Barnard's Star - Knowledge (XXG)

1148: 4343: 1458: 1413: 682: 956: 6500: 689: 6548: 1116: 2102:; Robertson, Paul; Ninan, Joe P.; Beard, Corey; Bender, Chad F.; Cochran, William D.; Cunha, Katia; Diddams, Scott A.; Fredrick, Connor; Halverson, Samuel; Hearty, Fred; Ickler, Adam; Kanodia, Shubham; Libby-Roberts, Jessica E.; Lubin, Jack; Metcalf, Andrew J.; Olsen, Freja; Ramsey, Lawrence W.; Roy, Arpita; Schwab, Christian; Smith, Verne V.; Turner, Ben (3 March 2022). 6524: 6560: 41: 6536: 1546:'s orbit, it would reach Barnard's Star in 47 years under parameters similar to those of the original Project Daedalus. Once at the star, it would begin automated self-replication, constructing a factory, initially to manufacture exploratory probes and eventually to create a copy of the original spacecraft after 1,000 years. 2738:

Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, Barbara; Nelan, E.; Story, D.; Whipple, A. L.; Shelus, P. J.; Jefferys, W. H.; Hemenway, P. D.; Franz, Otto G.; Wasserman, L. H.; Duncombe, R. L.; Van Altena, W.; Fredrick, L. W. (1998). "Photometry of Proxima Centauri and Barnard's star using Hubble Space Telescope fine

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range; this, plus its high space motion, have led to the designation "intermediate population II star", between a halo and disk star. However, some recently published scientific papers have given much higher estimates for the metallicity of the star, very close to the Sun's level, between 75 and 125%

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is the closest star to the Sun at a position currently 4.24 light-years distant from it. However, despite Barnard's Star's even closer pass to the Sun in 11,800 CE, it will still not then be the nearest star, since by that time Proxima Centauri will have moved to a yet-nearer proximity to the Sun. At

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France, Kevin; Duvvuri, Girish; Egan, Hilary; Koskinen, Tommi; Wilson, David J.; Youngblood, Allison; Froning, Cynthia S.; Brown, Alexander; Alvarado-Gomez, Julian D.; Berta-Thompson, Zachory K.; Drake, Jeremy J.; Garraffo, Cecilia; Kaltenegger, Lisa; Kowalski, Adam F.; Linsky, Jeffrey L.; Loyd, R.

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orbiting in relatively close proximity to Barnard's Star. Led by Ignasi Ribas of Spain their work, conducted over two decades of observation, provided strong evidence of the planet's existence. However, the existence of the planet was refuted in 2021, because the radial velocity signal was found to

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and Heinrich Eichhorn, at a different observatory and using newer plate measuring techniques, failed to verify the planetary companion. Another paper published by John L. Hershey four months earlier, also using the Swarthmore observatory, found that changes in the astrometric field of various stars

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on the outer edge of the optimistic habitable zone, corresponding to orbital periods of up to 10 and 40 days respectively. Therefore, it appears that Barnard's Star indeed does not host Earth-mass planets or larger, in hot and temperate orbits, unlike other M-dwarf stars that commonly have these

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Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, Barbara; Chappell, D. W.; Nelan, E.; Jefferys, W. H.; Van Altena, W.; Lee, J.; Cornell, D.; Shelus, P. J.; Hemenway, P. D.; Franz, Otto G.; Wasserman, L. H.; Duncombe, R. L.; Story, D.; Whipple, A. L.; Fredrick, L. W. (1999). "Interferometric Astrometry of Proxima

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and lead to sudden outbursts: strong magnetic fields occur in rapidly rotating stars, while old stars tend to rotate slowly. For Barnard's Star to undergo an event of such magnitude is thus presumed to be a rarity. Research on the star's periodicity, or changes in stellar activity over a given

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Cutri, R. M.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Van Dyk, S.; Beichman, C. A.; Carpenter, J. M.; Chester, T.; Cambresy, L.; Evans, T.; Fowler, J.; Gizis, J.; Howard, E.; Huchra, J.; Jarrett, T.; Kopan, E. L.; Kirkpatrick, J. D.; Light, R. M.; Marsh, K. A.; McCallon, H.; Schneider, S.; Stiening, R.; Sykes, M.;

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for both circular and eccentric orbits, upper masses for planets out to 1,000-day orbits were determined. Planets above two Earth masses in orbits of less than 10 days were excluded, and planets of more than ten Earth masses out to a two-year orbit were also confidently ruled out. It was also

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correlated to the timing of adjustments and modifications that had been carried out on the refractor telescope's objective lens; the claimed planet was attributed to an artifact of maintenance and upgrade work. The affair has been discussed as part of a broader scientific review.

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the time of the star's closest pass by the Sun, Barnard's Star will still be too dim to be seen with the naked eye, since its apparent magnitude will only have increased by one magnitude to about 8.5 by then, still being 2.5 magnitudes short of visibility to the naked eye.

1504:. Undertaken between 1973 and 1978, the study suggested that rapid, uncrewed travel to another star system was possible with existing or near-future technology. Barnard's Star was chosen as a target partly because it was believed to have planets. 1309:

The analysis of radial velocities that eventually led to discovery of the candidate super-Earth orbiting Barnard's Star was also used to set more precise upper mass limits for possible planets, up to and within the habitable zone: a maximum of

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with energy 1.6×10 joules. The flare rate observed to date is enough to cause loss of 87 Earth atmospheres per billion years through thermal processes and ≈3 Earth atmospheres per billion years through ion loss processes on Barnard's Star b.

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For the more than four decades between van de Kamp's rejected claim and the eventual announcement of a planet candidate, Barnard's Star was carefully studied and the mass and orbital boundaries for possible planets were slowly tightened.

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Riedel, A. R.; Guinan, E. F.; DeWarf, L. E.; Engle, S. G.; McCook, G. P. (May 2005). "Barnard's Star as a Proxy for Old Disk dM Stars: Magnetic Activity, Light Variations, XUV Irradiances, and Planetary Habitable Zones".

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that would indicate a planetary companion; this involved as many as ten people averaging their results in looking at plates, to avoid systemic individual errors. Van de Kamp's initial suggestion was a planet having about

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K, more than twice the normal temperature of the star. Given the essentially random nature of flares, Diane Paulson, one of the authors of that study, noted that "the star would be fantastic for amateurs to observe".

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Barnard's Star shares much the same neighborhood as the Sun. The neighbors of Barnard's Star are generally of red dwarf size, the smallest and most common star type. Its closest neighbor is currently the red dwarf

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on 17 July during an unrelated search for variations in the proper motion. Four years passed before the flare was fully analyzed, at which point it was suggested that the flare's temperature was 8,000

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were impossible around Barnard's Star, in a paper which helped refine the negative certainty regarding planetary objects in general. In 1999, the Hubble work further excluded planetary companions of

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Matthews, R. A. J.; Weissman, P. R.; Preston, R. A.; Jones, D. L.; Lestrade, J.-F.; Latham, D. W.; Stefanik, R. P.; Paredes, J. M. (1994). "The Close Approach of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood".

1008:. Barnard's Star is so faint that if it were at the same distance from Earth as the Sun is, it would appear only 100 times brighter than a full moon, comparable to the brightness of the Sun at 80 4232: 2827:

Kürster, M.; Endl, M.; Rouesnel, F.; Els, S.; Kaufer, A.; Brillant, S.; Hatzes, A. P.; Saar, S. H.; Cochran, W. D. (23 May 2003). "The low-level radial velocity variability in Barnard's Star".

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Choi, Jieun; McCarthy, Chris; Marcy, Geoffrey W; Howard, Andrew W; Fischer, Debra A; Johnson, John A; Isaacson, Howard; Wright, Jason T (2012). "Precise Doppler Monitoring of Barnard's Star".

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would have been possible in the decade after its discovery. Further faint and unaccounted-for perturbations in the system suggested there may be a second planetary companion even farther out.

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timescale, also suggest it ought to be quiescent; 1998 research showed weak evidence for periodic variation in the star's brightness, noting only one possible starspot over 130 days.

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Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009) . "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007–2017)".

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In 2013, a research paper was published that further refined planet mass boundaries for the star. Using radial velocity measurements, taken over a period of 25 years, from the

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AU in a slightly eccentric orbit, and these measurements were apparently refined in a 1969 paper. Later that year, Van de Kamp suggested that there were two planets of 1.1 and

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The flare was surprising because intense stellar activity is not expected in stars of such age. Flares are not completely understood, but are believed to be caused by strong

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Paulson, Diane B.; Allred, Joel C.; Anderson, Ryan B.; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Cochran, William D.; Yelda, Sylvana (2006). "Optical Spectroscopy of a Flare on Barnard's Star".

1823: 6635: 6585: 4225: 3421: 3101: 3091: 1192:. The planet would have most likely been frigid, with an estimated surface temperature of about −170 °C (−274 °F), and lie outside Barnard Star's presumed 3115: 1614: 894:

galaxy. Barnard's Star has lost a great deal of rotational energy, and the periodic slight changes in its brightness indicate that it rotates once in 130 days (the

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O. Parke; Mauas, Pablo J. D.; Miguel, Yamila; Pineda, J. Sebastian; Rugheimer, Sarah; Schneider, P. Christian; Tian, Feng; Vieytes, Mariela (2 September 2020).

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Stellar activity of this sort has created interest in using Barnard's Star as a proxy to understand similar stars. It is hoped that photometric studies of its

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At 7–12 billion years of age, Barnard's Star is considerably older than the Sun, which is 4.5 billion years old, and it might be among the oldest stars in the

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Weinberg, M.; Wheaton, W. A.; Wheelock, S.; Zacarias, N. (June 2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)".

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Endl, Michael; Cochran, William D.; Tull, Robert G.; MacQueen, Phillip J. (2003). "A Dedicated M Dwarf Planet Search Using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope".

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km/s. The 10.3 arcseconds it travels in a year amount to a quarter of a degree in a human lifetime, roughly half the angular diameter of the full Moon.

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are, respectively, the next closest systems. From Barnard's Star, the Sun would appear on the diametrically opposite side of the sky at coordinates RA=

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implications: given that the habitable zones of M dwarfs are close to the star, any planet located therein would be strongly affected by solar flares,

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rotates in 25). Given its age, Barnard's Star was long assumed to be quiescent in terms of stellar activity. In 1998, astronomers observed an intense

3818: 6620: 1139:, questioned his findings and began publishing criticisms from 1976 onwards. The two men were reported to have become estranged because of this. 4003: 2688: 1561: 739: 1286:

Even though this research greatly restricted the possible properties of planets around Barnard's Star, it did not rule them out completely as

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such as Barnard's Star are more easily studied than larger stars in this regard because their lower masses render perturbations more obvious.

2320: 1523:. The star could then be reached in 50 years, within a human lifetime. Along with detailed investigation of the star and any companions, the 1598:" means the mass of the planet times the sine of the angle of inclination of its orbit, and hence provides the minimum mass for the planet. 1246:

with an orbital period of less than 1,000 days (Jupiter's orbital period is 4,332 days), while Kuerster determined in 2003 that within the

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Other astronomers subsequently repeated Van de Kamp's measurements, and two papers in 1973 undermined the claim of a planet or planets.

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planetary companion known as Barnard's Star b was reported to orbit Barnard's Star. It was believed to have a minimum mass of 3.2

3458:"Super-Earth Orbiting Barnard's Star – Red Dots campaign uncovers compelling evidence of exoplanet around closest single star to Sun" 1283:

discovered that the habitable zone of the star seemed to be devoid of roughly Earth-mass planets or larger, save for face-on orbits.

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of a star caused by its motion. Further variability in the radial velocity of Barnard's Star was attributed to its stellar activity.

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Van de Kamp never acknowledged any error and published a further claim of two planets' existence as late as 1982; he died in 1995.

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Barnard's Star has been subject to multiple claims of planets that were later disproven. From the early 1960s to the early 1970s,

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Seeliger, Hugo; Bauschinger, Julius (1890). "Erstes Müchner Sternverzeichniss enthaltend die mittleren Örter von 33082 Sternen".

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Paulson, Diane B.; Allred, Joel C.; Anderson, Ryan B.; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Cochran, William D.; Yelda, Sylvana (February 2006).

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Centauri and Barnard's Star Using Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor 3: Detection Limits for Substellar Companions".

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Barnard's Star is among the most studied red dwarfs because of its proximity and favorable location for observation near the

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within 9 light years (ly) from the map's center, the Sun (Sol). The diamond-shapes are their positions entered according to

3556: 3432: 3362: 3486: 3141: 3002: 987:), and a radius about 0.2 times that of the Sun. Thus, although Barnard's Star has roughly 150 times the mass of Jupiter ( 751: 6514: 6475: 4258: 3739: 2523: 1445:. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is 4.83, and at a distance of 1.834 parsecs, it would be a first-magnitude star, as 1295: 602: 598: 1267:), or with a mass greater than 3.1 times the mass of Neptune (much lower than van de Kamp's smallest suggested value). 1023:

and helps classify stars relative to the galactic population. Barnard's Star seems to be typical of the old, red dwarf

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van de Kamp, Peter (1963). "Astrometric study of Barnard's star from plates taken with the 24-inch Sproul refractor".

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per year relative to the Sun, the highest known for any star. The star had previously appeared on Harvard University

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Animated image with frames approx. one year apart, beginning in 2007, showing the movement of Barnard's Star.

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Artigau, Étienne; Cadieux, Charles; Cook, Neil J.; Doyon, René; Vandal, Thomas; et al. (23 June 2022).

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is about 16% of the Sun's, and it has 19% of the Sun's diameter. Despite its proximity, the star has a dim

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Gizis, John E. (February 1997). "M-Subdwarfs: Spectroscopic Classification and the Metallicity Scale".

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Bobylev, Vadim V. (13 March 2010). "Searching for stars closely encountering with the solar system".

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emissions will shed light on the large population of old M dwarfs in the galaxy. Such research has

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for this star on 1 February 2017 and it is now included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

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For a decade from 1963 to about 1973, a substantial number of astronomers accepted a claim by

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due to its motion toward the Sun. Combined with its proper motion and distance, this gives a

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Null results for planetary companions continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including

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of Barnard's Star consistent with its having one or more planets comparable in mass with

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were detected, each with far-ultraviolet energy of 3×10 joules, together with one X-ray

1065:. Van de Kamp had been observing the star from 1938, attempting, with colleagues at the 6449: 5931: 5179: 5169: 4772: 4742: 4707: 4697: 4674: 4669: 4659: 4356: 1531: 1520: 1508: 1434: 1357: 1247: 1193: 863:(WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name 747: 633: 567: 346: 326: 314: 4111: 3795: 2964:

Ochsenbein, F. (March 1982). "A list of stars with large expected angular diameters".

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Ribas, I.; Tuomi, M.; Reiners, Ansgar; Butler, R. P.; et al. (14 November 2018).

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V2500 Ophiuchi. In 2003, Barnard's Star presented the first detectable change in the

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van de Kamp, Peter (August 1969). "Alternate dynamical analysis of Barnard's star".

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originate from a stellar activity cycle, and a study in 2022 confirmed this result.

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Gatewood, George D. (1995). "A study of the astrometric motion of Barnard's star".

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Terrien, Ryan C.; Keen, Allison; Oda, Katy; Parts, Winter; Stefánsson, Guðmundur;

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The initial Project Daedalus model sparked further theoretical research. In 1980,

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In November 2018, an international team of astronomers announced the detection by

996:), its radius is only roughly 2 times larger, due to its much higher density. Its 3272:"An unsuccessful search for a planetary companion of Barnard's star (BD +4 3561)" 2858: 2613:

Lubin, Jack; Robertson, Paul; Stefansson, Gudmundur; et al. (15 July 2021).

1019:. Metallicity is the proportion of stellar mass made up of elements heavier than 925:

The proper motion of Barnard's Star corresponds to a relative lateral speed of 90

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Perepelkin, E. (April 1927). "Einweißer Stern mit bedeutender absoluter Größe".

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Dubbed Barnard's Star b, the planet was thought to be near the stellar system's

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interferometry mission had the same goal, but was stripped of funding in 2007.

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were refuted in the mid-1970s after much debate. In November 2018, a candidate

6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6036: 5966: 5956: 4980: 2913: 2549: 2507:"A candidate super-Earth planet orbiting near the snow line of Barnard's star" 2340: 1558:– Nearly identical to Barnard's star, and hosts three sub-Earth sized planets. 1482: 1474: 1364: 1311: 1259: 1184: 1074: 979: 975: 903: 832: 813: 805: 782: 731: 422: 361: 267: 40: 27:

Red dwarf star about six light-years from Earth in the constellation Ophiuchus

4580: 3069: 2658: 2573: 2565: 2219: 847:. However, work presented in July 2021 refuted the existence of this planet. 6291: 6256: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6099: 6061: 5905: 5900: 5890: 5885: 5865: 5835: 5830: 5820: 5622: 5557: 5269: 5264: 4506: 4449: 4401: 3194:"Parallax, proper motion acceleration, and orbital motion of Barnard's Star" 2104:"Rotational Modulation of Spectroscopic Zeeman Signatures in Low-mass Stars" 1555: 1512: 1477:(indicated at the edge of the map's reference disc), and according to their 1442: 1115: 1032: 937: 891: 880: 824: 790: 727: 719: 702: 75: 3482: 3457: 2581: 1991:

Pineda, J. Sebastian; Youngblood, Allison; France, Kevin (September 2021).

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argued that planets orbited Barnard's Star. His specific claims of large

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The Sun's apparent magnitude from Barnard's Star, assuming negligible

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The theoretical model suggested that a nuclear pulse rocket employing

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Barnard's Star, showing position every 5 years in the period 1985–2005

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Van de Kamp, Peter (1982). "The planetary system of Barnard's star".

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Neue Annalen der Koeniglichen Sternwarte in Bogenhausen bei Muenchen

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would be examined and baseline astrometric readings performed.

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Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties"

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in 1999. Gatewood was able to show in 1995 that planets with

4168:

The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight

4082:

The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight

2399:(September 1916). "A small star with large proper motion". 1481:. The second mark shows each's distance from Sol, with the 1376: 1119:

Artist's conception of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf

812:. Although Barnard's Star is ancient, it still experiences 3375:(Full description of the Van de Kamp planet controversy.) 1250:

around Barnard's Star, planets are not possible with an "

1135:, Van de Kamp's successor at Swarthmore and an expert on 3122:. July 2005. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011 1817:

Koen, C.; Kilkenny, D.; Van Wyk, F.; Marang, F. (2010).

1726:

Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023).

4181:

Amateur work showing Barnard's Star movement over time.

3880:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

2442:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

1566:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1344:

on Barnard's Star was detected based on changes in the

1258:" value greater than 7.5 times the mass of the Earth ( 963:

from 20,000 years ago until 80,000 years in the future

578:, "Barnard's Runaway Star", "Greyhound of the Skies", 6512: 1617: 45:

The location of Barnard's Star, c. 2006 (south is up)

3992:

Clavin, Whitney; Harrington, J. D. (25 April 2014).

3431:. Swarthmore College. pp. 28–31. Archived from 6474: 6448: 6424: 6393: 6384: 6334: 6313: 6304: 6239: 6161: 6150: 6098: 5914: 5806: 5328: 4990: 4781: 4650: 4641: 4549: 4535: 4497: 4488: 4400: 4327: 4301: 4290: 4256: 3024:Rajpurohit, A. S.; Allard, F.; et al. (2018). 2938:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society

2438:"Optical Spectroscopy of a Flare on Barnard's Star" 1573: – M-type red dwarf in the constellation Aries 1485:

circles indicating the distance in steps of one ly.

4071: 4069: 2057:"Barnard's Star and the M Dwarf Temperature Scale" 1688: 1824:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1196:. Direct imaging of the planet and its tell-tale 701:Location of Barnard's Star in the constellation 4197:"Exoplanet discovered around neighbouring star" 3557:"A Frozen Super-Earth May Orbit Barnard's Star" 2733: 2731: 2236:(1960). "A Model of our Stellar Neighborhood". 688: 3845:"Darwin factsheet: Finding Earth-like planets" 3516:. 164:84 (3) (published 8 August 2022): 18pp. 2055:Dawson, P. C.; De Robertis, M. M. (May 2004). 4596: 4226: 4117:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 4035:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 4023: 4021: 3102:Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg 2993: 2991: 2989: 2170:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 1538:intended to search for and make contact with 1290:were always going to be difficult to detect. 101:+04° 41′ 36.1139″ 8: 3270:Gatewood, George & Eichhorn, H. (1973). 2967:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 2608: 2606: 2238:Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets 2161: 2159: 2157: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 3634: 3632: 808:, and also refining the limits of possible 6471: 6445: 6390: 6310: 6158: 6095: 4647: 4603: 4589: 4581: 4546: 4532: 4494: 4485: 4368:K-type main-sequence star B (Toliman) 4298: 4287: 4268: 4253: 4233: 4219: 4211: 3872: 3870: 2822: 2820: 2818: 1420:, including Barnard's Star (25 April 2014) 1027:, yet these are also generally metal-poor 3968: 3950: 3892: 3777: 3655: 3596: 3539: 3521: 3338: 3297: 3219: 3059: 3041: 2895: 2840: 2752: 2648: 2630: 2531: 2453: 2137: 2119: 2082: 2026: 2008: 1880: 1844: 1765: 1747: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1651: 1618: 1616: 1004:, and it has a luminosity of only 0.0034 932:The radial velocity of Barnard's Star is 879:M4, and it is too faint to see without a 875:Barnard's Star is a red dwarf of the dim 4105: 4103: 4030:"Project Daedalus – The mission profile" 2790: 2788: 2681:"IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)" 2625:(2). American Astronomical Society: 61. 2500: 2498: 2496: 2360: 2358: 2263:"Barnard's Star and its Perturbations". 2050: 2048: 2046: 1151:Artist's impression of the surface of a 974:Barnard's Star has a mass of about 0.16 6636:Objects with variable star designations 6586:Astronomical objects discovered in 1916 6519: 4243:Celestial objects within 10 light-years 4112:"A Self-Reproducing Interstellar Probe" 3361:. Arizona State University. Section 2. 3352: 3350: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1709: 1583: 1511:(specifically, electron bombardment of 1015:Barnard's Star has 10–32% of the solar 750:system, and is the closest star in the 310: 4446:2 (3?) planets: b, d?, c 3133: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1562:List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs 1500:Barnard's Star was studied as part of 1073:, to find minuscule variations of one 944:(actual speed relative to the Sun) of 31: 6596:Discoveries by Edward Emerson Barnard 4028:Bond, A. & Martin, A. R. (1976). 3483:"Super-Earth Orbiting Barnard's Star" 1327:types of planets in close-in orbits. 1179:AU every 233 days and had a proposed 7: 4110:Freitas, Robert A. Jr. (July 1980). 3740:"Barnard's Star: No Sign of Planets" 2315:. Sterling Publishing. p. 158. 1461:The position of Barnard's Star on a 1395:In 2019, two additional ultraviolet 816:events, one being observed in 1998. 59: 4179:. Jack Schmidling Productions, Inc. 4088:from the original on 31 August 2006 3365:from the original on 13 August 2006 3005:from the original on 20 August 2006 2599:from the original on 26 March 2019. 1955:VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs 1928:VizieR On-line Data Catalog: II/246 1534:suggested a more ambitious plan: a 902:, showing that Barnard's Star is a 322: 4006:from the original on 26 April 2014 3819:"Updates from the Project Manager" 3555:Billings, Lee (14 November 2018). 3092:"VizieR record for Barnard's Star" 1319:up to the inner edge and 1.2 746:after the three components of the 25: 4195:Rincon, Paul (14 November 2018). 3851:. 23 October 2009. Archived from 2691:from the original on 10 June 2016 2367:"Barnard's Star (V2500 Ophiuchi)" 2365:Kaler, James B. (November 2005). 1619: 1465:map among all stellar objects or 345:546.9759 ± 0.0401 6558: 6546: 6534: 6522: 6499: 6498: 3738:Gilster, Paul (16 August 2012). 2715:International Astronomical Union 2685:International Astronomical Union 2373:. James B. Kaler. Archived from 1846:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16182.x 1433:(5.41 light-years). The Sun and 857:International Astronomical Union 762:of +9.5 and is invisible to the 687: 680: 39: 3817:Marr, James (8 November 2010). 2795:Croswell, Ken (November 2005). 1782:Gaia DR3 record for this source 1053:that he had detected, by using 6621:Hypothetical planetary systems 4623:Ophiuchus in Chinese astronomy 4378:2 (5?) planets: 3697:Astrophysics and Space Science 3357:Bell, George H. (April 2001). 3313:Hershey, John L. (June 1973). 1672: 1663: 1644: 1641: 1387:, and plasma ejection events. 1: 4273:Celestial objects by systems. 4199:. Science & Environment. 3487:European Southern Observatory 1204:Refining planetary boundaries 766:; it is much brighter in the 752:northern celestial hemisphere 4433:1? planets: b? 4311:Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris) 4076:Darling, David (July 2005). 3407:10.1016/0083-6656(82)90004-6 3116:"The Barnard's Star Blunder" 3030:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2797:"A Flare for Barnard's Star" 2524:Holtzbrinck Publishing Group 2337:"Astronomy Survey Fall 2010" 1296:Space Interferometry Mission 1045:Astrometric planetary claims 3796:10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/131 3429:Swarthmore College Bulletin 3192:van de Kamp, Peter (1969). 3061:10.1051/0004-6361/201833500 1767:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 1536:self-replicating spacecraft 1278:Observatories and applying 861:Working Group on Star Names 6662: 6631:M-type main-sequence stars 6362:Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex 4628:List of stars in Ophiuchus 4612:Constellation of Ophiuchus 4459:red dwarf B (UV Ceti) 2859:10.1051/0004-6361:20030396 2829:Astronomy and Astrophysics 1736:Astronomy and Astrophysics 1493: 1036:of the solar metallicity. 628:J17578+046, Munich 15040, 6496: 6470: 6444: 6094: 6072:WISEP J180026.60+013453.1 4618: 4531: 4516:T-type brown dwarf B 4484: 4286: 4271: 4252: 3766:The Astrophysical Journal 3420:Kent, Bill (March 2001). 3140:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2914:10.1134/S1063773710030060 2550:10.1038/s41586-018-0677-y 2199:Astronomische Nachrichten 2108:The Astrophysical Journal 1997:The Astrophysical Journal 908:variable star designation 906:. Barnard's Star has the 785:who in 1916 measured its 760:apparent visual magnitude 675: 644: 573: 566: 562: 399: 394: 390: 273: 266: 118: 50: 37: 6626:Local Interstellar Cloud 5831:149143 (Rosalíadecastro) 3970:10.3847/1538-3881/abb465 3939:The Astronomical Journal 3643:The Astronomical Journal 3584:The Astronomical Journal 3541:10.3847/1538-3881/ac7ce6 3514:The Astronomical Journal 3319:The Astronomical Journal 3277:The Astronomical Journal 3237:The Astronomical Journal 3199:The Astronomical Journal 3158:The Astronomical Journal 2803:. Kalmbach Publishing Co 2741:The Astronomical Journal 2650:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0057 2619:The Astronomical Journal 2402:The Astronomical Journal 2220:10.1002/asna.19272300406 2139:10.3847/2041-8213/ac4fc8 2062:The Astronomical Journal 2028:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea 1868:The Astronomical Journal 1542:. Built and launched in 1429:, at a distance of 1.66 1057:, a perturbation in the 777:The star is named after 738:) from Earth, it is the 730:. At a distance of 5.96 6646:Stars with proper names 6027:2MASS J16452211-1319516 4357:α Cen (Rigil Kentaurus) 3709:1995Ap&SS.223...91G 3052:2018A&A...620A.180R 2980:1982A&AS...47..523O 2851:2003A&A...403.1077K 2313:Constellation Guidebook 1758:2023A&A...674A...1G 1155:orbiting Barnard's Star 936:, as measured from the 742:individual star to the 462:Luminosity (bolometric) 376:Absolute magnitude 201:Apparent magnitude 190:Apparent magnitude 179:Apparent magnitude 168:Apparent magnitude 157:Apparent magnitude 146:Apparent magnitude 108:Apparent magnitude 6601:Durchmusterung objects 6458:Ophiuchus Supercluster 5305:V2500 (Barnard's Star) 3821:. NASA. Archived from 2311:Rukl, Antonin (1999). 1690: 1486: 1421: 1222:Hubble Space Telescope 1156: 1142: 1120: 964: 922: 779:Edward Emerson Barnard 637: 365:(1.8282 ± 0.0001 6611:Gliese and GJ objects 6591:BY Draconis variables 6352:Ophiuchus Superbubble 6128:GJ 1214 b (Enaiposha) 4450:Gliese 65 A (BL Ceti) 3849:European Space Agency 3120:Astrobiology Magazine 2234:Lippincott, Sarah Lee 1691: 1540:extraterrestrial life 1460: 1416:Stars closest to the 1415: 1150: 1118: 1083:orbital perturbations 998:effective temperature 958: 920: 484:Luminosity (visual, L 360:5.9629 ± 0.0004 325: 10362.394 18:Barnard's Star b 4375:(4.2465 ± 0.0003 ly) 4373:C (Proxima Centauri) 1615: 1453:Proposed exploration 1280:Monte Carlo analysis 1097:at a distance of 4.4 740:fourth-nearest-known 313: −801.551 6476:Astronomical events 6367:Serpens–Aquila Rift 6347:Double Helix Nebula 4241: 4130:1980JBIS...33..251F 4078:"Daedalus, Project" 4048:1976JBIS...29..101B 3961:2020AJ....160..237F 3903:2006PASP..118..227P 3788:2013ApJ...764..131C 3666:1999AJ....118.1086B 3607:2003AJ....126.3099E 3561:Scientific American 3532:2022AJ....164...84A 3399:1982VA.....26..141V 3387:Vistas in Astronomy 3331:1973AJ.....78..421H 3290:1973AJ.....78..769G 3249:1969AJ.....74..757V 3212:1969AJ.....74..238V 3171:1963AJ.....68..515V 2951:1994QJRAS..35....1M 2906:2010AstL...36..220B 2763:1998AJ....116..429B 2739:guidance senso 3". 2641:2021AJ....162...61L 2542:2018Natur.563..365R 2464:2006PASP..118..227P 2415:1916AJ.....29..181B 2377:on 5 September 2006 2298:1890AnBog...1....1S 2250:1960ASPL....8..207L 2212:1927AN....230...77P 2183:2005AAS...206.0904R 2130:2022ApJ...927L..11T 2075:2004AJ....127.2909D 2019:2021ApJ...918...40P 1967:2009yCat....102025S 1940:2003yCat.2246....0C 1891:1997AJ....113..806G 1837:2010MNRAS.403.1949K 1525:interstellar medium 1449:is from the Earth. 1288:terrestrial planets 1079:photographic plates 1077:in its position on 1025:population II stars 795:photographic plates 695:Barnard's Star 645:Database references 34: 6484:Kepler's Supernova 4320:white dwarf B 4175:Schmidling, Jack. 4054:on 20 October 2007 3717:10.1007/BF00989158 3489:. 14 November 2018 3422:"Barnard's Wobble" 2801:Astronomy Magazine 2100:Mahadevan, Suvrath 1686: 1684: 1683: 1487: 1422: 1346:spectral emissions 1157: 1121: 1071:Swarthmore College 1067:Sproul Observatory 1040:Search for planets 1010:astronomical units 1006:solar luminosities 965: 923: 885:apparent magnitude 810:extrasolar planets 797:in 1888 and 1890. 568:Other designations 256:Variable type 135:Apparent magnitude 125:Spectral type 32: 6616:Hipparcos objects 6510: 6509: 6492: 6491: 6466: 6465: 6440: 6439: 6380: 6379: 6300: 6299: 6146: 6145: 6090: 6089: 6007:Great Annihilator 4680:ε (Yed Posterior) 4633:Taurus Poniatovii 4578: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4277: 3591:(12): 3099–3107. 2883:Astronomy Letters 2322:978-0-8069-3979-7 1360:, which suppress 1051:Peter van de Kamp 959:Distances to the 821:Peter van de Kamp 802:celestial equator 713: 712: 614:J17574849+0441405 16:(Redirected from 6653: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6539: 6538: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6502: 6501: 6472: 6446: 6391: 6311: 6159: 6108:CFHTWIR-Oph 98 b 6096: 6057:Van Biesbroeck 8 5977:GJ 1214 (Okaria) 5861:152581 (Mahsati) 4866:36 (A, Guniibuu) 4648: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4582: 4562: 4547: 4537:Sub-brown dwarfs 4533: 4512: 4495: 4486: 4468: 4455: 4442: 4429: 4419: 4406: 4362: 4350: 4345: 4316: 4299: 4288: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4254: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4212: 4204: 4190: 4187:"Barnard's Star" 4180: 4177:"Barnard's Star" 4171: 4164:"Barnard's Star" 4162:Darling, David. 4158: 4155:"Barnard's Star" 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4050:. Archived from 4025: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3954: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3896: 3894:astro-ph/0511281 3874: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3781: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3659: 3657:astro-ph/9905318 3650:(2): 1086–1100. 3636: 3627: 3626: 3600: 3598:astro-ph/0308477 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3525: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3437: 3426: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3063: 3045: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2999:"Barnard's Star" 2995: 2984: 2983: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2899: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2844: 2842:astro-ph/0303528 2835:(6): 1077–1088. 2824: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2756: 2754:astro-ph/9806276 2735: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2652: 2634: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2535: 2511: 2502: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2457: 2455:astro-ph/0511281 2448:(840): 227–235. 2433: 2427: 2426: 2409:(695): 181–183. 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2339:. Archived from 2333: 2327: 2326: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2163: 2152: 2151: 2141: 2123: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2069:(5): 2909–2914. 2052: 2041: 2040: 2030: 2012: 1988: 1971: 1970: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1922: 1911: 1910: 1884: 1882:astro-ph/9611222 1862: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1814: 1789: 1779: 1769: 1751: 1723: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1656: 1655: 1605: 1599: 1588: 1571:Teegarden's Star 1567: 1502:Project Daedalus 1496:Project Daedalus 1490:Project Daedalus 1440: 1351: 1238: 1227: 1178: 1143:Barnard's Star b 1104: 1100: 1089: 1081:consistent with 968:Proxima Centauri 951: 949: 942:"space velocity" 935: 928: 846: 770:than in visible 691: 690: 684: 615: 588: 576:Proxima Ophiuchi 543: 538: 518: 516: 469: 447: 445: 420: 419: 418: 324: 312: 296: 294: 119:Characteristics 111: 91: 86: 51:Observation data 43: 35: 21: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6488: 6462: 6450:Galaxy clusters 6436: 6420: 6376: 6330: 6296: 6235: 6153: 6142: 6086: 6012:IRAS 16293−2422 5910: 5802: 5324: 4986: 4777: 4637: 4614: 4609: 4579: 4566: 4560: 4539: 4519: 4510: 4472: 4466: 4453: 4440: 4427: 4417: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4371:red dwarf 4360: 4353:Alpha Centauri 4342: 4323: 4314: 4293: 4274: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4208: 4194: 4185:Johnson, Rick. 4184: 4174: 4161: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4075: 4074: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3825:on 2 March 2011 3816: 3815: 3811: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3744:Centauri Dreams 3737: 3736: 3732: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3438:on 19 July 2011 3435: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3368: 3366: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3001:. Sol Station. 2997: 2996: 2987: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2826: 2825: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2343:on 26 June 2013 2335: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2165: 2164: 2155: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2054: 2053: 2044: 1990: 1989: 1974: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1924: 1923: 1914: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1816: 1815: 1792: 1725: 1724: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1682: 1681: 1647: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1565: 1552: 1498: 1492: 1471:right ascension 1467:stellar systems 1455: 1438: 1410: 1393: 1381:astrobiological 1358:magnetic fields 1349: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1265: 1262: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1218:interferometric 1206: 1198:light signature 1190: 1187: 1176: 1163:of a candidate 1161:radial velocity 1145: 1125:George Gatewood 1111: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1047: 1042: 1000:is about 3,220 994: 991: 985: 982: 947: 945: 933: 926: 912:radial velocity 873: 853: 841: 838: 835: 709: 708: 707: 706: 705: 699: 698: 697: 696: 692: 640: 610: 583: 536: 534: 514: 512: 499: 496: 487: 477: 474: 467: 455: 452: 443: 441: 428: 425: 416: 414: 413: 411: 381: 364: 321: 292: 290: 285: 280:Radial velocity 106: 89: 84:Right ascension 82: 52: 46: 44: 33:Barnard's Star 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6659: 6657: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6067:WISE 1800+0134 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5932:CFHTWIR-Oph 98 5929: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5821:148427 (Timir) 5818: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4660:α (Rasalhague) 4656: 4654: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4557:WISE 0855−0714 4553: 4551: 4544: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4503: 4501: 4492: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4457: 4447: 4444: 4434: 4431: 4421: 4414:Barnard's Star 4410: 4408: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4351: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4250: 4249: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4192: 4182: 4172: 4159: 4157:. Sol Station. 4149: 4148:External links 4146: 4143: 4142: 4099: 4065: 4017: 3984: 3924: 3911:10.1086/499497 3866: 3855:on 13 May 2008 3836: 3809: 3756: 3730: 3687: 3674:10.1086/300975 3628: 3615:10.1086/379137 3573: 3547: 3500: 3474: 3449: 3412: 3377: 3346: 3340:10.1086/111436 3325:(6): 421–425. 3305: 3299:10.1086/111480 3262: 3257:10.1086/110852 3243:(8): 757–759. 3227: 3221:10.1086/110799 3184: 3179:10.1086/109001 3147: 3107: 3083: 3016: 2985: 2956: 2927: 2890:(3): 220–222. 2872: 2814: 2784: 2771:10.1086/300420 2727: 2711:"Naming Stars" 2702: 2672: 2602: 2492: 2472:10.1086/499497 2428: 2423:10.1086/104156 2397:Barnard, E. E. 2388: 2354: 2328: 2321: 2303: 2276: 2255: 2225: 2188: 2153: 2090: 2084:10.1086/383289 2042: 1972: 1945: 1912: 1899:10.1086/118302 1875:(2): 806–822. 1852: 1790: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1600: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1559: 1551: 1548: 1532:Robert Freitas 1521:speed of light 1509:nuclear fusion 1494:Main article: 1491: 1488: 1454: 1451: 1435:Alpha Centauri 1409: 1406: 1397:stellar flares 1392: 1389: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1331:Stellar flares 1329: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1263: 1260: 1248:habitable zone 1243: 1240: 1232: 1229: 1220:work with the 1205: 1202: 1194:habitable zone 1188: 1185: 1144: 1141: 1109: 1106: 1094: 1091: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 992: 989: 983: 980: 934:−110 km/s 872: 869: 865:Barnard's Star 852: 849: 836: 833: 781:, an American 748:Alpha Centauri 716:Barnard's Star 711: 710: 700: 694: 693: 686: 685: 679: 678: 677: 676: 673: 672: 667: 661: 660: 655: 647: 646: 642: 641: 638:Velox Barnardi 580:V2500 Ophiuchi 574: 571: 570: 564: 563: 560: 559: 553: 545: 544: 532: 524: 523: 510: 502: 501: 497: 494: 490: 485: 480: 479: 475: 472: 464: 458: 457: 453: 450: 439: 431: 430: 426: 423: 409: 401: 400: 397: 396: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 379: 371: 370: 358: 350: 349: 343: 334: 333: 308: 299: 298: 288: 283: 275: 274: 271: 270: 264: 263: 258: 252: 251: 248: 241: 240: 237: 230: 229: 226: 219: 218: 215: 208: 207: 204: 197: 196: 193: 186: 185: 182: 175: 174: 171: 164: 163: 160: 153: 152: 149: 142: 141: 138: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 103: 102: 99: 93: 92: 90:17 57 48.49847 87: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 48: 47: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6658: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581:2MASS objects 6579: 6578: 6576: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6520: 6516: 6505: 6495: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6082:XTE J1739-285 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4675:δ (Yed Prior) 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:rogue planets 4538: 4534: 4530: 4515: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4438: 4437:Lalande 21185 4435: 4432: 4425: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292:Main-sequence 4289: 4285: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3574: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202:(in German). 2201: 2200: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1497: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401:stellar flare 1398: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1385:stellar winds 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1347: 1343: 1342:stellar flare 1335: 1330: 1328: 1318: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1117: 1113: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:proper motion 1056: 1052: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 986: 977: 972: 969: 962: 961:nearest stars 957: 953: 950:0.2 km/s 943: 939: 930: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:stellar flare 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 878: 877:spectral type 870: 868: 866: 862: 858: 855:In 2016, the 850: 848: 845: 840:and orbit at 839: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 814:stellar flare 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 787:proper motion 784: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724:constellation 721: 717: 704: 683: 674: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 659: 656: 654: 653: 649: 648: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 613: 609: 15309, 608: 604: 600: 597: 87937, 596: 592: 586: 581: 577: 572: 569: 565: 561: 558: 554: 552: 551: 547: 546: 542: 533: 531: 530: 526: 525: 522: 511: 509: 508: 504: 503: 500: 491: 489: 482: 481: 478: 470:0.00006 465: 463: 460: 459: 456: 440: 438: 437: 433: 432: 429: 410: 408: 407: 403: 402: 398: 393: 389: 385: 383: 377: 373: 372: 368: 363: 359: 357: 356: 352: 351: 348: 344: 342: 340: 336: 335: 332: 328: 320: 316: 309: 307: 305: 304:Proper motion 301: 300: 289: 287: 281: 277: 276: 272: 269: 265: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 249: 247: 243: 242: 238: 236: 232: 231: 227: 225: 221: 220: 216: 214: 210: 209: 205: 202: 199: 198: 194: 191: 188: 187: 183: 180: 177: 176: 172: 169: 166: 165: 161: 158: 155: 154: 150: 147: 144: 143: 139: 136: 133: 132: 128: 126: 123: 122: 117: 113: 109: 105: 104: 100: 98: 95: 94: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 74: 72: 71:Constellation 69: 68: 65: 62: 58: 55: 49: 42: 36: 30: 19: 6372:Snake Nebula 6133:ν Ophiuchi b 6047:PSR B1929+10 5982:GRS 1739-278 5304: 4979: 4897: 4686: 4670:γ (Muliphen) 4665:β (Cebalrai) 4490:Brown dwarfs 4413: 4405:(red dwarfs) 4348:Solar System 4207: 4167: 4133:. Retrieved 4121: 4115: 4090:. Retrieved 4081: 4056:. Retrieved 4052:the original 4039: 4033: 4008:. Retrieved 3997: 3987: 3942: 3938: 3927: 3884: 3878: 3859:12 September 3857:. Retrieved 3853:the original 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3823:the original 3812: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3747:. Retrieved 3743: 3733: 3703:(1): 91–98. 3700: 3696: 3690: 3647: 3641: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3564:. Retrieved 3560: 3550: 3513: 3503: 3491:. Retrieved 3477: 3465:. Retrieved 3461: 3452: 3440:. Retrieved 3433:the original 3428: 3415: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3367:. Retrieved 3322: 3318: 3308: 3281: 3275: 3265: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3203: 3197: 3187: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3124:. Retrieved 3119: 3110: 3095: 3086: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3007:. Retrieved 2971: 2965: 2959: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2832: 2828: 2805:. Retrieved 2800: 2744: 2740: 2718:. Retrieved 2705: 2693:. Retrieved 2675: 2622: 2618: 2519: 2513: 2483:. Retrieved 2445: 2441: 2431: 2406: 2400: 2391: 2379:. Retrieved 2375:the original 2370: 2345:. Retrieved 2341:the original 2331: 2312: 2306: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2273:: 170. 1969. 2270: 2264: 2258: 2244:(377): 207. 2241: 2237: 2228: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2174: 2168: 2111: 2107: 2093: 2066: 2060: 2000: 1996: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1931: 1927: 1872: 1866: 1828: 1822: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1529: 1506: 1499: 1423: 1394: 1370: 1355: 1339: 1308: 1285: 1269: 1255: 1251: 1215: 1207: 1183:of 3.2 1181:minimum mass 1170: 1158: 1137:double stars 1133:Wulff Heintz 1130: 1122: 1048: 1014: 976:solar masses 973: 966: 931: 924: 889: 874: 864: 859:organized a 854: 818: 799: 776: 756:stellar mass 722:star in the 715: 714: 664: 650: 601: 1385, 548: 527: 505: 492:0.0004 483: 461: 434: 404: 374: 353: 337: 302: 278: 29: 6606:Flare stars 6565:Outer space 6553:Spaceflight 6357:Pipe Nebula 6287:Messier 107 6252:Melotte 186 6042:PG 1627-017 6032:MXB 1659-29 4124:: 251–264. 3566:19 November 3493:14 November 3467:15 November 3284:(10): 769. 2974:: 523–531. 2720:16 December 2526:: 365–368. 2266:Spaceflight 1831:(4): 1949. 1479:declination 1475:hours angle 1408:Environment 1302:'s similar 1165:super-Earth 1153:super-Earth 1017:metallicity 871:Description 829:super-Earth 764:unaided eye 734:(1.83 732:light-years 718:is a small 593: 699, 507:Temperature 261:BY Draconis 246:color index 235:color index 224:color index 213:color index 97:Declination 6575:Categories 6342:Dark Horse 6282:Messier 62 6277:Messier 19 6272:Messier 14 6267:Messier 12 6262:Messier 10 6100:Exoplanets 6037:Oph-IRS 48 6002:Hen 3-1341 5997:H 1705-250 5967:Gliese 673 5957:Elias 2-27 4713:λ (Marfik) 4513:0.0011 ly) 4469:0.0009 ly) 4443:0.0007 ly) 4430:0.0013 ly) 4420:0.0004 ly) 4363:0.0022 ly) 4317:0.0054 ly) 4042:(2): 101. 3952:2009.01259 3945:(5): 237. 3887:(1): 227. 3829:26 January 3772:(2): 131. 3523:2207.13524 3393:(2): 141. 3206:(2): 238. 3165:(7): 515. 3126:26 January 3043:1810.13252 2747:(1): 429. 2632:2105.07005 2558:2299/21132 2533:1811.05955 2485:5 February 2121:2201.11288 2010:2106.07656 1961:: B/gcvs. 1749:2208.00211 1704:References 1609:extinction 1483:concentric 1365:convection 1340:In 1998 a 1075:micrometre 1055:astrometry 1029:halo stars 904:flare star 825:gas giants 806:astrometry 791:arcseconds 783:astronomer 605: 57, 555:≈ 10 297: km/s 268:Astrometry 203: (K) 192: (H) 181: (J) 170: (I) 159: (R) 148: (B) 137: (U) 6641:Ophiuchus 6529:Astronomy 6292:Palomar 6 6257:Messier 9 6062:VVV BD001 6022:LS IV-1 2 5927:BD-9 4395 4783:Flamsteed 4693:η (Sabik) 4563:0.041 ly) 4507:Luhman 16 4456:0.012 ly) 4135:1 October 4092:10 August 4058:15 August 3979:225282584 3779:1208.2273 3725:120060893 3369:10 August 3078:204200655 3070:0004-6361 3009:10 August 2922:118374161 2897:1003.2160 2807:10 August 2667:234741985 2659:0004-6256 2590:256769911 2574:716177853 2566:0028-0836 2206:(4): 77. 2148:246294876 2114:(1): 11. 2037:235435757 2003:(1): 23. 1776:244398875 1667:− 1658:⁡ 1639:⋅ 1556:Kepler-42 1513:deuterium 1443:Monoceros 1439:5 57 48.5 1310:0.7 1173:snow line 1033:disk star 938:blueshift 892:Milky Way 881:telescope 842:0.4 728:Ophiuchus 720:red dwarf 703:Ophiuchus 630:Vyssotsky 624:140-024, 620:4098.00, 587:+04°3561a 110: (V) 76:Ophiuchus 6504:Category 6386:Galaxies 6154:clusters 6113:CoRoT-6b 6077:Wolf 635 5962:Gaia BH1 5947:CoRoT-26 5942:CoRoT-25 4992:Variable 4463:Ross 154 4424:Wolf 359 4382:?; Bc?; 4201:BBC News 4086:Archived 4010:25 April 4004:Archived 3919:17926580 3804:29053334 3749:11 April 3682:18099356 3623:17353771 3363:Archived 3136:cite web 3036:: A180. 3003:Archived 2867:16738100 2779:15880053 2689:Archived 2594:Archived 2582:30429552 2522:(7731). 2480:17926580 1907:16863021 1550:See also 1517:helium-3 1427:Ross 154 1211:M dwarfs 984:☉ 887:is 9.5. 789:as 10.3 768:infrared 539:15 529:Rotation 498:☉ 476:☉ 454:☉ 427:☉ 378: (M 355:Distance 339:Parallax 6515:Portals 6306:Nebulae 6247:IC 4665 6052:TOI-677 5972:GJ 1207 5952:DoAr 21 5937:CoRoT-6 4896:45 (d, 4509:(6.5029 4465:(9.7063 4439:(8.3044 4426:(7.8558 4416:(5.9629 4359:(4.3441 4313:(8.7094 4261:member 4259:Primary 4126:Bibcode 4044:Bibcode 3957:Bibcode 3899:Bibcode 3784:Bibcode 3705:Bibcode 3662:Bibcode 3603:Bibcode 3528:Bibcode 3462:eso.org 3395:Bibcode 3327:Bibcode 3286:Bibcode 3245:Bibcode 3208:Bibcode 3167:Bibcode 3048:Bibcode 2976:Bibcode 2947:Bibcode 2945:: 1–9. 2902:Bibcode 2847:Bibcode 2759:Bibcode 2637:Bibcode 2538:Bibcode 2460:Bibcode 2411:Bibcode 2381:12 July 2294:Bibcode 2246:Bibcode 2208:Bibcode 2179:Bibcode 2177:: 442. 2126:Bibcode 2071:Bibcode 2015:Bibcode 1963:Bibcode 1936:Bibcode 1887:Bibcode 1833:Bibcode 1754:Bibcode 1544:Jupiter 1431:parsecs 1063:Jupiter 466:0.00340 417:−0.0035 415:+0.0036 395:Details 291:−110.47 151:11.240 140:12.497 64:J2000.0 61:Equinox 57:J2000.0 6432:NeVe 1 5992:GX 9+9 5987:GX 1+4 5922:AS 239 5906:171028 5901:170469 5896:167162 5891:164509 5886:160346 5881:160042 5876:157172 5871:156992 5866:154088 5856:150493 5851:150433 5846:150381 5841:150052 5836:149382 5826:148531 5816:148390 4981:24 Sco 4955:70 (p) 4920:53 (f) 4910:51 (c) 4891:44 (b) 4559:(7.430 4550:Y-type 4499:L-type 4452:(8.724 4402:M-type 4339:(0 ly) 4329:G-type 4303:A-type 3977: 3917: 3802: 3723: 3680: 3621: 3442:2 June 3097:VizieR 3076: 3068: 2920: 2865: 2777: 2695:22 May 2665: 2657: 2588: 2580: 2572: 2564: 2515:Nature 2478: 2319: 2146: 2035: 1905: 1786:VizieR 1774: 1742:: A1. 1447:Pollux 1362:plasma 1350: 1304:Darwin 1239: 1228: 1177: 1105: 1099: 1090: 1021:helium 1002:kelvin 927: 883:; its 851:Naming 754:. Its 665:ARICNS 652:SIMBAD 519: 448: 436:Radius 421: 412:0.1610 250:1.557 239:1.213 228:1.713 217:1.257 206:4.524 173:6.741 162:8.298 129:M4.0V 114:9.511 6541:Stars 6425:Other 6335:Other 6240:Other 6017:K2-32 5915:Other 5320:V2542 5315:V2540 5310:V2502 5300:V2487 5295:V2400 5290:V2393 5285:V2388 5280:V2368 5275:V2324 5270:V2307 5265:V2306 5260:V2301 5255:V2295 5250:V2293 5245:V2292 5240:V2291 5235:V2247 5230:V2214 5225:V2213 5220:V2129 5215:V2126 5210:V2118 5205:V2114 5200:V2113 5195:V2112 5190:V2105 5185:V2076 5180:V2052 5175:V2051 5170:V1054 5165:V1010 4898:θ Tel 4687:(Han) 4652:Bayer 4643:Stars 4294:stars 3975:S2CID 3947:arXiv 3915:S2CID 3889:arXiv 3800:S2CID 3774:arXiv 3721:S2CID 3678:S2CID 3652:arXiv 3619:S2CID 3593:arXiv 3518:arXiv 3436:(PDF) 3425:(PDF) 3074:S2CID 3038:arXiv 2918:S2CID 2892:arXiv 2863:S2CID 2837:arXiv 2775:S2CID 2749:arXiv 2663:S2CID 2627:arXiv 2597:(PDF) 2586:S2CID 2528:arXiv 2510:(PDF) 2476:S2CID 2450:arXiv 2371:Stars 2347:5 May 2292:: 1. 2144:S2CID 2116:arXiv 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