238:
123:
77:
31:
344:
356:
368:
292:
The third
Naziometroa poll of November 2021 showed that 40.5% were in favour of an independent Basque state, with 29.2% against, “all or most of the political parties have agreed to hold a referendum on an independent Basque state, it has been approved by Madrid/Paris, and is therefore fully
275:
study in 2006 by the
University of the Basque Country found that 33% of Basques had a “great or moderate desire” for independence from Spain with 47% with “little or no desire for Basque sovereignty.” In 2010, these changed to 30% and 55% respectively and in 2014 to 34% and 52%.
285:
A 2020 poll showed that 41% supported holding a referendum on Basque independence with and 31% opposing. The first
Naziometroa poll on Basque independence showed that 42.5% were in favour of an independent Basque state with 31.5% opposing.
149:) are permitted to collect their own taxes in a manner that generally conforms to Spanish tax collection. During 1979–80, a “constitutional shield” was negotiated, where 6.24% of local tax would be sent to the Spanish central government.
130:
In 1978 a special status was given to "historic nationalities"; the Basque country, Catalonia and
Galicia. Pre-autonomous bodies would write up a statute of autonomy which would be subject to a referendum.
282:
A 2019 poll showed that 31% supported independence with 48% opposing. 27% had a great desire for independence, 29% had a little desire for independence and 38% had no desire for independence.
1008:
263:
In June 2018, a human chain was formed by tens of thousands of
Basques, extending 202 km. Around 200,000 people formed the human chain calling for an independence referendum.
399:
1017:
1001:
327:
180:
856:
874:
237:
994:
1462:
322:
694:
1796:
1117:
1047:
464:
153:
1346:
242:
1367:
1765:
1263:
138:
in the same year and the
Spanish government then brought about a referendum in October 1979. Basque self-governance returned in 1979.
819:"Why Public Finance Matters: Evolution of Independence Movements in Catalonia and the Basque Country during the Twenty-First Century"
793:
254:
In 2011, around 40,000 people marched through Bilbao calling for ETA prisoners to be moved closer to their homes and for an amnesty.
1078:
893:
407:
743:
289:
The second
Naziometroa poll of March 2021 showed that 39.5% would be in favour of an independent Basque State with 29.5% against.
257:
In 2014, 110,000 people marched in Bilbao in support of Basque independence and bringing ETA prisoners to be held closer to home.
428:
1499:
53:
35:
122:
317:
1483:
986:
520:
1580:
1175:
312:
334:
251:
In 2006, thousands of
Basques marched in Bilbao for self determination rights for the Basque Country, November 11, 2006.
114:(ETA) was established in 1959 and was responsible for the deaths of over 800 people before it was disbanded in May 2018.
1734:
1729:
1724:
1524:
1509:
1478:
1212:
76:
1817:
1149:
1457:
1068:
1154:
942:
719:
1170:
196:
1452:
192:
1601:
1544:
1519:
1021:
218:
alliance (centre-left to centre-right) which advocates for the right of
Navarre to decide its own future.
111:
668:
1656:
1651:
1626:
1606:
1336:
222:
1775:
1693:
1636:
1621:
1611:
1559:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1284:
1227:
65:
179:
The other three herrialdes known as
Iparralde) have since 2017 had their own government body of the
1755:
1750:
1703:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1514:
1420:
1326:
1237:
1232:
1063:
200:
61:
644:
553:
1770:
1616:
1539:
1529:
1222:
1217:
1073:
838:
501:
302:
135:
1191:
1780:
1760:
1564:
830:
620:
528:
493:
460:
272:
226:
99:
88:
1099:
1094:
1029:
30:
348:
307:
103:
95:
49:
967:
917:
586:
110:
was bombed on behalf of Franco by the Nazis. In response, the Basque nationalist group,
1708:
343:
1811:
1504:
360:
204:
1677:
1404:
372:
57:
17:
260:
In 2017, over 40,000 people marched in Bilbao in support of Catalan independence.
767:
1698:
1032:
612:
1133:
1025:
943:"El sondeo de Naziometroa apunta que el 39,5% votaría 'sí' a un Estado vasco"
834:
624:
532:
497:
215:
875:"EUSKO JUNIO 2019 BAROMETRO Estudio periódico de la opinión pública vasca"
248:
In 1997, around 20,000 marched in San Sebastián calling for independence.
1672:
1554:
1436:
1399:
1310:
1294:
1253:
1196:
169:
161:
107:
81:
45:
842:
818:
645:"CNN - Thousands march for Basque independence in Spain - July 27, 1997"
521:"As Catalonia Crisis Deepens, Many Basques Wary of New Independence Bid"
505:
481:
1549:
1534:
1383:
1268:
1258:
457:
Regionalism After Regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom
211:
173:
146:
106:
was banned, the rights of Basques were reduced, and the Basque city of
279:
A 2018 poll showed that 32% supported independence with 39% opposing.
1585:
165:
744:"Basque protesters rally in support of Catalonia – DW – 11/05/2017"
1289:
214:, the Basque Nationalist Party is one of the three parties of the
142:
768:"Spain's Basques form human chain calling for independence vote"
429:"The Bombing of Guernica: Could WW2 Have Been Stopped That Day?"
990:
720:"Rare show of Basque nationalist unity in massive Bilbao march"
794:"125-mile-long human chain calls for Basque independence vote"
203:. Both advocate for an independent Basque country within a
894:"Spanish Respondents Deeply Divided About Franco's Legacy"
554:"Why Basques and Catalans see independence differently"
176:
has been constituted as a Foral Community since 1982.
332:
1789:
1743:
1717:
1686:
1665:
1594:
1573:
1492:
1471:
1445:
1429:
1413:
1392:
1376:
1360:
1319:
1303:
1277:
1246:
1205:
1184:
1163:
1142:
1126:
1108:
1087:
1056:
1040:
695:"Tens of thousands march in Spain's Basque region"
172:. These three herrialdes have their own Assembly.
91:was abolished by the Spanish government in 1839.
892:Strategies, Redfield & Wilton (2020-07-29).
156:(known as Euskadi since 1979) is made up of the
241:Demonstration in Bilbao in solidarity with the
126:Basque Country location and provinces in Europe
693:Garma, Jorge; Press, Associated (2011-01-08).
459:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 87–90.
1002:
328:List of active separatist movements in Europe
229:calls for sovereignty of the Basque Country.
191:The two main Basque political parties in the
181:Agglomeration community of the Basque Country
8:
1009:
995:
987:
154:Autonomous Community of the Basque Country
823:The SAIS Review of International Affairs
669:"Basques want peace, maybe independence"
236:
134:Basque leaders submitted a draft of the
121:
75:
29:
384:
339:
323:National and regional identity in Spain
87:After a period of self-government, the
1797:First-level NUTS of the European Union
482:"Basque Autonomy: Will It Be Enough?"
394:
392:
390:
388:
7:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
450:
448:
243:2017 Catalan independence referendum
44:is the principle and a movement for
400:"The Basques—facts and information"
941:Villameriel, Miguel (2021-06-09).
193:Southern Basque Country (Hegoalde)
25:
861:www.ehu.eus/eu/web/euskobarometro
718:Gastaca, Juan Mari (2014-01-12).
223:French Basque Country (Iparralde)
898:Redfield & Wilton Strategies
519:Kingsley, Patrick (2017-10-28).
366:
354:
342:
318:Galician independence movement
1:
857:"EUSKO OCTUBRE 2018 BAROMETR"
552:Gardner, David (2019-07-12).
313:Catalan independence movement
406:. 2019-10-24. Archived from
118:Re-establishment of autonomy
27:Movement for Basque autonomy
1761:Irish (in Northern Ireland)
1834:
792:Smith, Rory (2018-06-11).
293:recognised and official”.
233:Public displays of support
145:, the Basque country (and
817:Barón, Alejandro (2015).
455:Schrijver, Frans (2006).
207:relationship with Spain.
72:Constitutional background
593:(in Catalan). 2023-11-10
197:Basque Nationalist Party
699:San Diego Union-Tribune
141:In accordance with the
480:Hills, George (1980).
433:Sky HISTORY TV channel
245:
127:
84:
38:
240:
125:
112:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
79:
33:
410:on February 27, 2021
66:Government of France
1500:Balkar and Karachay
1463:Free City of Danzig
201:Euskal Herria Bildu
62:Government of Spain
42:Basque independence
18:Basque independence
1818:Basque nationalism
1484:Transylvania–Banat
525:The New York Times
303:Basque nationalism
246:
136:Statute of Gernika
128:
94:Under the Spanish
85:
39:
1805:
1804:
466:978-90-5629-428-1
227:Euskal Herria Bai
187:Political parties
100:Spanish Civil War
89:Basque government
16:(Redirected from
1825:
1766:Northern English
1709:Western Armenian
1368:North Kazakhstan
1118:Republika Srpska
1011:
1004:
997:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
972:Telesforo Monzon
968:"2021-11 Survey"
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
922:Telesforo Monzon
918:"2020-11 Survey"
914:
908:
907:
905:
904:
889:
883:
882:
871:
865:
864:
853:
847:
846:
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
789:
783:
782:
780:
779:
764:
758:
757:
755:
754:
740:
734:
733:
731:
730:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
690:
684:
683:
681:
680:
665:
659:
658:
656:
655:
641:
635:
634:
632:
631:
608:
602:
601:
599:
598:
587:"Basque Country"
583:
568:
567:
565:
564:
549:
543:
542:
540:
539:
516:
510:
509:
477:
471:
470:
452:
443:
442:
440:
439:
425:
419:
418:
416:
415:
396:
371:
370:
369:
359:
358:
357:
347:
346:
338:
21:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1785:
1739:
1713:
1682:
1661:
1590:
1569:
1488:
1467:
1441:
1425:
1409:
1388:
1377:North Macedonia
1372:
1356:
1315:
1299:
1273:
1242:
1201:
1180:
1159:
1150:Turkish Cypriot
1138:
1122:
1110:
1104:
1083:
1052:
1048:Northern Epirus
1036:
1015:
985:
976:
974:
966:
965:
961:
952:
950:
947:El Diario Vasco
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
916:
915:
911:
902:
900:
891:
890:
886:
873:
872:
868:
855:
854:
850:
816:
815:
811:
802:
800:
791:
790:
786:
777:
775:
766:
765:
761:
752:
750:
742:
741:
737:
728:
726:
724:EL PAÍS English
717:
716:
712:
703:
701:
692:
691:
687:
678:
676:
667:
666:
662:
653:
651:
649:edition.cnn.com
643:
642:
638:
629:
627:
613:"Basques March"
610:
609:
605:
596:
594:
585:
584:
571:
562:
560:
558:Financial Times
551:
550:
546:
537:
535:
518:
517:
513:
486:The World Today
479:
478:
474:
467:
454:
453:
446:
437:
435:
427:
426:
422:
413:
411:
398:
397:
386:
382:
377:
367:
365:
355:
353:
341:
333:
308:Basque Republic
299:
269:
235:
189:
120:
104:Basque language
74:
50:self government
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Northern Irish
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1744:United Kingdom
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1347:South Tyrolean
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
991:
984:
983:
959:
933:
909:
884:
866:
848:
809:
784:
759:
735:
710:
685:
660:
636:
603:
569:
544:
511:
492:(9): 358–359.
472:
465:
444:
420:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:
363:
351:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
298:
295:
273:Euskobarómetro
268:
265:
234:
231:
188:
185:
119:
116:
80:1937 image of
73:
70:
54:Basque Country
36:Basque Country
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1830:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Eastern Greek
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Crimean Tatar
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1311:Cham Albanian
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1238:North Catalan
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:Greek Cypriot
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
989:
973:
969:
963:
960:
948:
944:
937:
934:
923:
919:
913:
910:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
870:
867:
862:
858:
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:(2): 91–103.
828:
824:
820:
813:
810:
799:
795:
788:
785:
773:
769:
763:
760:
749:
745:
739:
736:
725:
721:
714:
711:
700:
696:
689:
686:
674:
670:
664:
661:
650:
646:
640:
637:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:WIRED Staff.
607:
604:
592:
588:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
570:
559:
555:
548:
545:
534:
530:
526:
522:
515:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
476:
473:
468:
462:
458:
451:
449:
445:
434:
430:
424:
421:
409:
405:
401:
395:
393:
391:
389:
385:
379:
374:
364:
362:
352:
350:
345:
340:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
296:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
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1361:Kazakhstan
1109:Bosnia and
1057:Azerbaijan
1026:separatism
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143:fuerros
60:of the
1687:Turkey
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1666:Sweden
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1574:Serbia
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1540:Lezgin
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839:JSTOR
617:Wired
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