3566:
1991:
1987:
697:. The Basij militia, similar to Hezbollah fighters, work with the Syrian army against rebel forces. Such involvement poses new foreign policy challenges for a number of countries across the region, particularly Israel and Turkey as Iran's influence becomes more than just ideological and monetary on the ground in the Syrian conflict. The Basij involvement in the Syrian Civil War reflects previous uses of the militia as a proxy force for Iranian foreign policy in an effort to assert Iranian dominance in the region and frightens
1482:
1213:
1387:
1347:
1124:
809:(based on CNN interviews); sexual violence/rape (based on testimony and social media videos corroborated by a CNN investigation), “systematic" attempts to blind protesters by shooting at their eye with projectiles such as "pellets, teargas canisters, paintball bullets" (activist media group IranWire documented at least 580 cases). Using ambulances to transport security forces and kidnapped protesters under the guise of rushing injured civilians to receive emergency medical attention.
3129:
813:
protesters, and that by 6 January 2023, at least 68 security force members were killed in the unrest. (However, according to BBC Persian service, these figures may not be reliable as some of those reported by state media to be loyalist Basij militiamen killed by the "rioters", were actually protesters killed by security forces, whose families were pressured by security forces to go along with the false reporting, threatening them with death if they failed to cooperate.)
1165:
3125:
4068:
1299:
313:. Khomeini would occasionally refer to Basij as "The Twenty Million Army", claiming that about 75% of the time's population are Basijis. He would elaborate saying, that a country with 20 million of its people as their army, will be undefeatable. Basij was an independent organization until 17 February 1981, when it was officially incorporated into the Revolutionary Guards organization structure by the
1079:
498:
1468:
794:, the Basij were responsible for most imprisonments, injuries, and killings of protesters. These protests, starting in September 2022 and dying out the following spring, led to over 500 deaths, including the deaths of 68 minors as of 15 September 2023. Unlike some earlier protests they were "nationwide, spread across social classes, universities, the streets schools".
43:
188:
1257:
329:
engaged in enforcing state control over society, acting as a morality police at checkpoints and parks, and suppressing dissident gathering, as well as serving as law enforcement auxiliary, providing social services, organizing public religious ceremonies. The force was often present and reacting to the widespread
760:
In 2010, an anonymous
Norwegian student doing research in Iran claims he witnessed gruesome atrocities inside a Basij camp after being abducted by the unit while riding on a bus. According to the account the student gave to Norwegian embassy officials, he witnessed detained political dissidents being
640:
Whether the Basij remained intact since their founding is disputed or were disbanded and revived is disputed. According to
Reuters, the Basij were not disbanded after the Iran-Iraq War ended in 1988, but continued as a loyalist and religious paramilitary group that provides the regime "with manpower
1436:
Benefits for members of the Basij reportedly include exemption from the 21 months of military service required for
Iranian men, reserved spots in universities, and a small stipend. Members of Basij are more likely than non-members to obtain government positions, especially security related positions
907:
According to the US Treasury, the Basij have a multi-billion-dollar "covert network" of businesses. According to Saeid Golkar, the influence of the Basij in the
Iranian economy, has grown to extend to "every sector", from "construction and real estate to the stock market". In 1996, six organizations
981:
According to Golkar, the Basij are used to spread the state's ideology, serve as propaganda machine in political campaigns, justify clerical rule, protect politicians, and enforce
Islamic morality and rules. They are part of the Islamic Republic's of Iran's overall avowed plan to have millions of
894:
Estimates of the number of Basij vary, with its leadership giving higher figures than outside commentators. Official estimates are as high as 23.8 million. A scholar of the Basij, Saeid Golkar, estimates their total membership at approximately one million, and their security forces in the tens of
1432:
While some joined the Basij because of genuine religious convictions, or loyalty to their pro-regime and traditional religious family and community background, others reportedly join Basij only to take advantage of the benefits of membership and to get admission to university or as a tool to get
671:, the Basij have been active in suppressing student demonstrations in Iran. The Basij are sometimes differentiated from the Ansar in being more "disciplined" and not beating, or at least not being as quick to beat demonstrators. Other sources describe the Ansar-e-Hezbollah as part of the Basij.
1704:
328:
Today, the force consists of young
Iranians, usually drawn from the traditionally religious and politically loyalist parts of Iran's society, who volunteer, often in exchange for official benefits. With branches in "virtually every" city and town in Iran, the Basij serve as an auxiliary force
812:
The
Iranian state media reports that security forces such as the Basij were targeted and killed by "rioters and gangs" mainly the members of a specific unknown organization that orchestrated this whole protest in their efforts to restore order and stop the destruction of public property by
429:
and the atmosphere of patriotism of the war mobilization; most often they came from poor, peasant backgrounds. They were encouraged through visits to schools and an intensive media campaign. During the war, the
Revolutionary Guard Corps used Basiji members as a pool from which to draw
985:
Basij are present at every
Iranian university to monitor morality (primarily dress) and behaviour. (In part this is because Universities and other places of post-secondary education are where Iranian males and females "meet for the first time in a mixed educational environment").
830:. Different sources divide the Basij into different categories. As of 2011, according to Saeid Golkar, there are "seventeen different Basij suborganizations (for students, workers, employees, engineers, etc.)". Members fall into a hierarchy of "regular, active, and special".
441:
The typical human wave tactic was for
Basijis (often very lightly armed and unsupported by artillery or air power) to march forward in straight rows. While casualties were high, the tactic often worked when employed against poorly trained members of the Iraqi regular army.
693:. A Western analyst believed thousands of Iranian paramilitary Basij fighters were stationed in Syria as of December 2013. Syria's geopolitical importance to Iran and its role as one of Iran's crucial allies prompted the involvement of Basij militiamen in the ongoing
466:, by the end of the Iran-Iraq war, most of the Basijis left the service and were reintegrated back into their lives, often after years of being in the front. By 1988, the number of Basij checkpoints dramatically decreased, but the Basij were still enforcing the
1700:
345:, They are said to be "tightly affiliated" with the Islamic Republic's "hardline" political faction, and "routinely" praised by the Supreme Leader, but also called a "profound source of disquiet and rancor" among the general public in Iran.
106:"To create the necessary capabilities in all individuals believing in the constitution and goals of the Islamic revolution to defend the country, the regime of the Islamic Republic, and aid people in cases of disasters and unexpected events"
3947:
562:
2665:
1452:. In past elections militia members have voted for both hardliners and reformists. President Ahmadinejad received significant support from militia members, many of whom have benefited from his policies during his presidency.
349:
34:
2289:
4156:
3942:
558:
674:
Some believe the change in focus of the Basij from its original mission of fighting to defend Iran in the Iran-Iraq War to its current internal security concerns has led to a loss in its prestige and morale.
3289:
666:
Part of the Basij revival was an emphasis on concepts such as Development Basij (Basij-e-Sazandegi), but protecting the regime from unrest was a high priority. Along with the Iranian riot police and the
2969:
4151:
598:
4111:
3522:
3475:
1448:
In theory, the Basij are banned from involvement in politics by the Iranian constitution, but its leadership is considered active, particularly during and after the 2005 election of President
514:
848:
Dealing with security threats are the Imam Hossein Brigades and the Imam Ali Brigades. Its security apparatus includes armed brigades, anti-riot police and an extensive network of informers.
4141:
4146:
4116:
3590:
3500:
390:
Mustazafin or peasants means shia muslims who inherit the earth in Khamenei's speech while Khomeini had associated a universal invincible Islamic political party made of muslim people.
2657:
1935:
3580:
3512:
797:
Journalist and human rights activists have cataloged a number of serious human rights violations used to crush the unrest by the Basij and other IRI security forces. These included
574:
2878:
3495:
2281:
1965:
2180:
2791:
741:
The Basij have reportedly become "more important", more powerful, since the 2009 Iranian election—despite their "poor handing" of the protests over the election results.
690:
4096:
2909:
2821:
684:
534:
2851:
4091:
2466:
3194:
387:
word defined variously as mobilization, public preparation, nation will and popular determination, and the unity and preparation of the people to do important works.
421:
hundreds of thousands volunteered for the Basij, including children as young as 12 and unemployed old men, some in their eighties. These volunteers were swept up in
3468:
3281:
530:
2225:
883:). Australian Broadcasting Corporation lists them as having branches across the country, as well as "student organisations, trade guilds, and medical faculties".
510:
205:
4101:
3585:
518:
3106:سردار نقدی در برنامه تلویزیونی «متن – حاشیه»:23 میلیون و 800 هزار نفر عضو بسیج هستند/ از کسی تا کنون شکایت نکرده ایم/ رابطه بسیج با این دولت مانند دولت قبل است
2961:
2707:"From American Embassy Oslo to RUEHC/Secretary of State Washington DC 0021 Info European Political Collective Iran Collective Islamic Collective Confidential"
1515:
2739:
3968:
718:
590:
330:
4071:
4032:
3461:
713:
Iran has seen a series of political/social/economic protest movements during the 21st century that its security forces have been active in crushing—the
978:
The Ashura Brigades were created in 1993. These Islamic brigades were made up of both Revolutionary Guards and the Basij and by 1998 numbered 17,000.
749:. There have also been reports of poor performance by Basij after the 2009 election. This was thought to be a reason for the replacement of commander
4042:
3973:
3711:
2095:
1440:
In addition, recruits are also "put through heavy indoctrination". including an initial month and a half of "military and ideological training".
1042:
3241:
3092:
538:
309:, the organization originally consisted of civilian volunteers, often from poor, rural backgrounds, who were urged by Khomeini to fight in the
2259:
438:
attacks which cleared minefields or drew the enemy's fire. It is estimated that tens of thousands were killed through the use of this tactic.
2057:
772:, a new paramilitary force specifically dedicated to preserving his position; several of the founding Haydaryan members came from the Basij.
3440:
1927:
4126:
4121:
3980:
1883:
594:
2874:
2578:
2634:
1804:
3799:
2380:
1853:
1685:
753:
and the Basij's formal integration into the Revolutionary Guards ground forces in October 2009. Following the protests, Hojjatoleslam
3831:
3903:
3863:
3815:
3648:
3484:
3235:
1505:
1346:
837:
active members must pass a 45-day ideological and military training program and are "more engaged" in the organization's activities.
827:
487:
271:
164:
3108:
2152:
2117:
1957:
4161:
3807:
3507:
2996:
2556:
2184:
714:
656:
449:, by the spring of 1983 the Basij had trained 2.4 million Iranians in the use of arms and sent 450,000 to the front. In 1985 the
3895:
3839:
3823:
3319:
2939:
2787:
2313:
1123:
4011:
3887:
3743:
3638:
3871:
3695:
2901:
2813:
982:
informers. The Basiji also undermine dissent; for instance, they play a key role in suppressing uprisings and demonstrations.
726:
722:
4136:
3767:
2843:
746:
622:
3919:
3783:
3751:
2462:
2330:
2087:
1212:
3759:
3679:
3186:
2875:"One year since Mahsa Amini's death, a protester shot in the eye during Iran's crackdown continues her struggle from exile"
2689:
1386:
4106:
3879:
3410:
2608:
786:
According to Reuters, Basij were at the "forefront" of the Islamic Republic's efforts to stamp out the protests over the
659:, gave the Islamic government the feeling that it had lost control of the streets. (Giving a slightly different timeline,
3791:
3703:
334:
2221:
1738:
3735:
3161:
2814:"Stalked, tortured, disappeared: Iranian authorities have a playbook for silencing dissent, and they're using it again"
4037:
1770:
1510:
959:, The Basij Cooperative Foundation became the Basij’s main mechanism for "purchasing entire industries on the cheap".
2493:
2373:
Khomeinis Warriors: Foundation of Irans Regime, Its Guardians, Allies around the World, War Analysis, and Strategies
967:
Duties vary by province. Basij are deployed against drug traffickers in the eastern border regions and smugglers in
3633:
3384:
3070:
2765:
1164:
4131:
3628:
3349:
2735:
1988:"سیر تأسیس ارتش بیست میلیونی؛ از سازمان بسیج ملی تا نیروی مقاومت بسیج / روایتی از اولین مأموریتهای بسیج در کشور"
1360:
999:
414:. The Basij was established on 30 April 1980. It was open to those above the age of 18 and below the age of 45.
322:
1828:
3911:
3855:
4027:
3963:
3775:
3663:
586:
471:
3150:
S. M. Torabi and N. Rohi, (Persian), Basij in the Ray of Law (Tehran: Aye Cultural Publication, 2000), 219.
1298:
4049:
3719:
3658:
2015:
Iran Unveiled: How the Revolutionary Guards Is Transforming Iran from Theocracy into Military Dictatorship
1572:
342:
3391:
3847:
3727:
3643:
3605:
1540:
3530:
2844:"CNN investigates female and male protesters' accounts of sexual assault in Iranian detention centers"
3687:
3653:
1400:
1135:
995:
787:
781:
742:
730:
338:
318:
287:
137:
3535:
3222:
2222:"What we know about the Basij, the paramilitary volunteer group cracking down on protesters in Iran"
3550:
2251:
1449:
1312:
802:
652:
648:
241:
1481:
4001:
3545:
3062:
3054:
2706:
1520:
1256:
956:
798:
660:
643:
615:
411:
314:
306:
1456:
Khamenei described Basij as "the greatest hope of the Iranian nation" and "an immaculate tree".
757:, commander of the Basij, stated that eight people were killed and 300 wounded in the violence.
418:
310:
1078:
1053:
968:
790:
and related lack of political and social freedoms the country. According to Tara Kangarlou of
3231:
2376:
2053:
1849:
1681:
1633:
1500:
668:
426:
407:
302:
178:
88:
3358:
2686:
745:, opposition presidential candidate in 2009, decried violent attacks by the Basij during the
3996:
3046:
2630:
1846:
The Military in Post-Revolutionary Iran: The Evolution and Roles of the Revolutionary Guards
1800:
702:
694:
384:
376:
283:
249:
233:
144:
834:
regular members are at the lowest level and have "basic" ideological and military training.
3112:
2693:
2409:
2317:
1832:
1604:
1495:
1226:
3105:
3555:
3373:
1453:
1178:
806:
403:
2992:
2548:
1041:
689:
One foreign conflict the Basij were involved in was on the side of the IRI's ally the
4085:
4006:
3540:
3311:
3066:
2931:
2431:
2310:
1579:
791:
608:
477:
In 1988, college Basiji organizations were established on college campuses to fight "
463:
455:
353:
3453:
895:
thousands. As of 2020 there were reportedly between 40,000 and 54,000 Basij bases (
3344:
3190:
1598:
1588:
1562:
1268:
765:
761:'disemboweled', burned to death, and deliberately crushed by a riot control truck.
754:
750:
698:
470:, arresting women for violating the dress code, and arresting youths for attending
361:
294:
267:
472:
mixed gender parties or being in public with unrelated members of the opposite sex
2658:"Iran and Hezbollah's Support for Syria Complicates U.S. Strategy on Peace Talks"
2391:
2355:
2442:
2414:
1826:
AEI Outlook Series: What Do Structural Changes in the Revolutionary Guards Mean?
1487:
1473:
1090:
801:, threats to uninvolved family members, and torture, including electric shocks,
478:
3418:
2604:
459:
estimates the peak number of Basijis at the front at 100,000 by December 1986.
3595:
3378:
2397:
1525:
1463:
542:
446:
435:
341:. The Basij are subordinate to and receive their orders from the IRGC and the
3050:
1727:
2873:
Pourahmadi, Adam; El Sirgany, Sarah; Karadsheh, Jomana (16 September 2023).
1608:
769:
497:
453:
put the number of Basijis at 3 million, quoting from Hojjatoleslam Rahmani.
3035:"Paramilitarization of the Economy : The Case of Iran's Basij Militia"
1762:
42:
2993:"Iran security forces and state media cover up protester's death – source"
410:
called for the foundation of a youth militia in November 1979, during the
431:
422:
3126:"سردار سپهر: ۵۴ هزار پایگاه بسیج برای رزمایش کمک مومنانه فعالیت می کنند"
3058:
3034:
733:. When protests erupt, the Basij often act as the state's "iron fist".
2762:"One Year Protest Report: At Least 551 Killed and 22 Suspicious Deaths"
2761:
1612:
1584:
1532:
972:
357:
33:
2962:"Iran hangs two men accused of killing security agent during protests"
641:
and a heavy presence during pro-government rallies". But according to
3093:"Basij Special Unit Fatehin and Its Role in Quelling Iran's Protests"
908:
were put under the control of the Basij Cooperative Foundation (BCF)
114:
Internal security, law enforcement, moral policing, military reserves
3345:
Paramilitarization of the Economy: The Case of Iran's Basij Militia
2282:"Saudi, Bahrain add Iran's Revolutionary Guards to terrorism lists"
1825:
4054:
1594:
1568:
467:
947:
The Scientific and Pedagogic Services Institute of the Fighters (
3432:
2932:"UNHRC to hold special session on Iran, human rights violations"
2902:"How Iran's Security Forces Use Ambulances to Suppress Protests"
2788:"Fresh protests erupt in Iran's universities and Kurdish region"
2549:"Iran's angry young adults erupt in political protest 16.6.2003"
1801:"GlobalSecurity.org Intelligence: Mobilisation Resistance Force"
1558:
841:
450:
298:
3457:
3445:
3395:
3269:. Washington D.C.: Columbia University Press. pp. 15, 18.
2252:"The Brutal Militia Trained to Kill for Iran's Islamic Regime"
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
1554:
266:, "The Organization for Mobilization of the Oppressed"), is a
3359:
Captive Society: The Basij Militia and Social Control in Iran
3282:"Iran's Basij force: the shock troops terrorising protesters"
3267:
Captive Society: The Basij Militia and Social Control in Iran
2050:
Captive Society: The Basij Militia and Social Control in Iran
1928:"Iran's Basij force: specialists in cracking down on dissent"
4157:
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
3363:
Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Columbia University Press.
940:
The Cultural Artistic Institute of the Warriors of Islam (
481:" and potential student agitation against the government.
3221:
Nikola B. Schahgaldian, Gina Barkhordarian (March 1987),
949:
Moassesseh-ye Khadamat-e Elmi va Amouzeshi-ye Razmandegan
124:
Over 25 million reserves (volunteers who hold membership)
2463:"Iran's Basij Force – The Mainstay Of Domestic Security"
647:, the Basij were reactivated in the late 1990s when the
274:(IRGC) and one of its five branches. The force is named
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2224:. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting). 13 October 2022.
955:
As the government privatized companies under president
886:
The Fatehin serves as the Basij's special forces unit.
2465:. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 15 January 2009.
2175:
2173:
434:. The Basij may best be known for their employment of
4152:
Organizations designated as terrorist by Saudi Arabia
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
2607:. Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs. 29 May 2013.
2516:
2514:
2494:"Iran: Paramilitary Force Prepares For Urban Unrest"
2412:, "Mit dem Paradies-Schlüssel in die Schlacht", in:
942:
Moassesseh-ye Farhangi Honari-ye Razmandegan-e Eslam
875:
Tehran Bureau also lists a "Guilds Basij Division" (
4112:
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps military branches
4020:
3989:
3956:
3935:
3672:
3621:
3614:
3573:
3521:
2900:Tabrizy, Nilo; Jhaveri, Ishaan (23 November 2022).
212:
195:
173:
151:
130:
118:
110:
102:
94:
84:
52:
3187:"Ayatollah Khamenei names new military commanders"
935:Moassesseh-ye Tamin-e Aghlam-e Masrafi-ye Basijian
933:The Basijis Consumer-Goods Provision Institution (
348:Basij, being part of the IRGC, is designated as a
217:
4142:Military units and formations established in 1980
1737:, Federation of American Scientists, p. 24,
1678:The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and U.S. Policy
685:Iranian support for Syria in the Syrian Civil War
4147:Organizations designated as terrorist by Bahrain
2687:Iran opposition says 72 died in post-poll unrest
2488:
2486:
2484:
2118:"Amnesty urges Iran to stop using Basij militia"
4117:Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war
3224:The Iranian Military Under the Islamic Republic
2736:"Iran: The Supreme Leader's New Security Force"
2052:. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
1680:, US Institute of Peace Press, pp. 62–65,
3392:"Basij Students Organization official website"
2088:"Shadowy Iranian Vigilantes Vow Bolder Action"
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
256:, "Resistance Mobilization Force"), full name
3469:
616:
261:
8:
1516:List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
817:Organization, membership, duties, activities
21:
3969:Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
1437:within government-controlled institutions.
928:Moassesseh-ye Gharz al-Hassaneh-ye Basijian
4072:Category:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
3618:
3476:
3462:
3454:
3413:Heavy Weapons for Baseej Volunteer Militia
2181:"Supreme Leader's Speech to Basij Members"
1763:"Iran decreases IRGC budget for next year"
1004:
663:reports that it was revived around 2005.)
623:
609:
483:
41:
32:
20:
3441:"Iran Primer: The Basij Resistance Force"
2183:. Khamenei.ir. 3 May 2008. Archived from
1884:"Iran Primer: The Basij Resistance Force"
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1632:according to the non-profit organization
4097:Paramilitary organisations based in Iran
2764:. Iran Human Rights. 15 September 2023.
2457:
2455:
1848:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 56–58,
926:The Basijis No-Interest Loan Institute (
4092:Organisations of the Iranian Revolution
3216:
3214:
3212:
2633:. Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs.
1701:"تعداد اعضای بسیج بیش از 25 میلیون نفر"
1647:
1625:
1012:
921:Moassesseh-ye Tamin-e darman-e Basijian
914:Moassesseh-ye Tamin-e Maskan-e Basijian
851:Subgroupings of the Basij include the
840:special members are actually full-time
580:
568:
552:
524:
504:
486:
126:600,000 available for immediate call-up
3943:Intelligence and Security Organization
2881:from the original on 28 September 2023
2768:from the original on 30 September 2023
2262:from the original on 24 September 2023
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2098:from the original on 30 September 2017
2076:, W. W. Norton, (2005), p. 88, 316–318
1671:
16:Iranian paramilitary volunteer militia
3132:from the original on 12 November 2020
2912:from the original on 26 November 2022
2794:from the original on 26 November 2022
2742:from the original on 1 September 2017
2637:from the original on 10 November 2014
2559:from the original on 10 November 2014
2245:
2243:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1728:"Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies"
1707:from the original on 13 February 2022
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
651:following Iran winning a spot in the
7:
4102:Religious paramilitary organizations
3948:Intelligence Protection Organization
3247:from the original on 3 February 2017
3115:, Fars news agency, 23 November 2015
3073:from the original on 13 October 2023
2999:from the original on 16 January 2023
2972:from the original on 16 January 2023
2942:from the original on 16 January 2023
2854:from the original on 16 January 2023
2824:from the original on 16 January 2023
2631:"The Arab world fears the 'Safavid'"
2469:from the original on 10 January 2012
2228:from the original on 6 November 2023
1028:
994:The Basij is currently commanded by
764:During the protests, Supreme Leader
563:Intelligence Protection Organization
2991:Ghobadi, Parham (4 November 2022).
2611:from the original on 13 August 2013
2250:Kangarlou, Tara (5 December 2022).
1938:from the original on 5 October 2023
1726:Kenneth Katzman (6 February 2017),
826:Basij form the fifth branch of the
719:2009 presidential election protests
380:
262:
253:
237:
3160:Aryan, Hossein (5 February 2009).
2656:Gordon, Michael R. (21 May 2013).
2449:, Routledge and Kegan, 1985, p.237
1994:from the original on 30 March 2023
1807:from the original on 30 April 2011
1773:from the original on 23 April 2016
14:
3485:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
3322:from the original on 22 June 2009
2790:. The Guardian. 6 November 2022.
2668:from the original on 7 March 2017
2292:from the original on 8 April 2019
2086:Neil MacFarquhar (19 June 2009).
1744:from the original on 8 March 2017
1506:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
919:The Basijis Medical Institution (
912:The Basijis Housing Institution (
828:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
297:volunteer militia established in
278:; an individual member is called
272:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
165:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
4067:
4066:
3564:
3439:Alfoneh, Ali (21 October 2010).
3292:from the original on 29 May 2018
3280:McDowall, Angus (21 June 2009).
3197:from the original on 6 July 2019
1968:from the original on 15 May 2013
1480:
1466:
1385:
1345:
1297:
1255:
1211:
1163:
1122:
1077:
1040:
496:
187:
186:
4012:Owj Arts and Media Organization
3981:University of Command and Staff
3387:– The Basij in the Universities
3166:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2547:Scott Peterson (16 June 2003).
2393:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
975:, and on the border with Iraq.
595:University of Command and Staff
290:is the commander of the Basij.
3312:"Profile: Basij militia force"
3033:Golkar, Saeid (October 2012).
2605:"Iranian Forces on the Golan?"
2579:"Iran boosts support to Syria"
1735:Congressional Research Service
1433:promotion in government jobs.
1008:
855:Primary Schools Basij Cadets ,
747:2009 Iranian election protests
331:2009 Iranian election protests
321:between the two, according to
98:Paramilitary volunteer militia
1:
2553:The Christian Science Monitor
2153:"The New York Times - Search"
1676:Robin B. Wright, ed. (2010),
1319:
1185:
1097:
844:members serving in the Basij.
657:student protests in July 1999
270:volunteer militia within the
861:the University Basij Cadets,
258:Sâzmân-e Basij-e Mostaz'afin
4127:1980 establishments in Iran
4122:Sex segregation enforcement
3800:Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
2031:, W.W. Norton, (2005), p.88
1511:Killing of Neda Agha-Soltan
858:the Students Basij Cadets ,
679:Syrian Civil War, 2011–2021
4178:
3712:Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
3350:Armed Forces & Society
3039:Armed Forces & Society
1355:Gheybparvar, Gholamhossein
864:the Public Service Basij (
779:
715:July 1999 student protests
682:
599:Amir Al-Momenin University
352:by the governments of the
246:Niru-ye Moghāvemat-e Basij
4063:
3562:
3491:
2696:Reuters. 3 September 2009
2447:Iran under the Ayatollahs
1888:FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau
1549:Similar historical groups
1361:Gholamhossein Gheybparvar
1000:Gholamhossein Gheybparvar
559:Intelligence Organization
40:
31:
26:
3649:27th Mohammad Rasulullah
3111:23 February 2016 at the
3051:10.1177/0095327X12437687
879:), and a "Labor Basij" (
649:spontaneous celebrations
335:2017–18 Iranian protests
323:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
286:. As of July 2019,
4162:Volunteer organizations
3964:Imam Hossein University
3904:Sistan and Baluchestan
2316:6 November 2022 at the
2017:, AEI Press, p. 49
1844:Forozan, Hesam (2015),
1831:27 October 2011 at the
591:Baqiyatallah University
587:Imam Hossein University
244:"The Mobilization") or
3639:17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb
3374:Video Archive of Basij
3356:Golkar, Saeid. (2015)
3343:Golkar, Saeid. (2012)
3265:Golkar, Saeid (2015).
2498:www.globalsecurity.org
2428:Iran at War: 1500–1988
2048:Golkar, Saeid (2015).
1573:pre-revolutionary Iran
737:2009 election protests
691:Syrian Baathist regime
350:terrorist organization
343:Supreme Leader of Iran
71:; 44 years ago
58:; 44 years ago
4137:Military youth groups
3936:Intelligence Agencies
3866:Muhammad Rasoul-Allah
3162:"Pillar Of The State"
2418:, no. 31/1982, p. 93.
2013:Alfoneh, Ali (2013),
1934:. 22 September 2022.
1395:Soleimani, Gholamreza
1132:Rahmani, Mohammad-Ali
963:Duties and activities
723:protests in 2011–2012
683:Further information:
553:Intelligence agencies
488:Islamic Revolutionary
56:26 November 1979
4107:Human rights in Iran
1401:Gholamreza Soleimani
1307:Naqdi, Mohammad Reza
1136:Mohammad-Ali Rahmani
996:Gholamreza Soleimani
788:death of Mahsa Amini
782:Mahsa Amini protests
776:Mahsa Amini protests
743:Mir Hussein Moussavi
731:Mahsa Amini protests
339:Mahsa Amini protests
337:, and the 2022-2023
319:interservice rivalry
317:in order to end the
301:in 1979 by order of
288:Gholamreza Soleimani
263:سازمان بسیج مستضعفین
138:Gholamreza Soleimani
3551:Mohammad Ali Jafari
3095:. 13 December 2022.
2820:. 20 October 2022.
2692:11 May 2020 at the
2375:by Mehran Riazaty,
2335:fa.wiki.khomeini.ir
2288:. 23 October 2018.
2187:on 12 November 2013
1964:. 2 December 2011.
1769:. 18 January 2016.
1450:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
1313:Mohammad Reza Naqdi
803:controlled drowning
653:1998 FIFA World Cup
153:Parent organization
23:
4028:Cooperation Bonyad
4002:Tasnim News Agency
3898:Qaim Aale-Muhammad
3546:Yahya Rahim Safavi
2968:. 7 January 2022.
2936:The Jerusalem Post
2906:The New York Times
2662:The New York Times
2585:. 21 February 2014
2157:topics.nytimes.com
2092:The New York Times
1962:The New York Times
1767:AzerNews Newspaper
1521:Zahra Bani Yaghoub
957:Hashemi Rafsanjani
799:forced confessions
729:and the 2022-2023
661:GlobalSecurity.org
644:The New York Times
412:Iranian Revolution
315:Iranian Parliament
307:Iranian Revolution
303:Ayatollah Khomeini
69:30 April 1980
4079:
4078:
4021:Economic Branches
3974:Military Hospital
3931:
3930:
3890:Ali ibn Abi-Talib
3714:Qamar Bani Hashim
3634:14th Imam Hossein
3615:Military Branches
3531:Abbas Agha-Zamani
3380:Letters from Iran
2716:. 9 February 2020
2360:farsi.khamenei.ir
2059:978-0-231-80135-5
1634:Iran Human Rights
1501:Hezbollah of Iran
1425:
1424:
1407:
1397:Brigadier general
1357:Brigadier general
1323:
1309:Brigadier general
1275:
1233:
1223:Brigadier general
1189:
1175:Brigadier general
1142:
1101:
881:Basij-e Karegaran
871:the Tribal Basij.
709:Protest movements
669:Ansar-e-Hezbollah
633:
632:
525:Military branches
408:Ruhollah Khomeini
254:نیروی مقاومت بسیج
226:
225:
89:Ruhollah Khomeini
4169:
4132:Militias in Asia
4070:
4069:
4033:Khatam-al Anbiya
3997:Fars News Agency
3874:Sayid al-Shohada
3832:Razavi Khorasan
3824:Razavi Khorasan
3810:Beit ol-Moqaddas
3746:Ansar al-Hussain
3696:West Azerbaijan
3688:East Azerbaijan
3673:Provincial Corps
3629:8th Najaf Ashraf
3622:Former divisions
3619:
3568:
3567:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3450:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:on 23 April 2006
3417:. Archived from
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:on 3 August 2004
3394:. Archived from
3381:
3353:, Vol. 38, No. 4
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3318:. 18 June 2009.
3308:
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2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2544:
2538:
2535:The Soul of Iran
2531:
2525:
2522:The Soul of Iran
2518:
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2490:
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2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2083:
2077:
2074:The Soul of Iran
2072:Molavi, Afshin,
2070:
2064:
2063:
2045:
2032:
2029:The Soul of Iran
2027:Molavi, Afshin,
2025:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1978:
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1221:Hejazi, Mohammad
1215:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1167:
1145:16 February 1984
1140:
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1126:
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703:Free Syrian Army
695:Syrian Civil War
625:
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484:
382:
305:, leader of the
284:Persian language
265:
264:
255:
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191:$ 357.08 million
190:
189:
182:
169:
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145:Mojtaba Khamenei
79:
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3842:Hazrat Abalfazl
3834:Jawad al-Aemmah
3816:South Khorasan
3762:Amir al-Muminin
3668:
3610:
3606:Nuclear Command
3591:Aerospace Force
3569:
3565:
3560:
3517:
3501:General Provost
3487:
3482:
3438:
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3379:
3370:
3340:
3338:Further reading
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3295:
3293:
3286:Daily Telegraph
3279:
3278:
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3193:. 2 July 2019.
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992:
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3818:Ansar al-Ridha
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3770:Sahib-az-Zaman
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3664:41st Tharallah
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3368:External links
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3045:(4): 625–648.
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2714:us.archive.org
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2537:(2005), p. 318
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2384:
2381:978-1514470336
2365:
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2198:
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2135:
2124:. 23 June 2009
2109:
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2020:
2005:
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1855:978-1317430735
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1454:Supreme Leader
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1199:
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1179:Alireza Afshar
1170:
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1026:
1025:Time in office
1023:
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1017:
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1011:
991:
988:
964:
961:
953:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
904:
903:Economic power
901:
897:Paygha-e Basij
891:
888:
873:
872:
869:
866:Basij-e Edarii
862:
859:
856:
846:
845:
838:
835:
823:
820:
818:
815:
807:mock execution
780:Main article:
777:
774:
738:
735:
710:
707:
701:, head of the
680:
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637:
634:
631:
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575:Ranks insignia
571:
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511:Supreme Leader
507:
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404:Supreme Leader
400:
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4007:Mashregh News
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3659:33rd Al-Mahdi
3657:
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3544:
3542:
3541:Mohsen Rezaee
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3513:Rank Insignia
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
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3498:
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3313:
3307:
3304:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3243:
3239:
3237:0-8330-0777-7
3233:
3226:
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2600:
2597:
2584:
2583:The Telegraph
2580:
2574:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2524:(2005), p. 89
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
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2485:
2481:
2468:
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2444:
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2436:
2433:
2432:Kaveh Farrokh
2430:(Pg. 363) By
2429:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2385:
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2378:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2356:"others note"
2351:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2256:Time magazine
2253:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2186:
2182:
2176:
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2158:
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2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2123:
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2110:
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2089:
2082:
2079:
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2066:
2061:
2055:
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2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
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1901:
1889:
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1580:Schutzstaffel
1577:
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1379:
1378:
1374:
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1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:1952 or 1961)
1315:
1314:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1265:Taeb, Hossein
1263:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1214:
1208:
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1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:February 1984
1106:
1104:December 1981
1103:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:December 1981
1061:
1059:December 1979
1058:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1034:
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1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
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918:
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909:
902:
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877:Basij-e Asnaf
870:
867:
863:
860:
857:
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852:
849:
843:
839:
836:
833:
832:
831:
829:
821:
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810:
808:
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800:
795:
793:
792:Time magazine
789:
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572:
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560:
557:
556:
551:
548:
544:
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536:
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531:Ground Forces
529:
528:
523:
520:
516:
512:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
494:
491:
485:
482:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
464:Radio Liberty
462:According to
460:
458:
457:
456:Tehran Bureau
452:
448:
445:According to
443:
439:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
419:Iran–Iraq War
415:
413:
409:
405:
399:Iran–Iraq War
398:
393:
391:
388:
386:
378:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
354:United States
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Iran–Iraq War
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
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259:
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243:
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185:
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117:
113:
109:
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93:
90:
87:
83:
55:
51:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
4065:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3882:Sahib al-Amr
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3682:Hazrat Abbas
3681:
3644:25th Karbala
3600:
3581:Ground Force
3444:
3431:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:the original
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:the original
3357:
3348:
3324:. Retrieved
3315:
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3285:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3249:, retrieved
3223:
3199:. Retrieved
3191:Tehran Times
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3165:
3155:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3120:
3101:
3087:
3077:30 September
3075:. Retrieved
3042:
3038:
3001:. Retrieved
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2965:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2935:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2905:
2895:
2885:28 September
2883:. Retrieved
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2817:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2782:
2772:29 September
2770:. Retrieved
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2730:
2720:29 September
2718:. Retrieved
2713:
2701:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2661:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2552:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2471:. Retrieved
2446:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2404:
2392:
2387:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
2325:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2266:30 September
2264:. Retrieved
2255:
2232:29 September
2230:. Retrieved
2189:. Retrieved
2185:the original
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2128:23 September
2126:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2091:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2049:
2028:
2023:
2014:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1942:29 September
1940:. Retrieved
1931:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:
1845:
1839:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1775:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1746:, retrieved
1734:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1695:
1677:
1628:
1599:East Germany
1589:Nazi Germany
1578:
1563:Soviet Union
1539:
1531:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1413:
1399:
1359:
1311:
1269:Hossein Taeb
1267:
1225:
1177:
1148:January 1990
1134:
1089:
1087:Salek, Ahmad
1052:
993:
984:
980:
977:
966:
954:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
896:
893:
885:
880:
876:
874:
865:
850:
847:
825:
822:Organization
811:
796:
785:
768:created the
766:Ali Khamenei
763:
759:
755:Hossein Taeb
751:Hossein Taeb
740:
712:
699:Salim Idriss
688:
673:
665:
642:
639:
546:
476:
461:
454:
444:
440:
416:
402:
389:
372:
371:
362:Saudi Arabia
347:
327:
295:paramilitary
292:
279:
275:
268:paramilitary
257:
245:
229:
227:
168:(since 1981)
157:
143:Unoffically
140:
120:Membership
18:
3848:Mazandaran
3784:Kermanshah
3754:Imam Sajjad
3654:31st Ashura
3496:Joint Staff
3433:Rooz Online
3136:12 November
2946:26 November
2916:26 November
2858:26 November
2848:www.cnn.com
2746:1 September
2672:24 February
2641:10 November
2615:10 November
2563:10 November
2473:10 November
2443:Hiro, Dilip
2415:Der Spiegel
2122:The Gazette
1972:10 November
1811:10 November
1799:John Pike.
1711:13 February
1544:(Venezuela)
1488:Asia portal
1474:Iran portal
1406:(born 1964)
1274:(born 1963)
1232:(1956–2021)
1141:(born 1943)
1091:Ahmad Salek
1022:Left office
1019:Took office
890:Size, bases
519:Joint Staff
490:Guard Corps
417:During the
368:Terminology
136:Brig. Gen.
4086:Categories
3840:Losrestan
3808:Kurdistan
3792:Khuzestan
3786:Nabi Akram
3752:Hormozgan
3706:Imam Sadiq
3596:Quds Force
3523:Commanders
3425:2006-04-16
3402:2007-04-16
3288:. London.
3251:15 January
3003:4 November
2976:17 January
2828:20 October
2798:7 November
2408:Cited in:
2398:Baqer Moin
2331:"مستضعفان"
1643:References
1526:Red Guards
1428:Motivation
1050:Majd, Amir
990:Commanders
655:, and the
581:Facilities
543:Quds Force
515:Commanders
447:Dilip Hiro
436:human wave
406:Ayatollah
76:1980-04-30
63:1979-11-26
4043:Imensazan
3957:Academies
3914:Al-Ghadir
3826:Imam Reza
3736:Golestan
3067:155010870
2320:abadis.ir
1998:5 January
1609:Indonesia
1541:Colectivo
1418:4–5 years
1414:Incumbent
1372:2–3 years
1332:6–7 years
1284:1–2 years
1242:8–9 years
1198:7–8 years
1151:5–6 years
1110:2–3 years
1065:1–2 years
1054:Amir Majd
1016:Commander
1013:Portrait
1002:in 2019.
969:Hormuzgan
770:Haydaryan
727:2019–2020
569:Personnel
427:martyrdom
208:estimate)
161:(1980–81)
147:(alleged)
132:Commander
80:(founded)
67:(decreed)
53:Formation
3858:Ruhollah
3856:Markazi
3794:Valieasr
3778:Sarallah
3768:Isfahan
3744:Hamedan
3704:Bushehr
3680:Ardabil
3508:Ministry
3320:Archived
3316:BBC News
3290:Archived
3242:archived
3230:, RAND,
3195:Archived
3171:21 March
3130:Archived
3109:Archived
3071:Archived
3059:48609114
2997:Archived
2970:Archived
2940:Archived
2938:. 2022.
2910:Archived
2879:Archived
2852:Archived
2850:. 2022.
2822:Archived
2792:Archived
2766:Archived
2740:Archived
2690:Archived
2666:Archived
2635:Archived
2609:Archived
2589:21 March
2557:Archived
2533:Molavi,
2520:Molavi,
2503:21 March
2467:Archived
2340:21 March
2314:Archived
2290:Archived
2260:Archived
2226:Archived
2162:21 March
2096:Archived
1992:Archived
1966:Archived
1936:Archived
1893:21 March
1829:Archived
1805:Archived
1777:30 March
1771:Archived
1739:archived
1705:Archived
1611:, under
1460:See also
1444:Politics
432:manpower
425:love of
204:90,000 (
3920:Zanjan
3896:Semnan
3880:Qazvin
3872:Tehran
3864:Tehran
3850:Karbala
3776:Kerman
3738:Neynava
3698:Shohada
3385:YouTube
3326:27 June
3296:2 April
2995:. BBC.
2966:Reuters
2877:. CNN.
2296:9 March
2286:Reuters
2191:8 April
2102:19 June
1932:Reuters
1748:1 March
1613:Suharto
1585:Gestapo
1536:(Syria)
1533:Shabiha
1528:(China)
973:Bushehr
636:Revival
505:Command
394:History
385:Persian
383:) is a
377:Persian
358:Bahrain
282:in the
250:Persian
234:Persian
213:Website
179:1395 SH
175:Budget
103:Purpose
85:Founder
74: (
61: (
3906:Salman
3728:Gilan
3690:Ashura
3574:Forces
3234:
3201:6 July
3065:
3057:
2379:
2056:
1852:
1684:
1605:Petrus
1318:(born
1184:(born
1096:(born
868:), and
805:, and
280:basiji
199:(2005)
197:Staff
111:Fields
4055:SADRA
4050:Mobin
4038:Fater
3990:Media
3912:Yazd
3760:Ilam
3720:Fars
3601:Basij
3430:from
3245:(PDF)
3228:(PDF)
3063:S2CID
3055:JSTOR
2710:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
1620:Notes
1595:Stasi
1569:SAVAK
1188:1951)
1100:1946)
547:Basij
468:hijab
423:Shi'a
373:Basij
276:Basij
230:Basij
218:basij
22:Basij
3888:Qom
3802:Fath
3730:Quds
3722:Fajr
3586:Navy
3328:2009
3298:2018
3253:2017
3232:ISBN
3203:2019
3173:2024
3138:2020
3079:2023
3005:2022
2978:2023
2948:2022
2918:2022
2887:2023
2860:2022
2830:2022
2800:2022
2774:2023
2748:2017
2722:2023
2674:2017
2643:2014
2617:2014
2591:2024
2565:2014
2505:2024
2475:2014
2377:ISBN
2342:2024
2311:بسیج
2298:2019
2268:2023
2234:2023
2193:2013
2164:2024
2130:2009
2104:2009
2054:ISBN
2000:2024
1974:2014
1944:2023
1895:2024
1850:ISBN
1813:2014
1779:2016
1750:2017
1713:2022
1682:ISBN
1583:and
1559:NKVD
1557:and
1410:2019
1369:2019
1366:2016
1329:2016
1326:2009
1281:2009
1278:2007
1239:2007
1236:1998
1195:1998
1192:1990
1029:Ref.
971:and
842:IRGC
539:Navy
451:IRNA
381:بسيج
360:and
299:Iran
242:lit.
238:بسيج
228:The
206:CSIS
158:None
95:Type
47:بسیج
27:بسیج
3446:PBS
3383:on
3047:doi
2818:CNN
2396:by
1555:KGB
1009:No.
220:.ir
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