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42:
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1243:. In 1968 he and instrument maker Keith Rodgers devised a method of constructing cornetts inexpensively from a composite wood-resin material, which helped to raise interest in these instruments and increase their availability. In 1976 he established the London Serpent Trio with English players Andrew van der Beek and Alan Lumsden, performing new works and historical arrangements, both serious and whimsical, throughout Europe and North America. At the same time in France, historical instrument specialist Bernard Fourtet and jazz musician
856:
501:
452:, due in large part to the positions of the tone holes. They are arranged mainly to be accessible to the player's fingers, rather than in acoustically correct positions, which for some of them would be out of reach. The lower tone holes are too small to act effectively to shorten the air column, but they dampen resonances and provide a mellow timbre suitable for accompanying the voice. While early serpents were keyless, later instruments added
763:
1203:
134:
412:. In France, the instrument was made from bonding two double-S-shaped halves, each carved from a single large piece of wood. In England, it was usually made from several smaller curved tubular wooden segments, each made by gluing two hollowed halves together. The whole instrument was then glued and bound with an outer covering of leather. A small number were made instead from copper or brass; one brass serpent in the
1339:
1259:
1168:("snake with one key"), one of the last forms of the upright serpent. It solved a perennial problem of the serpent, its difficult and indistinct Bâ™® notes. The instrument is built a semitone lower in Bâ™® and adds a large open tone hole that keeps the instrument in C until its key is pressed, closing the tone hole and producing a clear and resonant Bâ™®. The instrument also has a unique
3559:
1316:; the lower tone holes dampen resonances and behave more like leaks, which also contribute to the characteristic soft timbre of the instrument. Consequently, the player must rely much more on a strong, controlled embouchure to produce the correct pitch than on other brass instruments. The serpent's natural tones (the harmonic series on C
1164:, an upright serpent with an enlarged bell section influenced by the (then newly invented) ophicleide. It is distinguished by being made from wood, brass tubing being used only for the leadpipe and first bend. It became popular in bands for its improved intonation and sound quality. In 1828 Jean-Baptiste Coëffet patented his
1329:
Production of pitch can be lowered by a semitone or more by slackening the embouchure given the same fingering. This is due to the serpent's coupling of a "strong" system of embouchure and mouthpiece, with a relatively "weak" acoustical system of the air column in the serpent body; the mouthpiece has
1311:
Monk writes that due to its inherent mechanical and acoustical defects, the serpent is one of the more difficult wind instruments to play well. Although played with an embouchure similar to that used with other brass instruments such as the trombone, the instrument is easily over-blown so the player
569:, was built by scaling the tenor serpent by 0.5× to produce an instrument in 2′ C, two octaves higher than the standard serpent. It first appeared in the 1980s, made as a novelty instrument by Monk. There is no repertoire or other evidence of the historical existence of these sizes.
663:
that were in use in Italy in the 16th century, but the lack of knowledge of the serpent in early 17th century Italy, or surviving early serpents outside of France, counts against this idea. The serpent was certainly used in France since the early 17th century, to strengthen the
1073:
was first published, the part was changed to ophicleide for unknown reasons. The bass horn was popular in civic and military bands in
Britain and Ireland, and also spread back into orchestras in Europe, where it influenced the inventors of both the ophicleide and later the
630:
form in the 1990s by
Christopher Monk's workshop, by doubling the pattern for a bass serpent. They were called "George" and "George II". The first, commissioned by musicologist and serpent player Philip Palmer, was owned by American trombonist and serpent player
1247:
began promoting use of the serpent, and established an academy for young serpent players. Among these younger serpent specialists are Volny
Hostiou, who has recorded a significant serpent discography, and Patrick Wibart, also an accomplished ophicleide player.
625:
museum collection. Its use of keys, progressively larger tone holes, and an open top tone hole make it essentially a serpent-shaped contrabass ophicleide. During the serpent's modern revival, two more contrabass serpents were built in the original
826:
was developed which had a more compact shape with tighter curves, added extra keys to improve its intonation, and metal braces between the bends to increase its rigidity and durability. In France around the same time several makers produced a
467:
Modern replicas are made by several specialist instrument makers, employing acoustic analysis and modern fabrication materials and techniques to further improve the serpent's intonation. Some of these techniques include use of modern
553:, he scaled up the pattern by 2Ă— to carve a bass serpent. Since he could just as easily carve at 1Ă—, he was also able to produce tenor serpents popular in serpent ensembles, and usable by players with smaller fingers. The
363:
practice in the mid-20th century. Several contemporary works have been commissioned and composed, and serpents are again made by a small number of contemporary manufacturers. The sound of a serpent is somewhere between a
1474:, commissioned in 1987 to mark the first International Serpent Festival in South Carolina, where it was premièred by London Serpent Trio member Alan Lumsden in 1989. Also premièred at the festival was comic composer
1359:, or bass line. The serpent began to be called for in orchestras by opera composers in the mid-to-late 18th century, and their subsequent adoption in military bands prompted the publication of several
492:. English serpent player and musicologist Clifford Bevan remarks that Berger's instruments are much improved, finally allowing players to approach the serpent "in partnership rather than in combat".
4275:
2211:
Heyde, Herbert (2007). "Zoomorphic and
Theatrical Musical Instruments in the Late Italian Renaissance and Baroque Eras". In Meucci, Renato; Falletti, Franca; Rossi Rognoni, Gabriele (eds.).
523:
C, thus having a total tubing length of about 8 feet (2.4 m). A few slightly smaller specimens were built in D, and military serpents could sometimes vary in pitch between Dâ™ and Bâ™.
1239:
The serpent has enjoyed a modern revival of interest and manufacture since the mid-20th century. Christopher Monk began building his own replica cornetts and serpents and playing them in
1698:
1349:
Serpents were originally used as an instrument to accompany church choral music, particularly in France. For this purpose, very little was specifically written for the serpent
744:
41:
2428:
2952:
1945:
639:
in 1986, two from box plywood based on a "squarpent" design by
American serpent player and curator Paul Schmidt, and one in 2014 from spare tuba and sousaphone parts.
3101:
1482:
piece "O Serpent" written for the London
Serpent Trio and an ensemble of vocalists. Douglas Yeo premièred "Temptation" for serpent and string quartet, written by his
2148:
610:
and built in 16′ C one octave below the serpent, was an
English invention of the mid-19th century with no historical repertoire. The prototype instrument was built
275:
1431:
413:
1055:, developed by London-based French musician and inventor Louis Alexandre Frichot in 1799, had an all-metal V-shaped construction, described by German composer
1222:
The era of upright serpents was brief, spanning the first half of the 19th century from their invention to their replacement by the ophicleide and subsequent
1390:
1330:
a stronger influence on selecting the instrument pitch than the air column. The mismatch of embouchure and air column length also contributes to its timbre.
3619:
1179:
1061:
2979:
572:
1651:
1236:
cycle, was writing his lowest brass parts for tuba and contrabass trombone. Consequently, the serpent had all but disappeared from ensembles by 1900.
961:, were developed from the late 18th century. Retaining the same six tone holes and fingering of the original serpent, these instruments resemble the
833:
initially developed by
Piffault (by whose name they are also known) that arranges the tubing vertically with an upward turned bell, reminiscent of a
2878:
2490:
2339:
546:
began his efforts to produce modern reproduction serpents by first building a half-sized pattern, which equated to a tenor size in 4′ C. Through a
2770:
1975:
3319:
2343:
274:
1017:
bells popular in France at the time, shaped and painted like a dragon or serpent head. Appearing around the same time in military bands was the
456:
for additional holes out of reach of the fingers to improve intonation, and extend range. A mid-19th century model by London instrument maker
332:
bent into a snakelike shape, and unlike most brass instruments is made from wood with an outer covering of leather. A distant ancestor of the
3507:
3473:
3345:
3284:
3229:
2224:
1588:
1178:
that (combined with adjusting the bocal) could change the pitch by up to a major second and allow the player to switch between the different
1059:
as resembling a watering can. He admired its sound however, and wrote for the instrument in several of his works, including the overture to
1941:
461:
4316:
2494:
1742:
4301:
3051:
2919:
266:
1694:
3178:
1240:
800:
360:
73:
3074:
2420:
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635:
for a time and features in some of his serpent recordings. At least four other contrabass serpents have also been built: one from
2942:
2372:
1510:
2796:
1759:
351:
were added to improve intonation, and several upright variants were developed and used, until they were superseded first by the
4321:
3612:
3401:
1933:
488:
has developed an improved serpent based on studying well-preserved museum instruments, and also makes a lightweight model from
3012:
1718:
4193:
2587:
2041:
2564:
4229:
4198:
2142:
1599:
1372:
3142:
1320:) are fuller and richer than those produced with fingering, so the player must also focus on consistency of timbre and a
4311:
1395:
1066:
875:
659:, France, which is generally accepted. Some scholars propose that the serpent may have evolved from large, curved bass
384:, the serpent has thinner walls, a more conical bore, and no thumb-hole. The original serpent was typically built from
3008:
2740:
1411:
After disappearing almost entirely by the late 19th century, the serpent began to reappear in the mid-20th century in
4296:
4260:
3605:
3329:
3268:
1416:
935:
792:
457:
372:, and it is typically played in a seated position, with the instrument resting upright between the player's knees.
753:
4239:
2104:
1573:
1519:
1506:
1483:
1425:
4234:
1312:
must use a more gentle air stream. The tone holes do not always serve to shorten the air column, as they do in
884:
864:
647:
There is little direct material or documentary evidence for the exact origin of the serpent. French historian
1498:
wrote "Diversità : NO LIMIT", a concerto for serpent and strings, which premièred in
Monopoli, Italy in 2012.
4219:
4157:
4127:
3499:
2975:
1232:
622:
588:
480:, and changing the placement of tone holes. Swiss serpent maker Stephan Berger in collaboration with French
1643:
4080:
1563:
1367:
1223:
356:
3826:
1671:
1669:
1613:
1404:
359:
tuba. After almost entirely disappearing from orchestras, the serpent experienced a renewed interest in
3102:"Patrick Wibart à Jeunes Talents et à l'Orchestre national de Lille – Le serpent à travers les siècles"
2762:
1967:
101:
2324:
965:, with jointed straight tubes that fit into a short U-shaped butt joint, and an upward-pointing bell.
855:
4224:
3960:
3923:
3846:
3563:
3465:
3325:
2421:"Compte rendu du colloque "le serpent sans sornettes" du 6 et 7 septembre 2011 aux Invalides Ă Paris"
2037:
584:
3741:
2368:
1376:(1749), although he later removed it. Italian composers in the early 19th century often called for
1313:
1147:
550:
4214:
4178:
4112:
3986:
3816:
3674:
3649:
3413:
3379:
Hostiou, Volny (2021). "The
Serpent Known as "French": Aspects of the instrument and its sound".
2096:
1548:
1486:
colleague, trombonist and composer Norman Bolter, at the 1999 International Trombone Festival in
1470:
Modern works for the instrument include a concerto for serpent and orchestra by English composer
1116:, a loose term that referred to several instruments; initially an upright serpent similar to the
469:
449:
420:
317:
142:
2911:
500:
3878:
3701:
3521:
3513:
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3469:
3405:
3351:
3341:
3290:
3280:
3235:
3225:
3184:
3174:
2382:
2238:
2230:
2220:
1487:
1464:
1381:
1103:
1056:
973:
Among the first of the upright serpents to appear around the turn of the 19th century was the
445:
325:
2475:
4152:
4064:
3756:
3628:
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3251:
3217:
3200:
2947:
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2254:
2088:
1734:
1618:
1420:
1385:
1107:
636:
543:
520:
453:
348:
305:
237:
205:
86:
52:
3043:
507:
with serpents in four sizes, from largest to smallest: contrabass, bass, tenor, and soprano
4244:
3928:
3898:
3893:
3669:
3659:
3529:
3438:
3359:
3298:
3243:
3192:
2792:
2616:
2246:
1491:
1475:
1436:
1202:
950:
834:
301:
81:
1603:
starring Patrick Stewart. It was featured in the scene during Fezziwig’s Christmas party.
4306:
4117:
4031:
3693:
3664:
2863:
2832:
2732:
2378:
2284:
Christopher Holman (November 2017). "Rhythm and metre in French Classical plainchant".
2216:
1888:
1886:
1623:
1502:
1399:
1360:
1297:
1227:
1137:
424:
995:, although it was neither Russian nor a bassoon. The name is possibly a corruption of
4290:
4265:
4188:
4137:
4102:
4044:
3908:
3866:
3780:
3751:
3746:
3584:– serpent website (in French) by Volny Hostiou, French tubist and serpent specialist.
3392:
Meucci, Renato (1996). "The Cimbasso and Related Instruments in 19th-Century Italy".
2803:
1842:
1763:
1538:
1514:
1479:
1471:
1452:
1355:
1342:
1244:
1095:
815:
811:
719:
715:
665:
511:
The majority of surviving specimens in museums and private collections are nominally
485:
191:
125:
1846:
784:
shape, late 18th century (Civic Museum of Modena, Italy); English military serpent,
4270:
4183:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4016:
3883:
3873:
3861:
3654:
3002:
1714:
1495:
1441:
1338:
1175:
819:
618:
489:
329:
297:
2591:
2029:
1455:
has incorporated the serpent into his music, and has frequently collaborated with
2556:
273:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3498:. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Peterson, Lennie (illustrator). Lanham:
3491:
3457:
2907:
2828:
2171:
2138:
1609:
1569:
810:
Towards the end of the 18th century, the increased popularity of the serpent in
648:
632:
504:
477:
309:
219:
4173:
4122:
4107:
4059:
4054:
4039:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3856:
3790:
3785:
3591:
3525:
3337:
3294:
3239:
3221:
3136:
1412:
1301:
1040:
673:
547:
352:
157:
3496:
An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player
3409:
3355:
3188:
2242:
4147:
4132:
4049:
3888:
3821:
3800:
3761:
3587:
3541:
3533:
3483:
3450:
3442:
3425:
3371:
3363:
3310:
3302:
3255:
3247:
3204:
3196:
2258:
2250:
723:
542:
arose in the 1960s when English early music specialist and instrument maker
441:
369:
321:
109:
91:
448:
by each hand. It is initially challenging to play the instrument with good
437:, a small length of brass tubing that emerges from the top wooden segment.
3558:
3276:
1915:
1913:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1523:
includes a serpent as one of the five soloists, played by Noah Gladstone.
1039:) which had a normal brass instrument bell, similar in flare to the later
762:
427:
mouthpiece, originally made from ivory, horn or wood, which fits into the
4142:
3991:
3766:
3735:
3024:
1281:
1112:
1099:
714:). Around the middle of the 18th century, the serpent began to appear in
393:
385:
341:
313:
162:
17:
2374:
Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Sommernachtstraum Konzert-OuvertĂĽre: Introduction
2297:
1363:, fingering charts and etudes, including duets for student and teacher.
655:
that the serpent was invented in 1590 by Edmé Guillaume, a clergyman in
3981:
3950:
3918:
3903:
3851:
3795:
3774:
3679:
3643:
1456:
1322:
1014:
1002:
962:
660:
656:
473:
409:
389:
381:
365:
337:
152:
3417:
2100:
2076:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3913:
3687:
3581:
3569:
1490:. Yeo also premièred a serpent concerto in 2008 by American composer
1388:. Mendelssohn paired serpent with contrabassoon in his 1828 overture
1277:
1269:
1263:
Range of the serpent; notes below Câ‚‚ are obtained with the embouchure
1142:
1010:
401:
137:
Range of the serpent; notes below Câ‚‚ are obtained with the embouchure
3597:
2092:
945:
Several vertical configurations of the serpent, generally known as
416:
in Bologna was built in 1773 with an added outer layer of leather.
4021:
3996:
3707:
3517:
2234:
1337:
1296:
by fingering the low C note with all holes covered, and producing
1201:
814:
drove the subsequent development of the instrument to accommodate
669:
571:
499:
429:
397:
3575:
653:
Mémoires Concernant l'Histoire Ecclésiastique et Civile d’Auxerre
3810:
2213:
Marvels of sound and beauty: Italian Baroque musical instruments
1644:"423.213 Labrosones with fingerholes, with (wider) conical bore"
1449:
1121:
1006:
1005:
army bands of the time. Many of these instruments were built in
621:
as a double-sized English military serpent, and survives in the
481:
405:
333:
167:
3601:
2675:
2673:
1532:
Clifford Bevan, musicologist, member of the London Serpent Trio
3169:
Bevan, Clifford (2000). "Chapter 2: Serpents and bass horns".
1460:
1366:
Among the serpent's first appearances in orchestral scores is
4276:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
3263:
Herbert, Trevor; Myers, Arnold; Wallace, John, eds. (2019).
1586:
The prop used for the titular horn in the 1956 British film
3216:. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Cham: ASA Press.
3173:(2nd ed.). Winchester: Piccolo Press. p. 63–126.
2733:"Serpentist Michel Godard meets Alim Qasimov: spellbinding"
3462:
Serpents bass horns and ophicleides at the Bate Collection
1402:
included serpent and ophicleide in his early revisions of
1304:("lipping down"). Proficient players can play upwards to C
1576:(retired), bass trombonist, serpent and ophicleide player
2325:"Questions and Answers: Bass Horns and Russian Bassoons"
1873:
1871:
1268:
The serpent's range typically covers the two and a half
46:
Serpent, late 18th century Italy. Civic Museum of Modena
3212:
Campbell, Murray; Gilbert, Joël; Myers, Arnold (2021).
2714:
2712:
2194:
2192:
2009:
2007:
2005:
281:
Scarborough Fair played on the serpent by Kathryn Rose
3594:
as well as bass horn, early cimbasso, and ophicleide.
3578:– an online reference for everything serpent-related.
2040:: University of Edinburgh. accession number: L 2929.
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1494:
entitled "Old Dances in New Shoes". Italian composer
676:. This original traditional serpent was known as the
1919:
1678:, p. 490, Appendix 2: The Ranges of Labrosones.
1206:
The London Serpent Trio, 1989: Andrew van der Beek (
4253:
4207:
4166:
4073:
4030:
3974:
3839:
3635:
2664:
2590:(in French). Brussels: Serpent Ribo. Archived from
1892:
1762:(in French). Brussels: Serpent Ribo. Archived from
1675:
1345:
performs on a serpent in the Adrabesa Quartet, 2020
1158:In Paris in 1823, Forveille invented his eponymous
255:
228:
176:
141:
124:
116:
100:
72:
58:
51:
2611:
2609:
1717:(in German). Les Bois: Stephan Berger Erna Suter.
2147:(CD booklet). Berlioz Historic Brass. BHB CD101.
2024:
2022:
1559:Patrick Wibart, serpent and ophicleide specialist
3038:
3036:
3034:
2802:(programme notes). schickele.com. Archived from
2414:
2412:
3265:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Brass Instruments
2425:Archives Musique, Facteurs, Marchands, Luthiers
1686:
1684:
2530:
2030:""Contrabass serpent, nominal pitch: 16-ft C""
1535:Bernard Fourtet, French early music specialist
414:Museo internazionale e biblioteca della musica
3613:
3318:Herbert, Trevor; Wallace, John, eds. (1997).
1544:Volny Hostiou, scholar and serpent specialist
1131:
1125:
1120:, then the ophicleide, early forms of valved
1089:
8:
3321:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments
1562:Steve Wick, tubist, professor of Serpent at
1288:. The range can easily extend downwards to A
1189:
1183:
1169:
1159:
1075:
1018:
996:
974:
828:
683:
677:
34:
1353:; the serpent player would simply play the
1024:
980:
689:
344:from the 17th to the early 19th centuries.
3620:
3606:
3598:
3387:(4). Translated by Bevan, Clifford: 55–65.
2833:"P.D.Q. Bach and American Serpent Players"
1419:chamber ensembles. American film composer
737:Types of traditional and military serpents
3138:Frontier Psychiatrist – Official HD Video
2419:Touroude, José-Daniel (9 November 2011).
1326:approach throughout the serpent's range.
1226:brass instruments. German opera composer
2943:"A serpentine member of orchestras past"
2879:International Tuba Euphonium Association
2491:International Tuba Euphonium Association
2340:International Tuba Euphonium Association
1556:Andrew van der Beek, London Serpent Trio
848:Types of upright serpents and bass horns
328:by each hand. It is named for its long,
112:with fingerholes with wide conical bore)
2797:"P.D.Q. Bach: A 40-Year Rretrogressive"
2691:
2271:
1974:(in French). May 2021. pp. 26–31.
1970:[The serpent gets a new skin].
1635:
1541:, jazz musician, tubist, serpent player
3075:"Volny Hostiou, Le Serpent Imaginaire"
3073:Nussbaum, Jeffrey (31 December 2012).
2922:from the original on 26 September 2021
2476:"The Ophimonocleide: Folly or Genius?"
2449:
1968:"Le serpent se fait une nouvelle peau"
1695:"EMS Serpent in C by Early Music Shop"
780:: traditional serpent in the original
33:
3122:
3015:from the original on 5 September 2015
2843:from the original on 14 February 2020
2718:
2640:"Trio Aenea: The Virtuoso Ophicleide"
2555:van der Beek, Andrew (20 July 1991).
2542:
2518:
2461:
2403:
2310:
2198:
2062:
2034:Musical Instruments Museums Edinburgh
2013:
1877:
1829:
1810:
1650:. Musical Instrument Museums Online.
1589:The Case of the Mukkinese Battle-Horn
1547:Phil Humphries, London Serpent Trio,
7:
2941:Eichler, Jeremy (25 November 2008).
2763:"Top Five Snakes on a Concert Stage"
2679:
1942:St Fagans National Museum of History
1648:MIMO Hornbostel-Sachs Classification
1597:A prop was used in the 1999 film of
462:St Fagans National Museum of History
2888:from the original on 15 August 2023
2703:
2151:from the original on 3 October 2023
2125:
1996:
1904:
1798:
3145:from the original on 8 August 2024
3054:from the original on 8 August 2024
2567:from the original on 8 August 2024
2500:from the original on 8 August 2024
2349:from the original on 26 March 2023
2172:"Contrabass Serpent Photo Gallery"
1948:from the original on 8 August 2024
1934:"Serpent (early-mid 19th century)"
1920:Campbell, Gilbert & Myers 2021
1654:from the original on 8 August 2024
1432:Journey to the Center of the Earth
1241:historically informed performances
1110:. In Italy it was replaced by the
25:
3588:Recordings of orchestral excerpts
3404:(published March 1996): 143–179.
3100:Cochard, Alain (6 January 2018).
2761:Angel, Amanda (28 January 2013).
2665:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
2431:from the original on 12 July 2022
2044:from the original on 5 April 2023
1893:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
1676:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
1553:Alan Lumsden, London Serpent Trio
408:, or sometimes softer woods like
361:historically informed performance
3590:by Jack Adler-McKean, including
3557:
3437:, Westhampnett: Chiltern Music,
3214:The Science of Brass Instruments
3141:(music video) (published 2009).
2982:from the original on 29 May 2023
2955:from the original on 31 May 2023
2107:from the original on 18 May 2023
1978:from the original on 30 May 2023
1745:from the original on 29 May 2023
1721:from the original on 29 May 2023
1701:from the original on 29 May 2023
1423:used a serpent in the scores of
1001:since they were taken up by the
923:: cimbasso, early 19th century;
883:
874:
863:
854:
822:players. In England, a distinct
761:
752:
743:
380:Although closely related to the
336:, the serpent is related to the
324:arranged in two groups of three
271:
40:
3570:Serpents in the Bate Collection
2773:from the original on 9 May 2021
2638:Schmidt, Paul (26 April 2016).
841:Upright serpents and bass horns
102:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
4194:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
1697:. Saltaire: Early Music Shop.
1391:Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage
1230:, by the 1869 première of his
1136:), and finally by the time of
617:by Joseph and Richard Wood in
1:
4199:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
2533:, p. 150, The low brass.
2075:Pegge, R. Morley (May 1959).
1373:Music for the Royal Fireworks
928:
913:
902:
785:
611:
577:
460:has 14 keys, and survives in
2731:Hird, Alison (6 June 2019).
2557:"Obituary: Christopher Monk"
1801:, p. 128–31, "serpent".
1739:Christopher Monk Instruments
1735:"Serpents and tenor cornett"
1396:fifth "Reformation" symphony
1098:scores by composers such as
1067:fifth "Reformation" symphony
238:Christopher Monk Instruments
29:Wooden early wind instrument
3104:. Paris: ConcertClassic.com
3009:Sony Computer Entertainment
2741:Radio France Internationale
347:In the early 19th century,
4338:
4317:Basso continuo instruments
4261:Pitch of brass instruments
3433:Monk, Christopher (1986),
3394:The Galpin Society Journal
3330:Cambridge University Press
3269:Cambridge University Press
3050:. White Cottage Websites.
2864:"New Wine for Old Bottles"
2531:Herbert & Wallace 1997
2081:The Galpin Society Journal
1069:(1830), although when the
936:Metropolitan Museum of Art
793:Metropolitan Museum of Art
444:, in two groups of three,
4302:Early musical instruments
3338:10.1017/CCOL9780521563437
3222:10.1007/978-3-030-55686-0
2769:. New York Public Radio.
2667:, p. 371, "Serpent".
2128:, p. 10, "anaconda".
2087:. Galpin Society: 53–56.
1895:, p. 373, "Serpent".
1715:"SBerger Originalserpent"
1574:Boston Symphony Orchestra
1484:Boston Symphony Orchestra
1300:tones, by slackening the
1191:diapason de la cathédrale
1062:A Midsummer Night's Dream
651:claimed in his 1743 work
423:about the same size as a
260:
233:
181:
148:
131:
39:
3500:Rowman & Littlefield
3001:Wintory, Austin (2013).
1513:soundtrack for the 2012
3572:, University of Oxford.
3135:The Avalanches (2000).
3048:The London Serpent Trio
2978:. Paris: Babel Scores.
2385: 979-0-0065-2313-9
1608:Serpents appear in the
1592:was based on a serpent.
1233:Der Ring des Nibelungen
1088:The serpent appears as
623:University of Edinburgh
589:University of Edinburgh
4322:Orchestral instruments
4045:Marching baritone horn
3079:Historic Brass Society
2912:"Tempted by a Serpent"
2862:Kridel, Craig (2009).
2644:Historic Brass Society
2619:. Rouen: Les Meslanges
2474:Kridel, Craig (2019).
2323:Kridel, Craig (2003).
2170:Schmidt, Paul (2014).
1999:, p. 170, "worm".
1564:Royal Academy of Music
1368:George Frideric Handel
1346:
1219:
1190:
1184:
1170:
1160:
1154:Other upright serpents
1132:
1126:
1094:in early 19th century
1090:
1076:
1019:
997:
975:
954:
829:
684:
678:
591:
508:
419:The instrument uses a
355:and ultimately by the
4230:Classical trombonists
3827:Double bell euphonium
3277:10.1017/9781316841273
2976:"DiversitĂ : NO LIMIT"
1614:Frontier Psychiatrist
1612:for the 2000 single "
1566:, London Serpent Trio
1405:Symphonie fantastique
1341:
1252:Range and performance
1210:), Christopher Monk (
1205:
927:: Serpent Forveille,
912:: English bass horn,
799:or Piffault serpent (
575:
503:
3566:at Wikimedia Commons
3466:University of Oxford
3326:Cambridge Companions
3153:– via YouTube.
2795:(27 December 2005).
2381:. p. VII–VIII.
2369:Hogwood, Christopher
1847:"More Exciting News"
1622:by Australian group
1314:woodwind instruments
1198:Contemporary revival
795:, New York); French
576:Contrabass serpent,
440:The serpent has six
4312:Baroque instruments
3576:The Serpent Website
2737:World Music Matters
2594:on 21 December 2018
2575:– via Lacock.
2176:The Serpent Website
2144:Le Monde du Serpent
1944:. Accession: 91.6.
1766:on 20 December 2018
1185:diapason de l'opéra
1148:contrabass trombone
668:and bass voices of
470:composite materials
464:in Cardiff, Wales.
210:Andrew van der Beek
143:Related instruments
36:
4179:British brass band
4050:Marching euphonium
3817:Subcontrabass tuba
3582:serpent.instrument
3435:The Serpent Player
3402:William Waterhouse
1938:Collections Online
1922:, p. 382-385.
1854:Serpent Newsletter
1581:In popular culture
1549:New London Consort
1501:American composer
1426:White Witch Doctor
1347:
1220:
1020:serpent Ă pavillon
1013:-style decorative
1009:and often had the
598:contrabass serpent
592:
509:
4297:Brass instruments
4284:
4283:
4240:Euphonium players
3629:Brass instruments
3562:Media related to
3509:978-1-538-15966-8
3475:978-0-9930442-2-9
3347:978-1-139-00203-5
3286:978-1-316-63185-0
3231:978-3-030-55684-6
2521:, p. 83, 89.
2298:10.1093/em/cax087
2226:978-88-09-05395-3
2038:St Cecilia's Hall
1616:" from the album
1600:A Christmas Carol
1488:Potsdam, New York
1465:Rabih Abou-Khalil
1439:in his score for
1417:period instrument
1382:Gioachino Rossini
1214:), Alan Lumsden (
1161:serpent Forveille
1057:Felix Mendelssohn
1053:English bass horn
1047:English bass horn
939:
830:serpent militaire
804:
797:serpent militaire
730:Military serpents
720:chamber ensembles
679:serpent ordinaire
628:serpent ordinaire
585:St Cecilia's Hall
340:and was used for
308:developed in the
290:
289:
276:
120:Late 16th century
16:(Redirected from
4329:
4235:Jazz trombonists
4215:(all) Trumpeters
4153:Axial flow valve
4065:Contrabass bugle
3622:
3615:
3608:
3599:
3561:
3545:
3487:
3453:
3429:
3400:. Translated by
3388:
3375:
3314:
3259:
3208:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3020:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2948:The Boston Globe
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2868:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2793:Schickele, Peter
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2694:, p. 61–62.
2689:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2416:
2407:
2406:, p. 86–89.
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2281:
2275:
2274:, p. 55–60.
2269:
2263:
2262:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2077:"The 'Anaconda'"
2072:
2066:
2065:, p. 77–79.
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1972:Trémolo Magazine
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1880:, p. 74–75.
1875:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1640:
1619:Since I Left You
1507:Grammy-nominated
1448:In jazz, French
1421:Bernard Herrmann
1386:Vincenzo Bellini
1193:
1187:
1173:
1163:
1146:(1887), a valve
1135:
1129:
1096:Italian operatic
1093:
1079:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1000:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
947:upright serpents
933:
930:
918:
915:
907:
904:
893:
887:
878:
867:
858:
832:
824:military serpent
790:
787:
782:serpent d'Ă©glise
771:
765:
756:
747:
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:
699:ordinary serpent
697:
694:
691:
687:
685:serpent d'Ă©glise
681:
616:
613:
608:
607:
602:, nicknamed the
600:
599:
582:
579:
567:
566:
559:
558:
544:Christopher Monk
540:
539:
532:
531:
517:
516:
278:
277:
242:Early Music Shop
206:Christopher Monk
53:Brass instrument
44:
37:
21:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4249:
4220:Jazz trumpeters
4203:
4162:
4158:Harmonic series
4074:Parts/technique
4069:
4026:
3970:
3929:Soprano helicon
3899:Baroque trumpet
3894:Natural trumpet
3835:
3786:Alto/Tenor horn
3670:Fanfare trumpet
3631:
3626:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3510:
3490:
3476:
3456:
3432:
3391:
3378:
3348:
3317:
3287:
3262:
3232:
3211:
3181:
3171:The Tuba Family
3168:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3032:
3018:
3016:
3007:(Media notes).
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2974:Morleo, Luigi.
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2809:on 19 June 2021
2806:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2682:, Introduction.
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2617:"Volny Hostiou"
2615:
2614:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2561:The Independent
2554:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2227:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1741:. Jeremy West.
1733:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1583:
1529:
1492:Gordon W. Bowie
1476:Peter Schickele
1437:Jerry Goldsmith
1435:(1959), as did
1380:, in operas by
1336:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1200:
1180:pitch standards
1156:
1086:
1065:(1826) and his
1049:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
992:
990:Russian bassoon
989:
986:
983:
971:
943:
942:
941:
940:
931:
916:
905:
890:
889:
888:
880:
879:
870:
869:
868:
860:
859:
850:
849:
843:
835:tenor saxophone
808:
807:
806:
805:
801:Scenkonstmuseet
788:
768:
767:
766:
758:
757:
749:
748:
739:
738:
732:
722:, and later in
711:
708:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
645:
614:
605:
604:
597:
596:
580:
564:
563:
557:soprano serpent
556:
555:
551:milling process
537:
536:
529:
528:
521:eight-foot (8′)
514:
513:
498:
378:
302:wind instrument
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
279:
272:
269:
251:
224:
188:Bernard Fourtet
172:
136:
135:
107:
96:
68:
47:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:Soprano cornet
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3665:Pocket trumpet
3662:
3657:
3652:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3553:
3552:External links
3550:
3547:
3546:
3508:
3488:
3474:
3454:
3430:
3389:
3376:
3346:
3315:
3285:
3260:
3230:
3209:
3179:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3127:
3125:, p. 120.
3115:
3092:
3065:
3030:
2993:
2966:
2933:
2899:
2854:
2820:
2784:
2753:
2723:
2721:, p. 125.
2708:
2696:
2684:
2669:
2657:
2630:
2605:
2586:Ribo, Pierre.
2578:
2547:
2545:, p. 122.
2535:
2523:
2511:
2466:
2454:
2452:, p. 158.
2442:
2408:
2396:
2371:, ed. (2006).
2360:
2315:
2303:
2276:
2264:
2225:
2217:Giunti Editore
2203:
2188:
2162:
2130:
2118:
2093:10.2307/841945
2067:
2055:
2018:
2001:
1989:
1959:
1924:
1909:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1845:(April 2022).
1843:Godard, Michel
1834:
1815:
1803:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1758:Ribo, Pierre.
1755:
1731:
1711:
1690:
1680:
1665:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:The Avalanches
1605:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1503:Austin Wintory
1400:Hector Berlioz
1335:
1332:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1228:Richard Wagner
1199:
1196:
1166:ophimonocleide
1155:
1152:
1085:
1084:Early cimbasso
1082:
1048:
1045:
970:
967:
906: 1825–40
892:
891:
882:
881:
873:
872:
871:
862:
861:
853:
852:
851:
847:
846:
845:
844:
842:
839:
812:military bands
770:
769:
760:
759:
751:
750:
742:
741:
740:
736:
735:
734:
733:
731:
728:
716:military bands
709:church serpent
644:
641:
497:
494:
425:tenor trombone
377:
374:
312:era. It has a
288:
287:
280:
270:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
253:
252:
250:
249:
248:Stephan Berger
246:
243:
240:
234:
231:
230:
226:
225:
223:
222:
217:
214:
213:Patrick Wibart
211:
208:
203:
200:
199:Phil Humphries
197:
194:
189:
186:
185:Clifford Bevan
182:
179:
178:
174:
173:
171:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
146:
145:
139:
138:
133:
132:
129:
128:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
104:
98:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
78:
76:
74:Classification
70:
69:
67:
66:
62:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4334:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Brass section
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Brass quintet
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Hand-stopping
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Slide trumpet
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3867:Tenor cornett
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Baritone horn
3779:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3180:1-872203-30-2
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:, p. 10.
2705:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2464:, p. 82.
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2430:
2427:(in French).
2426:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2313:, p. 81.
2312:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2292:(4): 657–64.
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2201:, p. 65.
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2016:, p. 79.
2015:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:Key; Thomas.
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1832:, p. 66.
1831:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:, p. 64.
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1760:"Fabrication"
1756:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:Michel Godard
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:PlayStation 3
1512:
1511:BAFTA-winning
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Simon Proctor
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:composer and
1458:
1454:
1453:Michel Godard
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:cantus firmus
1352:
1344:
1343:Michel Godard
1340:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:Michel Godard
1242:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1182:of the time (
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:basson prusse
977:
968:
966:
964:
960:
956:
955:serpent droit
952:
948:
937:
926:
922:
911:
900:
896:
886:
877:
866:
857:
840:
838:
836:
831:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:, Stockholm)
802:
798:
794:
783:
779:
775:
764:
755:
746:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
686:
680:
675:
671:
667:
666:cantus firmus
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
629:
624:
620:
609:
601:
590:
586:
574:
570:
568:
560:
552:
549:
545:
541:
533:
530:tenor serpent
524:
522:
518:
515:bass serpents
506:
502:
495:
493:
491:
487:
486:Michel Godard
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
268:
259:
254:
247:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
232:
227:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
207:
204:
201:
198:
196:Volny Hostiou
195:
193:
192:Michel Godard
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
175:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
140:
130:
127:
126:Playing range
123:
119:
115:
111:
105:
103:
99:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
75:
71:
64:
63:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
32:
27:
19:
4271:Horn section
4225:Horn players
4184:Balkan brass
4091:Rotary valve
4086:Piston valve
4017:Tibetan horn
3940:
3884:Natural horn
3862:Mute cornett
3809:
3773:
3734:
3700:
3686:
3642:
3495:
3492:Yeo, Douglas
3461:
3458:Yeo, Douglas
3434:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3381:ITEA Journal
3380:
3320:
3264:
3213:
3170:
3161:Bibliography
3147:. Retrieved
3137:
3130:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3078:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3047:
3023:– via
3017:. Retrieved
3003:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2946:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2915:
2908:Yeo, Douglas
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2874:
2871:ITEA Journal
2870:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2836:
2829:Yeo, Douglas
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2766:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2736:
2726:
2699:
2692:Hostiou 2021
2687:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2643:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2596:. Retrieved
2592:the original
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2560:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2486:
2483:ITEA Journal
2482:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2424:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2373:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2335:
2332:ITEA Journal
2331:
2318:
2306:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2272:Hostiou 2021
2267:
2215:. Florence:
2212:
2206:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2143:
2139:Yeo, Douglas
2133:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2084:
2080:
2070:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2033:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1971:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1937:
1927:
1907:, p. 9.
1900:
1858:. Retrieved
1853:
1837:
1806:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1747:. Retrieved
1738:
1723:. Retrieved
1703:. Retrieved
1656:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1617:
1598:
1587:
1518:
1500:
1496:Luigi Morleo
1469:
1447:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1410:
1403:
1398:(1830), and
1389:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1361:method books
1354:
1350:
1348:
1328:
1321:
1310:
1267:
1238:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1176:tuning slide
1165:
1157:
1141:
1118:basson russe
1117:
1111:
1087:
1070:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1034:bell serpent
976:basson russe
972:
969:Basson russe
958:
946:
944:
938:, New York)
924:
921:bottom, left
920:
909:
899:basson russe
898:
894:
823:
809:
796:
781:
777:
773:
652:
646:
627:
619:Huddersfield
603:
595:
593:
562:
554:
548:pantographic
535:
527:
525:
512:
510:
490:carbon fibre
466:
439:
434:
428:
418:
379:
376:Construction
346:
330:conical bore
306:brass family
293:
291:
256:Sound sample
202:Alan Lumsden
31:
26:
3728:Wagner tuba
3723:Vienna horn
3718:German horn
3713:French horn
3044:"Personnel"
2916:yeodoug.com
2837:yeodoug.com
2746:3 September
2450:Meucci 1996
2389:5 September
2379:Bärenreiter
2286:Early Music
2181:5 September
1940:. Cardiff:
1610:music video
1570:Douglas Yeo
1517:video game
1480:P.D.Q. Bach
1429:(1953) and
1413:film scores
1174:, a double
932: 1825
917: 1835
789: 1840
649:Jean Lebeuf
633:Douglas Yeo
615: 1840
581: 1840
505:Douglas Yeo
478:3D printing
320:, with six
310:Renaissance
298:low-pitched
267:The serpent
245:Pierre Ribo
220:Douglas Yeo
59:Other names
4291:Categories
4174:Brass band
4123:Pedal tone
4113:Mouthpiece
4108:Embouchure
4060:Sousaphone
4055:Trombonium
4040:Mellophone
3975:Indigenous
3966:Jazzophone
3956:Saxotromba
3946:Sudrophone
3936:Ophicleide
3857:Cornettino
3840:Antiquated
3791:Flugelhorn
3742:Contrabass
3650:Contrabass
3542:Q111040546
3526:1249799159
3518:2021020757
3484:Q121457145
3451:Q130238050
3426:Q111077162
3372:Q112852613
3311:Q114571908
3295:1038492212
3256:Q117322059
3240:1261747556
3205:Q111040769
3123:Bevan 2000
2719:Bevan 2000
2588:"Historie"
2543:Bevan 2000
2519:Bevan 2000
2462:Bevan 2000
2404:Bevan 2000
2377:. Kassel:
2311:Bevan 2000
2259:Q113004406
2235:2008410070
2199:Bevan 2000
2063:Bevan 2000
2014:Bevan 2000
1878:Bevan 2000
1830:Bevan 2000
1811:Bevan 2000
1631:References
1378:serpentone
1334:Repertoire
1302:embouchure
1133:bombardone
1091:serpentone
1041:ophicleide
1015:zoomorphic
959:bass horns
724:orchestras
674:plainchant
637:PVC piping
458:Thomas Key
450:intonation
442:tone holes
421:mouthpiece
388:, usually
353:ophicleide
342:bass parts
322:tone holes
318:mouthpiece
216:Steve Wick
158:Ophicleide
110:labrosones
65:Serpentone
4167:Ensembles
4148:Water key
4133:Valve oil
3889:Post horn
3822:Euphonium
3801:Kuhlohorn
3762:Superbone
3534:34132790M
3443:11213745W
3410:0072-0127
3364:34482695M
3356:460517551
3303:34730943M
3248:37312640M
3197:19533420M
3189:993463927
3108:14 August
3085:14 August
2892:15 August
2881:: 48–50.
2813:15 August
2739:. Paris:
2680:Monk 1986
2650:14 August
2623:14 August
2251:16893261M
2243:316434285
1860:15 August
1658:5 October
1323:cantabile
1292:or even F
1140:'s opera
1127:pelittone
704: or
519:built in
484:musician
394:tonewoods
392:or other
370:euphonium
177:Musicians
117:Developed
92:Aerophone
18:Bass horn
4143:Leadpipe
4032:Marching
3992:Vuvuzela
3767:Cimbasso
3736:Trombone
3675:Firebird
3564:Serpents
3538:Wikidata
3494:(2021).
3480:Wikidata
3460:(2019).
3447:Wikidata
3422:Wikidata
3368:Wikidata
3307:Wikidata
3252:Wikidata
3201:Wikidata
3143:Archived
3081:(review)
3052:Archived
3025:Bandcamp
3019:8 August
3013:Archived
2980:Archived
2953:Archived
2920:Archived
2883:Archived
2841:Archived
2771:Archived
2704:Yeo 2019
2646:(review)
2565:Archived
2495:Archived
2493:: 30–3.
2429:Archived
2344:Archived
2342:: 73–5.
2255:Wikidata
2149:Archived
2141:(2003).
2126:Yeo 2021
2105:Archived
2042:Archived
1997:Yeo 2021
1976:Archived
1952:8 August
1946:Archived
1905:Yeo 2019
1799:Yeo 2021
1743:Archived
1719:Archived
1699:Archived
1652:Archived
1457:Lebanese
1445:(1979).
1415:and new
1408:(1830).
1282:middle C
1113:cimbasso
1100:Spontini
1077:BaĂź-Tuba
1071:Overture
1003:Prussian
895:Top left
816:marching
661:cornetts
606:anaconda
474:polymers
446:fingered
386:hardwood
326:fingered
314:trombone
229:Builders
163:Cimbasso
4245:Tubists
4208:Players
3982:Alphorn
3961:Bazooka
3951:Saxtuba
3941:Serpent
3924:Helicon
3919:Sackbut
3904:Buccina
3852:Cornett
3847:Clarion
3796:Fiscorn
3775:Saxhorn
3757:Soprano
3680:Flumpet
3660:Piccolo
3644:Trumpet
3592:serpent
3149:17 June
3004:Journey
2926:6 March
2847:6 March
2777:6 March
2504:12 July
2435:12 July
2353:12 July
2155:20 June
1527:Players
1520:Journey
1463:player
1278:octaves
1270:octaves
1108:Bellini
1104:Rossini
1028:
984:
963:bassoon
820:mounted
693:
657:Auxerre
643:History
382:cornett
366:bassoon
338:cornett
304:in the
294:serpent
153:Cornett
106:423.213
35:Serpent
4118:Falset
4081:Valves
4012:Sringa
4007:Shofar
4002:Carnyx
3914:Buccin
3688:Cornet
3636:Modern
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3506:
3482:
3472:
3449:
3441:
3424:
3418:842397
3416:
3408:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3344:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3283:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3228:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3177:
3058:31 May
2986:29 May
2959:31 May
2598:29 May
2571:29 May
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2223:
2111:18 May
2101:841945
2099:
2048:30 May
1982:30 May
1770:29 May
1749:29 May
1725:29 May
1705:29 May
1450:tubist
1351:per se
1298:falset
1280:below
1272:from C
1224:valved
1212:center
1143:Otello
1106:, and
1011:buccin
951:French
670:choirs
538:serpet
410:poplar
402:cherry
390:walnut
368:and a
357:valved
316:-like
300:early
4307:Horns
4254:Other
4138:Crook
4098:Mutes
4022:Wazza
3997:Nyele
3987:Nabal
3874:Cornu
3708:Bugle
3414:JSTOR
2886:(PDF)
2877:(1).
2867:(PDF)
2807:(PDF)
2800:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2489:(2).
2479:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2338:(4).
2328:(PDF)
2097:JSTOR
1850:(PDF)
1442:Alien
1216:right
1171:pompe
1138:Verdi
957:) or
925:right
910:right
778:right
772:From
561:, or
496:Sizes
435:crook
430:bocal
404:, or
398:maple
396:like
296:is a
87:Brass
4128:Bore
3879:Dord
3811:Tuba
3752:Alto
3747:Bass
3702:Horn
3655:Bass
3522:OCLC
3514:LCCN
3504:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3406:ISSN
3352:OCLC
3342:ISBN
3291:OCLC
3281:ISBN
3236:OCLC
3226:ISBN
3185:OCLC
3175:ISBN
3151:2023
3110:2024
3087:2024
3060:2023
3021:2024
2988:2023
2961:2023
2928:2021
2894:2023
2849:2021
2815:2023
2779:2021
2767:WQXR
2748:2024
2652:2024
2625:2024
2600:2023
2573:2023
2506:2022
2437:2022
2391:2024
2383:ISMN
2355:2022
2239:OCLC
2231:LCCN
2221:ISBN
2183:2024
2157:2023
2113:2023
2050:2023
1984:2023
1954:2024
1862:2024
1772:2023
1751:2023
1727:2023
1707:2023
1660:2023
1509:and
1394:and
1384:and
1284:to G
1276:two
1208:left
1188:and
1122:tuba
1051:The
1025:lit.
1007:Lyon
981:lit.
774:left
690:lit.
594:The
565:worm
526:The
482:jazz
472:and
454:keys
406:pear
349:keys
334:tuba
292:The
168:Tuba
82:Wind
3334:doi
3273:doi
3218:doi
2294:doi
2089:doi
1856:: 8
1505:'s
1478:'s
1461:oud
1370:'s
1194:).
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682:or
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