
155:
135:
115:
103:
91:
34:
1182:
446:. Institut für Orientalistik, Martin-Luther-Universität. pp. 111–119. Archived from
235:. Later it may have been limited to the eastern part of this area. In the 10th century,
180:), the ancient name of the Delta, which could represent an elliptical Coptic expression
1272:
1107:
1022:
1017:
1007:
922:
895:
813:
761:
734:
719:
694:
637:
614:
550:
537:
1306:
1072:
838:
833:
823:
795:
699:
240:
1232:
1047:
885:
805:
739:
714:
652:
1217:
1162:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1067:
1062:
1039:
910:
880:
875:
624:
584:
579:
244:
111:
59:
1167:
1141:
977:
967:
957:
905:
890:
855:
771:
589:
557:
236:
51:
1237:
1157:
1027:
704:
689:
667:
525:
363:
67:
24:
98:), which he interpreted as "at the borders or boundaries of a region," or
982:
972:
843:
567:
280:
263:
248:
232:
283:, they were capable of resisting long sieges. The Bashmurians also sold
818:
749:
562:
489:
Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit, Vol. 1, pp. 354-56
284:
440:"The Revolts of the Bashmuric Copts in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries"
1252:
1212:
987:
870:
572:
529:
220:
494:
82:
Louis
Picques, a late-17th century scholar, suggested that the name
1257:
900:
63:
55:
444:
Die koptische Kirche in den ersten drei islamischen
Jahrhunderten
850:
672:
498:
483:. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Publishers. cols. 349b–351b.
387:
385:
321:
Ancient Place-Names in the
Governorate of Kafr el-Sheikh
1203:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
247:
located Bashmur in the northeast of the Delta between
74:
against Arab occupation in the 8th and 9th centuries.
433:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–36.
262:
by El Salamun and runs through the area between the
149:
129:
1150:
1038:
931:
804:
623:
536:
463:Matériaux pour servir à la géographie de l'Egypte
243:) with the lake of Bashmur. In the 14th century,
154:). This word is also found in Coptic as a hapax (
231:) extending as far to the east as just north of
23:Map of an area comprising Bashmur on the map of
172:The name could be also an outcome of Ptimyris (
510:
8:
346:Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte
517:
503:
495:
18:
403:
308:
461:Maspero, J., and G. Wiet (1914-1919).
45:
1248:Portuguese-speaking African countries
391:
376:
7:
314:
312:
424:(PhD diss.). Georgetown University.
139:
119:
38:
14:
16:Region in the Nile Delta in Egypt
348:. Leuven: Peeters. p. 264.
422:The Struggle for ʿAbbāsid Egypt
1083:Guinean Forests of West Africa
420:Dunn, Michael Collins (1975).
239:equated the lake of Nastaruh (
1:
1098:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
595:Cameroonian Highlands forests
1223:Middle East and North Africa
680:East African montane forests
287:and possibly raised cattle.
323:. Peeters. pp. 77–78.
150:
130:
1349:
228:
211:'enclosed land').
201:
189:
177:
159:
107:
95:
993:Indian Ocean coastal belt
469:Megally, Mounir (1991).
344:Werner, Vycichl (1984).
1193:Guineo-Congolian region
480:The Coptic Encyclopedia
319:Engsheden, Åke (2021).
70:) and was the scene of
438:Gabra, Gawdat (2003).
86:could be derived from
62:, it was inhabited by
50:) was a region in the
27:
1135:West Sudanian savanna
1093:Lower Guinean forests
1088:Upper Guinean forests
1003:Cape Floristic Region
866:Cataracts of the Nile
685:Eastern Arc Mountains
605:Congolian rainforests
600:East Sudanian savanna
442:. In W. Beltz (ed.).
22:
1323:Persecution of Copts
789:Zanzibar Archipelago
757:Indian Ocean islands
47:[elbɑʃˈmuːɾ]
1208:Mediterranean Basin
1188:Greater Middle East
725:Ethiopian Highlands
633:African Great Lakes
471:"Bashmuric Revolts"
394:, pp. 114–115.
281:Bashmurians Farmers
274:Society and economy
72:a series of revolts
1328:Geography of Egypt
1318:Historical regions
1268:Sub-Saharan Africa
1173:Commonwealth realm
782:Northern Highlands
730:Dahlak Archipelago
297:Bashmurian revolts
169:'north').
28:
1313:Regions of Africa
1298:
1297:
1198:Islands of Africa
1178:Equatorial Africa
1130:Inner Niger Delta
918:Tibesti Mountains
777:Central Highlands
663:Virunga Mountains
658:Rift Valley lakes
648:Great Rift Valley
643:East African Rift
610:Ouaddaï highlands
475:Aziz Suryal Atiya
379:, pp. 33–35.
210:
168:
148:
128:
1340:
1333:Regions of Egypt
1290:Zambezian region
1278:Sudanian savanna
1263:Southeast Africa
1243:Northeast Africa
1228:Miombo woodlands
1103:Guinea Highlands
767:Lamu Archipelago
745:Gulf of Tadjoura
519:
512:
505:
496:
487:Timm, S. (1984)
484:
458:
456:
455:
434:
425:
407:
401:
395:
389:
380:
374:
368:
367:
341:
335:
334:
316:
253:Ashmun El Rumman
230:
205:
203:
194:pi-Kahi Etčimour
191:
179:
163:
161:
153:
143:
141:
133:
123:
121:
109:
97:
49:
44:
43:Egyptian Arabic:
40:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1285:Tropical Africa
1146:
1034:
1013:Kalahari Desert
998:Albany thickets
963:Succulent Karoo
927:
829:Atlas Mountains
800:
619:
532:
523:
468:
453:
451:
437:
428:
419:
416:
411:
410:
402:
398:
390:
383:
375:
371:
356:
343:
342:
338:
331:
318:
317:
310:
305:
293:
276:
260:Mansoura, Egypt
217:
202:ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉⲧϭⲓⲙⲟⲩⲣ
110:, "opposite of
80:
58:. In the early
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1273:Sudan (region)
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
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1200:
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1190:
1185:
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1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1108:Gulf of Guinea
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1023:Cape Peninsula
1020:
1018:Okavango Delta
1015:
1010:
1008:Skeleton Coast
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
937:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
923:Western Sahara
920:
915:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
896:Nuba Mountains
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
816:
814:Eastern Desert
810:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
793:
792:
791:
786:
785:
784:
779:
769:
764:
762:Comoro Islands
754:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
735:Hanish Islands
732:
727:
722:
720:Danakil Desert
717:
712:
707:
702:
695:Horn of Africa
692:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
638:Albertine Rift
629:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
615:Ennedi Plateau
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
576:
575:
565:
560:
555:
554:
553:
551:Gulf of Guinea
542:
540:
534:
533:
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522:
521:
514:
507:
499:
493:
492:
485:
466:
459:
435:
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415:
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408:
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336:
330:978-9042941755
329:
307:
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79:
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15:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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1191:
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1153:
1151:Macro-regions
1149:
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1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
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1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:Guinea region
1076:
1074:
1073:Cape Mesurado
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
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1016:
1014:
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1004:
1001:
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989:
986:
984:
981:
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959:
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952:
949:
947:
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943:
942:
939:
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921:
919:
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907:
904:
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869:
867:
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859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
845:
842:
840:
839:Gibraltar Arc
837:
835:
834:Barbary Coast
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:Ancient Libya
822:
821:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
809:
807:
803:
797:
796:Swahili coast
794:
790:
787:
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731:
728:
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723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
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703:
701:
700:Afar Triangle
698:
697:
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570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
552:
549:
548:
547:
546:Guinea region
544:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
500:
497:
490:
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
467:
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460:
450:on 2020-03-22
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355:9782801701973
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288:
286:
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273:
271:
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256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:Lake Burullus
238:
234:
226:
222:
214:
212:
208:
199:
195:
187:
183:
175:
174:Ancient Greek
170:
166:
157:
152:
146:
137:
132:
126:
117:
113:
105:
101:
93:
89:
85:
77:
75:
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69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
36:
32:
26:
21:
1300:
1233:Mittelafrika
1183:Françafrique
1048:Pepper Coast
886:Middle Egypt
860:
740:Gulf of Aden
715:Danakil Alps
653:Gregory Rift
491:. Wiesbaden.
488:
478:
462:
452:. Retrieved
448:the original
443:
430:
421:
414:Bibliography
404:Megally 1991
399:
372:
345:
339:
320:
277:
257:
218:
193:
181:
171:
99:
87:
83:
81:
30:
29:
1218:Middle East
1163:Afromontane
1125:Niger Delta
1120:Niger Basin
1113:Dahomey Gap
1068:Cape Palmas
1063:Ivory Coast
1058:Slave Coast
911:Upper Egypt
881:Lower Nubia
876:Lower Egypt
851:Nile Valley
585:Congo Basin
580:Pool Malebo
245:Abu al-Fida
60:Middle Ages
1307:Categories
1168:Arab world
1142:Yorubaland
1053:Gold Coast
978:Maputaland
968:Nama Karoo
958:Thembuland
906:The Sudans
891:Nile Delta
856:Nile Delta
772:Madagascar
590:Chad Basin
558:Cape Lopez
454:2020-04-12
392:Gabra 2003
377:Feder 2017
237:Ibn Hawqal
52:Nile Delta
1238:Negroland
1158:Aethiopia
1028:False Bay
705:Al-Habash
690:Serengeti
668:Kavirondo
145:romanized
125:romanized
68:Egyptians
25:Piri Reis
983:Highveld
973:Bushveld
941:Rhodesia
844:Ifriqiya
710:Barbaria
568:Igboland
465:. Cairo.
364:11900253
291:See also
268:Dakahlia
264:Damietta
249:Damietta
233:Dekernes
215:Location
178:Πτιμυρις
39:الباشمور
861:Bashmur
819:Maghreb
750:Red Sea
563:Mayombe
538:Central
526:Regions
477:(ed.).
285:papyrus
209:
192:), for
190:ⲡϭⲓⲙⲟⲩⲣ
182:Pčimour
167:
147::
127::
108:ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲟⲩⲣ
100:Psamour
84:Bashmur
31:Bashmur
1253:Sahara
1213:MENASA
988:Fynbos
871:Darfur
573:Mbaise
530:Africa
362:
352:
327:
225:Coptic
221:Fuwwah
198:Coptic
186:Coptic
156:Coptic
136:Hebrew
131:šamālī
116:Arabic
112:Moeris
104:Coptic
96:ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲏⲣ
92:Coptic
88:Psamer
35:Arabic
1258:Sahel
951:South
946:North
933:South
901:Nubia
806:North
473:. In
303:Notes
160:ϣⲙⲟⲩⲗ
151:s'mól
120:شمالي
64:Copts
56:Egypt
1040:West
673:Zanj
625:East
360:OCLC
350:ISBN
325:ISBN
251:and
229:ⲃⲟⲩⲁ
207:lit.
165:lit.
140:שמאל
78:Name
528:of
54:in
1309::
384:^
358:.
311:^
270:.
255:.
227::
204:,
200::
188::
176::
162:,
158::
142:,
138::
134:,
122:,
118::
106::
94::
41:,
37::
518:e
511:t
504:v
457:.
406:.
366:.
333:.
223:(
196:(
184:(
102:(
90:(
66:(
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
