643:
32:
559:
858:
916:
halted all Basque cultural and literary production for almost two decades. The most-affected domain was that of language and the creation of texts in Basque. The bulk of Basque writers died or escaped to exile, where they undertook some attempts to revitalize literature by writing books or launching
936:
The most typical traits of Basque literature during history have gradually shifted up to the present time. A number of consistent characteristics have been pinpointed, like the emphasis on folk, ethnological and mythological elements. Jon
Kortazar underscores the "uncertainty between the epic sense
631:("Beginnings of the Basque Language"). In this book, Etxepare expresses his hopes that the first publication of a book in Basque will serve to invigorate the language and culture. His efforts were undoubtedly influenced by wider movements in Europe at the time that encouraged literary production in
546:, and the large scale introduction of Basque into the education system consequently increased literary activity. While much of the literature written in Basque remains targeted at the native audience, some works by Basque authors have been translated into other languages, such as
1248:: "Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber):
1140:: "Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber):
945:
Between 1545 and 1974, 4,000 books were published in the Basque language, whereas between 1974 and 1995 12,500 were published. Modern Basque publishing began with the establishment of Elkar in 1972, a small publishing company based in
1601:
410:
924:, during the 1950s, new generations undertook efforts to write a new type of literature along European lines, innovating both in content and form, despite being heavily conditioned by
711:
Although dialectal differences are clearly visible in these early texts, it is also clear that the differences in the 16th century were considerably smaller than they are today.
685:, Queen of Navarre. He also wrote a small number of other religious works. Other similar books were to follow that aimed to convert the Basques to Protestantism.
1396:
1073:"THE NOVELISTIC EVOLUTION OF THE BASQUE SUBJECT: LITERARY-IDEOLOGICAL NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE DESIRE FOR DIFFERENTIATION AND THE SEARCH FOR RECOGNITION"
812:
to write in the language and who produced a large amount of poetry and an important collection of proverbs, the first of which was published in 1657 in
696:
by an unknown author. However, by this time, the centre of Basque literary production had firmly established itself to the north of the
Pyrenees, in
498:
958:
in the
Spanish Basque country. Although a number of other Basque publishing houses have been subsequently established, Elkar remains the largest.
1317:
1298:
1232:
385:
1280:
1218:
1272:
1257:
1149:
1389:
1189:
1178:
1163:
1036:
688:
The closing years of the 16th century see another publication, this time from the South, of a collection of proverbs written in the
615:
Only a few years later in 1545, the first book known to have been put into print is published - a collection of poems fashioned by
1915:
728:
724:
367:
84:
1660:
1364:
1336:
570:
535:
445:
134:
757:
and working in Soule, he wrote in
Lapurdian, which by then had established itself as the most prestigious form of Basque.
313:
1608:
1382:
491:
1054:
1867:
164:
519:
of around 950, the large-scale damage done by periods of great instability and warfare, such as the clan wars of the
666:, making it the earliest surviving play in Basque. With 102 pages (some damaged) it is also the longest early text.
1905:
1879:
1849:
1795:
849:
enjoyed some status as literary dialects, Lapurdian was by far the most commonly used dialect of the 17th century.
1872:
1790:
1549:
1531:
22:
1910:
1732:
1628:
1506:
778:, one of the earliest known learners of Basque. His works (some of which were published posthumously) include
1638:
1426:
921:
651:
624:
484:
344:
1672:
1541:
823:
440:
48:
1807:
827:
1765:
1727:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1461:
117:
1596:
834:
735:, produced one of the most notable works of the 17th century, This was a religious publication, called
538:, but significant production does not seem to have set in until the 17th century. Since the end of the
775:
1854:
1780:
1750:
1737:
1687:
1682:
1650:
1645:
1633:
1486:
1441:
1431:
1219:
https://www.academia.edu/22934388/Before_Babel_A_History_of_Basque_Literatures_2016_open_access_book_
925:
601:
1210:
Del bertsolarismo silenciado (Silenced bertsolaritza) Larrañaga
Odriozola, Carmen, Eusko Ikaskuntza.
1072:
768:
1859:
1785:
1770:
1755:
1613:
1586:
1556:
1511:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1421:
1405:
898:
890:
870:
805:
801:
720:
642:
516:
405:
375:
308:
122:
1812:
816:. His style of writing is still regarded as one of the highest in the history of Basque literature
1884:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1802:
1775:
1742:
1717:
1697:
1667:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1536:
1516:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1466:
539:
415:
390:
682:
1819:
1760:
1677:
1618:
1591:
1576:
1526:
1476:
1416:
1360:
1332:
1313:
1294:
1268:
1253:
1228:
1185:
1174:
1159:
1145:
1032:
1011:
913:
878:
670:
528:
112:
1201:
J.M.Lekuona "Ahozko literaturaren historia" Euskal Herria. Vol 1, San
Sebastián, Jakin, 1984.
1839:
1692:
1655:
1623:
1521:
955:
951:
866:
616:
590:
465:
420:
258:
253:
238:
190:
31:
558:
1722:
1058:
894:
547:
543:
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298:
263:
174:
127:
107:
102:
97:
92:
857:
1245:
1137:
906:
886:
874:
200:
1350:. Reno : Department of Foreign Languages & Literatures, University of Nevada.
1184:
1 Euskara eta
Literatura (Batxillergo)/ 2 Euskara eta Literatura (Batxillergo). Elkar
1899:
1287:
902:
697:
674:
620:
395:
380:
243:
159:
1207:
Privilegios, Franquezas y
Libertas del M.N. y M.L. Señoría de Vizcaya, Bilbao, 1977.
742:
524:
353:
323:
318:
248:
223:
179:
585:
882:
737:
520:
460:
233:
632:
455:
400:
1051:
842:
678:
303:
268:
901:. In addition, there are many Basque writers who have written in Spanish:
846:
689:
582:
that deals with the battle fought in 1321 and a group of verses known as
578:
273:
228:
947:
920:
However, some works were not even published during that period. In the
754:
701:
470:
450:
293:
218:
70:
62:
1374:
531:, led to the scarcity of written material predating the 16th century.
861:
Poet J. Artze's poem projected on the wall of
Usurbil's church (2018)
809:
659:
609:
605:
208:
154:
1195:
Axular Pedro
Dagerre Azpilikueta -Gero- Egin Biblioteka (La Navarra)
749:) but in literary form, published in 1643. Although he was born in
856:
813:
750:
732:
705:
663:
636:
597:
213:
169:
1378:
865:
Some referential figures of 20th century Basque literature are
650:
The next publication is a recently discovered pastoral play by
600:
written in Basque is a letter composed in 1537 by the Biscayan
1227:, Reno, Center for Basque Studies/University of Nevada, 2012.
575:
A few songs from the 16th century have survived, such as the
798:(1978, Hordago) and an unpublished but important dictionary.
771:
in 1617, also one of the earliest known learners of Basque
534:
The earliest surviving traces of Basque literary activity
1061:
Gipuzkoako Arkibo Orokorra. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
1154:
Badiola Rentería, Prudencia, y López Sáinz, Josefina:
719:
In amongst the trickle of smaller religious works the
1198:
Juan Juaristi, Literatura Vasca, Madrid, Taurus, 1987
954:, Elkar established a second publishing operation in
1286:
1009:Euskal Herria - The Country of the Basque Language
950:in the French Basque country. After the death of
708:, where it would remain for several centuries.
1390:
1265:Before Babel: A History of Basque Literatures
1250:Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik
1215:Before Babel: A History of Basque Literatures
1142:Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik
492:
8:
885:(pen name of José Luis Álvarez Enparantza),
760:Other important works of this century were:
677:translation into a standardised form of his
515:phrases and sentences go as far back as the
1397:
1383:
1375:
499:
485:
17:
1121:
1104:
822:, a book on marine navigation written by
511:Although the first instances of coherent
1217:. Barbaroak, 2016. Available online at:
641:
557:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
967:
333:
189:
20:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1029:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
646:A page in Lazarraga's own handwriting
386:Basque Country national football team
7:
1348:An introduction to Basque literature
1031:. New York: Routledge. p. 190.
1022:
1020:
1003:
1001:
999:
656:Silbero, Silbia, Doristeo and Sirena
550:, and achieved global recognition.
917:magazines of limited circulation.
820:Liburuhauda Ixasoco nabigacionecoa
658:produced between 1564 and 1567 in
14:
833:A book on farming techniques by
30:
1289:The Basque History of the World
1171:Historia de la literatura vasca
792:Andre Dana Maria Privilegiatua
571:16th-century Basque literature
135:History of the Basque language
1:
1312:. Center for Basque Studies.
1308:Olaziregi, Mari Jose (2012).
1156:La literatura en lengua vasca
542:in Spain, the formation of a
314:Maskarada (carnival of Soule)
808:, who was the first Basque
700:and the French provinces of
669:1571 saw the publication of
654:(1548?—1605) by the name of
1357:Euskal literatura numerotan
1169:López Gaseni, José Manuel:
1092:Diglosia y literatura vasca
1027:Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).
536:go back to the 16th century
165:Pastoral (theatre of Soule)
1932:
1263:Gabilondo, Joseba (2016).
1173:. Acento Editorial, 2002.
1158:. Editorial Cincel, 1981.
1094:. Olivar. pp. 71–104.
568:
1412:
1327:Onaindia, Jacoba (1990).
912:In the 20th century, the
23:Culture of Basque Country
1285:Kurlansky, Mark (2000).
629:Linguæ Vasconum Primitiæ
604:from Durango, the first
564:Linguæ Vasconum Primitiæ
1916:Literature by ethnicity
1355:Sarasola, Ibon (1975).
1310:Basque Literary History
1252:, Bonn: Dümmler, 1997.
1225:Basque Literary History
1144:, Bonn: Dümmler, 1997.
922:Southern Basque Country
723:movement, which in the
652:Joan Perez de Lazarraga
625:Northern Basque Country
1267:. Lansing: Barbaroak.
1223:Olaziregi, Mari Jose:
1090:Kortazar, Jon (2007).
862:
647:
635:languages rather than
596:The earliest piece of
577:Song of the Battle of
566:
562:The title page of the
49:History of the Basques
1346:Placer, Eloy (1972).
1279:Available online at
991:The History of Basque
860:
780:Giristinoaren Dotrina
694:Refranes y sentencias
681:dialect, promoted by
645:
589:from the time of the
561:
824:Martin de Hoyarzabal
741:, the preachings of
1406:European literature
1213:Gabilondo, Joseba.
899:Joseba Sarrionandia
891:Ramon Saizarbitoria
871:Salbatore Mitxelena
828:Piarres Detcheverry
802:Arnauld de Oihenart
796:Iesusen Imitacionea
794:(J. Vinson: 1892),
721:Counter Reformation
376:Basque rural sports
347:and performing arts
123:Aquitanian language
1057:2008-12-09 at the
937:and playfulness".
863:
826:and translated by
765:Dotrina christiana
727:had its centre in
648:
567:
517:San Millán glosses
416:Biarritz Olympique
411:Basque Rugby union
391:Athletic de Bilbao
1906:Basque literature
1893:
1892:
1329:Euskal literatura
1319:978-1-935709-19-0
1300:978-0-09-928413-0
1233:978-1-935709-19-0
1012:Basque Government
914:Spanish Civil War
879:Nikolas Ormaetxea
835:Mongongo Dessança
745:(better known as
671:Joanes Leizarraga
602:Juan de Zumárraga
544:standard language
529:Spanish Civil War
509:
508:
113:Navarro-Aragonese
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853:The 20th century
788:Gudu espirituala
776:Silvain Pouvreau
715:The 17th century
619:, a priest from
617:Bernard Etxepare
591:Basque Clan Wars
554:The 16th century
540:Francoist period
501:
494:
487:
466:Gernikako Arbola
421:Aviron Bayonnais
406:Deportivo Alavés
309:Saint John's Eve
299:Basque festivals
259:Espelette pepper
254:Irouléguy (wine)
239:Idiazabal cheese
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1138:Azurmendi, Joxe
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1132:Further reading
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1071:Ur, Apalategi.
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1059:Wayback Machine
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932:Characteristics
895:Bernardo Atxaga
855:
804:, born 1592 in
790:(Paris, 1665),
786:(Paris, 1664);
782:(Paris, 1656);
717:
692:dialect called
683:Jeanne d'Albret
627:, by the title
584:The Burning of
573:
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548:Bernardo Atxaga
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264:Piquillo pepper
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103:Basque dialects
98:Standard Basque
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1122:Kurlansky 2000
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1105:Kurlansky 2000
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993:Routledge 1997
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907:Gabriel Celaya
887:Joxe Azurmendi
875:Gabriel Aresti
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160:Bertsolaritza
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1542:Old English
1456:
1427:Anglo-Norman
1356:
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928:censorship.
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743:Pedro Agerre
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525:Carlist Wars
510:
446:Coat of arms
354:Basque music
334:
324:Aberri Eguna
319:Herri Urrats
249:Rioja (wine)
224:Basque cider
180:Basque dance
118:Erromintxela
15:
1811: [
1745:(Provençal)
1733:Montenegrin
1600: [
1359:. Kriselu.
1293:. Vintage.
883:Txillardegi
521:Middle Ages
461:Zazpiak Bat
234:Cider house
1900:Categories
1868:in English
1766:Portuguese
1713:Macedonian
1708:Luxembourg
1703:Lithuanian
1462:Belarusian
1366:8440089988
1338:8485527747
1239:References
989:Trask, L.
941:Publishing
633:vernacular
456:Laurak Bat
401:CA Osasuna
335:Literature
148:Traditions
1855:Ukrainian
1781:Sardinian
1751:Old Norse
1738:Norwegian
1683:Kashubian
1651:Icelandic
1646:Hungarian
1487:Bulgarian
1442:Aromanian
1432:Aragonese
1052:Lazarraga
926:Francoist
843:Gipuzkoan
841:Although
679:Lapurdian
586:Mondragón
304:Olentzero
287:Festivals
269:Marmitako
191:Mythology
85:Languages
1873:in Welsh
1860:Venetian
1808:Silesian
1786:Scottish
1771:Romanian
1756:Ossetian
1743:Occitan
1728:Moldovan
1673:Jèrriais
1634:medieval
1614:Georgian
1609:Galician
1587:Friulian
1557:Estonian
1512:Croatian
1452:Austrian
1447:Asturian
1437:Armenian
1422:Albanian
1205:El fuero
1055:Archived
847:Biscayan
690:Biscayan
579:Beotibar
527:and the
274:Piperade
229:Patxaran
1885:Yiddish
1845:Turkish
1835:Swedish
1830:Spanish
1825:Slovene
1803:Serbian
1776:Russian
1718:Maltese
1698:Latvian
1688:Kosovar
1668:Italian
1629:ancient
1582:Frisian
1572:Flemish
1567:Finnish
1562:Faroese
1537:English
1517:Cypriot
1502:Cornish
1497:Chuvash
1492:Catalan
1482:British
1472:Bosnian
1467:Belgian
948:Bayonne
837:in 1692
830:in 1677
806:Mauléon
784:Filotea
755:Navarre
702:Labourd
623:in the
451:Lauburu
434:Symbols
294:Korrika
219:Txakoli
201:Cuisine
71:Basques
42:History
1864:Welsh
1820:Slovak
1761:Polish
1678:Kazakh
1639:modern
1619:German
1597:Gagauz
1592:Gaelic
1577:French
1527:Danish
1477:Breton
1457:Basque
1417:Abkhaz
1363:
1335:
1316:
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1271:
1256:
1231:
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1177:
1162:
1148:
1035:
952:Franco
905:, and
810:layman
747:Axular
660:Larrea
610:Mexico
606:bishop
523:, the
513:Basque
209:Pincho
155:Fueros
108:Gascon
93:Basque
63:People
1840:Swiss
1815:]
1791:Scots
1693:Latin
1656:Irish
1624:Greek
1604:]
1532:Dutch
1522:Czech
1080:, p.
1076:(PDF)
962:Notes
897:, or
814:Paris
751:Urdax
733:Soule
706:Soule
664:Alava
637:Latin
598:prose
368:Sport
345:Music
214:Txoko
170:Beret
1723:Manx
1361:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1014:1995
845:and
738:Gero
729:Sare
704:and
441:Flag
767:by
753:in
673:'s
608:of
1902::
1813:cs
1602:ru
1331:.
1112:^
1019:^
998:^
970:^
909:.
893:,
889:,
881:,
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1166:.
1078:.
1041:.
500:e
493:t
486:v
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