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2091:; Robertson, Paul; Ninan, Joe P.; Beard, Corey; Bender, Chad F.; Cochran, William D.; Cunha, Katia; Diddams, Scott A.; Fredrick, Connor; Halverson, Samuel; Hearty, Fred; Ickler, Adam; Kanodia, Shubham; Libby-Roberts, Jessica E.; Lubin, Jack; Metcalf, Andrew J.; Olsen, Freja; Ramsey, Lawrence W.; Roy, Arpita; Schwab, Christian; Smith, Verne V.; Turner, Ben (3 March 2022).
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1535:'s orbit, it would reach Barnard's Star in 47 years under parameters similar to those of the original Project Daedalus. Once at the star, it would begin automated self-replication, constructing a factory, initially to manufacture exploratory probes and eventually to create a copy of the original spacecraft after 1,000 years.
2727:
Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, Barbara; Nelan, E.; Story, D.; Whipple, A. L.; Shelus, P. J.; Jefferys, W. H.; Hemenway, P. D.; Franz, Otto G.; Wasserman, L. H.; Duncombe, R. L.; Van Altena, W.; Fredrick, L. W. (1998). "Photometry of
Proxima Centauri and Barnard's star using Hubble Space Telescope fine
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range; this, plus its high space motion, have led to the designation "intermediate population II star", between a halo and disk star. However, some recently published scientific papers have given much higher estimates for the metallicity of the star, very close to the Sun's level, between 75 and 125%
959:
is the closest star to the Sun at a position currently 4.24 light-years distant from it. However, despite
Barnard's Star's even closer pass to the Sun in 11,800 CE, it will still not then be the nearest star, since by that time Proxima Centauri will have moved to a yet-nearer proximity to the Sun. At
3921:
France, Kevin; Duvvuri, Girish; Egan, Hilary; Koskinen, Tommi; Wilson, David J.; Youngblood, Allison; Froning, Cynthia S.; Brown, Alexander; Alvarado-Gomez, Julian D.; Berta-Thompson, Zachory K.; Drake, Jeremy J.; Garraffo, Cecilia; Kaltenegger, Lisa; Kowalski, Adam F.; Linsky, Jeffrey L.; Loyd, R.
1156:
orbiting in relatively close proximity to
Barnard's Star. Led by Ignasi Ribas of Spain their work, conducted over two decades of observation, provided strong evidence of the planet's existence. However, the existence of the planet was refuted in 2021, because the radial velocity signal was found to
1116:
and
Heinrich Eichhorn, at a different observatory and using newer plate measuring techniques, failed to verify the planetary companion. Another paper published by John L. Hershey four months earlier, also using the Swarthmore observatory, found that changes in the astrometric field of various stars
1315:
on the outer edge of the optimistic habitable zone, corresponding to orbital periods of up to 10 and 40 days respectively. Therefore, it appears that
Barnard's Star indeed does not host Earth-mass planets or larger, in hot and temperate orbits, unlike other M-dwarf stars that commonly have these
3628:
Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, Barbara; Chappell, D. W.; Nelan, E.; Jefferys, W. H.; Van Altena, W.; Lee, J.; Cornell, D.; Shelus, P. J.; Hemenway, P. D.; Franz, Otto G.; Wasserman, L. H.; Duncombe, R. L.; Story, D.; Whipple, A. L.; Fredrick, L. W. (1999). "Interferometric
Astrometry of Proxima
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and lead to sudden outbursts: strong magnetic fields occur in rapidly rotating stars, while old stars tend to rotate slowly. For
Barnard's Star to undergo an event of such magnitude is thus presumed to be a rarity. Research on the star's periodicity, or changes in stellar activity over a given
1914:
Cutri, R. M.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Van Dyk, S.; Beichman, C. A.; Carpenter, J. M.; Chester, T.; Cambresy, L.; Evans, T.; Fowler, J.; Gizis, J.; Howard, E.; Huchra, J.; Jarrett, T.; Kopan, E. L.; Kirkpatrick, J. D.; Light, R. M.; Marsh, K. A.; McCallon, H.; Schneider, S.; Stiening, R.; Sykes, M.;
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for both circular and eccentric orbits, upper masses for planets out to 1,000-day orbits were determined. Planets above two Earth masses in orbits of less than 10 days were excluded, and planets of more than ten Earth masses out to a two-year orbit were also confidently ruled out. It was also
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correlated to the timing of adjustments and modifications that had been carried out on the refractor telescope's objective lens; the claimed planet was attributed to an artifact of maintenance and upgrade work. The affair has been discussed as part of a broader scientific review.
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the time of the star's closest pass by the Sun, Barnard's Star will still be too dim to be seen with the naked eye, since its apparent magnitude will only have increased by one magnitude to about 8.5 by then, still being 2.5 magnitudes short of visibility to the naked eye.
1493:. Undertaken between 1973 and 1978, the study suggested that rapid, uncrewed travel to another star system was possible with existing or near-future technology. Barnard's Star was chosen as a target partly because it was believed to have planets.
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The analysis of radial velocities that eventually led to discovery of the candidate super-Earth orbiting
Barnard's Star was also used to set more precise upper mass limits for possible planets, up to and within the habitable zone: a maximum of
1392:
with energy 1.6×10 joules. The flare rate observed to date is enough to cause loss of 87 Earth atmospheres per billion years through thermal processes and ≈3 Earth atmospheres per billion years through ion loss processes on
Barnard's Star b.
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For the more than four decades between van de Kamp's rejected claim and the eventual announcement of a planet candidate, Barnard's Star was carefully studied and the mass and orbital boundaries for possible planets were slowly tightened.
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Riedel, A. R.; Guinan, E. F.; DeWarf, L. E.; Engle, S. G.; McCook, G. P. (May 2005). "Barnard's Star as a Proxy for Old Disk dM Stars: Magnetic
Activity, Light Variations, XUV Irradiances, and Planetary Habitable Zones".
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that would indicate a planetary companion; this involved as many as ten people averaging their results in looking at plates, to avoid systemic individual errors. Van de Kamp's initial suggestion was a planet having about
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K, more than twice the normal temperature of the star. Given the essentially random nature of flares, Diane Paulson, one of the authors of that study, noted that "the star would be fantastic for amateurs to observe".
1413:
Barnard's Star shares much the same neighborhood as the Sun. The neighbors of Barnard's Star are generally of red dwarf size, the smallest and most common star type. Its closest neighbor is currently the red dwarf
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on 17 July during an unrelated search for variations in the proper motion. Four years passed before the flare was fully analyzed, at which point it was suggested that the flare's temperature was 8,000
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were impossible around Barnard's Star, in a paper which helped refine the negative certainty regarding planetary objects in general. In 1999, the Hubble work further excluded planetary companions of
2924:
Matthews, R. A. J.; Weissman, P. R.; Preston, R. A.; Jones, D. L.; Lestrade, J.-F.; Latham, D. W.; Stefanik, R. P.; Paredes, J. M. (1994). "The Close Approach of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood".
997:. Barnard's Star is so faint that if it were at the same distance from Earth as the Sun is, it would appear only 100 times brighter than a full moon, comparable to the brightness of the Sun at 80
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Kürster, M.; Endl, M.; Rouesnel, F.; Els, S.; Kaufer, A.; Brillant, S.; Hatzes, A. P.; Saar, S. H.; Cochran, W. D. (23 May 2003). "The low-level radial velocity variability in Barnard's Star".
3753:
Choi, Jieun; McCarthy, Chris; Marcy, Geoffrey W; Howard, Andrew W; Fischer, Debra A; Johnson, John A; Isaacson, Howard; Wright, Jason T (2012). "Precise Doppler Monitoring of Barnard's Star".
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would have been possible in the decade after its discovery. Further faint and unaccounted-for perturbations in the system suggested there may be a second planetary companion even farther out.
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timescale, also suggest it ought to be quiescent; 1998 research showed weak evidence for periodic variation in the star's brightness, noting only one possible starspot over 130 days.
1942:
Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009) . "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007–2017)".
1287:, which was to begin searching for extrasolar Earth-like planets, was reported to have chosen Barnard's Star as an early search target, however the mission was shut down in 2010.
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In 2013, a research paper was published that further refined planet mass boundaries for the star. Using radial velocity measurements, taken over a period of 25 years, from the
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AU in a slightly eccentric orbit, and these measurements were apparently refined in a 1969 paper. Later that year, Van de Kamp suggested that there were two planets of 1.1 and
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The flare was surprising because intense stellar activity is not expected in stars of such age. Flares are not completely understood, but are believed to be caused by strong
4234:
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Paulson, Diane B.; Allred, Joel C.; Anderson, Ryan B.; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Cochran, William D.; Yelda, Sylvana (2006). "Optical Spectroscopy of a Flare on Barnard's Star".
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1181:. The planet would have most likely been frigid, with an estimated surface temperature of about −170 °C (−274 °F), and lie outside Barnard Star's presumed
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galaxy. Barnard's Star has lost a great deal of rotational energy, and the periodic slight changes in its brightness indicate that it rotates once in 130 days (the
670:
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3922:
O. Parke; Mauas, Pablo J. D.; Miguel, Yamila; Pineda, J. Sebastian; Rugheimer, Sarah; Schneider, P. Christian; Tian, Feng; Vieytes, Mariela (2 September 2020).
2158:
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Stellar activity of this sort has created interest in using Barnard's Star as a proxy to understand similar stars. It is hoped that photometric studies of its
879:
At 7–12 billion years of age, Barnard's Star is considerably older than the Sun, which is 4.5 billion years old, and it might be among the oldest stars in the
2955:
2582:
4231:
4207:
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Weinberg, M.; Wheaton, W. A.; Wheelock, S.; Zacarias, N. (June 2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)".
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Endl, Michael; Cochran, William D.; Tull, Robert G.; MacQueen, Phillip J. (2003). "A Dedicated M Dwarf Planet Search Using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope".
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km/s. The 10.3 arcseconds it travels in a year amount to a quarter of a degree in a human lifetime, roughly half the angular diameter of the full Moon.
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are, respectively, the next closest systems. From Barnard's Star, the Sun would appear on the diametrically opposite side of the sky at coordinates RA=
1372:
implications: given that the habitable zones of M dwarfs are close to the star, any planet located therein would be strongly affected by solar flares,
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rotates in 25). Given its age, Barnard's Star was long assumed to be quiescent in terms of stellar activity. In 1998, astronomers observed an intense
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1128:, questioned his findings and began publishing criticisms from 1976 onwards. The two men were reported to have become estranged because of this.
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Even though this research greatly restricted the possible properties of planets around Barnard's Star, it did not rule them out completely as
1202:
such as Barnard's Star are more easily studied than larger stars in this regard because their lower masses render perturbations more obvious.
2309:
1512:. The star could then be reached in 50 years, within a human lifetime. Along with detailed investigation of the star and any companions, the
1587:" means the mass of the planet times the sine of the angle of inclination of its orbit, and hence provides the minimum mass for the planet.
1235:
with an orbital period of less than 1,000 days (Jupiter's orbital period is 4,332 days), while Kuerster determined in 2003 that within the
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Other astronomers subsequently repeated Van de Kamp's measurements, and two papers in 1973 undermined the claim of a planet or planets.
1020:. While sub-solar, Barnard's Star's metallicity is higher than that of a halo star and is in keeping with the low end of the metal-rich
4074:
820:
planetary companion known as Barnard's Star b was reported to orbit Barnard's Star. It was believed to have a minimum mass of 3.2
3447:"Super-Earth Orbiting Barnard's Star – Red Dots campaign uncovers compelling evidence of exoplanet around closest single star to Sun"
1272:
discovered that the habitable zone of the star seemed to be devoid of roughly Earth-mass planets or larger, save for face-on orbits.
941:. Barnard's Star will make its closest approach to the Sun around 11,800 CE, when it will approach to within about 3.75 light-years.
903:
of a star caused by its motion. Further variability in the radial velocity of Barnard's Star was attributed to its stellar activity.
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1120:
Van de Kamp never acknowledged any error and published a further claim of two planets' existence as late as 1982; he died in 1995.
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Barnard's Star has been subject to multiple claims of planets that were later disproven. From the early 1960s to the early 1970s,
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Seeliger, Hugo; Bauschinger, Julius (1890). "Erstes Müchner Sternverzeichniss enthaltend die mittleren Örter von 33082 Sternen".
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Paulson, Diane B.; Allred, Joel C.; Anderson, Ryan B.; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Cochran, William D.; Yelda, Sylvana (February 2006).
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Centauri and Barnard's Star Using Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor 3: Detection Limits for Substellar Companions".
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Barnard's Star is among the most studied red dwarfs because of its proximity and favorable location for observation near the
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within 9 light years (ly) from the map's center, the Sun (Sol). The diamond-shapes are their positions entered according to
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976:), and a radius about 0.2 times that of the Sun. Thus, although Barnard's Star has roughly 150 times the mass of Jupiter (
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1434:. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is 4.83, and at a distance of 1.834 parsecs, it would be a first-magnitude star, as
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591:
587:
1256:), or with a mass greater than 3.1 times the mass of Neptune (much lower than van de Kamp's smallest suggested value).
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and helps classify stars relative to the galactic population. Barnard's Star seems to be typical of the old, red dwarf
3144:
van de Kamp, Peter (1963). "Astrometric study of Barnard's star from plates taken with the 24-inch Sproul refractor".
3015:"Exploring the stellar properties of M dwarfs with high-resolution spectroscopy from the optical to the near-infrared"
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per year relative to the Sun, the highest known for any star. The star had previously appeared on Harvard University
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3348:"The Search for the Extrasolar Planets: A Brief History of the Search, the Findings and the Future Implications"
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6015:
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Animated image with frames approx. one year apart, beginning in 2007, showing the movement of Barnard's Star.
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3497:
Artigau, Étienne; Cadieux, Charles; Cook, Neil J.; Doyon, René; Vandal, Thomas; et al. (23 June 2022).
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is about 16% of the Sun's, and it has 19% of the Sun's diameter. Despite its proximity, the star has a dim
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1164:, which is an ideal spot for the icy accretion of proto-planetary material. It was thought to orbit at 0.4
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564:
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Gizis, John E. (February 1997). "M-Subdwarfs: Spectroscopic Classification and the Metallicity Scale".
3304:"Astrometric analysis of the field of AC +65 6955 from plates taken with the Sproul 24-inch refractor"
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Bobylev, Vadim V. (13 March 2010). "Searching for stars closely encountering with the solar system".
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2003:
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793:. Historically, research on Barnard's Star has focused on measuring its stellar characteristics, its
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emissions will shed light on the large population of old M dwarfs in the galaxy. Such research has
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1993:
1982:"The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample. I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars"
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for this star on 1 February 2017 and it is now included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.
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1678:{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}m=4.83+5\cdot ((\log _{10}1.834)-1)=1.15\end{smallmatrix}}}
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1038:
For a decade from 1963 to about 1973, a substantial number of astronomers accepted a claim by
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due to its motion toward the Sun. Combined with its proper motion and distance, this gives a
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4361:
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2011:
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1430:, Dec=−04° 41′ 36″, in the westernmost part of the constellation
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956:
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482:
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327:
3499:"Line-by-line velocity measurements, an outlier-resistant method for precision velocimetry"
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4701:
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1459:
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Null results for planetary companions continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including
1113:
900:
268:
72:
2604:"Stellar Activity Manifesting at a One-year Alias Explains Barnard b as a False Positive"
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of Barnard's Star consistent with its having one or more planets comparable in mass with
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4118:
4036:
3949:
3891:
3776:
3654:
3595:
3520:
3387:
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2238:
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2118:
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2007:
1955:
1928:
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were detected, each with far-ultraviolet energy of 3×10 joules, together with one X-ray
1054:. Van de Kamp had been observing the star from 1938, attempting, with colleagues at the
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5920:
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5158:
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1423:
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1182:
852:(WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name
736:
622:
556:
335:
315:
303:
4100:
3784:
2953:
Ochsenbein, F. (March 1982). "A list of stars with large expected angular diameters".
2494:
Ribas, I.; Tuomi, M.; Reiners, Ansgar; Butler, R. P.; et al. (14 November 2018).
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6126:
6121:
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5143:
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2136:
2025:
1834:
1807:
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899:
V2500 Ophiuchi. In 2003, Barnard's Star presented the first detectable change in the
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292:
244:
59:
3907:
3841:
3792:
3670:
3611:
3224:
van de Kamp, Peter (August 1969). "Alternate dynamical analysis of Barnard's star".
2855:
2767:
2468:
2363:
1895:
1157:
originate from a stellar activity cycle, and a study in 2022 confirmed this result.
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6140:
5238:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4736:
4726:
4681:
4530:
4336:
3924:"The High-Energy Radiation Environment Around a 10 Gyr M Dwarf: Habitable at Last?"
3684:
Gatewood, George D. (1995). "A study of the astrometric motion of Barnard's star".
1373:
1292:
1169:
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1017:
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438:
394:
3049:
3014:
2699:
2087:
Terrien, Ryan C.; Keen, Allison; Oda, Katy; Parts, Winter; Stefánsson, Guðmundur;
1755:
1716:
1519:
The initial Project Daedalus model sparked further theoretical research. In 1980,
1148:
In November 2018, an international team of astronomers announced the detection by
985:), its radius is only roughly 2 times larger, due to its much higher density. Its
3261:"An unsuccessful search for a planetary companion of Barnard's star (BD +4 3561)"
2847:
2602:
Lubin, Jack; Robertson, Paul; Stefansson, Gudmundur; et al. (15 July 2021).
1008:. Metallicity is the proportion of stellar mass made up of elements heavier than
914:
The proper motion of Barnard's Star corresponds to a relative lateral speed of 90
6345:
6275:
6240:
5008:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4487:
4478:
4368:
3347:
2185:
Perepelkin, E. (April 1927). "Einweißer Stern mit bedeutender absoluter Größe".
1609:
1467:
1160:
Dubbed Barnard's Star b, the planet was thought to be near the stellar system's
1153:
1141:
1125:
1005:
817:
752:
234:
223:
212:
201:
85:
4143:
3958:
3923:
3529:
3498:
2987:
2638:
2603:
2127:
2092:
2016:
1981:
1295:
interferometry mission had the same goal, but was stripped of funding in 2007.
816:
were refuted in the mid-1970s after much debate. In November 2018, a candidate
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6025:
5955:
5945:
4969:
2902:
2538:
2496:"A candidate super-Earth planet orbiting near the snow line of Barnard's star"
2329:
1547:– Nearly identical to Barnard's star, and hosts three sub-Earth sized planets.
1471:
1463:
1353:
1300:
1248:
1173:
1063:
968:
964:
892:
821:
802:
794:
771:
720:
411:
350:
256:
29:
16:
Red dwarf star about six light-years from Earth in the constellation Ophiuchus
4569:
3058:
2647:
2562:
2554:
2208:
836:. However, work presented in July 2021 refuted the existence of this planet.
6280:
6245:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6088:
6050:
5894:
5889:
5879:
5874:
5854:
5824:
5819:
5809:
5611:
5546:
5258:
5253:
4495:
4438:
4390:
3183:"Parallax, proper motion acceleration, and orbital motion of Barnard's Star"
2093:"Rotational Modulation of Spectroscopic Zeeman Signatures in Low-mass Stars"
1544:
1501:
1466:(indicated at the edge of the map's reference disc), and according to their
1431:
1104:
1021:
926:
880:
869:
813:
779:
716:
708:
691:
64:
3471:
3446:
2570:
1980:
Pineda, J. Sebastian; Youngblood, Allison; France, Kevin (September 2021).
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6314:
6309:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6101:
5950:
5935:
5930:
4451:
4412:
4189:
3882:
3645:
3586:
2830:
2742:
2443:
1870:
1508:) and accelerating for four years could achieve a velocity of 12% of the
1505:
1415:
812:
argued that planets orbited Barnard's Star. His specific claims of large
756:
545:
1553: – Stars and brown dwarfs within 20 light years of the Solar System
906:
6235:
6040:
5965:
5925:
5228:
3705:
1532:
1199:
1051:
52:
45:
2546:
1596:
The Sun's apparent magnitude from Barnard's Star, assuming negligible
1496:
The theoretical model suggested that a nuclear pulse rocket employing
910:
Barnard's Star, showing position every 5 years in the period 1985–2005
6420:
6374:
6294:
4299:
3983:"NASA's Spitzer and WISE Telescopes Find Close, Cold Neighbor of Sun"
3374:
Van de Kamp, Peter (1982). "The planetary system of Barnard's star".
3085:
1774:
1419:
1009:
990:
724:
640:
509:
424:
355:
4165:
2275:
Neue Annalen der Koeniglichen Sternwarte in Bogenhausen bei Muenchen
6524:
3940:
3899:
3662:
3603:
3511:
3328:
3303:
3287:
3260:
3245:
3209:
3182:
3167:
3031:
2759:
2620:
2521:
2460:
2411:
2109:
2072:
2045:
1998:
1887:
1737:
6005:
3767:
2885:
1445:
1400:
1361:
1135:
1103:
943:
905:
760:
600:
4631:
3987:
1280:
606:
319:
307:
4573:
4203:
1516:
would be examined and baseline astrometric readings performed.
4325:
1808:"UBV(RI)C JHK observations of Hipparcos-selected nearby stars"
1406:
1288:
884:
732:
529:
1721:
Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties"
1213:
in 1999. Gatewood was able to show in 1995 that planets with
4157:
The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
4071:
The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
2388:(September 1916). "A small star with large proper motion".
1470:. The second mark shows each's distance from Sol, with the
1365:
1108:
Artist's conception of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf
801:. Although Barnard's Star is ancient, it still experiences
3364:(Full description of the Van de Kamp planet controversy.)
1239:
around Barnard's Star, planets are not possible with an "
1124:, Van de Kamp's successor at Swarthmore and an expert on
3111:. July 2005. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011
1806:
Koen, C.; Kilkenny, D.; Van Wyk, F.; Marang, F. (2010).
1715:
Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023).
4170:
Amateur work showing Barnard's Star movement over time.
3869:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2431:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1555:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1333:
on Barnard's Star was detected based on changes in the
1247:" value greater than 7.5 times the mass of the Earth (
952:
from 20,000 years ago until 80,000 years in the future
567:, "Barnard's Runaway Star", "Greyhound of the Skies",
6501:
1606:
34:
The location of Barnard's Star, c. 2006 (south is up)
3981:
Clavin, Whitney; Harrington, J. D. (25 April 2014).
3420:. Swarthmore College. pp. 28–31. Archived from
6463:
6437:
6413:
6382:
6373:
6323:
6302:
6293:
6228:
6150:
6139:
6087:
5903:
5795:
5317:
4979:
4770:
4639:
4630:
4538:
4524:
4486:
4477:
4389:
4316:
4290:
4279:
4245:
3013:Rajpurohit, A. S.; Allard, F.; et al. (2018).
2927:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
2427:"Optical Spectroscopy of a Flare on Barnard's Star"
1562: – M-type red dwarf in the constellation Aries
1474:
circles indicating the distance in steps of one ly.
4060:
4058:
2046:"Barnard's Star and the M Dwarf Temperature Scale"
1677:
1813:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1185:. Direct imaging of the planet and its tell-tale
690:Location of Barnard's Star in the constellation
4186:"Exoplanet discovered around neighbouring star"
3546:"A Frozen Super-Earth May Orbit Barnard's Star"
2722:
2720:
2225:(1960). "A Model of our Stellar Neighborhood".
677:
3834:"Darwin factsheet: Finding Earth-like planets"
3505:. 164:84 (3) (published 8 August 2022): 18pp.
2044:Dawson, P. C.; De Robertis, M. M. (May 2004).
4585:
4215:
4106:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
4024:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
4012:
4010:
3091:Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg
2982:
2980:
2978:
2159:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
1527:intended to search for and make contact with
1279:were always going to be difficult to detect.
90:+04° 41′ 36.1139″
8:
3259:Gatewood, George & Eichhorn, H. (1973).
2956:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series
2597:
2595:
2227:Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets
2150:
2148:
2146:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
3623:
3621:
797:, and also refining the limits of possible
6460:
6434:
6379:
6299:
6147:
6084:
4636:
4592:
4578:
4570:
4535:
4521:
4483:
4474:
4357:K-type main-sequence star B (Toliman)
4287:
4276:
4257:
4242:
4222:
4208:
4200:
3861:
3859:
2811:
2809:
2807:
1409:, including Barnard's Star (25 April 2014)
1016:, yet these are also generally metal-poor
3957:
3939:
3881:
3766:
3644:
3585:
3528:
3510:
3327:
3286:
3208:
3048:
3030:
2884:
2829:
2741:
2637:
2619:
2520:
2442:
2126:
2108:
2071:
2015:
1997:
1869:
1833:
1754:
1736:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1640:
1607:
1605:
993:, and it has a luminosity of only 0.0034
921:The radial velocity of Barnard's Star is
868:M4, and it is too faint to see without a
864:Barnard's Star is a red dwarf of the dim
4094:
4092:
4019:"Project Daedalus – The mission profile"
2779:
2777:
2670:"IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)"
2614:(2). American Astronomical Society: 61.
2489:
2487:
2485:
2349:
2347:
2252:"Barnard's Star and its Perturbations".
2039:
2037:
2035:
1140:Artist's impression of the surface of a
963:Barnard's Star has a mass of about 0.16
6625:Objects with variable star designations
6575:Astronomical objects discovered in 1916
6508:
4232:Celestial objects within 10 light-years
4101:"A Self-Reproducing Interstellar Probe"
3350:. Arizona State University. Section 2.
3341:
3339:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1698:
1572:
1500:(specifically, electron bombardment of
1004:Barnard's Star has 10–32% of the solar
739:system, and is the closest star in the
299:
4435:2 (3?) planets: b, d?, c
3122:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1551:List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
1489:Barnard's Star was studied as part of
1062:, to find minuscule variations of one
933:(actual speed relative to the Sun) of
20:
6585:Discoveries by Edward Emerson Barnard
4017:Bond, A. & Martin, A. R. (1976).
3472:"Super-Earth Orbiting Barnard's Star"
1316:types of planets in close-in orbits.
1168:AU every 233 days and had a proposed
7:
4099:Freitas, Robert A. Jr. (July 1980).
3729:"Barnard's Star: No Sign of Planets"
2304:. Sterling Publishing. p. 158.
1450:The position of Barnard's Star on a
1384:In 2019, two additional ultraviolet
805:events, one being observed in 1998.
48:
4168:. Jack Schmidling Productions, Inc.
4077:from the original on 31 August 2006
3354:from the original on 13 August 2006
2994:from the original on 20 August 2006
2588:from the original on 26 March 2019.
1944:VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs
1917:VizieR On-line Data Catalog: II/246
1523:suggested a more ambitious plan: a
891:, showing that Barnard's Star is a
311:
3995:from the original on 26 April 2014
3808:"Updates from the Project Manager"
3544:Billings, Lee (14 November 2018).
3081:"VizieR record for Barnard's Star"
1308:up to the inner edge and 1.2
735:after the three components of the
14:
4184:Rincon, Paul (14 November 2018).
3840:. 23 October 2009. Archived from
2680:from the original on 10 June 2016
2356:"Barnard's Star (V2500 Ophiuchi)"
2354:Kaler, James B. (November 2005).
1608:
1454:map among all stellar objects or
334:546.9759 ± 0.0401
6547:
6535:
6523:
6511:
6488:
6487:
3727:Gilster, Paul (16 August 2012).
2704:International Astronomical Union
2674:International Astronomical Union
2362:. James B. Kaler. Archived from
1835:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16182.x
1422:(5.41 light-years). The Sun and
846:International Astronomical Union
751:of +9.5 and is invisible to the
676:
669:
28:
3806:Marr, James (8 November 2010).
2784:Croswell, Ken (November 2005).
1771:Gaia DR3 record for this source
1042:that he had detected, by using
6610:Hypothetical planetary systems
4612:Ophiuchus in Chinese astronomy
4367:2 (5?) planets:
3686:Astrophysics and Space Science
3346:Bell, George H. (April 2001).
3302:Hershey, John L. (June 1973).
1661:
1652:
1633:
1630:
1376:, and plasma ejection events.
1:
4262:Celestial objects by systems.
4188:. Science & Environment.
3476:European Southern Observatory
1193:Refining planetary boundaries
755:; it is much brighter in the
741:northern celestial hemisphere
4422:1? planets: b?
4300:Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris)
4065:Darling, David (July 2005).
3396:10.1016/0083-6656(82)90004-6
3105:"The Barnard's Star Blunder"
3019:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2786:"A Flare for Barnard's Star"
2513:Holtzbrinck Publishing Group
2326:"Astronomy Survey Fall 2010"
1285:Space Interferometry Mission
1034:Astrometric planetary claims
3785:10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/131
3418:Swarthmore College Bulletin
3181:van de Kamp, Peter (1969).
3050:10.1051/0004-6361/201833500
1756:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940
1525:self-replicating spacecraft
1267:Observatories and applying
850:Working Group on Star Names
6651:
6620:M-type main-sequence stars
6351:Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex
4617:List of stars in Ophiuchus
4601:Constellation of Ophiuchus
4448:red dwarf B (UV Ceti)
2848:10.1051/0004-6361:20030396
2818:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1725:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1482:
1025:of the solar metallicity.
617:J17578+046, Munich 15040,
6485:
6459:
6433:
6083:
6061:WISEP J180026.60+013453.1
4607:
4520:
4505:T-type brown dwarf B
4473:
4275:
4260:
4241:
3755:The Astrophysical Journal
3409:Kent, Bill (March 2001).
3129:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2903:10.1134/S1063773710030060
2539:10.1038/s41586-018-0677-y
2188:Astronomische Nachrichten
2097:The Astrophysical Journal
1986:The Astrophysical Journal
897:variable star designation
895:. Barnard's Star has the
774:who in 1916 measured its
749:apparent visual magnitude
664:
633:
562:
555:
551:
388:
383:
379:
262:
255:
107:
39:
26:
6615:Local Interstellar Cloud
5820:149143 (Rosalíadecastro)
3959:10.3847/1538-3881/abb465
3928:The Astronomical Journal
3632:The Astronomical Journal
3573:The Astronomical Journal
3530:10.3847/1538-3881/ac7ce6
3503:The Astronomical Journal
3308:The Astronomical Journal
3266:The Astronomical Journal
3226:The Astronomical Journal
3188:The Astronomical Journal
3147:The Astronomical Journal
2792:. Kalmbach Publishing Co
2730:The Astronomical Journal
2639:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0057
2608:The Astronomical Journal
2391:The Astronomical Journal
2209:10.1002/asna.19272300406
2128:10.3847/2041-8213/ac4fc8
2051:The Astronomical Journal
2017:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea
1857:The Astronomical Journal
1531:. Built and launched in
1418:, at a distance of 1.66
1046:, a perturbation in the
766:The star is named after
727:) from Earth, it is the
719:. At a distance of 5.96
6635:Stars with proper names
6016:2MASS J16452211-1319516
4346:α Cen (Rigil Kentaurus)
3698:1995Ap&SS.223...91G
3041:2018A&A...620A.180R
2969:1982A&AS...47..523O
2840:2003A&A...403.1077K
2302:Constellation Guidebook
1747:2023A&A...674A...1G
1144:orbiting Barnard's Star
925:, as measured from the
731:individual star to the
451:Luminosity (bolometric)
365:Absolute magnitude
190:Apparent magnitude
179:Apparent magnitude
168:Apparent magnitude
157:Apparent magnitude
146:Apparent magnitude
135:Apparent magnitude
97:Apparent magnitude
6590:Durchmusterung objects
6447:Ophiuchus Supercluster
5294:V2500 (Barnard's Star)
3810:. NASA. Archived from
2300:Rukl, Antonin (1999).
1679:
1475:
1410:
1211:Hubble Space Telescope
1145:
1131:
1109:
953:
911:
768:Edward Emerson Barnard
626:
354:(1.8282 ± 0.0001
6600:Gliese and GJ objects
6580:BY Draconis variables
6341:Ophiuchus Superbubble
6117:GJ 1214 b (Enaiposha)
4439:Gliese 65 A (BL Ceti)
3838:European Space Agency
3109:Astrobiology Magazine
2223:Lippincott, Sarah Lee
1680:
1529:extraterrestrial life
1449:
1405:Stars closest to the
1404:
1139:
1107:
1072:orbital perturbations
987:effective temperature
947:
909:
473:Luminosity (visual, L
349:5.9629 ± 0.0004
314: 10362.394
4364:(4.2465 ± 0.0003 ly)
4362:C (Proxima Centauri)
1604:
1442:Proposed exploration
1269:Monte Carlo analysis
1086:at a distance of 4.4
729:fourth-nearest-known
302: −801.551
6465:Astronomical events
6356:Serpens–Aquila Rift
6336:Double Helix Nebula
4230:
4119:1980JBIS...33..251F
4067:"Daedalus, Project"
4037:1976JBIS...29..101B
3950:2020AJ....160..237F
3892:2006PASP..118..227P
3777:2013ApJ...764..131C
3655:1999AJ....118.1086B
3596:2003AJ....126.3099E
3550:Scientific American
3521:2022AJ....164...84A
3388:1982VA.....26..141V
3376:Vistas in Astronomy
3320:1973AJ.....78..421H
3279:1973AJ.....78..769G
3238:1969AJ.....74..757V
3201:1969AJ.....74..238V
3160:1963AJ.....68..515V
2940:1994QJRAS..35....1M
2895:2010AstL...36..220B
2752:1998AJ....116..429B
2728:guidance senso 3".
2630:2021AJ....162...61L
2531:2018Natur.563..365R
2453:2006PASP..118..227P
2404:1916AJ.....29..181B
2366:on 5 September 2006
2287:1890AnBog...1....1S
2239:1960ASPL....8..207L
2201:1927AN....230...77P
2172:2005AAS...206.0904R
2119:2022ApJ...927L..11T
2064:2004AJ....127.2909D
2008:2021ApJ...918...40P
1956:2009yCat....102025S
1929:2003yCat.2246....0C
1880:1997AJ....113..806G
1826:2010MNRAS.403.1949K
1514:interstellar medium
1438:is from the Earth.
1277:terrestrial planets
1068:photographic plates
1066:in its position on
1014:population II stars
784:photographic plates
684:Barnard's Star
634:Database references
23:
6473:Kepler's Supernova
4309:white dwarf B
4164:Schmidling, Jack.
4043:on 20 October 2007
3706:10.1007/BF00989158
3478:. 14 November 2018
3411:"Barnard's Wobble"
2790:Astronomy Magazine
2089:Mahadevan, Suvrath
1675:
1673:
1672:
1476:
1411:
1335:spectral emissions
1146:
1110:
1060:Swarthmore College
1056:Sproul Observatory
1029:Search for planets
999:astronomical units
995:solar luminosities
954:
912:
874:apparent magnitude
799:extrasolar planets
786:in 1888 and 1890.
557:Other designations
245:Variable type
124:Apparent magnitude
114:Spectral type
21:
6605:Hipparcos objects
6499:
6498:
6481:
6480:
6455:
6454:
6429:
6428:
6369:
6368:
6289:
6288:
6135:
6134:
6079:
6078:
5996:Great Annihilator
4669:ε (Yed Posterior)
4622:Taurus Poniatovii
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
3580:(12): 3099–3107.
2872:Astronomy Letters
2311:978-0-8069-3979-7
1349:, which suppress
1040:Peter van de Kamp
948:Distances to the
810:Peter van de Kamp
791:celestial equator
702:
701:
603:J17574849+0441405
6642:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6507:
6491:
6490:
6461:
6435:
6380:
6300:
6148:
6097:CFHTWIR-Oph 98 b
6085:
6046:Van Biesbroeck 8
5966:GJ 1214 (Okaria)
5850:152581 (Mahsati)
4855:36 (A, Guniibuu)
4637:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4571:
4551:
4536:
4526:Sub-brown dwarfs
4522:
4501:
4484:
4475:
4457:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4408:
4395:
4351:
4339:
4334:
4305:
4288:
4277:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4201:
4193:
4179:
4176:"Barnard's Star"
4169:
4166:"Barnard's Star"
4160:
4153:"Barnard's Star"
4151:Darling, David.
4147:
4144:"Barnard's Star"
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4039:. Archived from
4014:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3943:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3885:
3883:astro-ph/0511281
3863:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3770:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3648:
3646:astro-ph/9905318
3639:(2): 1086–1100.
3625:
3616:
3615:
3589:
3587:astro-ph/0308477
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3514:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3415:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3052:
3034:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2988:"Barnard's Star"
2984:
2973:
2972:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2888:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2833:
2831:astro-ph/0303528
2824:(6): 1077–1088.
2813:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2745:
2743:astro-ph/9806276
2724:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2641:
2623:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2524:
2500:
2491:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2446:
2444:astro-ph/0511281
2437:(840): 227–235.
2422:
2416:
2415:
2398:(695): 181–183.
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2328:. Archived from
2322:
2316:
2315:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2112:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2058:(5): 2909–2914.
2041:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2001:
1977:
1960:
1959:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1873:
1871:astro-ph/9611222
1851:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1803:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1740:
1712:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1645:
1644:
1594:
1588:
1577:
1560:Teegarden's Star
1556:
1491:Project Daedalus
1485:Project Daedalus
1479:Project Daedalus
1429:
1340:
1227:
1216:
1167:
1132:Barnard's Star b
1093:
1089:
1078:
1070:consistent with
957:Proxima Centauri
940:
938:
931:"space velocity"
924:
917:
835:
759:than in visible
680:
679:
673:
604:
577:
565:Proxima Ophiuchi
532:
527:
507:
505:
458:
436:
434:
409:
408:
407:
313:
301:
285:
283:
108:Characteristics
100:
80:
75:
40:Observation data
32:
24:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6536:
6534:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6502:
6500:
6495:
6477:
6451:
6439:Galaxy clusters
6425:
6409:
6365:
6319:
6285:
6224:
6142:
6131:
6075:
6001:IRAS 16293−2422
5899:
5791:
5313:
4975:
4766:
4626:
4603:
4598:
4568:
4555:
4549:
4528:
4508:
4499:
4461:
4455:
4442:
4429:
4416:
4406:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4360:red dwarf
4349:
4342:Alpha Centauri
4331:
4312:
4303:
4282:
4263:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4197:
4183:
4174:Johnson, Rick.
4173:
4163:
4150:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4016:
4015:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3814:on 2 March 2011
3805:
3804:
3800:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3733:Centauri Dreams
3726:
3725:
3721:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3427:on 19 July 2011
3424:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3357:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2990:. Sol Station.
2986:
2985:
2976:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2815:
2814:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2332:on 26 June 2013
2324:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2043:
2042:
2033:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1805:
1804:
1781:
1714:
1713:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1671:
1670:
1636:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1554:
1541:
1487:
1481:
1460:right ascension
1456:stellar systems
1444:
1427:
1399:
1382:
1370:astrobiological
1347:magnetic fields
1338:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1254:
1251:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1207:interferometric
1195:
1187:light signature
1179:
1176:
1165:
1152:of a candidate
1150:radial velocity
1134:
1114:George Gatewood
1100:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1036:
1031:
989:is about 3,220
983:
980:
974:
971:
936:
934:
922:
915:
901:radial velocity
862:
842:
830:
827:
824:
698:
697:
696:
695:
694:
688:
687:
686:
685:
681:
629:
599:
572:
525:
523:
503:
501:
488:
485:
476:
466:
463:
456:
444:
441:
432:
430:
417:
414:
405:
403:
402:
400:
370:
353:
310:
281:
279:
274:
269:Radial velocity
95:
78:
73:Right ascension
71:
41:
35:
33:
22:Barnard's Star
17:
12:
11:
5:
6648:
6646:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6497:
6496:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6145:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6056:WISE 1800+0134
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5921:CFHTWIR-Oph 98
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:148427 (Timir)
5807:
5801:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:α (Rasalhague)
4645:
4643:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4546:WISE 0855−0714
4542:
4540:
4533:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4492:
4490:
4481:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4446:
4436:
4433:
4423:
4420:
4410:
4403:Barnard's Star
4399:
4397:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4340:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4239:
4238:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4148:
4146:. Sol Station.
4138:
4137:External links
4135:
4132:
4131:
4088:
4054:
4006:
3973:
3913:
3900:10.1086/499497
3855:
3844:on 13 May 2008
3825:
3798:
3745:
3719:
3676:
3663:10.1086/300975
3617:
3604:10.1086/379137
3562:
3536:
3489:
3463:
3438:
3401:
3366:
3335:
3329:10.1086/111436
3314:(6): 421–425.
3294:
3288:10.1086/111480
3251:
3246:10.1086/110852
3232:(8): 757–759.
3216:
3210:10.1086/110799
3173:
3168:10.1086/109001
3136:
3096:
3072:
3005:
2974:
2945:
2916:
2879:(3): 220–222.
2861:
2803:
2773:
2760:10.1086/300420
2716:
2700:"Naming Stars"
2691:
2661:
2591:
2481:
2461:10.1086/499497
2417:
2412:10.1086/104156
2386:Barnard, E. E.
2377:
2343:
2317:
2310:
2292:
2265:
2244:
2214:
2177:
2142:
2079:
2073:10.1086/383289
2031:
1961:
1934:
1901:
1888:10.1086/118302
1864:(2): 806–822.
1841:
1779:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1589:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1540:
1537:
1521:Robert Freitas
1510:speed of light
1498:nuclear fusion
1483:Main article:
1480:
1477:
1443:
1440:
1424:Alpha Centauri
1398:
1395:
1386:stellar flares
1381:
1378:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Stellar flares
1318:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1252:
1249:
1237:habitable zone
1232:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1209:work with the
1194:
1191:
1183:habitable zone
1177:
1174:
1133:
1130:
1098:
1095:
1083:
1080:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
981:
978:
972:
969:
923:−110 km/s
861:
858:
854:Barnard's Star
841:
838:
825:
822:
770:, an American
737:Alpha Centauri
705:Barnard's Star
700:
699:
689:
683:
682:
675:
674:
668:
667:
666:
665:
662:
661:
656:
650:
649:
644:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:Velox Barnardi
569:V2500 Ophiuchi
563:
560:
559:
553:
552:
549:
548:
542:
534:
533:
521:
513:
512:
499:
491:
490:
486:
483:
479:
474:
469:
468:
464:
461:
453:
447:
446:
442:
439:
428:
420:
419:
415:
412:
398:
390:
389:
386:
385:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
368:
360:
359:
347:
339:
338:
332:
323:
322:
297:
288:
287:
277:
272:
264:
263:
260:
259:
253:
252:
247:
241:
240:
237:
230:
229:
226:
219:
218:
215:
208:
207:
204:
197:
196:
193:
186:
185:
182:
175:
174:
171:
164:
163:
160:
153:
152:
149:
142:
141:
138:
131:
130:
127:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
79:17 57 48.49847
76:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
37:
36:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6647:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:2MASS objects
6568:
6567:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6519:
6509:
6505:
6494:
6484:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6138:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6072:
6071:XTE J1739-285
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:δ (Yed Prior)
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:rogue planets
4527:
4523:
4519:
4504:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4427:
4426:Lalande 21185
4424:
4421:
4414:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:Main-sequence
4278:
4274:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:(in German).
2190:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:stellar flare
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1374:stellar winds
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1331:stellar flare
1324:
1319:
1317:
1307:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:proper motion
1045:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
975:
966:
961:
958:
951:
950:nearest stars
946:
942:
939:0.2 km/s
932:
928:
919:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:stellar flare
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:spectral type
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
844:In 2016, the
839:
837:
834:
829:and orbit at
828:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
803:stellar flare
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:proper motion
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:constellation
710:
706:
693:
672:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
645:
643:
642:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
602:
598: 15309,
597:
593:
589:
586: 87937,
585:
581:
575:
570:
566:
561:
558:
554:
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531:
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471:
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467:
459:0.00006
454:
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298:
296:
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293:Proper motion
290:
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66:
63:
61:
60:Constellation
58:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
38:
31:
25:
19:
6361:Snake Nebula
6122:ν Ophiuchi b
6036:PSR B1929+10
5971:GRS 1739-278
5293:
4968:
4886:
4675:
4659:γ (Muliphen)
4654:β (Cebalrai)
4479:Brown dwarfs
4402:
4394:(red dwarfs)
4337:Solar System
4196:
4156:
4122:. Retrieved
4110:
4104:
4079:. Retrieved
4070:
4045:. Retrieved
4041:the original
4028:
4022:
3997:. Retrieved
3986:
3976:
3931:
3927:
3916:
3873:
3867:
3848:12 September
3846:. Retrieved
3842:the original
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3812:the original
3801:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:
3722:
3692:(1): 91–98.
3689:
3685:
3679:
3636:
3630:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:
3539:
3502:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3417:
3404:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3356:. Retrieved
3311:
3307:
3297:
3270:
3264:
3254:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3192:
3186:
3176:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3113:. Retrieved
3108:
3099:
3084:
3075:
3022:
3018:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2960:
2954:
2948:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2821:
2817:
2794:. Retrieved
2789:
2733:
2729:
2707:. Retrieved
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2664:
2611:
2607:
2508:
2502:
2472:. Retrieved
2434:
2430:
2420:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:the original
2359:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:the original
2320:
2301:
2295:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2262:: 170. 1969.
2259:
2253:
2247:
2233:(377): 207.
2230:
2226:
2217:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2163:
2157:
2100:
2096:
2082:
2055:
2049:
1989:
1985:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1920:
1916:
1861:
1855:
1817:
1811:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1518:
1495:
1488:
1412:
1383:
1359:
1344:
1328:
1297:
1274:
1258:
1244:
1240:
1204:
1196:
1172:of 3.2
1170:minimum mass
1159:
1147:
1126:double stars
1122:Wulff Heintz
1119:
1111:
1037:
1003:
965:solar masses
962:
955:
920:
913:
878:
863:
853:
848:organized a
843:
807:
788:
765:
745:stellar mass
711:star in the
704:
703:
653:
639:
590: 1385,
537:
516:
494:
481:0.0004
472:
450:
423:
393:
363:
342:
326:
291:
267:
18:
6595:Flare stars
6554:Outer space
6542:Spaceflight
6346:Pipe Nebula
6276:Messier 107
6241:Melotte 186
6031:PG 1627-017
6021:MXB 1659-29
4113:: 251–264.
3555:19 November
3482:14 November
3456:15 November
3273:(10): 769.
2963:: 523–531.
2709:16 December
2515:: 365–368.
2255:Spaceflight
1820:(4): 1949.
1468:declination
1464:hours angle
1397:Environment
1291:'s similar
1154:super-Earth
1142:super-Earth
1006:metallicity
860:Description
818:super-Earth
753:unaided eye
723:(1.83
721:light-years
707:is a small
582: 699,
496:Temperature
250:BY Draconis
235:color index
224:color index
213:color index
202:color index
86:Declination
6564:Categories
6331:Dark Horse
6271:Messier 62
6266:Messier 19
6261:Messier 14
6256:Messier 12
6251:Messier 10
6089:Exoplanets
6026:Oph-IRS 48
5991:Hen 3-1341
5986:H 1705-250
5956:Gliese 673
5946:Elias 2-27
4702:λ (Marfik)
4502:0.0011 ly)
4458:0.0009 ly)
4432:0.0007 ly)
4419:0.0013 ly)
4409:0.0004 ly)
4352:0.0022 ly)
4306:0.0054 ly)
4031:(2): 101.
3941:2009.01259
3934:(5): 237.
3876:(1): 227.
3818:26 January
3761:(2): 131.
3512:2207.13524
3382:(2): 141.
3195:(2): 238.
3154:(7): 515.
3115:26 January
3032:1810.13252
2736:(1): 429.
2621:2105.07005
2547:2299/21132
2522:1811.05955
2474:5 February
2110:2201.11288
1999:2106.07656
1950:: B/gcvs.
1738:2208.00211
1693:References
1598:extinction
1472:concentric
1354:convection
1329:In 1998 a
1064:micrometre
1044:astrometry
1018:halo stars
893:flare star
814:gas giants
795:astrometry
780:arcseconds
772:astronomer
594: 57,
544:≈ 10
286: km/s
257:Astrometry
192: (K)
181: (H)
170: (J)
159: (I)
148: (R)
137: (B)
126: (U)
6630:Ophiuchus
6518:Astronomy
6281:Palomar 6
6246:Messier 9
6051:VVV BD001
6011:LS IV-1 2
5916:BD-9 4395
4772:Flamsteed
4682:η (Sabik)
4552:0.041 ly)
4496:Luhman 16
4445:0.012 ly)
4124:1 October
4081:10 August
4047:15 August
3968:225282584
3768:1208.2273
3714:120060893
3358:10 August
3067:204200655
3059:0004-6361
2998:10 August
2911:118374161
2886:1003.2160
2796:10 August
2656:234741985
2648:0004-6256
2579:256769911
2563:716177853
2555:0028-0836
2195:(4): 77.
2137:246294876
2103:(1): 11.
2026:235435757
1992:(1): 23.
1765:244398875
1656:−
1647:
1628:⋅
1545:Kepler-42
1502:deuterium
1432:Monoceros
1428:5 57 48.5
1299:0.7
1162:snow line
1022:disk star
927:blueshift
881:Milky Way
870:telescope
831:0.4
717:Ophiuchus
709:red dwarf
692:Ophiuchus
619:Vyssotsky
613:140-024,
609:4098.00,
576:+04°3561a
99: (V)
65:Ophiuchus
6493:Category
6375:Galaxies
6143:clusters
6102:CoRoT-6b
6066:Wolf 635
5951:Gaia BH1
5936:CoRoT-26
5931:CoRoT-25
4981:Variable
4452:Ross 154
4413:Wolf 359
4371:?; Bc?;
4190:BBC News
4075:Archived
3999:25 April
3993:Archived
3908:17926580
3793:29053334
3738:11 April
3671:18099356
3612:17353771
3352:Archived
3125:cite web
3025:: A180.
2992:Archived
2856:16738100
2768:15880053
2678:Archived
2583:Archived
2571:30429552
2511:(7731).
2469:17926580
1896:16863021
1539:See also
1506:helium-3
1416:Ross 154
1200:M dwarfs
973:☉
876:is 9.5.
778:as 10.3
757:infrared
528:15
518:Rotation
487:☉
465:☉
443:☉
416:☉
367: (M
344:Distance
328:Parallax
6504:Portals
6295:Nebulae
6236:IC 4665
6041:TOI-677
5961:GJ 1207
5941:DoAr 21
5926:CoRoT-6
4885:45 (d,
4498:(6.5029
4454:(9.7063
4428:(8.3044
4415:(7.8558
4405:(5.9629
4348:(4.3441
4302:(8.7094
4250:member
4248:Primary
4115:Bibcode
4033:Bibcode
3946:Bibcode
3888:Bibcode
3773:Bibcode
3694:Bibcode
3651:Bibcode
3592:Bibcode
3517:Bibcode
3451:eso.org
3384:Bibcode
3316:Bibcode
3275:Bibcode
3234:Bibcode
3197:Bibcode
3156:Bibcode
3037:Bibcode
2965:Bibcode
2936:Bibcode
2934:: 1–9.
2891:Bibcode
2836:Bibcode
2748:Bibcode
2626:Bibcode
2527:Bibcode
2449:Bibcode
2400:Bibcode
2370:12 July
2283:Bibcode
2235:Bibcode
2197:Bibcode
2168:Bibcode
2166:: 442.
2115:Bibcode
2060:Bibcode
2004:Bibcode
1952:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1876:Bibcode
1822:Bibcode
1743:Bibcode
1533:Jupiter
1420:parsecs
1052:Jupiter
455:0.00340
406:−0.0035
404:+0.0036
384:Details
280:−110.47
140:11.240
129:12.497
53:J2000.0
50:Equinox
46:J2000.0
6421:NeVe 1
5981:GX 9+9
5976:GX 1+4
5911:AS 239
5895:171028
5890:170469
5885:167162
5880:164509
5875:160346
5870:160042
5865:157172
5860:156992
5855:154088
5845:150493
5840:150433
5835:150381
5830:150052
5825:149382
5815:148531
5805:148390
4970:24 Sco
4944:70 (p)
4909:53 (f)
4899:51 (c)
4880:44 (b)
4548:(7.430
4539:Y-type
4488:L-type
4441:(8.724
4391:M-type
4328:(0 ly)
4318:G-type
4292:A-type
3966:
3906:
3791:
3712:
3669:
3610:
3431:2 June
3086:VizieR
3065:
3057:
2909:
2854:
2766:
2684:22 May
2654:
2646:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2504:Nature
2467:
2308:
2135:
2024:
1894:
1775:VizieR
1763:
1731:: A1.
1436:Pollux
1351:plasma
1339:
1293:Darwin
1228:
1217:
1166:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1010:helium
991:kelvin
916:
872:; its
840:Naming
743:. Its
654:ARICNS
641:SIMBAD
508:
437:
425:Radius
410:
401:0.1610
239:1.557
228:1.213
217:1.713
206:1.257
195:4.524
162:6.741
151:8.298
118:M4.0V
103:9.511
6530:Stars
6414:Other
6324:Other
6229:Other
6006:K2-32
5904:Other
5309:V2542
5304:V2540
5299:V2502
5289:V2487
5284:V2400
5279:V2393
5274:V2388
5269:V2368
5264:V2324
5259:V2307
5254:V2306
5249:V2301
5244:V2295
5239:V2293
5234:V2292
5229:V2291
5224:V2247
5219:V2214
5214:V2213
5209:V2129
5204:V2126
5199:V2118
5194:V2114
5189:V2113
5184:V2112
5179:V2105
5174:V2076
5169:V2052
5164:V2051
5159:V1054
5154:V1010
4887:θ Tel
4676:(Han)
4641:Bayer
4632:Stars
4283:stars
3964:S2CID
3936:arXiv
3904:S2CID
3878:arXiv
3789:S2CID
3763:arXiv
3710:S2CID
3667:S2CID
3641:arXiv
3608:S2CID
3582:arXiv
3507:arXiv
3425:(PDF)
3414:(PDF)
3063:S2CID
3027:arXiv
2907:S2CID
2881:arXiv
2852:S2CID
2826:arXiv
2764:S2CID
2738:arXiv
2652:S2CID
2616:arXiv
2586:(PDF)
2575:S2CID
2517:arXiv
2499:(PDF)
2465:S2CID
2439:arXiv
2360:Stars
2336:5 May
2281:: 1.
2133:S2CID
2105:arXiv
2028:. 40.
2022:S2CID
1994:arXiv
1892:S2CID
1866:arXiv
1769:
1761:S2CID
1733:arXiv
1650:1.834
1567:Notes
1452:radar
1362:X-ray
935:142.6
761:light
623:Latin
621:799,
615:Karmn
601:2MASS
502:3,223
435:0.001
431:0.187
375:13.21
312:Dec.:
184:4.83
173:5.24
43:Epoch
6405:6570
6400:6509
6395:6384
6390:6240
6315:6572
6310:6309
6220:6633
6215:6426
6210:6401
6205:6366
6200:6356
6195:6355
6190:6342
6185:6325
6180:6316
6175:6304
6170:6293
6165:6287
6160:6284
6141:Star
5787:7010
5782:6987
5777:6985
5772:6976
5767:6925
5762:6902
5757:6883
5752:6857
5747:6851
5742:6800
5737:6797
5732:6784
5727:6719
5722:6706
5717:6696
5712:6690
5707:6689
5702:6686
5697:6670
5692:6667
5687:6659
5682:6650
5677:6639
5672:6633
5667:6601
5662:6593
5657:6590
5652:6578
5647:6577
5642:6575
5637:6534
5632:6532
5627:6524
5622:6521
5617:6520
5612:6516
5607:6512
5602:6507
5597:6504
5592:6497
5587:6494
5582:6490
5577:6489
5572:6476
5567:6474
5562:6473
5557:6472
5552:6465
5547:6441
5542:6439
5537:6435
5532:6433
5527:6428
5522:6413
5517:6404
5512:6390
5507:6387
5502:6375
5497:6372
5492:6367
5487:6365
5482:6361
5477:6359
5472:6358
5467:6354
5462:6353
5457:6350
5452:6340
5447:6329
5442:6308
5437:6302
5432:6296
5427:6294
5422:6284
5417:6269
5412:6248
5407:6235
5402:6202
5397:6201
5392:6193
5387:6190
5382:6189
5377:6179
5372:6144
5367:6140
5362:6137
5357:6136
5352:6124
5347:6096
5342:6067
5337:6041
5332:5990
5327:5989
5149:V986
5144:V849
5139:V841
5134:V839
5129:V716
5124:V567
5119:V566
5114:V508
5109:V502
5104:V453
5099:V451
5094:V445
5089:V442
5084:V438
5079:V426
5074:V380
4529:and
4333:rest
4252:type
4126:2008
4083:2006
4049:2006
4001:2014
3988:NASA
3850:2011
3820:2014
3740:2018
3557:2018
3484:2018
3458:2018
3433:2010
3360:2006
3131:link
3117:2014
3055:ISSN
3000:2006
2798:2006
2711:2017
2686:2016
2644:ISSN
2567:PMID
2559:OCLC
2551:ISSN
2476:2022
2372:2018
2338:2013
2306:ISBN
1921:2246
1719:Gaia
1668:1.15
1619:4.83
1583:sin
1504:and
1380:2019
1364:and
1325:1998
1281:NASA
1265:Keck
1263:and
1261:Lick
1243:sin
659:data
647:data
607:GCTP
395:Mass
284:0.13
233:R−I
222:V−R
211:B−V
200:U−B
6383:NGC
6303:NGC
6152:NGC
6112:26b
6107:25b
4379:?,
4335:of
4326:Sun
3954:doi
3932:160
3896:doi
3874:118
3781:doi
3759:764
3702:doi
3690:223
3659:doi
3637:118
3600:doi
3578:126
3525:doi
3392:doi
3324:doi
3283:doi
3242:doi
3205:doi
3164:doi
3045:doi
3023:620
2899:doi
2844:doi
2822:403
2756:doi
2734:116
2634:doi
2612:162
2543:hdl
2535:doi
2509:563
2457:doi
2435:118
2408:doi
2205:doi
2193:230
2123:doi
2101:927
2068:doi
2056:127
2012:doi
1990:918
1884:doi
1862:113
1830:doi
1818:403
1773:at
1751:doi
1729:674
1638:log
1462:in
1407:Sun
1289:ESA
1283:'s
1226:0.8
1092:0.8
1077:1.6
1058:at
885:Sun
733:Sun
715:of
596:LTT
592:LHS
588:LFT
584:HIP
546:Gyr
539:Age
524:145
336:mas
330:(π)
316:mas
304:mas
300:RA:
295:(μ)
6566::
5797:HD
5319:HR
5069:KK
5064:IX
5059:BF
5054:XX
5049:WZ
5044:UU
5039:TW
5034:TT
5029:SW
5024:ST
5019:RZ
5014:RV
5009:RS
4964:74
4959:73
4954:72
4949:71
4939:68
4934:67
4929:66
4924:61
4919:58
4914:54
4904:52
4894:50
4875:43
4870:41
4865:38
4860:37
4850:31
4845:30
4840:29
4835:28
4830:26
4825:24
4820:23
4815:21
4810:20
4805:19
4800:18
4795:16
4790:15
4785:14
4780:12
4674:ζ
4381:Cd
4377:Cc
4375:,
4373:Cb
4369:Ab
4155:.
4111:33
4109:.
4103:.
4091:^
4073:.
4069:.
4057:^
4027:.
4021:.
4009:^
3991:.
3985:.
3962:.
3952:.
3944:.
3930:.
3926:.
3902:.
3894:.
3886:.
3872:.
3858:^
3836:.
3787:.
3779:.
3771:.
3757:.
3731:.
3708:.
3700:.
3688:.
3665:.
3657:.
3649:.
3635:.
3620:^
3606:.
3598:.
3590:.
3576:.
3548:.
3523:.
3515:.
3501:.
3474:.
3449:.
3416:.
3390:.
3380:26
3378:.
3338:^
3322:.
3312:78
3310:.
3306:.
3281:.
3271:78
3269:.
3263:.
3240:.
3230:74
3228:.
3203:.
3193:74
3191:.
3185:.
3162:.
3152:68
3150:.
3127:}}
3123:{{
3107:.
3089:.
3083:.
3061:.
3053:.
3043:.
3035:.
3021:.
3017:.
2977:^
2961:47
2959:.
2932:35
2930:.
2905:.
2897:.
2889:.
2877:36
2875:.
2850:.
2842:.
2834:.
2820:.
2806:^
2788:.
2776:^
2762:.
2754:.
2746:.
2732:.
2719:^
2702:.
2676:.
2672:.
2650:.
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