1231:
individual regions). Above the plane on which these four pure elements rest is the Lord, and below is the darkness. At one time and by chance, the four pure elements exceeded their boundaries and began to mix. Taking up the opportune chance, darkness also mixed with them. Distressed, the elements appeal to God to separate the darkness from them, but God is only partially successful in this procedure. The Lord uses the mix to create the world, but the remaining darkness in the mix acts as the cause of evil in the world since then and until today. The world is allotted a period of 6,000 years to exist. Purifications through conception and birth take place, but at the end of the allotted period for the Earth, a definitive purification will take place that will expunge darkness from the world.
1002:
physical bodies, and in his authentic fragments (which includes a treatise on the resurrection) Bardaisan affirms the resurrection of the body but believed it to be a transformation from a corruptible body into an incorruptible body, which is what he meant by "spiritual bodies" elsewhere. While some
Bardaisanites after the rise of Manichaeism considered the creation of bodies to be necessarily evil, Bardaisan himself only considered bodies to be sinful if they were mortal and that 'the body of resurrection and the body humans had prior to the fall is a body created from pure matter without any mixture with darkness'. Bardaisan himself was not dualistic but monistic, in that he considered God to exist and evil not to, 'and those who are in evil are in weakness and not in force'.
1338:(London, 1855), and by Nau. It is disputed whether the original was in Syriac or in Greek; Nau is decided in favour of the former. Against a questioning disciple called Abida, Bardaisan seeks to show that man's actions are not entirely necessitated by Fate, as the outcome of stellar combinations. From the fact that the same laws, customs and manners often prevail amongst all persons living in a certain district, or through locally scattered living under the same traditions, Bardaisan endeavours to show that the position of the stars at the birth of individuals can have but little to do with their subsequent conduct, hence the title "Book of the Laws of the Countries".
1330:"Book of the Laws of the Countries". This famous dialogue, the oldest remnant not only of Bardaisanite learning, but even of Syriac literature, aside from a translation of the Bible, is not by Bardaisan himself, but by a certain Philip, his disciple. The main speaker, however, in the dialogue is Bardaisan. Excerpts of this work are extant in Greek in Eusebius and in Caesarius; in Latin in the "Recognitions" of Pseudo-Clement A complete Syriac text was first published from a sixth- or seventh-century manuscript in the British Museum by
1208:, who devoted his life to combating Bardaisanism in Edessa. However, it has been argued that the strong and fervent expressions of St. Ephrem against the Bardaisanites of his day are not a fair criterion of the doctrine of their master. The extraordinary veneration of his own countrymen, the very reserved and half-respectful allusion to him in the early Fathers, and above all the "Book of the Laws of the Countries" suggest a milder view of Bardaisan's aberrations.
1095:. Taking advantage of the anti-Christian faction in Edessa, the Romans captured Abgar IX and sent him in chains to Rome. Though he was urged by a friend of Caracalla to apostatize, Bardaisan stood firm, saying that he feared not death, as he would in any event have to undergo it, even though he should now submit to the emperor. At the age of sixty-three he was forced to take refuge in the fortress of
1215:, Bardaisan believed in an Almighty God, Creator of heaven and earth, whose will is absolute, and to whom all things are subject. God endowed man with freedom of will to work out his salvation and allowed the world to be a mixture of good and evil, light and darkness. All things, even those we now consider inanimate, have a measure of liberty. In all of them the light has to overcome the darkness.
59:
1009:(substances) that pre-existed Creation, from which God fashioned everything, was more accurate and may have put Bardaisan beyond the bounds of mainstream orthodoxy. "Bardaisan refers only to the elements as 'itye, not to plants or animals", though he also uses the term to refer to the seven planets. Even so, Bardaisan clearly described these celestial beings as created beings subordinate to God.
1921:
1072:
Bardaisan narrates, who lived in the times of our fathers, and was familiar with those
Indians who, together with Damadamis, were sent to Caesar. All the Bramins originate from one stock; for all of them are derived from one father and one mother. But the Samanaeans are not the offspring of one family, being, as we have said, collected from every nation of Indians.
1286:. These psalms became famous in the history of Edessa; their words and melodies lived for generations on the lips of the people. Only when St. Ephrem composed hymns in the same pentasyllabic metre and had them sung to the same tunes as the psalms of Bardaisan, did the latter gradually lose favour. A few of Bardaisan's hymns probably survive in the Gnostic
2246:
907:, was "deeply versed in Grecian erudition, and was the first to subdue his native tongue to meters and musical laws; these verses he delivered to the choirs". When Abgar IX, the friend of his youth, ascended the throne (179), Bardaisan took his place at court. While a sincere Christian, he was clearly no ascetic, but dressed in finery "with
1250:
There will come a time when even this capacity for harm that remains in will be brought to an end by the instruction that will obtain in a different arrangement of things. And, once that new world will be constituted, all evil movements will cease, all rebellions will come to an end, and the fools
1226:
Bardaisan also thought the sun, moon and planets were living beings, to whom, under God, the government of this world was largely entrusted; and though man was free, he was strongly influenced for good or for evil by the constellations. According to St. Ephrem, Sun and Moon were considered male and
1001:
This view has come under criticism as these sources likely quote later
Barsaisanites, whereas Eusebius and Porphyry are known to quote directly from authentic fragments of Bardaisan's work. Sozomen specifically reports that Bardaisan taught about palingenesis (παλιγγενεσίας), that is the rebirth of
954:
assert that he was first an orthodox
Christian and only afterwards became an adept of Valentinus, even creating his own heterodox Christian dogma (Bardaisanism) by mixing its doctrines with Babylonian astrology. Bardaisan has often been described as a gnostic who denied the resurrection of the body
1230:
Bardaisan's cosmology and commentary on it only survives in much later sources, but can be outlined as follows. The world began with the four pure and uncreated elements of light, wind, fire, water, respectively located in East, West, South, North (and are each able to move throughout their own,
1071:
the other. The race of the
Bramins, however, receive divine wisdom of this kind by succession, in the same manner as the priesthood. But the Samanaeans are elected, and consist of those who wish to possess divine knowledge. And the particulars respecting them are the following, as the Babylonian
1219:
perception and understanding; and from it movement and life take their source; but that darkness is dead, ignorant, feeble, rigid and soulless, without activity and discrimination; and they hold that the evil within them is the outcome of their nature and is done without their co-operation".
1218:
Al-Shahrastani states: "The followers of Daisan believe in two elements, light and darkness. The light causes the good, deliberately and with free will; the darkness causes the evil, but by force of nature and necessity. They believe that light is a living thing, possessing knowledge, might,
1299:
Astrologico-theological treatises, in which his peculiar tenets were expounded. They are referred to by St. Ephrem, and amongst them was a treatise on light and darkness. A fragment of an astronomical work by
Bardaisan was preserved by George, Bishop of the Arab tribes, and republished by
899:, received instruction, was baptized, and even admitted to the diaconate or the priesthood. "Priesthood", however, may merely imply that he ranked as one of the college of presbyters, because Bardaisen remained in the world and had a son called Harmonius, who according to
1222:
He apparently denied the resurrection of the body, although he believed Christ's body was endowed with incorruptibility as with a special gift. Bardaisan postulated that after six thousand years this Earth would have an end, and a world without evil would take its place.
1970:
931:(probably after 202, i.e. after his visit and honourable reception at Rome). Even if he did not, he had an important share in Christianizing the city. Both king and philosopher laboured to create the first Christian state. He showed great literary activity against
1227:
female principles, and the ideas of heaven amongst the
Bardaisanites were not without an admixture of sensuality (or "obscenities"). Led by the fact that "spirit" is feminine in Syriac, Bardaisan might have held unorthodox views on the Trinity.
1296:(or "Hymn on the Soul"); the "Espousals of Wisdom"; the consecratory prayer at Baptism and at Holy Communion. Of these only the "Hymn of the Pearl" is generally acknowledged to be by Bardesanes, the authorship of the others is doubtful.
955:
and the works of Ephrem the Syriac suggest that he explained the origin of the world by a process of emanation from the supreme God whom he called the Father of the Living. As a result, his teachings would form the basis of the
1998:
1699:
Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de. "Samanean." The
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by E.M. Langille. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2012.
1307:
states that
Bardaisan, "having taken refuge in the fortress of Ani, read there the temple records in which also the deeds of kings were chronicled; to these he added the events of his own time. He wrote all in
2256:
1103:
and tried to preach there, but with little success. He also composed a history of the
Armenian kings. He died at the age of sixty-eight, either at Ani or at Edessa. According to
828:. To indicate the city of his birth, his parents called him "Son of the Dayṣān", the river on which Edessa was situated. He is sometimes also referred to as "the Babylonian" (by
1934:
971:
that claimed, probably falsely, that he became a Valentinian Gnostic out of disappointed ambitions in the Christian church. In particular, he was vigorously combated by
1138:, who is addressed in the "Dialogue of Adamantius", held the doctrine of a twofold primeval being; for the devil, according to him is not created by God. He was also a
895:, a training that permanently influenced his mind and proved the bane of his later life. At the age of twenty-five he happened to hear the homilies of Hystaspes, the
1704:(accessed 30 April 2018). Originally published as "Samanéen," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, 14:590–592 (Paris, 1765).
1275:
Dialogue "Against Fate" addressed to an Antoninus. Whether this Antoninus is merely a friend of Bardaisan or a Roman emperor and, in the latter case, which of the
1312:, but his book was afterwards translated into Greek". Though the correctness of this statement is not quite above suspicion, it probably has a foundation in fact.
1279:
is meant, is a matter of controversy. It is also uncertain whether this dialogue is identical with "The Book of the Laws of the Countries", of which later on.
1059:
For the polity of the Indians being distributed into many parts, there is one tribe among them of men divinely wise, whom the Greeks are accustomed to call
2038:
2318:
2313:
880:
nobility. His parents, Nuhama and Nah 'siram, must have been people of rank, for their son was educated with the crown-prince of Osroene at the court of
1123:
by later Christians. Bardaisan's son, Harmonius, is considered to have strayed farther from the path of orthodoxy. Educated at Athens, he added to the
2089:
891:), a strong centre of Babylonianism. Here, the boy was brought up in the house of a priest Anuduzbar. In this school he learnt all the intricacies of
1430:
After Bardaisan Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity in Honour of Professor Han. J.W. Drijvers (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta)
768:, and poet, Bardaisan was also renowned for his knowledge of India, on which he wrote a book, now lost. According to the early Christian historian
1962:, Van Assen, Gorcum, 1966 (reprint: Piscataway, Gorgias Press, 2014, with a new introduction by Jan Willem Drijvers and an updated bibliography)
2116:
1600:
884:. Africanus says that he saw Bardaisan, with bow and arrow, mark the outline of a boy's face with his arrows on a shield which the boy held.
701:
1971:"Christianity in Edessa and the Syriac-Speaking World: Mani, Bar Daysan, and Ephraem, the Struggle for Allegiance on the Aramean Frontier"
1681:
1415:
497:
1467:
2239:
1260:
Bardaisan apparently was a voluminous author. Though nearly all his works have perished, references to the following survive:
2323:
1388:
2277:
1853:
1251:
will be persuaded, and the lacks will be filled, and there will be safety and peace, as a gift of the Lord of all natures.
163:
2328:
2303:
2333:
1697:
1161:
643:
1428:
833:
638:
449:
1799:
1777:
1491:
2063:
1473:
694:
603:
2308:
2100:
873:
2338:
1878:
1021:
1017:
887:
Owing to political disturbances in Edessa, Bardaisan and his parents moved for a while to Hierapolis (now
858:
829:
559:
502:
1939:
1358:
1353:
947:
626:
492:
469:
462:
317:
246:
189:
181:
123:
2272:
concerned Bar Daisan, according to the list of its contents given by the tenth-century Islamic writer
2028:
2059:
1772:
1269:
1124:
936:
932:
892:
773:
648:
365:
2298:
2293:
1135:
1091:
Eventually, after 353 years of existence, the Osrhoenic kingdom came to an end by the Romans under
687:
663:
631:
482:
420:
148:
138:
93:
41:
1378:
1043:, and questioned them as to the nature of Indian religion. The encounter is described in Porphyry
2220:
2172:
2095:
1990:
1966:
1189:
1156:
in 431–432, found it flourishing everywhere. Its existence in the seventh century is attested by
1127:
of his father Greek ideas concerning the soul, the birth and destruction of bodies and a sort of
1104:
869:
837:
586:
521:
389:
377:
261:
133:
1283:
1020:
states that on one occasion at Edessa, Bardaisan interviewed an Indian deputation of holy men (
2112:
2108:
1596:
1590:
1411:
1384:
1293:
1149:
972:
940:
841:
295:
280:
128:
83:
2251:
2212:
2162:
2104:
1982:
1304:
1212:
1201:
1153:
896:
591:
290:
197:
1152:'s zealous efforts to suppress this powerful heresy were not entirely successful. Rabbula,
1331:
1309:
1157:
1096:
1040:
849:
825:
798:
750:
738:
718:
1861:
1316:
1068:
1029:
2265:
2200:
2184:
2076:
1288:
1235:
1193:
1173:
1169:
1128:
777:
673:
401:
370:
158:
2287:
2224:
2176:
2033:
2023:
1994:
1930:
1925:
1239:
1188:
Various opinions have been formed as to the real doctrine of Bardesanes. As early as
1060:
1033:
960:
516:
487:
1477:
1142:, as he denied Christ's birth of a woman. Bardaisan's form of gnosticism influenced
2273:
951:
928:
821:
809:
536:
2132:
1701:
1592:
The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism
204:
2067:
2048:
1238:
has argued that Bardaisan may have been one of the first Christian supporters of
1768:
1242:(universal restoration), citing especially the following passage in Bardaisan's
1177:
1143:
956:
668:
569:
541:
531:
526:
406:
351:
251:
88:
78:
1986:
58:
2216:
1348:
1320:
1205:
1197:
1036:
964:
881:
781:
765:
754:
579:
564:
382:
334:
300:
236:
209:
168:
108:
73:
48:
2167:
2150:
2142:
Evidence of Greek philosophical concepts in the writings of Ephrem the Syrian
1686:
2081:
Bardaisan of Edessa: A Reassessment of the Evidence and a New Interpretation
2042:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 395–396.
1276:
1165:
1115:
The followers of Bardaisan (the Bardaisanites) continued his teachings in a
1107:, Bardaisan had besides Harmonius two other sons, called Abgarun and Hasdu.
1092:
658:
621:
437:
346:
307:
285:
255:
226:
1803:, IV, xxx, 2; Epiphanius, Haer., LVI, I; Theodoretus, Haer. fab., I, xxii.
1434:
1315:"An Account of India". Bardaisan obtained his information from the Indian
17:
1794:
1324:
1139:
1048:
984:
924:
845:
769:
574:
103:
820:, which, in those days, was alternately under the influence of both the
1265:
1100:
1064:
968:
900:
877:
817:
653:
329:
312:
266:
143:
98:
1120:
1005:
Nevertheless, criticism about Bardaisan's belief in seven ουσιαι or '
912:
888:
813:
118:
113:
2203:(2009). "Origen, Bardaiṣan, and the origin of universal salvation".
1924: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
908:
596:
509:
432:
153:
1725:
H.J.W. Drivers, Bardaisan of Edessa, Gorgias Press 2014, 122-123.
868:). Some sources refer to his high birth and wealth; according to
2027:
1192:(Philosoph., VI, 50) his doctrine was described as a variety of
1116:
221:
2069:
S. Ephraim's Prose Refutations of Mani, Marcion, and Bardaisan
2050:
S. Ephraim's Prose Refutations of Mani, Marcion, and Bardaisan
2187:(2015). "Revisiting Aphrahat's Sources: Beyond Scripture?".
1615:
St. Ephraim of Syria, Translated by A. S. Duncan Jones, 1904
2257:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1204:
in 1864 defended this view, based mainly on extracts from
967:. Bardaisan and his movement were subjected to critical
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
832:); and, on account of his later important activity in
772:, Bardaisan was at one time a follower of the gnostic
1319:(wandering ascetic) ambassadors to the Roman Emperor
1063:. But of these there are two sects, one of which the
2151:"Bardaisan's Influence on Late Antique Christianity"
2072:. Vol. 2. London: Text and Translation Society.
2053:. Vol. 1. London: Text and Translation Society.
1824:
in "Bardesane l'astrologue" etc. (Paris, 1899) (see
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1380:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936
863:
1282:A "Book of Psalms", 150 in number, in imitation of
2088:
1975:Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies
1953:Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of Syriac Heritage
1751:, 608-611 Nau; as translated by Ilaria Ramelli in
1134:A certain Marinus, a follower of Bardaisan and a
1595:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 546–220.
1702:http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0002.611
1410:. Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7-8.
1323:. A few extracts are preserved by Porphyry and
1172:. Bardaisanism seems to have merged first into
1057:
977:
764:A scientist, scholar, astrologer, philosopher,
2260:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
812:") was a Syriac author born on 11 July 154 in
695:
8:
1716:cites Haarbrucker tr. (Halle, 1850), I, 293.
1402:
1400:
1246:as evidence for his belief in this doctrine:
915:", according to Ephrem, one of his critics.
980:And if he thinks he has said the last thing
923:Bardaisan is said to have converted prince
2014:Klijn, Albertus Frederik Johannes (1962).
872:, Bardaisan's parents had fled Persia and
702:
688:
31:
2166:
1815:cites St. Ephrem, Serm. Adv. Haer., liii.
1903:
1891:
1873:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1812:
1790:
1764:
1713:
1667:
1655:
1543:
939:says Barsaisan was once a follower) and
2109:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02030
1753:The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis
1736:The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis
1631:
1576:
1454:
1369:
1013:Encounter with religious men from India
34:
1564:
27:Syrian theologian and writer (154–222)
1643:
7:
1951:, in Sebastian Brock et al. (eds.),
1943:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
853:
802:
753:Christian writer and teacher with a
722:
996:Whose mind is liquid like his name!
742:
2047:Mitchell, Charles W., ed. (1912).
25:
2319:3rd-century Christian theologians
2314:2nd-century Christian theologians
2155:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
2083:, Piscataway, Gorgias Press, 2009
1955:, Piscataway, Gorgias Press, 2011
1937:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2244:
1919:
1858:Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum
1164:; in the tenth by the historian
975:who mentioned him in his hymns:
498:Gnosticism and the New Testament
57:
1840:cites History of G. A., II, 66.
1589:Patricia Crone (28 June 2012).
757:background, and founder of the
2254:, ed. (1728). "Bardesanites".
1687:Book IV, Paragraphs 17&18.
1682:On Abstinence from Animal Food
844:calls him "philosopher of the
1:
2018:. Vol. 5. Brill Archive.
1894:cites Quaestiones, xlvii, 48.
1749:Book of the Laws of Countries
1469:Edessa – Parthian Period
1244:Book of the Laws of Countries
1168:; and even in the twelfth by
2133:UK public library membership
1032:") who had been sent to the
864:
1935:Bardesanes and Bardesanites
1196:, the most popular form of
1162:George, Bishop of the Arabs
876:reports that he was of the
644:Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
2355:
2240:An hymn against Bar Daisan
2205:Harvard Theological Review
1987:10.31826/jcsss-2009-020104
1854:Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller
1119:of the 2nd century deemed
1025:
639:Gnosticism in modern times
2217:10.1017/S0017816009000728
2087:Conomos, Dimitri (2001).
2168:10.31826/hug-2019-210105
1474:University of Evansville
1303:A "History of Armenia".
993:Son of the River Daisan,
793:Early life and education
749:, was a Syriac-speaking
604:Wisdom (personification)
2264:One of the chapters of
2101:Oxford University Press
2039:Encyclopædia Britannica
1771:, Haer. fab., I, xxii;
1377:Houtsma, M. Th (1993).
874:Sextus Julius Africanus
780:and also wrote against
717:(11 July 154 – 222 AD;
659:Theosophy (Blavatskian)
2149:Possekel, Ute (2019).
2140:Possekel, Ute (1999).
2058:Mitchell, Charles W.;
1879:Praeparatio Evangelica
1800:Historia Ecclesiastica
1492:Historia Ecclesiastica
1406:Prods Oktor Skjaervo.
1253:
1084:
999:
905:Ecclesiastical History
836:, "the Armenian", (by
778:Valentinian gnosticism
733:), known in Arabic as
560:Apocalyptic literature
2324:Christianity in Syria
2201:Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.
2185:Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.
2144:. Peeters Publishers.
1940:Catholic Encyclopedia
1359:List of Gnostic sects
1354:History of Gnosticism
1248:
1176:and then into common
948:Epiphanius of Salamis
627:Esoteric Christianity
493:Clementine literature
470:List of Gnostic texts
190:List of Gnostic sects
1773:Eusebius of Caesarea
1336:Spicilegium Syriacum
1125:Babylonian astrology
937:Eusebius of Caesarea
893:Babylonian astrology
776:, but later opposed
649:Perennial philosophy
275:Christian Gnosticism
2329:2nd-century writers
2304:Syrian philosophers
2099:. Oxford, England:
2064:Burkitt, Francis C.
2001:on 11 December 2018
1967:Griffith, Sidney H.
1960:Bardaisan of Edessa
1480:on 20 February 2007
1234:Patristics scholar
1160:; in the eighth by
1111:Bardaisanite school
664:Western esotericism
632:Christian theosophy
580:Paul and Gnosticism
503:Mandaean scriptures
483:Nag Hammadi library
421:Chinese Manichaeism
2334:3rd-century people
2189:Parole de l'Orient
2096:Grove Music Online
2016:The Acts of Thomas
1852:cites Langlois in
1264:Dialogues against
1105:Michael the Syrian
1067:preside over, the
919:Preaching activity
870:Michael the Syrian
865:Filosofā d-Arāmāyē
838:Hippolytus of Rome
745:) and in Latin as
587:Merkabah mysticism
565:Early Christianity
522:Cologne Mani-Codex
427:Islamic Gnosticism
415:Chinese Gnosticism
396:Persian Gnosticism
243:Samaritan Baptist
216:Judean / Israelite
2252:Chambers, Ephraim
2131:(subscription or
2118:978-1-56159-263-0
2060:Bevan, Anthony A.
2029:"Bardaiṣān"
1958:H.J.W. Drijvers,
1947:Sebastian Brock,
1602:978-1-107-01879-2
1294:Hymn of the Pearl
1150:Ephrem the Syrian
1055:, iii, 56, 141):
959:and later of the
862:
842:Ephrem the Syrian
712:
711:
164:World of Darkness
16:(Redirected from
2346:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2228:
2196:
2180:
2170:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2092:
2073:
2054:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1997:. Archived from
1944:
1923:
1922:
1907:
1906:cites IX, 19sqq.
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1871:
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1541:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1476:, archived from
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1433:, archived from
1425:
1419:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1374:
1305:Moses of Chorene
1213:Early Christians
1202:Adolf Hilgenfeld
1154:Bishop of Edessa
1082:
1027:
897:Bishop of Edessa
867:
857:
855:
854:ܦܝܠܘܣܘܦܐ ܕܐܖ̈ܡܝܐ
834:Parthian Armenia
804:
744:
724:
704:
697:
690:
592:Middle Platonism
198:Proto-Gnosticism
68:Gnostic concepts
61:
51:
45:
37:
32:
21:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2284:
2283:
2270:Book of Secrets
2250:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2199:
2183:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2086:
2066:, eds. (1921).
2057:
2046:
2022:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1965:
1929:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:, VI, x, 6 sqq.
1872:
1868:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1789:
1785:
1763:
1759:
1746:
1742:
1733:
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1720:
1712:
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1542:
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1485:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1437:on 8 March 2012
1427:
1426:
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1405:
1398:
1391:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1345:
1332:William Cureton
1284:David's Psalter
1258:
1186:
1158:Jacob of Edessa
1113:
1089:
1087:Exile and death
1083:
1076:
1041:Severan emperor
1015:
983:He has reached
946:Alternatively,
921:
826:Parthian Empire
795:
790:
708:
679:
678:
617:
609:
608:
555:
547:
546:
542:Codex Nasaraeus
474:
465:
455:
454:
324:Syrian-Egyptian
194:
185:
174:
173:
69:
52:
47:
46:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Syriac writers
2306:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2262:
2242:
2235:
2234:External links
2232:
2230:
2229:
2211:(2): 135–168.
2197:
2181:
2146:
2137:
2117:
2084:
2077:Ilaria Ramelli
2074:
2055:
2044:
2034:Chisholm, Hugh
2024:McLean, Norman
2020:
2011:
1963:
1956:
1945:
1931:Arendzen, John
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1866:
1842:
1830:
1817:
1805:
1783:
1778:Church History
1757:
1740:
1727:
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1690:
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1660:
1648:
1636:
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1328:
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1297:
1289:Acts of Thomas
1280:
1273:
1257:
1254:
1236:Ilaria Ramelli
1194:Valentinianism
1185:
1182:
1174:Valentinianism
1170:al-Shahrastani
1129:metempsychosis
1112:
1109:
1088:
1085:
1074:
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998:
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988:
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2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2161:(1): 81–126.
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
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2061:
2056:
2052:
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2041:
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2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1926:public domain
1918:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1904:Arendzen 1913
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:Arendzen 1913
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:Arendzen 1913
1870:
1867:
1864:, lxviii sqq.
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:Arendzen 1913
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:Arendzen 1913
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:Arendzen 1913
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:Arendzen 1913
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1791:Arendzen 1913
1787:
1784:
1781:, IV, xxx, 3.
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:Arendzen 1913
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:Arendzen 1913
1710:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:Possekel 2019
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:Possekel 1999
1652:
1649:
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1628:
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1544:Arendzen 1913
1540:
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1432:
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1424:
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1416:0-7100-9121-4
1413:
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1274:
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1267:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:apokatastasis
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
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1108:
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1094:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Gymnosophists
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:, iv, 17 and
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:Roman emperor
1031:
1023:
1022:Ancient Greek
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1003:
995:
992:
990:O Bar-Daisan,
989:
986:
982:
979:
978:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
916:
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906:
902:
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890:
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875:
871:
866:
860:
851:
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839:
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831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
792:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
759:Bardaisanites
756:
752:
748:
740:
736:
732:
728:
720:
716:
705:
700:
698:
693:
691:
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619:
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588:
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581:
578:
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573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:Influenced by
551:
550:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
517:Codex Tchacos
515:
514:
511:
508:
507:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:Pseudo-Abdias
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
475:
471:
468:
467:
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459:
458:
451:
448:
447:
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328:
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215:
214:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
195:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:Gnostic sects
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
50:
43:
33:
30:
19:
2278:Encyclopedia
2274:Ibn al-Nadim
2269:
2255:
2208:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2158:
2154:
2141:
2124:20 September
2122:. Retrieved
2094:
2080:
2068:
2049:
2037:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:the original
1978:
1974:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1899:
1887:
1877:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1820:
1808:
1798:
1786:
1776:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1709:
1693:
1680:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1632:Ramelli 2015
1611:
1591:
1584:
1577:Ramelli 2009
1572:
1490:
1486:
1478:the original
1468:
1462:
1455:Conomos 2001
1450:
1439:, retrieved
1435:the original
1429:
1423:
1407:
1379:
1372:
1335:
1287:
1259:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1187:
1148:
1133:
1114:
1090:
1078:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
952:Bar Hebraeus
945:
929:Christianity
922:
904:
886:
822:Roman Empire
808:"son of the
805:
796:
763:
758:
746:
734:
730:
726:
714:
713:
616:Influence on
537:Berlin Codex
184:and founders
29:
2090:"Bardaisan"
2005:27 November
1769:Theodoretus
1747:Bardaisan,
1565:McLean 1911
1441:2 September
1178:Manichaeism
1144:Manichaeism
1039:or another
957:Manichaeism
797:Bardaisan (
669:Rene Guenon
570:Christology
532:Bruce Codex
527:Askew Codex
407:Manichaeism
352:Basilideans
341:Alexandrian
252:Simon Magus
89:Anima mundi
79:Adam pagria
2299:222 deaths
2294:154 births
2288:Categories
2195:: 367–397.
1755:, 112-113.
1738:, 112-113.
1679:Porphyry,
1644:Klijn 1962
1408:Bardesanes
1390:9004097910
1365:References
1349:Gnosticism
1321:Elagabalus
1270:Valentinus
1206:St. Ephrem
1198:Gnosticism
1190:Hippolytus
1079:De abstin.
1069:Samanaeans
1045:De abstin.
1037:Elagabalus
1026:Σαρμαναίοι
985:heathenism
973:St. Ephrem
965:Shia Islam
933:Valentinus
882:Abgar VIII
830:Porphyrius
806:bar Daiṣān
782:Marcionism
774:Valentinus
766:hymnwriter
747:Bardesanes
735:ibn Dayṣān
727:Bar Dayṣān
463:Scriptures
383:Marcosians
366:Valentinus
335:Sethianism
318:Saturninus
301:Marcionism
237:Elkasaites
210:Thomasines
169:Yaldabaoth
109:Five Seals
74:Adam kasia
49:Gnosticism
18:Bar Daisan
2225:163137985
2177:214625075
2135:required)
1995:166480216
1949:Bardaisan
1933:(1913). "
1734:Ramelli,
1383:. BRILL.
1334:, in his
1277:Antonines
1211:Like the
1166:al-Masudi
1121:heretical
1093:Caracalla
1077:Porphyry
963:sects of
935:(of whom
859:romanized
840:), while
788:Biography
743:ابن ديصان
731:Bardaiṣan
715:Bardaisan
622:Carl Jung
438:Nusayrism
347:Basilides
308:Nicolaism
286:Cerinthus
256:Simonians
247:Dositheos
227:Mandaeism
205:Maghāriya
2276:in his
2268:'s lost
2026:(1911).
1981:: 5–20.
1969:(2002).
1795:Eusebius
1343:See also
1325:Stobaeus
1317:śramaṇas
1256:Writings
1184:Doctrine
1140:Docetist
1075:—
1049:Stobaeus
1030:śramaṇas
1018:Porphyry
969:polemics
925:Abgar IX
878:Parthian
846:Arameans
824:and the
770:Eusebius
751:Assyrian
575:Docetism
390:Florinus
262:Menander
124:Luminary
104:Demiurge
42:a series
40:Part of
2036:(ed.).
1928::
1913:Sources
1495:, 4.30.
1266:Marcion
1136:dualist
1101:Armenia
1065:Bramins
1053:Eccles.
941:Marcion
909:berylls
901:Sozomen
861::
818:Osroene
803:ܒܪ ܕܝܨܢ
755:gnostic
729:; also
723:ܒܪ ܕܝܨܢ
654:Thelema
510:Codices
330:Ophites
313:Perates
296:Marcion
281:Apelles
267:Quqites
233:Elksai
144:Pleroma
99:Barbelo
2249:
2223:
2175:
2115:
1993:
1793:cites
1767:cites
1599:
1414:
1387:
1310:Syriac
1292:; the
961:batini
913:caftan
889:Manbij
850:Syriac
814:Edessa
810:Dayṣān
799:Syriac
739:Arabic
719:Syriac
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