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286:, that the air did not have weight; that is, that the kilometers of air above the surface of the Earth did not exert any weight on the bodies below it. Even Galileo had accepted the weightlessness of air as a simple truth. Torricelli proposed that rather than an attractive force of the vacuum sucking up water, air did indeed have weight, which pushed on the water, holding up a column of it. He argued that the level that the water stayed at—c. 10.3 m above the water surface below—was reflective of the force of the air's weight pushing on the water in the basin, setting a limit for how far down the water level could sink in a tall, closed, water-filled tube. He viewed the barometer as a balance—an instrument for measurement—as opposed to merely an instrument for creating a vacuum, and since he was the first to view it this way, he is traditionally considered the inventor of the barometer, in the sense in which we now use the term.
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335:, who himself had been shown the experiment by Torricelli toward the end of 1644. Pascal further devised an experiment to test the Aristotelian proposition that it was vapours from the liquid that filled the space in a barometer. His experiment compared water with wine, and since the latter was considered more "spiritous", the Aristotelians expected the wine to stand lower (since more vapours would mean more pushing down on the liquid column). Pascal performed the experiment publicly, inviting the Aristotelians to predict the outcome beforehand. The Aristotelians predicted the wine would stand lower. It did not.
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657:. The evacuated capsule (or usually several capsules, stacked to add up their movements) is prevented from collapsing by a strong spring. Small changes in external air pressure cause the cell to expand or contract. This expansion and contraction drives mechanical levers such that the tiny movements of the capsule are amplified and displayed on the face of the aneroid barometer. Many models include a manually set needle which is used to mark the current measurement so a change can be seen. This type of barometer is common in homes and in
370:, asking him to perform a crucial experiment. Perier was to take a barometer up the Puy de Dôme and make measurements along the way of the height of the column of mercury. He was then to compare it to measurements taken at the foot of the mountain to see if those measurements taken higher up were in fact smaller. In September 1648, Perier carefully and meticulously carried out the experiment, and found that Pascal's predictions had been correct. The column of mercury stood lower as the barometer was carried to a higher altitude.
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High atmospheric pressure places more force on the reservoir, forcing mercury higher in the column. Low pressure allows the mercury to drop to a lower level in the column by lowering the force placed on the reservoir. Since higher temperature levels around the instrument will reduce the density of the mercury, the scale for reading the height of the mercury is adjusted to compensate for this effect. The tube has to be at least as long as the amount dipping in the mercury + head space + the maximum length of the column.
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177:, led over a hill about 21 m high, failed to work. When the end of the siphon was opened in a reservoir, the water level in that limb would sink to about 10 m above the reservoir. Galileo responded with an explanation of the phenomenon: he proposed that it was the power of a vacuum that held the water up, and at a certain height the amount of water simply became too much and the force could not hold any more, like a cord that can support only so much weight. This was a restatement of the theory of
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out, and the level of the water inside the tube stayed at an exact level, which happened to be 10.3 m (34 ft), the same height limit
Baliani had observed in the siphon. What was most important about this experiment was that the lowering water had left a space above it in the tube which had no intermediate contact with air to fill it up. This seemed to suggest the possibility of a vacuum existing in the space above the water.
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1103:, filled with mercury from the bottom at Point B to the top at Point C. The pressure at the bottom of the barometer, Point B, is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The pressure at the very top, Point C, can be taken as zero because there is only mercury vapour above this point and its pressure is very low relative to the atmospheric pressure. Therefore, one can find the atmospheric pressure using the barometer and this equation:
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resistance can be derived which is felt if we try to make a vacuum, it seems to me foolish to try to attribute to vacuum those operations which follow evidently from some other cause; and so by making some very easy calculations, I found that the cause assigned by me (that is, the weight of the atmosphere) ought by itself alone to offer a greater resistance than it does when we try to produce a vacuum.
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911:) is displayed. No calculation is needed, as the source barometer reading has already been converted to equivalent sea-level pressure, and this is transferred to the barometer being set—regardless of its altitude. Though somewhat rare, a few aneroid barometers intended for monitoring the weather are calibrated to manually adjust for altitude. In this case, knowing
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to an altitude of 1,000 feet (305 m), about 1 inch of mercury (~35 hPa) must be added on to the reading. The barometer readings at the two locations should be the same if there are negligible changes in time, horizontal distance, and temperature. If this were not done, there would be a false indication of an approaching storm at the higher elevation.
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821:, lines of equal pressure, when drawn on such a map, give a contour map showing areas of high and low pressure. Localized high atmospheric pressure acts as a barrier to approaching weather systems, diverting their course. Atmospheric lift caused by low-level wind convergence into the surface brings clouds and sometimes
593:(usually protected in another tube). The wheel turns the point on the front of the barometer. As atmospheric pressure increases mercury moves from the short to the long limb, the float falls and the pointer moves. When pressure falls the mercury moves back, lifting the float and turning the dial the other way.
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above sea level (and increases below sea level) the uncorrected reading of the barometer will depend on its location. The reading is then adjusted to an equivalent sea-level pressure for purposes of reporting. For example, if a barometer located at sea level and under fair weather conditions is moved
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The principle of the barograph is same as that of the aneroid barometer. Whereas the barometer displays the pressure on a dial, the barograph uses the small movements of the box to transmit by a system of levers to a recording arm that has at its extreme end either a scribe or a pen. A scribe records
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was originally defined as 1 mmHg. The pressure is quoted as the level of the mercury's height in the vertical column. Typically, atmospheric pressure is measured between 26.5 inches (670 mm) and 31.5 inches (800 mm) of Hg. One atmosphere (1 atm) is equivalent to 29.92 inches (760 mm)
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where ρ is the density of mercury, g is the gravitational acceleration, and h is the height of the mercury column above the free surface area. The physical dimensions (length of tube and cross-sectional area of the tube) of the barometer itself have no effect on the height of the fluid column in the
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The weather ball barometer consists of a glass container with a sealed body, half filled with water. A narrow spout connects to the body below the water level and rises above the water level. The narrow spout is open to the atmosphere. When the air pressure is lower than it was at the time the body
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is usually mounted on the instrument. Temperature compensation of an aneroid barometer is accomplished by including a bi-metal element in the mechanical linkages. Aneroid barometers sold for domestic use typically have no compensation under the assumption that they will be used within a controlled
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barometers use a variable displacement mercury cistern, usually constructed with a thumbscrew pressing on a leather diaphragm bottom (V in the diagram). This compensates for displacement of mercury in the column with varying pressure. To use a Fortin barometer, the level of mercury is set to zero
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However, Pascal went even further to test the mechanical theory. If, as suspected by mechanical philosophers like
Torricelli and Pascal, air had weight, the pressure would be less at higher altitudes. Therefore, Pascal wrote to his brother-in-law, Florin Perier, who lived near a mountain called the
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Because of rumors circulating in
Torricelli's gossipy Italian neighbourhood, which included that he was engaged in some form of sorcery or witchcraft, Torricelli realized he had to keep his experiment secret to avoid the risk of being arrested. He needed to use a liquid that was heavier than water,
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Many have said that a vacuum does not exist, others that it does exist in spite of the repugnance of nature and with difficulty; I know of no one who has said that it exists without difficulty and without a resistance from nature. I argued thus: If there can be found a manifest cause from which the
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at different heights. He calculated the height at each of his experiments by measuring how long it took an alcohol burner to boil an amount of water, and by these means he determined the height of the mountain to be 4775 metres. (This later turned out to be 32 metres less than the actual height of
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Using vacuum pump oil as the working fluid in a barometer has led to the creation of the new "World's
Tallest Barometer" in February 2013. The barometer at Portland State University (PSU) uses doubly distilled vacuum pump oil and has a nominal height of about 12.4 m for the oil column height;
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In brief, Berti's experiment consisted of filling with water a long tube that had both ends plugged, then standing the tube in a basin of water. The bottom end of the tube was opened, and water that had been inside of it poured out into the basin. However, only part of the water in the tube flowed
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Barometric pressure and the pressure tendency (the change of pressure over time) have been used in weather forecasting since the late 19th century. When used in combination with wind observations, reasonably accurate short-term forecasts can be made. Simultaneous barometric readings from across a
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Around 1810 the wheel barometer, which could be read from a great distance, became the first practical and commercial instrument favoured by farmers and the educated classes in the UK. The face of the barometer was circular with a simple dial pointing to an easily readable scale: "Rain - Change -
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barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure in a certain location and has a vertical glass tube closed at the top sitting in an open mercury-filled basin at the bottom. Mercury in the tube adjusts until the weight of it balances the atmospheric force exerted on the reservoir.
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A wheel barometer uses a "J" tube sealed at the top of the longer limb. The shorter limb is open to the atmosphere and floating on top of the mercury there is a small glass float. A fine silken thread is attached to the float which passes up over a wheel and then back down to a counterweight
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There are many other more unusual types of barometer. From variations on the storm barometer, such as the
Collins Patent Table Barometer, to more traditional-looking designs such as Hooke's Otheometer and the Ross Sympiesometer. Some, such as the Shark Oil barometer, work only in a certain
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on smoked foil while a pen records on paper using ink, held in a nib. The recording material is mounted on a cylindrical drum which is rotated slowly by a clock. Commonly, the drum makes one revolution per day, per week, or per month and the rotation rate can often be selected by the user.
88:, while a barometer is kept at the same level and measures subtle pressure changes caused by weather and elements of weather. The average atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface varies between 940 and 1040 hPa (mbar). The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013 hPa (mbar).
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were unable to confirm additional GPS accuracy or lock speed due to barometric readings. The researchers suggest that the inclusion of barometers in smartphones may provide a solution for determining a user's elevation, but also suggest that several pitfalls must first be overcome.
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directive was enacted to restrict the use of mercury in new measuring instruments intended for the general public, effectively ending the production of new mercury barometers in Europe. The repair and trade of antiques (produced before late 1957) remained unrestricted.
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expected excursions are in the range of ±0.4 m over the course of a year. Vacuum pump oil has very low vapour pressure and it is available in a range of densities; the lowest density vacuum oil was chosen for the PSU barometer to maximize the oil column height.
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was sealed, the water level in the spout will rise above the water level in the body; when the air pressure is higher, the water level in the spout will drop below the water level in the body. A variation of this type of barometer can be easily made at home.
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were excited by these ideas, and decided to seek a better way to attempt to produce a vacuum other than with a siphon. Magiotti devised such an experiment. Four accounts of the experiment exist, all written some years later. No exact date was given, but since
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Aneroid barometers have a mechanical adjustment that allows the equivalent sea level pressure to be read directly and without further adjustment if the instrument is not moved to a different altitude. Setting an aneroid barometer is similar to resetting an
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so that the mercury just touches the sightline at Z. Some models also employ a valve for closing the cistern, enabling the mercury column to be forced to the top of the column for transport. This prevents water-hammer damage to the column in transit.
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is used to keep track of the contents of the diver's air tank. Another gauge is used to measure the hydrostatic pressure, usually expressed as a depth of sea water. Either or both gauges may be replaced with electronic variants or a dive computer.
145:, an Italian mathematician and astronomer, also built a rudimentary water barometer sometime between 1640 and 1644, but it was not a true barometer as it was not intended to move and record variable air pressure. French scientist and philosopher
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Evangelista
Torricelli, a friend and student of Galileo, interpreted the results of the experiments in a novel way. He proposed that the weight of the atmosphere, not an attracting force of the vacuum, held the water in the tube. In a letter to
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is usually credited with inventing the barometer in 1643, although the historian W. E. Knowles
Middleton suggests the more likely date is 1644 (when Torricelli first reported his experiments; the 1643 date was only suggested after his death).
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Natalo Aiano is recognised as one of the finest makers of wheel barometers, an early pioneer in a wave of artisanal
Italian instrument and barometer makers that were encouraged to emigrate to the UK. He listed as working in Holborn, London
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that is needed to calculate the expansion or contraction of the fluid in the barometer. The other is the barometer, consisting of a J-shaped tube open at the lower end and closed at the top, with small reservoirs at both ends of the tube.
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Dry" with the "Change" at the top centre of the dial. Later models added a barometric scale with finer graduations "Stormy (28 inches of mercury), Much Rain (28.5), Rain (29), Change (29.5), Fair (30), Set fair (30.5), very dry(31)".
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Design changes to make the instrument more sensitive, simpler to read, and easier to transport resulted in variations such as the basin, siphon, wheel, cistern, Fortin, multiple folded, stereometric, and balance barometers.
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In thermodynamic calculations, a commonly used pressure unit is the "standard atmosphere". This is the pressure resulting from a column of mercury of 760 mm in height at 0 °C. For the density of mercury, use
608:–1805. From 1770 onwards a large number of Italians came to England because they were accomplished glass blowers or instrument makers. By 1840 it was fair to say that the Italians dominated the industry in England.
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80:(the most basic and common type of altimeter) are essentially the same instrument, but used for different purposes. An altimeter is intended to be used at different levels matching the corresponding
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reached Rome in
December 1638, and Berti died before January 2, 1644, science historian W. E. Knowles Middleton places the event to sometime between 1639 and 1643. Present were Berti, Magiotti,
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of 1882 the mines inspector drew attention to the records and in the report stated "the conditions of atmosphere and temperature may be taken to have reached a dangerous point".
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825:. The larger the change in pressure, especially if more than 3.5 hPa (0.1 inHg), the greater the change in weather that can be expected. If the pressure drop is rapid, a
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The density of mercury will change with increase or decrease in temperature, so a reading must be adjusted for the temperature of the instrument. For this purpose a mercury
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is a compact and lightweight barometer that was widely used on ships in the early 19th century. The sensitivity of this barometer was also used to measure altitude.
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by using the thumbscrew to make an ivory pointer (O in the diagram) just touch the surface of the mercury. The pressure is then read on the column by adjusting the
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When atmospheric pressure is measured by a barometer, the pressure is also referred to as the "barometric pressure". Assume a barometer with a cross-sectional area
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described the design of an experiment to determine atmospheric pressure as early as 1631, but there is no evidence that he built a working barometer at that time.
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459:. He wrote: "We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of elementary air, which is known by incontestable experiments to have weight". Inspired by Torricelli,
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Torricelli documented that the height of the mercury in a barometer changed slightly each day and concluded that this was due to the changing pressure in the
2574:, G. A. Titterington, Jr, "Diaphragm pressure gauge having temperature compensating means", issued 1940-03-26, assigned to Bendix Aviat Corp
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that is not at the correct time. Its dial is rotated so that the current atmospheric pressure from a known accurate and nearby barometer (such as the local
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If water were used (instead of mercury) to meet the standard atmospheric pressure, a water column of roughly 10.3 m (33.8 ft) would be needed.
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307:, a shorter tube could be used. With mercury, which is about 14 times denser than water, a tube only 80 cm was now needed, not 10.5 m.
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in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within
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926:. Note the corrected barometer readings are identical, and based on equivalent sea-level pressure. (Assume a temperature of 15 °C.)
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With falling air pressure, gases trapped within the coal in deep mines can escape more freely. Thus low pressure increases the risk of
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726:(or MEMS) barometers are extremely small devices between 1 and 100 micrometres in size (0.001 to 0.1 mm). They are created via
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barometers combine the standard mercury barometer with a thermometer, as well as a guide of how to interpret pressure changes.
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395:, provides the theoretical basis for a weather prediction device called a "weather glass" or a "Goethe barometer" (named for
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could be developed as a specific application of the barometer. In the mid-19th century, this method was used by explorers.
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415:, is used by some English speakers. This name reflects the origins of many early weather glasses – the glass blowers of
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1080:. His calculated boiling temperature of water at the top of the mountain was fairly accurate, only off by 0.1 kelvin.
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A barograph is a recording aneroid barometer where the changes in atmospheric pressure are recorded on a paper chart.
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645:, the aneroid barometer uses a small, flexible metal box called an aneroid cell (capsule), which is made from an
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on 5 December 1660 found that air pressure was unusually low and predicted a storm, which occurred the next day.
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4807 metres). For these experiments De
Saussure brought specific scientific equipment, such as a barometer and
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network of weather stations allow maps of air pressure to be produced, which were the first form of the modern
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Muralidharan, Kartik; Khan, Azeem Javed; Misra, Archan; Balan, Rajesh Krishna; Agarwal, Sharad (2014-02-26).
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734:. Typical applications include miniaturized weather stations, electronic barometers and altimeters.
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English barometers 1680-1860 : a history of domestic barometers and their makers and retailers
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the altitude or the current atmospheric pressure would be sufficient for future accurate readings.
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technologies. Inclusion of barometers on smartphones was originally intended to provide a faster
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Report on the Explosion which occurred at the Trimdon Grange Colliery on the 16th February 1882
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who developed a simple but effective weather ball barometer using the principles developed by
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1928:"Ban on sale of mercury measuring instruments - MEPs agree two year exemption for barometers"
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The Barometer Handbook: A Modern Look at Barometers and Applications of Barometric Pressure
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Berberan-Santos, M. N.; Bodunov, E. N.; Pogliani, L. (1997). "On the barometric formula".
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Designing Experiments & Games of Chance: The Unconventional Science of Blaise Pascal
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The concept that decreasing atmospheric pressure predicts stormy weather, postulated by
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The mercury barometer's design gives rise to the expression of atmospheric pressure in
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and from his previous association and suggestions by Galileo, he deduced that by using
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accumulating. Collieries therefore keep track of the pressure. In the case of the
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Large barometer at Portland State University could be the tallest in the world
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1124:= 13,595 kg/m and for gravitational acceleration use g = 9.807 m/s.
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Timex Expedition WS4 in Barometric chart mode with weather forecast function
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Motion amplifying mechanism for pressure responsive instrument movement
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Blaise Pascal § First atmospheric pressure vs. altitude experiment
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This Is the Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Google's New Official Android Phone
2007:
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A digital barometer with altimeter setting (for correction) displayed
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1738:
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
2135:"Behind the glass: a detailed tour inside the Samsung Galaxy Nexus"
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1598:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 83–84.
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The table below shows examples for three locations in the city of
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used for measuring air pressure as a method that does not involve
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A barometer can also be found in smartphones such as the Samsung
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Philosophies of Technology: Francis Bacon and His Contemporaries
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Galaxy Nexus barometer explained, Sam Champion not out of a job
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Schematic drawing of a simple mercury barometer with vertical
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Learning Lesson: Measure the Pressure – The "Wet" Barometer.
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undertook research and executed physical experiments on the
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Scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
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is approaching, and there is a greater chance of rain.
2541:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. New edition (2002),
1960:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
2123:. Gizmodo.com (2011-10-18). Retrieved on 2011-11-15.
2029:(Rev. and enl. ed.). Antique Collectors' Club.
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Sympiesometers have two parts. One is a traditional
53:is a scientific instrument that is used to measure
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1953:
1735:
339:First atmospheric pressure vs. altitude experiment
2223:"Barometric Phone Sensors – More Hype Than Hope!"
2211:. Engadget (2011-10-20). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
786:temperature range, achieved in warmer climates.
282:It was traditionally thought, especially by the
173:explaining an experiment he had made in which a
2693:Observations upon the Marine Barometer ...
1987:"Barometers : History, working and styles"
2482:Cengal, Yunus A. and Boles, Michael A. (2014)
2400:Professional Association of Diving Instructors
2283:Using winds and a barometer to make forecasts.
1645:. Science History Publications. pp. 21–.
273:in 1644 concerning the experiments, he wrote:
209:Gasparo Berti § Berti's vacuum experiment
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2173:"BMP180: Digital, barometric pressure sensor"
1903:"EU bans mercury in barometers, thermometers"
1720:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 10.
741:, Samsung Galaxy S3-S6, Motorola Xoom, Apple
298:Torricelli's mercury in glass tube experiment
223:), reached Rome in December 1638. Physicists
8:
3003:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
2731:meteorological equipment and instrumentation
1956:The Great United States Exploring Expedition
2357:Applying The Barometer To Weather Watching.
1768:"Torricelli's letter to Michelangelo Ricci"
1063:In 1787, during a scientific expedition on
183:("nature abhors a vacuum"), which dates to
2721:
2707:
2699:
1872:. Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 92.
1592:Drake, Stillman (1970). "Berti, Gasparo".
695:using five stacked aneroid barometer cells
2526:. Seattle: Starpath Publications (2009),
1817:Nineteenth Century Scientific Instruments
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1809:
2160:Barometric pressure sensor: BOSCH BMP180
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928:
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32:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2484:Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
2394:The Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
2063:Figuier, Louis; Gautier, Émile (1867).
2014:. C. Aiano & Sons Ltd. 22 May 2017.
1742:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1522:
641:. Invented in 1844 by French scientist
2049:Tomlinson, Stuart (February 10, 2013)
1819:, Sotheby Publications, 1983, p 236,
7:
2518:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
2066:L'Année scientifique et industrielle
1795:from the original on 14 January 2010
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1537:Heidorn, Keith C. (1 January 2002).
1691:from the original on 6 January 2010
1567:. Barometerfair.com. Archived from
2638:Fluid displacement pressure gauges
2537:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964).
2306:from the original on 28 April 2007
2089:Sensors & Transducers E-Digest
1714:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964).
1622:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964).
1595:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
817:when created in the 19th century.
549:Sympiesometer inscribed at bottom
213:Galileo's ideas, presented in his
25:
2298:Hopkins, Edward J. (1996-06-10).
2085:"MEMS Barometric Pressure Sensor"
1870:Measuring the Natural Environment
1687:. Strange-loops.com. 2002-01-21.
1628:. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 9.
1455:Automated airport weather station
894:As the air pressure decreases at
399:, the renowned German writer and
289:
194:
152:
2686:
2300:"Surface Weather Analysis Chart"
1789:"Brief History of the Barometer"
1539:"The Invention of the Barometer"
846:Trimdon Grange colliery disaster
669:and as a pressure instrument in
558:, 53 Marischal Street, Aberdeen.
361:Florin Périer on the Puy de Dôme
187:, and which Galileo restated as
2324:Pearce, Robert Penrose (2002).
2151:from the original on 2014-12-05
2069:. L. Hachette et cie. pp.
1541:. Islandnet.com. Archived from
851:Aneroid barometers are used in
758:piezoresistive pressure-sensing
524:Reservoir of a Fortin barometer
2330:. Academic Press. p. 66.
1985:Hood, Jean (5 December 2017).
1884:"The Re-Designed Solar System"
724:Microelectromechanical systems
290:Torricelli's mercury barometer
1:
2650:Pressure measuring instrument
2327:Meteorology at the Millennium
1431:, the highest point on earth
602:
2539:The History of the Barometer
1717:The history of the barometer
1625:The history of the barometer
1134:as a function of elevation:
560:Owned by descendants of the
451:column and reservoir at base
2562:Table of Pneumaticks, 1728
2450:American Journal of Physics
2302:. University of Wisconsin.
2266:Understanding air pressure.
2025:Nicholas, Goodison (1977).
1732:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
1083:Based on his findings, the
833:, such as in the wake of a
633:An aneroid barometer is an
153:Baliani's siphon experiment
3029:
2674:Weather forecasting device
2133:Molen, Brad (2011-10-20).
1839:, BRILL 2008, pp 115, 116
1685:"History of the Barometer"
1565:"History of the Barometer"
857:submersible pressure gauge
808:Digital graphing barometer
793:
680:
397:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
342:
206:
203:Gasparo Berti's experiment
118:
106:
31:
2737:
2486:. McGraw-Hill Education.
1952:Stanton, William (1975).
1901:Jones H. (10 July 2007).
1639:Shea, William R. (2003).
1426:
612:Vacuum pump oil barometer
195:Berti's vacuum experiment
167:Giovanni Battista Baliani
117:), meaning "weight", and
1886:. For Your Information.
1882:Ley, Willy (June 1966).
1859:Retrieved on 2019-01-21.
1485:Surface weather analysis
878:room temperature range.
796:Surface weather analysis
719:has a built-in barometer
59:surface weather analysis
2988:17th-century inventions
2812:Ice accretion indicator
2515:Encyclopædia Britannica
2428:"Kelvin scale in depth"
773:More unusual barometers
766:third party researchers
745:and newer iPhones, and
732:photochemical machining
244:, and Jesuit physicist
2852:Present weather sensor
2612:: D. C. W. T. Sharp: "
2566:
2398:. Santa Ana, CA, USA:
2252:July 20, 2011, at the
1888:Galaxy Science Fiction
1490:Tempest prognosticator
1073:boiling point of water
891:
809:
782:
720:
696:
630:
569:
551:Improved sympiesometer
525:
482:of mercury (mmHg). A
471:
452:
388:
362:
354:
320:
299:
280:
265:
264:Evangelista Torricelli
256:Evangelista Torricelli
204:
162:
138:Evangelista Torricelli
129:), meaning "measure".
46:
2669:U.S. patent 4,327,583
2657:U.S. patent 4,238,958
2645:U.S. patent 4,106,342
2633:U.S. patent 3,643,510
2621:U.S. patent 3,397,578
2609:U.S. patent 3,273,398
2597:U.S. patent 2,691,305
2590:Barometric instrument
2585:U.S. patent 2,472,735
2561:
1141:= 133.3 Pa = 0.03937
889:
807:
780:
714:
690:
661:. It is also used in
628:
548:
523:
469:
446:
413:le baromètre Liègeois
386:
360:
352:
318:
297:
275:
263:
202:
160:
61:to help find surface
44:
3013:Atmospheric pressure
2777:Dark adaptor goggles
2602:Barometric altimeter
1815:Gerard L'E. Turner,
1510:Zambretti Forecaster
1470:Bert Bolle Barometer
1132:atmospheric pressure
831:Rapid pressure rises
747:Timex Expedition WS4
189:resistenza del vacuo
102:is derived from the
82:atmospheric pressure
34:Pressure measurement
2648:: O. S. Sormunen: "
2462:1997AmJPh..65..404B
2247:Shark Oil Barometer
1932:European Parliament
1505:Weather forecasting
827:low pressure system
800:Weather forecasting
691:Analogue recording
581:mercury thermometer
78:pressure altimeters
2998:Italian inventions
2993:Glass applications
2822:Lightning detector
2567:
2119:2012-08-10 at the
1890:. pp. 94–106.
1868:Strangeways, Ian.
1465:Barometer question
892:
810:
783:
721:
697:
659:recreational boats
631:
621:Aneroid barometers
570:
526:
472:
453:
431:Mercury barometers
389:
363:
355:
321:
300:
271:Michelangelo Ricci
266:
242:Athanasius Kircher
229:Raffaello Magiotti
205:
169:wrote a letter to
163:
71:frontal boundaries
47:
2970:
2969:
2912:Thermo-hygrograph
2902:Sunshine recorder
2767:Ceiling projector
2691:Works related to
2614:Aneroid barometer
2588:: C. J. Ulrich: "
2532:978-0-914025-12-2
2509:"Barometer"
2413:978-1-878663-02-3
2402:. 1990. pp.
2337:978-0-12-548035-2
1770:. Web.lemoyne.edu
1652:978-0-88135-376-1
1605:978-0-684-10114-9
1495:Units of pressure
1435:
1434:
1061:
1060:
629:Aneroid barometer
503:Fitzroy barometer
461:Otto von Guericke
165:On 27 July 1630,
16:(Redirected from
3020:
2952:Whole sky camera
2897:Stevenson screen
2802:Heat flux sensor
2723:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2690:
2672:: T. Fijimoto: "
2671:
2660:: H. Dostmann: "
2659:
2647:
2635:
2624:: H. A. Klumb: "
2623:
2611:
2600:: H. J. Frank: "
2599:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2522:Burch, David F.
2519:
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2256:Barometer World.
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2199:
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2184:. Archived from
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2102:
2100:
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2053:. oregonlive.com
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2016:
2015:
2004:
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1800:
1791:. Barometer.ws.
1785:
1779:
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1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1534:
1147:
929:
728:photolithography
607:
604:
588:Wheel barometers
516:Fortin barometer
470:Fortin barometer
379:Water barometers
234:Two New Sciences
220:Two New Sciences
128:
122:
116:
110:
67:pressure systems
21:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3008:Pressure gauges
2983:1643 in science
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2932:Weather balloon
2927:Transmissometer
2892:Sounding rocket
2837:Pan evaporation
2762:Ceiling balloon
2733:
2727:
2683:
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2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
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2595:
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2506:
2503:
2501:Further reading
2498:
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2477:
2470:10.1119/1.18555
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2359:Weather Doctor.
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2254:Wayback Machine
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2121:Wayback Machine
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1500:Pressure sensor
1440:
1427:* Elevation of
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909:weather station
884:
871:
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775:
764:lock. However,
709:
707:MEMS barometers
685:
679:
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614:
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505:
433:
387:Goethe's device
381:
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171:Galileo Galilei
155:
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76:Barometers and
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2697:
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2682:
2681:External links
2679:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2636:: F. Lissau: "
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2593:
2581:
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2492:978-0073398174
2475:
2456:(5): 404–412.
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2290:
2288:(17 May 2005).
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2055:
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2036:978-0902028524
2035:
2017:
2008:"Natalo Aiano"
1999:
1977:
1970:
1944:
1934:. 10 July 2007
1919:
1893:
1874:
1861:
1848:
1835:Claus Zittle,
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1545:on 14 May 2011
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1475:Microbarometer
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2957:Wind profiler
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2847:Pyrheliometer
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2695:at Wikisource
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2191:on 2015-06-23
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1755:
1753:0-691-02350-6
1749:
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1582:
1571:on 2009-09-25
1570:
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1523:
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1430:
1429:Mount Everest
1425:
1421:
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1414:
1411:
1408:
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1404:
1401:
1398:
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1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1181:(Sea Level) 0
1180:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1135:
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1128:
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1117:
1106:
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1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
986:(Sea Level) 0
985:
983:
980:
979:
970:
963:Uncorrected P
962:
957:
955:
947:
940:Uncorrected P
939:
934:
931:
930:
927:
925:
921:
920:San Francisco
916:
914:
910:
906:
900:
897:
888:
881:
879:
876:
868:
864:Compensations
863:
861:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:precipitation
820:
816:
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801:
797:
789:
787:
779:
772:
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755:
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748:
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733:
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706:
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694:
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664:
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627:
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598:
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587:
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582:
577:
575:
574:sympiesometer
567:
564:shipbuilding
563:
559:
557:
552:
547:
541:Sympiesometer
540:
538:
535:
534:vernier scale
530:
522:
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385:
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373:
371:
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359:
351:
346:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
325:Blaise Pascal
319:Blaise Pascal
317:
311:Blaise Pascal
310:
308:
306:
296:
287:
285:
284:Aristotelians
279:
274:
272:
262:
255:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
225:Gasparo Berti
222:
221:
216:
210:
201:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
159:
150:
148:
144:
143:Gasparo Berti
139:
132:
130:
127:
121:
115:
109:
105:
104:Ancient Greek
101:
100:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
2947:Weather vane
2937:Weather buoy
2827:Nephelometer
2756:
2729:Earth-based
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2563:
2538:
2523:
2513:
2483:
2478:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2422:
2393:
2386:
2375:, retrieved
2370:
2364:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2326:
2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2293:
2285:
2278:
2268:
2261:
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2226:
2216:
2204:
2193:. Retrieved
2186:the original
2179:
2167:
2159:
2153:. Retrieved
2138:
2128:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2092:
2088:
2079:
2065:
2058:
2045:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1980:
1955:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1912:12 September
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1896:
1887:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1855:Jet Stream.
1851:
1836:
1831:
1816:
1797:. Retrieved
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1762:
1737:
1726:
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1693:. Retrieved
1656:. Retrieved
1641:
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1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:the original
1412:
1402:
1376:
1349:
1331:
1305:
1295:
1269:
1259:
1233:
1223:
1205:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1082:
1062:
1036:Mt. Davidson
1035:
1008:
981:
917:
912:
905:analog clock
901:
893:
872:
853:scuba diving
850:
839:
811:
790:Applications
784:
739:Galaxy Nexus
736:
722:
717:Galaxy Nexus
701:
698:
665:, mostly in
632:
615:
599:
595:
591:
578:
571:
554:
550:
527:
508:
506:
493:
489:
487:of mercury.
473:
454:
434:
425:
412:
390:
364:
329:Pierre Petit
322:
301:
281:
276:
267:
250:
233:
218:
214:
212:
188:
180:horror vacui
178:
164:
136:
125:
113:
97:
95:
75:
55:air pressure
50:
48:
38:
29:
2917:Thermometer
2907:Tethersonde
2887:Solarimeter
2877:Snow pillow
2842:Pyranometer
2787:Disdrometer
2564:Cyclopaedia
2433:12 February
1480:Storm glass
1099:, a height
1078:thermometer
1069:De Saussure
982:City Marina
971:Corrected P
953:(inches Hg)
948:Corrected P
945:(inches Hg)
875:thermometer
869:Temperature
815:weather map
752:, based on
671:radiosondes
663:meteorology
643:Lucien Vidi
606: 1785
553:and at top
494:In 2007, a
480:millimeters
393:Lucien Vidi
368:Puy de Dôme
353:Puy de Dôme
327:along with
227:and father
2977:Categories
2922:Tide gauge
2867:Snow gauge
2862:Rain gauge
2857:Radiosonde
2832:Nephoscope
2807:Hygrometer
2797:Field mill
2772:Ceilometer
2742:Anemometer
2572:US 2194624
2343:2009-01-02
2310:2007-05-10
2233:2015-06-23
2195:2015-06-23
2155:2015-06-23
1971:0520025571
1938:2021-05-11
1799:2010-02-04
1774:2010-02-04
1695:2010-02-04
1658:10 October
1575:2010-02-04
1549:4 February
1517:References
1450:Anemoscope
1065:Mont Blanc
924:California
835:cold front
794:See also:
750:smartwatch
677:Barographs
667:barographs
635:instrument
556:A R Easton
457:atmosphere
405:Torricelli
18:Barometric
2872:Snowboard
2792:Dropsonde
2757:Barometer
2752:Barograph
2747:Atmometer
2662:Barometer
2404:3–96–3–99
2286:USA Today
2270:USA Today
2095:(4). 2008
1460:Barograph
1445:Altimeter
1171:Altitude
1157:Altitude
1130:Standard
1085:altimeter
1057:1013 hPa
1030:1013 hPa
1003:1013 hPa
896:altitudes
693:barograph
683:Barograph
651:beryllium
323:In 1646,
240:polymath
185:Aristotle
99:barometer
96:The word
92:Etymology
51:barometer
45:Barometer
2962:Windsock
2304:Archived
2250:Archived
2149:Archived
2145:Engadget
2140:Engadget
2117:Archived
1793:Archived
1734:(1960).
1689:Archived
1438:See also
1368:29,029*
1137:Note: 1
1091:Equation
1027:1001 hPa
1009:Nob Hill
1000:1013 hPa
960:(metres)
958:Altitude
935:Altitude
932:Location
882:Altitude
842:firedamp
743:iPhone 6
562:Aberdeen
407:). The
401:polymath
215:Discorsi
86:altitude
2782:Dewcell
2554:Patents
2458:Bibcode
2377:23 July
2099:13 June
1992:21 June
1907:Reuters
1422:65,617
1386:32,808
1315:16,404
1178:101.325
1054:980 hPa
819:Isobars
568:family.
509:Fitzroy
449:mercury
437:mercury
421:Belgium
305:mercury
133:History
84:to the
63:troughs
2578:
2545:
2530:
2490:
2410:
2334:
2033:
1968:
1843:
1823:
1750:
1744:99–100
1649:
1602:
1413:20,000
1403:50,000
1394:15,240
1377:10,000
1350:25,000
1332:20,000
1296:10,000
1279:6,562
1243:3,281
1168:/ inHg
1116:tube.
976:(hPa)
937:(feet)
913:either
655:copper
639:liquid
529:Fortin
476:inches
411:name,
409:French
238:Jesuit
175:siphon
161:Siphon
126:métron
120:μέτρον
2882:SODAR
2817:Lidar
2189:(PDF)
2181:Bosch
2176:(PDF)
2073:–486.
1391:11.65
1373:26.44
1359:8,848
1356:32.77
1346:11.12
1341:7,620
1338:37.65
1328:13.75
1323:6,096
1320:46.56
1312:15.96
1306:5,000
1302:54.05
1292:20.58
1287:3,048
1284:69.68
1276:23.48
1270:2,000
1266:79.50
1260:5,000
1256:24.90
1251:1,524
1248:84.31
1240:26.55
1234:1,000
1230:89.88
1224:2,000
1220:27.82
1212:94.21
1206:1,000
1202:28.86
1194:97.71
1186:29.92
1173:(ft)
1154:/ kPa
1111:= ρgh
1046:29.92
1043:28.94
1019:29.92
1016:29.55
992:29.92
989:29.92
968:(hPa)
647:alloy
417:Liège
374:Types
114:báros
108:βάρος
2543:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2488:ISBN
2435:2020
2408:ISBN
2379:2015
2332:ISBN
2101:2014
2031:ISBN
1994:2020
1966:ISBN
1914:2017
1841:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1660:2012
1647:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1551:2010
1419:1.63
1409:5.53
1399:3.44
1383:7.81
1365:9.68
1143:inHg
1139:torr
855:. A
798:and
756:and
754:MEMS
715:The
653:and
566:Hall
484:torr
69:and
2466:doi
2229:: 2
2071:485
1962:126
1215:610
1197:305
1166:atm
1159:(m)
1152:atm
1109:atm
1051:283
1040:928
1024:106
1013:348
973:atm
965:atm
950:atm
942:atm
762:GPS
730:or
649:of
478:or
2979::
2512:.
2464:.
2454:65
2452:.
2406:.
2225:.
2178:.
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2147:.
2143:.
2137:.
2093:92
2091:.
2087:.
2010:.
1964:.
1930:.
1905:.
1808:^
1746:.
1704:^
1668:^
1614:^
1584:^
1525:^
1122:Hg
1067:,
922:,
673:.
603:c.
572:A
435:A
423:.
419:,
248:.
191:.
73:.
65:,
49:A
2722:e
2715:t
2708:v
2676:"
2664:"
2652:"
2640:"
2628:"
2616:"
2604:"
2592:"
2549:.
2534:.
2472:.
2468::
2460::
2437:.
2416:.
2346:.
2313:.
2273:.
2236:.
2198:.
2103:.
2039:.
1996:.
1974:.
1941:.
1916:.
1802:.
1777:.
1756:.
1698:.
1662:.
1608:.
1578:.
1553:.
1362:*
1164:P
1150:P
1120:ρ
1107:P
1101:h
1097:A
997:0
217:(
123:(
111:(
36:.
20:)
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