Barnacle goose myth

451:… there are many birds called barnacles (bernacae) … nature produces them in a marvellous way for they are born at first in gum-like form from fir-wood adrift in the sea. Then they cling by their beaks like sea-wood, sticking to wood, enclosed in a shell-fish shells for freer development … thus in the process of time dressed in a firm clothing of feathers, they either fall into the waters or fly off into freedom of the air. They receive food and increase from a woody and watery juice… on many occasions I have seen them with my own eyes, more than a thousand of these tiny little bodies, hanging from a piece of wood on the sea-shore when enclosed in their shells and fully formed. Eggs are not produced from the copulation of these birds as is usual, no bird ever incubates an egg for their production … in no corner of the earth have they been seen to give themselves up (to) lust or build a nest … hence in some parts of Ireland bishops and men of religion make no scruple of eating these birds on fasting days as not being flesh because they are not born of flesh. 689:… It remains for me (Boece) to discuss those geese commonly called clacks, (claiks) which are commonly but wrongly imagined to be born on trees in these islands, on the basis of what I have learned from my diligent investigation of this thing. … I will not hesitate to describe something I myself witnessed seven years ago… Alexander Galloway, parson of Kinkell, who, besides being a man of outstanding probity, is possessed of an unmatched zeal for studying wonders… When he was pulling up some driftwood and saw that seashells were clinging to it from one end to the other, he was surprised by the unusual nature of the thing, and, out of a zeal to understand it, opened them up, whereupon he was more amazed than ever, for within them he discovered, not sea creatures, but rather birds, of a size similar to the shells that contained them … small shells contained birds of a proportionately small size… So, he quickly ran to me, whom he knew to be gripped with a great curiosity for investigating suchlike matters and revealed the entire thing to me… 1781:). Buck reports " …. Sir John Mandeville, who hailed from St Albans, having journeyed the world, decided to settle in Liège, finding it an Earthly Paradise where he wished to pass his final days. There he wrote his Voyage of Sir John Maundevile in French under the name Jehan de Bourgogne or Jean à la Barbe, though it has since come to pass that it was perhaps the hand of the writer Jean d'Outremeuse who compiled the book, for it was in fact a compilation of other texts, embellished by this Liège romancer's own hand, making some of the tales highly fictitious and fabulist. His sources included William of Boldensele, Friar Odoric of Pordenone's Itinerarius and De rebus incognitis, and the Speculum of Vincent de Beauvais. Jean d'Outremeuse claims Mandeville died in 1372 and was buried in the church of the Guillemins, though what that means exactly I have no idea at this point, as there seems to be no church of that name, only the main train station. ….". See also 225:… artists loved to exercise a little fancy and ingenuity. By gradual reduction in the number and size of outstanding parts—a common rule in the artistic "schematising" or "conventional simplification" of natural form—they converted the octopus and the argonaut, with their eight arms, into a bull's head with a pair of spiral horns … In the same spirit it seems that they observed and drew the barnacle floating on timber or thrown up after a storm on their shores. They detected a resemblance in the marking of its shells to the plumage of a goose, whilst in the curvature of its stalk they saw a resemblance to the long neck of the bird. … They brought the barnacle and the goose together, not guided thereto by any pre-existing legend, but by a simple and not uncommon artistic desire to follow up a superficial suggestion of similarity and to conceive of intermediate connecting forms… 763: 637:… of the Countries and Isles that be beyond the Land of Cathay; and of the fruits there; and of twenty-two kings enclosed within the mountains … wherefore I say you, in passing by the land of Cathay toward the high (of) Ind(ia) … there groweth a manner of fruit, as though it were gourds. And when they be ripe, men cut them a-two, and men find within a little beast, in flesh, in bone, and blood, as though it were a little lamb without wool. … and men eat both the fruit and the beast. And that is a great marvel. Of that fruit I have eaten, although it were wonderful, … I told them of … the Bernakes. (Barnacle Geese) For I told them that in our country were trees that bear a fruit that become birds flying, and those that fell in the water live, and they that fall on the earth die anon … 402:

north old ships are found in whose rotting hulls a worm is born that develops into the barnacle goose. This goose hangs from dead wood by its beak until it is old and strong enough to fly. We have made prolonged research into the origin and truth of this legend and even sent special envoys to the north with order to bring back specimens of these mythical timbers for our inspection. When we examined them we did observe shell-like formations clinging to the rotten wood, but these bore no resemblance to any avian body. We therefor doubt the truth of this legend in the absence of corroborative evidence. In our opinion this superstition arose from the fact that barnacle geese breed in such remote latitudes that men in ignorance of their real nesting places invented this explanation.

647: 1462:. (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. Also, There are some 45 manuscripts extant that record Gerald's writings about Ireland. See, Sargent, Amelia Borrego. 2012. 'Gerald of Wales's Topographia Hibernica, Dates Versions, Readers', Viator, 43: 241-61. In Ireland there are two copies of Topographia Hibernica , first at Trinity College Dublin (Trinity College Library 574 s. xvi/xvii); and second, in the åNational Library in Dublin (National Library of Ireland 700 (s. xiii). Very few MSS carry the marginal drawings of illustrating the myth. The drawing above in this article comes from the MS held at the Bodleian Library Oxford ( Harley 4751 f. 36r.) A popular account of the variety of sources can be found in, Bartlett, R. (1979). 323: 342:. Bestiaries described a beast real or imaginary and used that description as a basis for an allegorical teaching. As this period was intensely religious, Monastic orders, Churches, Universities and royalty acquired and copied manuscript versions of Bestiaries repeating and building a moralising a story about animals. Animal stories both real and mythical were used. As people were dependent on wild and domestic animals for their survival, they had an obvious interest in the world and its animals around them. Jews as well as Christians considered most of the Hebrew Bible which contains many references to animals, to be sacred. including text from other sources such as Greek 500:

France, Ireland and Great Britain, were instructed to stop permitting the eating of Barnacle Geese, during Lent, as a "fish". Seemingly, it had become accepted practice that eating Barnacle Geese was allowed, while eating other forms of meat, e.g. duck was not. Given the migration patterns of the barnacle goose, there would have been many geese seen across Europe by people living on the western coast of Ireland, Scotland and France. Conveniently these birds were seen as an alternative to other forms of "meat" e.g. wild ducks. Therefore, fulfilling one of the requirements for fasting days during Lent. Elaborating on this, Lankester (1915) wrote;

815: 407: 331: 604:… I / We … heard that in Scotland there was once a tree growing on the bank of a river which produced fruits shaped like ducks. "When these were nearly ripe, they dropped down of their own accord, some onto the earth, and some into the water. Those that landed on the earth rotted away, but those that sank into the water instantly came to life, swam out from below the water, and immediately flew into the air, equipped with feathers and wings. When I eagerly investigated this matter, I learned that miracles always recede further into the distance and that the famous tree was to be found not in Scotland but in the Orkney islands … 751: 728:… there are founde in the north parts of Scotland and the islands adjacent, called Orchades, certaine trees, of a white colour, tending to russet, wherein are contained little living creatures; which shels in time of maturitie doe open; and out of them grow those living things; which falling into the water doe become foules, whom we call Barnakles; in the north of England, Brant Geese; and in Lancashire Tree Geese; but the other that do fall upon the land, perish and come to nothing, thus much by the writing of others and also from the mouths of people of those parts which may very well accord with truth… 315: 1129:. The history of the use of this word is traced back as far as the 11th or 12th centuries; see, Müller, F. Max, 1871, Lectures on the Science of Language. London: Longmans, Green. v. 2. pp. 583–604. Muller suggests that "bernacula" might be a variant of "*pernacula" , a possible diminutive of "perna" 'a kind of shellfish,' afterwards confused with "*bernicula" , a supposed aphetic form of "*hibernacula", which might be applied to the barnacle-goose from its being found in Hibernia (Ireland). Also called Solan Geese. See, Hulme, F Edward (1886) Sampson Low, p.168. 739: 367: 359: 941:…because the "rude" and "ignorant" people saw oft-times the fruits hat fell off the trees which stood near the sea converted within (a) short time in(to) geese, they believed that these geese grew upon the trees hanging by their "nebs", just as apples and other fruits hang by their stalks. But their opinion is not to be sustained for, as soon as these apples and fruits fall from the tree in(to) the sea-flood they grow first worm-eaten, and "by short process of time", are altered in(to) geese … 859: 33: 597:. He spent several months travelling around Britain, and recorded these travels in his book entitled "de Europa". A short section of the book is devoted to Scotland and Ireland. He described James as "a sickly man weighed down by a fat paunch". He noted the cold inhospitable climate of Scotland and "semi-naked paupers who were begging outside churches (and) went away happily after receiving stones as alms". 245:… although Heron-Allen spent some time reviewing images of birds and other animals on Mycenaean pottery (circa 1600–1100 BCE), his deductions that they demonstrate that the Mycenaeans were aware of any biological relationship between geese and barnacles are inconclusive. These images are perhaps better interpreted as stylised representations of animals and plants that suited the designer of the pottery … 522: 626: 574: 1987:

mythical birds whom mediaeval credulity believed to grow on trees. …. The goose inquiry may be condoned as an inspiration of juvenile credulity!...". From, Anderson, P. J. (1906). Studies in the history and development of the University of Aberdeen : a quatercentenary tribute paid by certain of her professors and of her devoted sons. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. p.103.

461: 1482:. Northern Scotland, 8 (First Series)(1), 1723. doi:10.3366/nor.1988.0003 can be relied on within the context of Hector Boece and the "claik" geese or barnacle geese myth; also, Bartlett, R. (1979). Gerald of Wales (1146–1223): University of Oxford, provides a comprehensive biography of Gerald along with textual details of the Barnacle Goose myth. 2250: 1707:"Cosmographia, 1509, (Paris)". The book by Nancy Bisaha and Robert Brown " Europe (c. 1400–1458) contains an extensive bibliography.? The biography of Pope Pius II, Ady, Cecilia M. 1913. Pius II (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini) : the Humanist Pope (Methuen: London). contains a Bibliography and an account of the Barnacle Geese story – p. 44. 514: 1121:

produced out of a shell which grew upon this tree, or was engendered as a kind of 'mushroom' or spume from the corruption or rotting of timber in the water. The etymology of the term "barnacle" is probably Middle English "bernekke" or "bernake" which is identical with Old French "bernaque", and the medieval Latin

1986:

A 20th century antiquarian and librarian , P J Anderson, referring to Boece and Galloway, comments on the credulity of the conversation reported by Boece, as follows "… (Galloway )…. is said to have studied the antiquities of the Hebrides, and to have written upon the subject of the clag-geese, those

1942:

is also used. Two sources are recommended for the "Claik Geese" story: Alasdair M. Stewart, 'Hector Boece and "Claik" Geese', Northern Scotland, 8 (First Series) (1988); and, Edward Heron Allen, Barnacles in Nature and in Myth (London,1928). NB: The Mar Lodge edition of Historia does not contain the

1361:

The Physiologus is a collection of moralized beast tales. It was one of the most popular books of the Middle Ages, appearing in most of the vernacular languages of Europe, as well as Greek (its original language) and Latin. It was the basis of the later bestiaries, which added to the stock of stories

499:

The decision would have been important for adherents to Western Catholic Church, especially during Lent (with its fast-days), when believers were banned from eating "meat" – e.g. birds. Lankester (1915) repeats this story, which is also found in Muller (1871 v.2), The claim was that the clergy in

401:

There is also a small species known as the barnacle goose arrayed in motly plumage – it has in certain parts white and others black circular markings of whose haunts we have no certain knowledge. There is however a curious popular tradition that they spring from dead trees. It is said that in the far

1170:

Details from the following: Tupper, F. (1910). The Riddles of the Exeter book. Boston Mass. ; London,; Tupper, F. (1906). Solutions of the Exeter Book of Riddles. Modern Languages Notes, 21(4), 97–105.; Tupper, F. (1903). The comparatives Study of Riddles. Modern Language Notes, XVIII(1), 1–8.;

1156:

Mayntz, M. (2020). Migration: Exploring the Remarkable Journeys of Birds. London: Quadrille; pp 110–111; the following article provides a comprehensive historical account of the Barnacle Goose Myth, Lappo, E. G., Popovkina, A. B. & Mooij, J. H. (2019). About geese growing on trees The Medieval

212:

been figured by the well-known archaeologists, … M. Perrot consulted M. Houssay, in his capacity of zoologist, in regard to these Mykenæan drawings, which bear … the evidence of having been designed after nature by one who knew the things in life, although they are not slavishly "copied" from nature…

211:

The Mykenæan population of the islands of Cyprus and Crete, in the period 800 to 1000 years before Christ, were great makers of pottery, and painted large earthenware basins and vases with a variety of decorative representations of marine life, of fishes, butterflies, birds, and trees. … Others have

1342:

for details of the Aberdeen Bestiary. While it does not include the Barnacle Goose among its beasts, it is a good example of the standard of the work of early scribes. Also see, See, Benton, Janetta Rebold. 1992. The medieval menagerie : animals in the art of the Middle Ages (Abbeville Press:

1328:

after it merged with Marischal College, Aberdeen in 1860. In addition to Hector Boece's copy, he University of Aberdeen, has six other copies of the Parma edition of Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historiae. Namely Alexander Berculai, Patricius Chalmer, Robert Irwing, Alexander Irwyng, Richard Irwyng

1375:

Several versions of the MS exist in Two volume and six volume versions. A six-volume set was translated into English in 1931 by C A Wood. (Frederick, I. I. Holy Roman Emperor, C. A. Wood, and F. M. Fyfe. The Art of Falconry ( : Stanford U P, 1943 (1969)) The most important two book editions

936:

of Boece's account "is the whole standard account of Scotland propagated in the first half of the sixteenth century". As noted above, there are a variety of translations of the myth in Boece e.g. Thomas Dempster (1829) In this 20th century telling, Stewart quotes John Bellenden's Scots vernacular

903:

and the breeding habits of the barnacle goose. This taxonomic work can be seen in recent papers by John Buckeridge and colleagues, who have addressed one of Darwin's contributions in the mid- to late-century: that is, the "species problem". Darwin spent many years studying barnacles (Cirripedia).

438:

and the English rule was set in these territories. As a royal clerk and chaplain to King Henry II of England, Gerald of Wales accompanied Prince John between 1183 and 1186 on an expedition to Ireland. After his return, in 1187 or 1188, he had published a manuscript with the description of the new

556:

Van der Lugt (2000) provides the most reasoned and detailed case against the claims for a Lateran Council prohibition of barnacle goose eating during Lent. He argues that while there certainly was a lengthy debate between canonists in the late 12th and early 13th centuries relating to what was

1672:

See the following sources for details of the story told by Pope Pius II in "de Europa" and "Commentaries". Pius, Florence A. Gragg, and Leona C. Gabel. 1988. Secret memoirs of a Renaissance Pope : the commentaries of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pius II : an abridgement (Folio Society:

1630:

Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (1405–1464). He wrote two books, "Florence A. Gragg, and Leona C. Gabel. 1988. Secret memoirs of a Renaissance Pope : the commentaries of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pius II : an abridgement (Folio Society: London) and, "Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius,

1582:

Van der Lugt is not clear when he writes "…c'est Thomas de Cantimpré qui fournit le plus de détails sur la consommation de barnacles. …. pendant le Carême,….", that is "….it is Thomas de Cantimpré who provides the most details on the consumption of barnacles….... during Lent,...." The original

1120:

The Oxford English Dictionary reports the barnacle goose as a bird, of which the breeding place was long unknown, and was formerly believed to be produced out of the fruit of a tree growing by the seashore, or itself to grow upon the tree attached by its bill, also called tree goose, or to be

2154:

Stewart writes regarding Intertextuality, "…at a deeper level however we have the intertexte (that is) an awareness of all the texts a reader thinks of when the associations are released by Boece's account; and the intertextualité, meaning the awareness of this intertexte, plus all the other

1769:

The question of who wrote "the Travels of Sir John Mandeville" is possibly clarified by Paul Buck. See, Buck, R. W. (1961) Sir John Mandeville: Alias John (with the Beard) de Bourgogne, New England Journal of Medicine, 264(9), 451-453; and Paul Buck The Travels of Sir John Mandeville

949:… Bellenden's Boece (gave) a fresh lease of life to the tale; … (recently) … naturalists ha(ve) located the barnacle geese nurseries in Greenland and ha(ve) a rough idea of the migration routes … But parallel to scientific advances the old versions continued to have a folklife existence … 216:

He goes on to suggest that "it is fairly evident that the intention has been to manipulate the drawing of the leaf or fruit so as to make it resemble the drawing of the goose, whilst that in its turn is modified so as to emphasise or idealise its points of resemblance to a barnacle".

2155:

associations of influences, analogues, sources, literary affiliations, traditions, the echoes in any single example of any 'genre' of all examples in the whole 'genre', plus formulae, clichés, topics, as storehouses of thought, as shorthand references which can be 're-constituted'……"

1180:

SOPER, H. (2017): Reading the Exeter Book Riddles as Life-Writing. The Review of English Studies, New Series, Vol. 68 (287): 841–865. Doi: 10.1093/res/hgx009; BAUM, P.F. (1963): Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book. – Duke Univ. Press, Durham, North Carolina, USA. In addition see,

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and to the moralizations. Many versions of it were written by a variety of authors, both in prose and in verse; some left off the moralizations, while others expanded on them. see, See, Curley, Michael J. 1979. Physiologus (University of Texas Press: Austin ; London); also,

385:. This book was written in Latin around the year 1241. Frederick is believed to have based his observations about birds on personal experience. As a result, he is suspicious of the barnacle goose myth propagated by Gerald of Wales. In this, Gerald of Wales (see below) claims: 2164:

Dempster, Thomas, David Irving, and Bannatyne Club (Edinburgh Scotland). Thomae Dempsteri Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum : Sive, De Scriptoribus Scotis. Bannatyne Club Publications. Editio altera ed. 2 vols. Edinburgi: Excudebat Andreas Balfour cum sociis, 1829.

548:

Beauvais' Speculum Naturale, contained thirty-two books with more than 3700 chapters, across a variety of topics; including cosmography, physics, botany and zoology. In chapter XVII Beauvais described the various theories on how Barnacle Geese came about. He concludes that

801:

claimed that Gerard did use de l'Obels illustration. While there is a strong similarity between the Gerard tree and buds to the de l'Obel's illustration, there is no certainty that Gerard used de l'Obels wooden block illustration. A further illustration ( above centre) by

1937:

There are a number of editions of Boece's History of Scotland. John Bellenden and Raphael Holinshead provide the basis many editions. The 1575 edition by John Ferrier is used for reference in this entry. A modern translation from the Latin is provided by Dana Sutton

78:

The etymology of the term "barnacle" suggests Latin, Old English, and French roots. There are few references in pre-Christian books and manuscripts – some Roman or Greek. The main vector for the myth into modern times was monastic manuscripts and in particular the

762: 86:

The myth owes its long standing popularity to an early ignorance of the migration patterns of geese. Early medieval discussions of the nature of living organisms were often based on myths or genuine ignorance of what is now known about phenomena such as

1865:

Boece includes a reference to the mythical island of Thule along with the Claik Geese story. The name "Thule" can be taken to mean, far, distant and Northern places. It also suggests the extreme limit of travel and discovery. For example in the phrase

508:

the eating of barnacle geese in Lent, since although he admitted that they are not generated in the ordinary way, he maintained … that they live and feed like ducks, and cannot (therefore) be regarded as differing in nature from other birds … (such as

544:…in the thirteenth century the legend spread over Europe. Vincentius Bellovacensis … in his Speculum Naturae xvuu. 40 … states that Pope Innocent III, at the General Lateran Council, 1215, had to prohibit the eating of Barnacle Geese during lent … 220:

He summarises the possibility that Mycenaean drawings of birds – especially the goose – seen on pottery shows that the barnacle goose myth was known to settlers on the Greek islands, a thousand years BCE. He concludes his observations as follows:

349:

The Bestiary is not an animal or zoology text-book, it is a religious text. It was also a description of the world as it was known and understood by clerics, monastic writers and nobility. Bestiaries gave authority to earlier mythical stories.

262:

is an early encyclopaedia that expands his views on the physical and natural world. While he makes extensive reference to "Geese", e.g. goose fat, he does not mention Barnacle Geese and their origins in his sections on Marine Animals and Birds.

931:

In the 20th century the most detailed account of the nature of this myth and its various interpretations can be found in a paper by Alistair Stewart (1988) Stewart provides his explanation as to Boece's use of the myth. He writes that the

1376:

stored in the Vatican Library. MS Pal. Lat. 1071; and, Bologna University Library MS Lat. 419 (717) – See, Frederick, I. I. Holy Roman Emperor, C. A. Wood, and F. M. Fyfe. The Art of Falconry ( : Stanford U P, 1943 (1969)); p.lvii

797:("only in Scotland and the Orkney sea"). The illustration shows birds swimming in the sea around and under an unspecified "barnacle tree". It is this illustration that appears to have influence Gerard. In the late nineteenth century 1943:

story of the geese. This volume is now in the Morgan Library and Museum, New York. A recent edition of Boece's story about the Barnacle Geese can be found in, Dana F. Sutton, Hector Boethius, – Scotorum Historia (1575 version)

1301:

The most exhaustive treatment of the citations and myths concerning Pliny's Naturalis Historiae are to be found in Heron-Allen, E. (1928) Barnacles in Nature and in Myth. (London), esp. at pp 56–57, 128 (Fn. 32, 158, 174 (Fn.

1194:

The Exeter Book of Riddles noes not specify the "correct" answer. See, van der Lugt, M. (2000) (below) for his reservations, and Donoghue, D. (2016) An Anser for Exeter Book Riddle 74, in: S. B. Peter & H. Nicholas (Eds)

565:(d. 1217) frequently referred to myths or folklore about the natural world. Neckam wrote of a bird called the "bernekke". Neither Gervase of Tilbury or Alexander Neckham make reference to a prohibition by Pope Innocent III. 504:… it had become accepted that the use the Barnacle Goose) as food on the fast-days of the Church was accepted … and as a result Pope Innocent III … to whom the matter was referred … considered it necessary in 1215 to 750: 1649:

There are differences in the original sources for this story. In some the Latin "aves" – "bird" is used; in others it is "Anetarum" derived from "anatum" – "duck"', coming from "anas/anatis"; in others, "anserum" –

2021:

Linne, Carl von, and Johann Joachim Lange. C. Linnæi ... Systema naturæ ... Naturæ-Systema, ... in die Deutsche Sprache u\0308bersetzet, und mit einer Vorrede herausgegeben von. J. J. Langen. Lat. and Germ

1385:

See, Haskins, Charles H. 1922. 'Science at the Court of the Emperor Frederick II', The American Historical Review, 27: 669–94., for a discussion of Frederick II's approach to observation, esp. pp 687–688

904:

Although he did not specifically address the barnacle goose, his research into the evolution of barnacles (Cirripedia) may be seen as the first rigorous scientific rejection of the barnacle geese myth.

192: 1217:

Muller, Max. 1868. Lectures on the science of language : delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in February, March, April & May 1863 : Second series (Longmans, Green).

1077:

Amongst the plethora of published sources on this myth, the two principal sources are: van der Lugt, M. (2000) Animal legendaire et discours savant medieval;la barnacle dans tous ses etats.,

1826:

Boece, H. and G. Ferrerio (1574). Scotorum historiae a prima gentis origine ... libri XIX. Parisiis, Du Puys. The earliest version of this work about the history of Scotland dates from 1527.

389:

I have often seen with my own eyes more than a thousand minute embryos of birds of this species on the seashore, hanging from one piece of timber, covered with shells, and, already formed.

362:

From Biblioteca Vaticana Pal. lat. 1071 f. 14v Part of Chapter XXIII-F De Arte Venandi Cum Avibus; University of Heidelberg & Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana – On the Nesting of Birds

1441:

See, Forester, Thomas and Wright, T. 2000. "Geraldus Cambrensis – the Topography of Ireland." In.: In Parentheses, Cambridge Ontario, for a note on what is called "causistry" – i.e. "

1996:" … (Fn. P.104 ..The original of this picture is a small wood-cut in Matthias de Lobel's "Stripium Historia" published in 1870(sic.) The Birds within the shells were added by Gerard. 553:. That is, the Pope banned the practice of eating Barnacle Geese. However the records of the 4th Lateran Council do not include reference to such a ban amongst any of its decisions. 614:

is associated with both the Barnacle Geese myth and a similar myth about cotton, which has been illustrated to show sheep hanging from a tree. His book is commonly known as

1977:>, ; The OED gives a wider variety of explanation including the sound made by Barnacle Geese (Anas leucopsis) "claik, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2017 1973:

as "claik geese". "Claik" is the Scots word for a barnacle. See "Claik goose n. comb.". Dictionary of the Scots Language. 2004. Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. <

91:. It was not until the late 19th century that bird migration research showed that such geese migrate northwards to nest and breed in Greenland or northern Scandinavia. 1914:. Boece does not explain why the events recalled are set in Thule. Different views on the location of Thule place it north of Scotland and beyond the Orkney isles. 899:

Darwin was the most prominent scientist in the 19th century to debate the immutability of species. This led to a rigorous and empirical basis for understanding the

191: 1352:

See, Podwal, Mark H. 1984. A Jewish bestiary: a book of fabulous creatures drawn from Hebraic legend and lore (Jewish Publication Society of America: Philadelphia)

1235:

See, Perrot, Georges, and Charles Chipiez. 1894. History of art in primitive Greece. Mycenian art ... Illustrated with ... engravings ... and ... plates (London,).

646: 322: 2335: 1171:

and, Elliott van Kirk Dobbie and George Philip Krapp, eds, The Exeter Book, Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records 3 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), pages 185–6.

1324:

Boece wrote his Historia some twenty years after he became the first Principal of the College of St. Mary in Old Aberdeen, which became King's College, now the

1226:

Houssay, Frédéric. 1895. 'Les Theories de la Genese a Mycenes et le sens ZOOLOGIQUE DE CERTAINS SYMBOLES DU CULTE D'APHRODITE', Revue Archeologique, 26: 1–27.

983:" suggests a strong Jewish connection in addition to a largely western Christian tradition. The source may relate to in a volume of manuscripts collected by 2030:

See, for example, Charles Darwin (1851) A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species: the Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes

907:

Buckeridge (2011) traces the barnacle goose myth from the time of Gerald of Wales and uses the myth to highlight the way scientists and other writers (e.g.

618:. The book was first circulated between 1357 and 1371. The earliest-surviving text is in French. Although the book is real, it is widely believed that "Sir 1887: 1809: 1640:

Pope Pius probably saw the gift of coal to beggars and Bedesmen. Bedesmen were often given coal or peat to heat the rooms in their Hospital accommodation.

536:

Importantly, Muller (1871, v.2) disputes the source of a Lateran prohibition. (See, van der Lugt (2000) below) He claims it may have been a confusion with

1958:

The Fowler in Ireland, or, Notes on the Haunts and Habits of Wildfowl and Seafowl : Including Instructions in the Art of Shooting and Capturing Them.

418:. He was not first to record in Latin folk tales or myths about spontaneous generation or transformation of young barnacle geese from rotten wood via the 738: 1100: 693:

Boece would have known these geese as Claik Geese or Clack Geese and sometimes Clag-geese. The age of the myth and the lack of empirical evidence on

973:

Almost all of the references in Jewish texts follow a tradition exemplified by Stewart and Müller with regard to where the myth may have emerged. In

258:

as an early first century Roman source for the myth. This belief is a myth itself. Pliny the Elder did not discuss the barnacle goose myth. Pliny's

557:

permissible for adherents to eat during Lent, it did not concern the barnacle goose. Finally, at the time of the Lateran Council, scholars such as

633:

This book is often referenced in relation to the barnacle goose myth. In a translation from the French, the author ("John de Mandeville") writes:

1343:

New York), or, Baxter, Ron. 1998. Bestiaries and their users in the Middle Ages (Sutton Pub. Courtauld Institute: Stroud London) esp. pp 212–213.

880:

could integrate and differentiate between species. This work was rooted in the earlier work of the 18th century Swedish botanist and zoologist

1774: 1692: 919:

in the medieval period as a way the myth was popularised. In the subsequent paper, Buckeridge & Watts (2012) illuminate the Darwinian

594: 406: 1890:

to give credence to their anti-Semitic beliefs. The name, Thule, has also been associated with various Greek writers and the mythical

650:

Section of Boece's Historia in the Cosmography telling the "Claik" Geese stury and, making reference to the mythical island of "Thule"

582: 330: 2208: 1394:

Frederick II's "De Arte…" is first recorded in 1241(CE), while Gerald of Wales Topographia.. is known to have existed since 1188 CE)

814: 1138:

See, Sprouse, S. J. (2015). The Associative Branches of the Irish Barnacle: Gerald of Wales and the Natural World. Hortulus, 11, 2.

2200: 1561:

Van der Lugt, M. (2000) Animal legendaire et discours savant medieval; la barnacle dans tous ses etats., Micrologus, 8, 351–393.

790: 374: 314: 2085:

that is, …. the social and cultural activity of sharing stories, sometimes with improvisation, theatrics or embellishment….

966:

by several theories: trees from which the birds grow like fruit and hang by their beaks until they fall off, rotting wood,

1815:

The composition of the history displays much ability; but Boece's imagination was, however, stronger than his judgment....

1445:.". See also section below on The Barnacle Geese Myth and the Fourth Council of the Lateran and references to fish eating. 866: 793:. (to left, above) In this volume he treats the myth in a half-page report, and writes that the mythical geese are found 469: 241:

make any explicit reference to this myth. Buckeridge 2011 doubts the claims made by Edward Heron-Allen (1928) as follows:

2042:"Illuminating Our World: An Essay on the Unraveling of the Species Problem, with Assistance from a Barnacle and a Goose" 1191: 525:

The Barnacle Geese from an unknown scribe on Apostolica, Pal. lat. 1071, 14v – Frederick II De Arte Venandi Cum Avibus,

181:. The debate centered on the possibility that the barnacle goose myth could have been known to early Mycenaean settlers 608:

It is believed that this story from Pope Pius II is the first recorded account of the Barnacle Geese myth in Scotland.

513: 2330: 2009:

See, Mikkola, H. (2021). Management of the Barnacle Goose (Branta Leucopsis) in Finland: Conservation Versus Hunting,

1874:).The name "Thule" has also been applied to a number of organisations with mythical beliefs. A German occultist and 517:

Image of barnacle geese from De Rerum Natura by Thomas de Cantimpre; Ms 0320; Bibliothèque municipale de Valenciennes

1288:; and, "The Associative Branches of the Irish Barnacle: Gerald of Wales and the Natural World–By Sarah J. Sprouse", 1894:– the name for a legendary people who lived in the far northern parts of the known world. The story appears in the 1285: 984: 414:

It is claimed that Gerald of Wales provided the basis for the dissemination of the myth before being referenced by

850:

was removed in later editions. Linnaeus called it "The Bernicla or Scottish goose & Goose-bearing Seashell".

842:

in which the barnacle goose myth was referenced. In addition to his major classifications he included an appendix

1878:

group, founded in Munich shortly after World War I, was named after the mythical northern country Thule, as the "

1757: 75:). Other myths exist about how the barnacle goose supposedly emerges and grows from matter other than bird eggs. 2137:

Stewart, Alasdair M. "Hector Boece and 'Claik' Geese." Northern Scotland 8 (First Series), no. 1 (1988): 17–23.

338:

The most important way that the barnacle goose myth was propagated during the early Medieval period was through

2345: 2325: 1907: 1315:

consists 10 volumes, containing 37 "books" or topics. Marine animals and birds are found in V.III, Books 8–11.

1044: 975: 667: 537: 1836: 697:

led to other erroneous accounts of the breeding habits of Barnacle Geese being common until the 20th century.

2272: 1312: 915:) were able to support the myth during the 17th to 18th centuries. Buckeridge emphasises the acceptance of 666:" gave further credence to this story with an account of a discussion he had with his friend and colleague 2259: 1325: 1054: 798: 291: 1460:

Visions and Revisions:Gerald of Wales, Authorship and the construction…in 12th & 13th Century Britain

2230:

Stewart, Alasdair M. "Hector Boece and 'Claik' Geese." Northern Scotland 8 (First Series), no. 1 (1988):

2120: 889: 431: 427: 397:

to support his dismissal of the myth. In a short passage from his work De Arte..., Frederick II writes:

366: 358: 299: 1466:: University of Oxford., pp 114–117 and p 222. An older source, Giraldus, C., & Wright, T. (1913). 1157:

interpretation of the Barnacle and Brent goose origin. Goose Bulletin, 24(July), 8–21; retrieved from

1096: 786: 1592:

Oman, C. C. (1944). The English Folklore of Gervase of Tilbury. Folklore, 55(1), 2–15. Retrieved from

1782: 298:

and when he was a student at the University of St Andrews. Boece is most likely to be influenced by

2178:

Boece, Hector, and John Bellenden. The Hystory and Croniklis of Scotland. Edinburgh: Davidson, 1536.

756:

The Barnacle Geese, 1556, by de L'Obel p. 655 From, University of Aberdeen, Special Collections

622:" himself was not. It is possible that de Melville was a Frenchman whose name was Jehan à la Barbe. 488:. Several writers make reference to a canon drawing a distinction between the barnacle goose as a " 207:. Lankester pointing out the way the Barnacle Geese were represented, wrote that the solution was: 99:

An early, but not the first reference to the myth of the barnacle goose, is in the eleventh century

2340: 2188: 1840: 1615:

Ex lignis abiegnis salo diuturno tempore madefactis originem sumit avis quae vulgo dicitur bernekke

1158: 999: 959: 671: 590: 435: 2263: 1771: 1197:

Words and Works: Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature in Honour of Fred C. Robinson

326:

The Barnacle Goose Tree – Pierre de Beauvais, Bestiary, Library of the Arsenal, ms. 3516 fol. 205r

2303: 2287: 2112: 1960:

Southampton: Ashford, 1985, p 23; also barnacle may be called "bernicle" in Ireland, pp. 158–159.

1730:

Buck, Robert W. (2 March 1961). "Sir John Mandeville: Alias John (with the Beard) de Bourgogne".

1617:" ("From fir wood soaked for a long time there arises the origin of the bird commonly called the 558: 394: 1250:

Buckeridge, John (March 2011). "Of trees, geese and cirripedes: Man's quest for understanding".

858: 282:

at the time he wrote his account of the barnacle goose myth. It is impossible to be certain if

1956:

The term "clackis" is sometimes used in the north of Ireland . See, Payne-Gallowey, Ralph Sir.

1852:

See, references the influence of Elphinstone on Boece's Historia in , Macfarlane, L. J. (1995)

732:

His illustration shows bird-like creatures emerging from "buds" and birds swimming on the sea.

2204: 1997: 1688: 1660: 1571: 1267: 963: 876:-based approach to the way living organisms were understood to develop and how the science of 873: 847: 843: 803: 473: 2142: 1803: 724:". He provides a number of explanations for the myth, and his belief – one of which starts: 377:(1194–1250), an ornithologist and learned scholar, is best remembered for his seminal work, 2255: 2104: 2053: 1947:, 2010), Ch. 33 & 34. The text here is taken from Alasdair M. Stewart (1988), pp. 17–23. 1739: 1259: 562: 806:

also shows a similarity to that of de L'Obel and Gerard. In this case the tree has leaves.

229:

There is an absence of evidence to support his claim from Greek or Roman folklore. Neither

2192: 1778: 1720:

are available from the Knowledge entry. Information below has been drawn from that source.

1717: 1147:

Kenicer, G. J. (2020). Plant Magic, Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; pp 150–151.

933: 920: 912: 862: 619: 611: 303: 238: 178: 1813:. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 112; see final para. 1546: 768:

Ulisse Aldrovandi – The Barnacle Geese being "born" then swimming away. Wellcome M0005645

195:

Lankester Fig 17 Diversions of a Naturalist – Image from " Ossuaire de Crète , Perrot "

1516:

Müller, F. M. (1871, v2). Lectures on the science of language. London: Longmans, Green;

290:

by Pliny. Almost certainly Boece would have been aware of the myth from his time at the

2320: 2267: 1970: 1854:

William Elphinstone and the Kingdom of Scotland 1431–1514 : the struggle for order

1839:

in Old Aberdeen. He is best remembered as a liturgist, master of works and academic to

1504:

Lankester, R. (1917). Diversions of a naturalist (2nd ed. ed.). : Methuen and Co Ltd.;

900: 893: 774: 694: 485: 419: 88: 68: 52: 2314: 1883: 1879: 1798: 1492: 1472:

The Associative Branches of the Irish Barnacle: Gerald of Wales and the Natural World

1263: 1192:

https://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-treasures/exeter-book/

881: 823: 410:

Topographia Hibernica, start of Barnacle Geese account – British Library MS 13 B VIII

60: 1443:

the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions..

32: 1919: 1915: 1903: 1570:

Much of this debate can be seen in the work of Church lawyers such as Gratien, see

1416:

Also known in Latin as Girandus Cambrensis, or Gerald de Barri or Gerald of Wales,

1049: 916: 659: 655: 586: 551:"Innocentius papa tertius in Lateranensi Consillio generali hoc ultra fieri vetuit" 283: 279: 540:(Vincent of Beauvais 1190 – 1264) writing just after the Lateran Council. He says 521: 173:(1917) there is evidence of a serious literature debate arising from the work of 1756:

These sentences suggest a combination of a sheep or cotton producing animal, the

2124: 1875: 1743: 1363: 1286:

https://www.amusingplanet.com/2020/03/barnacle-goose-bird-that-was-believed.html

908: 709: 625: 573: 343: 100: 1458:. For one authoritative account of the versions see, Sargent, A. L. B. (2011). 51:

is a widely-reported historical misconception about the breeding habits of the

2010: 1891: 1550: 339: 177:(1868), together with a French Zoologist, Frederic Houssay, George Perrot and 174: 1974: 1161:(25th January 2021). Not all the sources referenced are available in English. 17: 1944: 1939: 1284:

For example, "Barnacle Goose: The Bird That Was Believed to Grow on Trees",

1032: 460: 393:

It is Frederick who, not only claims to have seen the embryos, but collects

234: 230: 1475: 1271: 199:

Lankester claimed that drawings, often seen on Mycenaean pottery, were an

885: 877: 415: 80: 2138: 1902:. Boece's narrative is connected with a discussion of events involving 1631:

Robert Brown, Nancy Bisaha, and ProQuest (Firm). "Europe (c. 1400–1458)"

1518:

General account in two volumes of the origins of words mostly in English

1289: 1208:

Lankester, Ray. 1917. Diversions of a naturalist (Methuen and Co Ltd: ).

872:

During the 19th century, developments in zoology and botany opened up a

67:). One version of the myth is that these geese emerge fully formed from 2000:, in copying …de L'Obels illustration… (also) gave leaves to the tree…" 295: 2116: 1593: 674:. The event, if it occurred, would have to have been sometime between 2058: 2041: 722:

the Goose tree, Barnakle tree, or the tree bearing Geese....(p. 1391)

1802: 2108: 2073: 1339: 2239:

Müller, F. Max. Lectures on the Science of Language, London, 1880.

2166: 1911: 1059: 967: 857: 645: 624: 572: 520: 512: 459: 405: 365: 357: 329: 321: 313: 275: 190: 31: 1035:, that is Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (CE 973–1048). 685:

contrasting accounts of the barnacle geese story. Boece records:

1159:

https://cms.geese.org/sites/default/files/Goose%20Bulletin24.pdf

1020:. Such a date is a century before Gerald of Wales. Further, the 481: 2276:. Vol. 2. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 538–540. 2095:

Welsch, Kathleen A. (1998). "History as Complex Storytelling".

1772:

http://akermandaly.com/book/the-travels-of-sir-john-mandeville/

1454:

There are many versions of Gerald of Wales' account of Ireland

998:. The question of slaughtering Barnacle Geese is referenced to 2304:

https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10791-michaelmas-geese

105: 1549:; and, the New Advent Encyclopaedia, Fourth Lateran Council, 962:, the place of origin of the barnacle goose was described in 892:, a Scottish military scientist, published books that caused 826:), knew this myth. He named one genus in his classification 1661:

http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10159158-6

1495:

for a textual list of the IVth Lateran Council's decisions.

2143:

http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nor.1988.0003

838:(1767). He published several versions and editions on his 670:

whilst on a trip to source stories of Scottish saints for

166:

To which the anticipated answer was "The Barnacle Goose".

818:

Paradoxa – Linnaeus – from Systema Naturae (1735 EDITION)

600:

Continuing in this vein, he records the following story:

334:

Medieval Bestiary from British Library, Harley 4751 f. 36

36:

From Topographia Hibernica British Library MS 13 B VIII (

464:

Pope Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council (1213)

103:

of Riddles. The riddle NUMBER 10, is asked as follows:

1547:

https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum12-2.htm

1478:) A recent article by Stewart, Stewart, A. M. (1988). 884:. Barnacles were originally classified by Linnaeus as 278:

in Northern Italy. A copy of this book was owned by

138:

My nose was in a tight spot, and I beneath the water,

1835:

Galloway was an eminent scholar and canon priest in

496:" resulting from Pope Innocent III at this council. 426:

to fledgling geese. In 1177 the future English king

354:

Emperor Frederick II and other reported eyewitnesses

2076:

for on-line details of Charles Darwin and his work.

1760:

and the crustacean that becomes the Barnacle goose.

148:

I had living spirit, when I came out of the embrace

111:

Neb wæs min on nearwe, ond ic neoþan wætre,

1928:. See, image of Bellenden's edition in main entry. 1493:https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp 1470:. London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd. is also valuable. 1432:in Topographia Hibernica – See below for sources. 744:PSM V04 D585 The goose tree, by Gerard Page, 1391. 1245: 1243: 1241: 681:. In the narrative Boece allows Galloway to give 2040:Buckeridge, John; Watts, Rob (15 October 2012). 1407:, Book 1 C. Ch. XXIII-F "On the Nesting of Birds 947: 939: 846:, i.e. contradictory or anomalous animals. His 726: 687: 635: 602: 542: 502: 449: 399: 387: 243: 223: 209: 121:Hæfde feorh cwico, þa ic of fæðmum cwom 1097:"Science, Superstition and the Goose Barnacle" 923:with assistance from the barnacle goose myth. 1613:, Longman, Green, Longman, Ch XLVIII, p. 99 " 1364:http://bestiary.ca/prisources/psdetail869.htm 294:in the University Paris where he worked with 8: 370:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and son Manfred 270:appear in the late 1480s. A 1480 version of 158:over the seal's bath. Say what I am called. 131:ofer seolhbaþo. Saga hwæt ic hatte. 2011:https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96863 1551:https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09018a.htm 1468:The historical works of Giraldus Cambrensis 937:speech. In this Bellenden had Boece write: 896:to spend many years researching barnacles. 203:by contemporary artists of the features of 123:brimes ond beames on blacum hrægle; 1975:http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/claik_goose 1910:on imaginary or mythical island, he calls 2288:"BARNACLE-GOOSE - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 2057: 1945:http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/ 1940:http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/ 1793: 1791: 1716:Further details of the life and times of 1545:e.g. Fourth Lateran Council : 1215, 1101:Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 1081:, 8, 351–393.;and, HeronAllen, E. (1928) 822:The Swedish taxonomist, Carl von Linné ( 664:Scotorum Historiae a Prima Gentis Origine 254:Many writers reference Pliny the Elder's 142:into the ocean-waves, and in the sea grew 115:swiþe besuncen, ond on sunde awox 113:flode underflowen, firgenstreamum 1888:National Socialist German Workers' Party 1506:discursive history of the natural world. 1476:https://hortulus-journal.com/sprouse/#f1 813: 795:"duntaxat in scotia aut orcadibus maris" 777:published the Scots version of Boece's 156:wind from the water, then carried me far 1070: 830:; including two Swedish species, Lepas 773:Some 25 years earlier, around the time 734: 480:" of 19 April 1213. The Council met in 1856:(Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press). 1184:Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book 144:covered with waves from above, my body 127:þa mec lifgende lyft upp ahof, 2336:Medieval European legendary creatures 2139:https://doi.org/10.3366/nor.1988.0003 2097:College Composition and Communication 1290:https://hortulus-journal.com/sprouse/ 589:) travelled to Scotland to encourage 150:of water and wood in a black garment, 129:wind of wæge, siþþan wide bær 125:sume wæron hwite hyrste mine, 117:ufan yþum þeaht, anum getenge 7: 1922:identifies the location, calling it 1683:Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius (2013). 1605:Neckam, A. (1863). Alexandri Neckam 1199:University of Toronto Press), 45–58. 1095:Minogue, Kristen (29 January 2013). 274:was printed by Andreas Portilla in 1886:" were absorbed by some into the 1594:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1257623 612:Sir John Mandeville (fl. 1357–1372) 154:then the air lifted me, living, up, 140:underflowed by the flood, sunk deep 1609:, with a poem of the same author, 1024:extends the non-Western source to 720:. He refers in the text to "..... 616:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville 146:touching a floating piece of wood. 25: 1882:". The name and beliefs of the " 1002:of Marseilles (יצחק בן אבא מרי) ( 642:The 16th century and Hector Boece 383:On the Art of Hunting With Birds) 318:Halcyon Morgan Bestiary M8177019v 2248: 2201:University of Pennsylvania Press 2074:https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/ 1340:https://www.abdn.ac.uk/bestiary/ 1264:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00225.x 761: 749: 737: 375:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II 152:some of my trappings were white, 119:liþendum wuda lice mine. 2167:http://digital.nls.uk/101200539 1732:New England Journal of Medicine 791:Plantarum seu stirpium historia 447:include the following passage: 1611:De Laudibus Divinae Sapientiae 1583:French omits the term "geese". 1480:Hector Boece and 'claik' geese 1403:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, 1083:Barnacles in nature & myth 945:Allowing Stewart to conclude: 1: 2197:Jewish Magic and Superstition 1530: 1417: 1025: 1014: 1003: 988: 867:Zoological Museum, Copenhagen 854:Darwinism and decline of myth 675: 577:The Duck Tree by Duret (1590) 526: 470:Fourth Council of the Lateran 182: 37: 1969:Barnacle geese are known in 718:Generall Historie of Plantes 702:Generall Historie of Plantes 593:to assist the French in the 456:Influence on church doctrine 266:The first printed copies of 1843:from Elphinstone to Gordon. 1744:10.1056/NEJM196103022640910 1464:Gerald of Wales (1146–1223) 583:Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus 569:Renaissance Era testimonies 2362: 1607:de Naturis Rerum libri duo 1405:De Arte Venandi cum Avibus 985:Solomon Joachim Halberstam 443:. His views on Ireland in 379:De Arte Venandi cum Avibus 171:Diversions of a Naturalist 1758:Vegetable Lamb of Tartary 1188:Cathedral Library MS 3501 954:Myth in Jewish literature 109: 1908:Canon Alexander Galloway 1311:The Naturalis Historiae 1045:Canon Alexander Galloway 976:The Jewish Encyclopaedia 779:Historia Gentis Scotorum 668:Canon Alexander Galloway 538:Vincentius Bellovacensis 430:(the younger brother of 2273:The Jewish Encyclopedia 1810:Encyclopædia Britannica 1313:Natural History (Pliny) 865:illustrating the myth, 420:goose-necked barnacle ( 27:Sources of ancient myth 2292:jewishencyclopedia.com 2270:; et al. (eds.). 2260:George Alexander Kohut 1326:University of Aberdeen 1055:Spontaneous generation 951: 943: 888:, but in 19th century 869: 819: 799:Henry Lee (naturalist) 730: 691: 651: 639: 630: 606: 578: 546: 533: 518: 511: 465: 453: 411: 404: 391: 371: 363: 335: 327: 319: 247: 227: 214: 196: 136: 44: 1837:St Machar's Cathedral 1804:"Boece, Hector" 1456:Topographia Hibernica 1329:and Roberti Strachan. 890:John Vaughan Thompson 861: 848:''Animalia Paradoxa'' 817: 783:Croniklis of Scotland 649: 628: 576: 524: 516: 478:Vineam Domini Sabaoth 476:with the papal bull " 463: 445:Topographia Hibernica 441:Topographia Hibernica 432:Richard the Lionheart 409: 369: 361: 333: 325: 317: 300:Topographia Hibernica 194: 35: 2189:Trachtenberg, Joshua 1685:Europe (c.1400-1458) 1474:. Hortulus, 11, 2. ( 1022:Jewish Encyclopaedia 654:Some 75 years after 250:Myth in ancient Rome 1841:Bishops of Aberdeen 1777:18 May 2022 at the 1252:Integrative Zoology 1000:Isaac ben Abba Mari 960:Joshua Trachtenberg 672:William Elphinstone 591:James I of Scotland 439:Irish lands called 416:medieval bestiaries 292:Collège de Montaigu 272:Naturalis Historiae 268:Naturalis Historiae 260:Naturalis Historiae 256:Naturalis Historiae 169:In Ray Lankester's 49:barnacle goose myth 2331:Scottish mythology 870: 820: 787:Matthias de l'Obel 652: 631: 579: 559:Gervase of Tilbury 534: 519: 466: 412: 395:empirical evidence 372: 364: 336: 328: 320: 197: 45: 1998:Ulisse Aldrovandi 1783:Jean d'Outremeuse 1694:978-0-8132-2182-3 1663:– fol.55v, line 5 1596:(31 January 2021) 1572:Decretum Gratiani 996:Ḳehillat Shelomoh 979:, the entry for " 964:Jewish literature 874:scientific method 844:Animalia Paradoxa 834:(1758) and Lepas 804:Ulisse Aldrovandi 629:Mandeville cotton 595:Hundred Years War 474:Pope Innocent III 310:Medieval bestiary 164: 163: 16:(Redirected from 2353: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2264:"BARNACLE-GOOSE" 2256:Richard Gottheil 2252: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2199:. Philadelphia: 2193:"NATURE AND MAN" 2185: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2162: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059:10.3390/h1030145 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1935: 1929: 1863: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1806: 1795: 1786: 1767: 1761: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1727: 1721: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1603: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1452: 1446: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1336: 1330: 1322: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1247: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1178: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1092: 1086: 1075: 1030: 1027: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005: 993: 990: 765: 753: 741: 712:, published his 680: 679: 1506–1520 677: 563:Alexander Neckam 531: 528: 434:) was appointed 187: 184: 106: 95:Early references 57:Branta leucopsis 42: 39: 21: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2346:Roman mythology 2326:Irish mythology 2311: 2310: 2309: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2268:Singer, Isidore 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2203:. p. 183. 2187: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2136: 2132: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2067: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1936: 1932: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1847: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1779:Wayback Machine 1768: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1718:John Mandeville 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1625: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1486: 1453: 1449: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1333: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1283: 1279: 1249: 1248: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1041: 1028: 1017: 1010: 1006: 991: 956: 934:intertextuality 929: 921:species concept 913:John Mandeville 863:Rogue taxidermy 856: 840:Systema Naturae 812: 769: 766: 757: 754: 745: 742: 706: 678: 644: 620:John Mandeville 571: 529: 458: 436:Lord of Ireland 356: 312: 304:Gerald of Wales 252: 239:Pliny the Elder 185: 179:Charles Chipiez 160: 157: 155: 153: 151: 149: 147: 145: 143: 141: 139: 133: 130: 128: 126: 124: 122: 120: 118: 116: 114: 112: 97: 69:goose barnacles 65:Branta bernicla 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2359: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2279: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2209: 2180: 2171: 2157: 2147: 2130: 2109:10.2307/358359 2103:(1): 116–122. 2087: 2078: 2065: 2052:(3): 145–165. 2032: 2023: 2014: 2002: 1989: 1979: 1971:Scots language 1962: 1949: 1930: 1872:farthest Thule 1858: 1845: 1828: 1819: 1801:, ed. (1911). 1799:Chisholm, Hugh 1787: 1762: 1749: 1738:(9): 451–453. 1722: 1709: 1700: 1693: 1675: 1665: 1652: 1642: 1633: 1623: 1598: 1585: 1575: 1563: 1554: 1538: 1522: 1509: 1497: 1484: 1447: 1434: 1425: 1409: 1396: 1387: 1378: 1368: 1354: 1345: 1331: 1317: 1304: 1294: 1277: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1173: 1163: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1113: 1087: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1031:in a work by 981:Barnacle-Goose 955: 952: 928: 925: 901:goose barnacle 894:Charles Darwin 855: 852: 811: 810:Carl von Linné 808: 775:John Bellenden 771: 770: 767: 760: 758: 755: 748: 746: 743: 736: 705: 699: 695:bird migration 643: 640: 570: 567: 561:(d. 1220) and 486:Lateran Palace 472:was called by 457: 454: 355: 352: 311: 308: 302:, compiled by 251: 248: 201:interpretation 162: 161: 134: 96: 93: 89:bird migration 53:barnacle goose 41: 1188 CE 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2358: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2305: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2212: 2210:9780812218626 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:Thule Society 1881: 1880:Thule Society 1877: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1687:. 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