316:
defined. Men prepared the soil of the rice fields, purchased or hunted for food, gathered firewood, built the family home and furniture, and engaged in discussion and debate about public affairs. Women were responsible for growing crops for sale or family consumption, weeding the rice fields, harvesting and processing the rice, gathering water, lighting the hearth fire and preparing daily meals, and weaving. As recently as the late 19th century, women were forbidden from eating until after the men had finished, and could not look at them while they ate. At birth, a village
337:, a wooden pillar considered the most sacred site of worship, which served as the public altar for group prayer and offerings. This pillar was typically 20 to 30 feet high and a sachet containing sacred herbs, sand and wood chips was hung from the top. Bara men traditionally conduct the rites associated with honoring the ancestors, while women conduct rites associated with fertility and the forces of nature. An exception is childbirth, during which the mother is secluded for a period of four days; men watch over the birthing process and conduct associated rites.
243:
were organized into at least three major kingdoms, two mid-sized ones and more than 24 minor kingdoms. This shift was linked not to economic causes—the Bara as a whole grew richer from international trade and the raiding of
Imerina in the late 19th century—but rather because of the gradual dispersal of the growing Bara population into the relatively underpopulated plains of the west and south and subsequently growing distance of the scattered population from the traditional center of Bara power. Although Queen
424:, ancestral taboos that often vary by class, by village, or even by family. In some Bara villages, it is forbidden to carry a load alone; at least two people must carry it together. A common prohibition throughout Bara communities forbids serving food or drink to someone with the utensils, plates or cups that were used to serve another. It is also fady to step over someone seated or lying on the ground, lift or carry an item over another person's head or body, brush another person with one's
39:
171:
434:
everyone but them for gathering firewood and collecting water. A particularly strong taboo forbade speaking the name of a chief after his death or any word that formed part of the name. The deceased leader was given a new name after death that all were required to use, and specific synonyms were selected to replace the words composing his name for use in regular conversation; anyone who spoke the forbidden words would harshly punished or in some instances executed.
558:. The Bara and Sakalava were Madagascar's principal international slave traders through the early part of the 19th century. Historically the majority of slave raids were conducted in the dry winter months. Beginning in the 1870s, in response to increased cattle demand in South Africa following a series of blights and disease that had decimated local herds, the Bara began exporting their cattle internationally through southern coastal ports including
458:, an area they consider sacred; they have buried their dead in the caves here for centuries. Where such natural formations are not available, the Bara build tombs covered in stones at a site away from the village. Mourners visit the bereaved in a special building called the "house of many tears" where the women engage in ritual wailing and expression of sorrow. The bereaved family members cut their hair to express
239:
Mahafaly nobleman in 1653, but competition and ambition led these newcomers to engage in an ongoing struggle for power until around 1680, greatly disrupting life in Bara territory (Ibara). A major driver of this instability was the absence of a tribute system, leading
Zafimanely nobles to engage in cattle raiding and issuing costly fines to law breakers that sparked internal and external tensions alike.
320:(seer) was typically consulted to determine whether the child was destined for a fortunate or unhappy fate. If the latter, an exorcism was practiced whereby the infant would be slid down a chute into a body of water where his mother would retrieve him, and if it was deemed that the evil destiny was too strong for the exorcism rite to overcome it, the Bara infant would be left on an anthill to die.
300:. Community life was traditionally organized around a rigid set of rules and norms, but these have loosened since the early 20th century as growing population pressures have forced emigration and dispersal of the Bara away from their historic homeland. Like elsewhere in Madagascar, Bara society was historically stratified into three classes: nobles, commoners and slaves.
443:
570:, as well as the arms they received in exchange for cattle, enabled the Bara to strengthen their autonomy and resist Merina authority in the later 19th century, even to the extent of launching cattle and slave raids into the heart of Imerina - an activity that increased particularly after 1882. The Ankandrarezina Bara also cultivated tapia (
357:
is a major feature of Bara culture. Traditionally a rite of passage for young men to prove their worth and courage to a prospective wife's family and the larger community, the practice is currently outlawed but remains widespread throughout the southwest and south-central Bara territories. Young men
256:
capable of exerting the control over the territory that the Merina could not. Despite the dispersed nature of Bara power, by the end of the 19th century the
Zafimanely constellation of ruling nobles ranked alongside that of the Sakalava and Merina as the most powerful political forces on the island.
242:
Around 1800 there emerged a
Zafimanely king called Raikitroka who put in place new regulations that greatly eased these tensions and ushered in a reign of relative tranquility and harmony. After Raikitroka's death, the ruling line fractured into multiple kingdoms and principalities; by 1895 the Bara
374:
Traditionally, Bara women would weave local cotton to make clothing for themselves and their family members. Cotton continues to be hand picked, ginned and woven using a high-whorl drop spindle. Raw cotton yarn is typically dipped in a softening solution before weaving; prior to softening, the yarn
370:
The Bara have a rich oral storytelling tradition. Their myths and stories are distinguished by an especially stark and terse use of language. The comparatively simple structure and symbolism that predominates in Bara storytelling is used by some linguists and anthropologists as a starting point for
238:
people invaded Bara territory and installed his family as rulers under the dynastic name
Zafimanely. This was an imposition to which many Bara were unwilling to submit, leading them to simply migrate internally to new territory. Zafimanely power became more firmly established after the death of the
156:
Historically the Bara were organized into numerous affiliated kingdoms ruled by nobles of the
Zafimanely line. They were largely united under a single king in the late 18th century before again dissolving into competing kingdoms. Over the 19th century, Bara participation in slave and cattle trading
315:
is also practiced among some Bara tribes. The male head of the family often has a dual role as the spiritual leader of the household. Traditionally, inheritance rights strongly favored males; daughters were restricted from inheriting anything other than movable property. Gender roles were strictly
366:
is a sport practiced by Bara communities and involves Zebu being penned into an arena and whipped into frustration. Once the zebu is angry, players sneak up behind the Zebu and jump onto its hump, attempting to 'ride' as long as possible without being injured by the beast. It is seen as a rite of
328:
While some Baras are
Christians, most retain their traditional religious beliefs. Tamarind trees were traditionally considered sacred and are found planted near many Bara villages, where residents will leave offerings like woven mats, locks of hair, shells and other items when offering prayers or
267:
against French rule in 1897. This consequently soured Bara perception of the French, who otherwise might have been welcomed as conquerors of the widely resented Merina sovereigns. After the French conquered
Madagascar they attempted with great difficulty to impose administrative authority in Bara
161:
and resist French authority for nearly a decade following colonization in 1896. Andre
Resampa, a powerful political leader in the transition to independence for Madagascar in 1960, hailed from the Bara ethnic group. There were an estimated 520,000 Bara in Madagascar in 2000 constituting roughly
549:
Raising and selling herds of zebu is the principal economic activity of the Bara. In recent decades they have increasingly adopted agricultural practices, including the cultivation of rice, cassava, millet and maize. The rice planting season was traditionally timed around the arrival of a local
433:
Numerous fady surround the Bara nobles. Among the
Zafimanely royal clan, for example, it is forbidden to ever kill a relative, even as punishment for a serious crime. Historically it was taboo to speak to the wives of chiefs or enter their houses, and there were specific locations restricted to
255:
never succeeded in entirely subjugating the Bara. Working from their base at Ihosy, the Merina garrison attempted to exert some degree of influence over the Bara by providing support to stronger Bara kings over their challengers in an effort to maintain friendly alliances with powerful leaders
291:
Bara society is structured into numerous loosely affiliated groups based on common ancestors. These were clustered into five main tribes. The three largest and most powerful were the Bara-Be, Bara-Imamono and Bara-Ianstsantsa, who lived alongside the smaller Vinda and Antivondro. They live a
481:) in front of the entrance to the house where the ceremony is being held as an indicator that anyone whose family member has recently died (as well as any foreigner or stranger outside the community) is forbidden to enter for concern about breaking the power of the healing spell.
462:. Among many Bara, wives were not buried with their husband and his children, but were rather buried with their father or in a separate site. It is believed that the spirits of the dead linger as ghosts, which historically prompted villages to relocate after a death.
352:
Demonstrating courage is fundamental to masculinity in Bara culture. Historically, kings were required to lead the advance in combat, placing themselves in danger first; the others were not allowed to protect him or come to his aid unless he was injured or exhausted.
371:
analyzing the evolution and variation of oral storytelling traditions on the island. The dance traditions and sculpted artwork of the Bara are well known across the island. Their wooden statues are unique in having long eyelashes made from real hair.
349:). The Bara live in rectangular earthen houses that are colored red by the high iron content of the soil. In the winter, space beneath the eaves is used for hanging and sun-drying maize to be stored, sold or planted the following year.
407:
reeds. Men wore beaten bark cloth loincloths with jackets or tunics formed from stitched woven mats; older men's clothing included sleeves. The wearing of charms is common among the Bara, as elsewhere in Madagascar; charms called
157:
and raids into neighboring territories saw their wealth and power increase despite the group's fragmented political organization. This economic power enabled the Bara to maintain independence from the expanding authority of the
395:, throughout the island it was the most prized type of silk because of its durability. In the far eastern part of Bara territory, clothing was most commonly made from beaten bark cloth or mats of
279:
was elected Madagascar's first president on 1 May 1959, Resampa became the party's Secretary General; in this role, he spearheaded the revival of the traditional body of local government, the
234:
and that certain Bara nobles had Maroserana origins. This early kingship-based social structure is believed to have had weak or nonexistent rules of succession. Around 1640 a noble of the
383:(village wisemen) may tie this yarn around the wrist for protection or wrap it around the bodies of participants in circumcision ceremonies. Less commonly, clothing was made of silk (
1703:
272:
403:). Women wore tube dresses made of two to three mats stitched together and tied at the shoulder or belted at the waist, often in combination with a bandeau style top of woven
387:) produced by the local silkworm that fed off indigenous tapia trees growing in the Isalo area. Although this silk was more coarse and uneven than that produced by the
133:-herding peoples and have historically lived a semi-nomadic lifestyle, although an increasing proportion are practicing agriculture. Bara society is highly
263:
in 1896. The king of one of the most prominent Bara kingdoms, a leader named Ramieba, was arrested by the French for leading Bara participation in the
1696:
230:. Little is known about the earliest period in Bara identity formation, beyond that it coincided with the formation of the Maroserana dynasty of the
1252:
576:), a tree upon which the indigenous silkworm fed; the silk they produced was both woven locally for cloth and exported in raw form to Imerina.
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1630:
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could not expect to marry respectably without first having successfully stolen at least one or two cattle in a raid. Today, cattle rustlers (
1907:
1689:
1874:
1451:
497:, is performed in a line and originated among Bara cattle rustlers. The specific style of musical accompaniment, also known as
333:
tree was also considered sacred and villagers would tie charms to the branches when offering prayers. Each village also had a
1420:
1864:
1869:
530:
110:
1712:
465:
Those associated with a recent death are seen as imbued with a kind of contagion for a short period of time. When
296:
and are the largest and most important of the Malagasy pastoralist groups. The capital of the Bara was located in
489:
Dance among the Bara is influenced by the movement of the zebu they have traditionally herded for centuries. The
268:
territory, with frequent Bara insurrections between June 1897 and the general southern uprising of 1904–05.
493:
dance in particular is a movement inspired by a zebu kicking. The most popular contemporary dance, called
1859:
38:
1778:
153:
musical and dance tradition associated with cattle rustlers has gained popularity across the island.
97:
162:
three percent of the population, and they remain the island's predominant zebu herders and traders.
455:
276:
264:
170:
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252:
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1668:
1647:
1626:
1603:
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1531:
1510:
1489:
1468:
1447:
1426:
1405:
526:
260:
1828:
1738:
1720:
1443:
An economic history of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: the rise and fall of an island empire
534:
203:
122:
1813:
1773:
1758:
1733:
426:
392:
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183:
146:
89:
362:) are increasingly armed bandits stealing cattle for wealth rather than social prestige.
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and Soalara. The development of economic activity independent of the regulation of the
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17:
1901:
1803:
1619:
572:
388:
191:
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and few others, Bara are one of the Malagasy ethnic groups of clear, and predominant
93:
76:
1808:
1743:
563:
244:
271:
Bara politician Andre Resampa became a leading figure in the establishment of the
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118:
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1208:
420:
As elsewhere in Madagascar, social life among the Bara is strongly guided by
412:
were historically crafted from the bones of lemurs' feet to relieve fatigue.
1748:
1728:
1599:
Les champs de l'ancestralité à Madagascar: parenté, alliance et patrimoine
442:
275:(PSD) in the run-up to national independence in 1960. When PSD figurehead
1843:
1818:
1798:
1788:
459:
312:
308:
283:, and led a successful effort to dramatically increase party membership.
235:
187:
142:
138:
1888:
559:
506:
227:
211:
195:
114:
1823:
1464:
Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World
538:
502:
363:
454:
The Bara entomb the dead in natural mountain caves, particularly in
517:, a fiddle with three strings made of goat gut or vegetable fiber.
505:, electric guitar, bass guitar, drum kit and keyboard. Bagzana and
194:
descent. They live principally in the southern part of the central
1793:
1768:
447:
441:
379:("living yarn") and is believed to be imbued with magical powers;
297:
248:
207:
169:
126:
293:
130:
1685:
345:
Agreements were traditionally formalized through a blood pact (
1548:
Stars and Keys: Folktales and Creolization in the Indian Ocean
1506:
Experiencing Rhythm: Contemporary Malagasy Music and Identity
591:
589:
513:. The most typical musical instrument among the Bara is the
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
247:
successfully established a Merina military installation at
1425:(9th ed.). Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc.
259:
The Zafimanely Kingdom was dissolved after the island was
145:
are practiced among some Bara tribes. Young men practice
999:
997:
226:
in the Arindrano region of southwest Madagascar, near
186:
origin and means "those of the interior". Along with
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
509:
are considered among the most popular performers of
292:
semi-nomadic lifestyle that revolves around herding
1852:
1719:
1578:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
329:after their requests are fulfilled. The indigenous
82:
70:
58:
48:
1618:
1253:"Tsiliva, pour porter haut l'identité du kilalaka"
214:area. They numbered an estimated 520,000 in 2000.
1664:Les conceptions religieuses des anciens Malgaches
1646:. San Francisco, CA: Stanford University Press.
1625:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
1509:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
149:to prove their manhood before marriage, and the
125:, concentrated around their historic capital at
1570:(in French). Tananarive: Imprimerie Officielle.
525:The Bara speak Bara Malagasy, a dialect of the
964:
832:
796:
772:
677:
1697:
1551:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
1488:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
251:, the 19th century military conquests of the
8:
1640:Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1965).
1398:Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010).
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
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129:. The Bara are the largest of the island's
31:
1135:
976:
940:
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632:
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430:, or sit on or lean against another's bed.
113:living in the southern part of the central
1704:
1690:
1682:
37:
30:
473:healing rituals are being conducted, the
222:The history of the Bara begins along the
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
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1667:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
1643:The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar Today
1621:Catharsis in Healing, Ritual, and Drama
1602:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
1404:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
585:
1446:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1419:Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2007).
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174:Distribution of Malagasy ethnic groups
43:Isambo, king of the Bara people (1906)
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7:
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1255:(in French). Orange Madagascar. 2010
1195:
665:
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59:Regions with significant populations
1530:(in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
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14:
1211:. World Wildlife Federation. 2012
1401:Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2
531:Malayo-Polynesian language group
1527:Tabou Et Totémisme à Madagascar
1233:(in French). Afrisson.com. 2012
706:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014
1:
477:may erect a special barrier (
1485:The Rising of the Red Shawls
303:Communities remain strongly
1908:Ethnic groups in Madagascar
1713:Ethnic groups of Madagascar
529:, which is a branch of the
1924:
1575:Ogot, Bethwell A. (1992).
1568:MĹ“urs et coutumes des Bara
965:Thompson & Adloff 1965
833:Thompson & Adloff 1965
797:Thompson & Adloff 1965
773:Thompson & Adloff 1965
678:Thompson & Adloff 1965
501:, is performed on djembe,
15:
1883:
1467:. Los Angeles: ABC Clio.
87:
75:
63:
53:
36:
367:passage for young boys.
16:Not to be confused with
1617:Scheff, Thomas (1979).
1482:Ellis, Stephen (2014).
1440:Campbell, Gwyn (2005).
1136:Bradt & Austin 2007
977:Bradt & Austin 2007
941:Bradt & Austin 2007
785:Bradt & Austin 2007
633:Bradt & Austin 2007
596:Appiah & Gates 2010
311:is commonly practiced.
273:Social Democratic Party
261:colonized by the French
1566:Michel, Louis (1957).
451:
401:Eleocharis plantagines
175:
1596:Ottino, Paul (1998).
1524:Gennep, A.V. (1904).
1461:Condra, Jill (2013).
537:, spoken in southern
445:
324:Religious affiliation
173:
111:Malagasy ethnic group
83:Related ethnic groups
23:Malagasy ethnic group
1545:Haring, Lee (2007).
1503:Fuhr, Jenny (2013).
554:), known locally as
206:, especially in the
98:Austronesian peoples
1114:, pp. 111–112.
847:, pp. 155–156.
456:Isalo National Park
277:Philibert Tsiranana
265:Menalamba rebellion
33:
1661:Vig, Lars (2001).
568:Kingdom of Imerina
562:, Saint Augustin,
452:
446:Bara burial site,
253:Kingdom of Imerina
176:
159:Kingdom of Imerina
1895:
1894:
1875:Vazaha (European)
1870:Vazaha (European)
1674:978-2-84586-181-7
1653:978-0-8047-0279-9
1632:978-0-520-04125-7
1609:978-2-86537-776-3
1588:978-92-3-101711-7
1581:. Paris: UNESCO.
1558:978-0-253-00000-2
1537:978-5-87839-721-6
1516:978-1-4438-6431-2
1495:978-1-107-63489-3
1474:978-0-313-37637-5
1432:978-1-84162-197-5
1411:978-0-19-533770-9
552:Coturnix communis
550:migrating quail (
533:derived from the
527:Malagasy language
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1209:"About Kilalaky"
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535:Barito languages
204:Toliara Province
123:Toliara Province
49:Total population
41:
34:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1879:
1865:Sinoa (Chinese)
1860:Karana (Indian)
1848:
1715:
1710:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1616:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1258:
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1246:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1206:
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1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
807:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
759:
755:
747:
743:
735:
731:
723:
719:
709:
707:
702:
701:
684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
639:
631:
614:
606:
602:
594:
587:
582:
547:
523:
487:
485:Dance and music
440:
418:
393:Betsileo people
343:
326:
289:
232:Sakalava people
220:
168:
166:Ethnic identity
147:cattle rustling
44:
29:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1881:
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1494:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1360:, p. 178.
1350:
1348:, p. 336.
1338:
1336:, p. 230.
1326:
1324:, p. 185.
1314:
1302:
1290:
1288:, p. 267.
1278:
1276:, p. 102.
1266:
1244:
1222:
1200:
1198:, p. 116.
1188:
1176:
1174:, p. 158.
1164:
1162:, p. 122.
1152:
1140:
1138:, p. 206.
1128:
1126:, p. 340.
1116:
1104:
1092:
1090:, p. 150.
1080:
1068:
1066:, p. 333.
1056:
1054:, p. 332.
1044:
1042:, p. 205.
1032:
1030:, p. 217.
1020:
1018:, p. 457.
1008:
1006:, p. 456.
993:
981:
979:, p. 195.
969:
967:, p. 377.
957:
955:, p. 114.
945:
943:, p. 201.
933:
931:, p. 167.
921:
919:, p. 541.
909:
897:
885:
883:, p. 109.
873:
871:, p. 123.
861:
859:, p. 157.
849:
837:
835:, p. 329.
825:
813:
811:, p. 575.
801:
799:, p. 264.
789:
787:, p. 204.
777:
775:, p. 108.
765:
763:, p. 136.
753:
751:, p. 135.
741:
729:
717:
682:
670:
668:, p. 422.
658:
656:, p. 433.
637:
612:
610:, p. 636.
600:
598:, p. 158.
584:
583:
581:
578:
546:
543:
522:
519:
486:
483:
439:
436:
417:
414:
364:Zebu wrestling
355:Cattle raiding
342:
339:
325:
322:
288:
285:
219:
216:
167:
164:
101:
100:
85:
84:
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68:
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56:
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27:
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13:
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1797:
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1787:
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1782:
1780:
1779:Betsimisaraka
1777:
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1772:
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1765:
1762:
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1757:
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1459:
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1453:0-521-83935-1
1449:
1445:
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1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1384:, p. 41.
1383:
1382:Campbell 2005
1378:
1375:
1372:, p. 31.
1371:
1370:Campbell 2005
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:Campbell 2005
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:Campbell 2005
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:Campbell 2005
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:Campbell 2005
1318:
1315:
1312:, p. 56.
1311:
1310:Campbell 2005
1306:
1303:
1300:, p. 57.
1299:
1298:Campbell 2005
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
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1254:
1248:
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1232:
1226:
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1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1186:, p. 65.
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:, p. 66.
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1102:, p. 99.
1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:, p. 33.
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
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1057:
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1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
991:, p. 26.
990:
985:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
961:
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
937:
934:
930:
925:
922:
918:
913:
910:
907:, p. 92.
906:
901:
898:
895:, p. 60.
894:
889:
886:
882:
877:
874:
870:
865:
862:
858:
853:
850:
846:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
823:, p. 59.
822:
817:
814:
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805:
802:
798:
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790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
769:
766:
762:
757:
754:
750:
745:
742:
739:, p. 38.
738:
733:
730:
727:, p. 39.
726:
721:
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705:
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689:
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683:
679:
674:
671:
667:
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659:
655:
650:
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638:
635:, p. 25.
634:
629:
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613:
609:
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573:Uapaca bojeri
569:
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450:national park
449:
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438:Funeral rites
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109:people are a
108:
99:
95:
94:Bantu peoples
91:
86:
81:
78:
77:Bara-Malagasy
74:
69:
66:
62:
57:
52:
47:
40:
35:
26:
19:
1885:
1763:
1744:Antambahoaka
1663:
1642:
1620:
1598:
1577:
1567:
1547:
1526:
1505:
1484:
1463:
1442:
1421:
1400:
1392:Bibliography
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
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1059:
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1023:
1011:
984:
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960:
948:
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888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
756:
744:
732:
720:
708:. Retrieved
680:, p. 7.
673:
661:
603:
571:
555:
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524:
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510:
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317:
302:
290:
280:
270:
258:
245:Ranavalona I
241:
221:
179:
177:
155:
150:
106:
104:
28:Ethnic group
25:
1754:Antankarana
1286:Gennep 1904
1184:Gennep 1904
1172:Gennep 1904
1160:Scheff 1979
1148:Gennep 1904
1124:Gennep 1904
1112:Gennep 1904
1100:Gennep 1904
1088:Gennep 1904
1076:Gennep 1904
1064:Gennep 1904
1052:Gennep 1904
1040:Gennep 1904
1028:Gennep 1904
1016:Condra 2013
1004:Condra 2013
989:Haring 2007
953:Gennep 1904
929:Gennep 1904
917:Ottino 1998
905:Gennep 1904
893:Michel 1957
857:Gennep 1904
845:Gennep 1904
821:Michel 1957
809:Ottino 1998
710:1 September
608:Ottino 1998
305:patriarchal
224:Ihosy River
135:patriarchal
18:Bará people
1839:Zafimaniry
1784:Bezanozano
1721:Indigenous
1422:Madagascar
1231:"Kilalaky"
761:Ellis 2014
749:Ellis 2014
737:Ellis 2014
725:Ellis 2014
410:tsimokotra
375:is called
281:fokonolona
200:Madagascar
119:Madagascar
65:Madagascar
54:c. 520,000
1886:See also:
1853:Immigrant
1829:Tsimihety
1749:Antandroy
1739:Antaisaka
1729:Antaifasy
1274:Fuhr 2013
1196:Fuhr 2013
666:Ogot 1992
654:Ogot 1992
471:salamanga
377:fole velo
335:hazomanga
202:, in the
178:The name
121:, in the
71:Languages
1902:Category
1844:Zafisoro
1819:Sihanaka
1814:Sakalava
1799:Masikoro
1789:Mahafaly
1774:Betsileo
1759:Antanosy
1734:Antemoro
1259:21 April
881:Vig 2001
869:Vig 2001
556:kibodolo
521:Language
511:kilalaky
499:kilalaky
495:kilalaky
491:karitaky
460:mourning
313:Endogamy
309:polygamy
236:Mahafaly
196:plateaus
188:Sakalava
151:kilalaky
143:polygamy
139:endogamy
115:plateaus
92:groups,
90:Malagasy
1889:Vazimba
560:Toliara
545:Economy
515:lokanga
507:Tsiliva
475:ombiasy
405:mahampy
381:ombiasy
347:fatidra
341:Culture
331:bontona
318:ombiasy
287:Society
228:Toliara
218:History
212:Betroka
1824:Tanala
1804:Merina
1671:
1650:
1629:
1606:
1585:
1555:
1534:
1513:
1492:
1471:
1450:
1429:
1408:
704:"Bara"
539:Borneo
503:kabosy
397:harefo
389:Merina
360:dahalo
307:, and
182:is of
88:Other
1809:Mikea
1794:Makoa
1769:Beosi
1237:2 May
1215:2 May
580:Notes
479:kiady
448:Isalo
427:lamba
385:landy
298:Ihosy
249:Ihosy
208:Ihosy
192:Bantu
184:Bantu
127:Ihosy
1834:Vezo
1764:Bara
1669:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1261:2013
1239:2015
1217:2015
712:2014
564:Belo
467:bilo
422:fady
416:Fady
294:zebu
180:Bara
141:and
137:and
131:zebu
107:Bara
105:The
32:Bara
469:or
391:or
198:of
117:of
1904::
996:^
685:^
640:^
615:^
588:^
541:.
96:,
1705:e
1698:t
1691:v
1677:.
1656:.
1635:.
1612:.
1591:.
1561:.
1540:.
1519:.
1498:.
1477:.
1456:.
1435:.
1414:.
1263:.
1241:.
1219:.
714:.
399:(
210:-
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
