Knowledge (XXG)

Baralong incidents

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101: 798:: "Wegener ran to a cabin on the upper deck – I later found out it was Manning's bathroom. The marines broke down the door with the butts of their rifles, but Wegener squeezed through a scuttle and dropped into the sea. He still had his life-jacket on and put up his arms in surrender. Corporal Collins, however, took aim and shot him through the head." Corporal Collins later recalled that, after Wegener's death, Herbert threw a revolver in the dead German captain's face and screamed, "What about the 86: 684: 814:
In Herbert's report to the Admiralty, he stated he feared the survivors from the U-boat's crew would board the freighter and scuttle it, so he ordered the Royal Marines on his ship to shoot the survivors. If they had scuttled the freighter, it could have been considered as negligence on the part of
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and attempted to join the six-man boarding party by climbing up its hanging lifeboat falls and pilot ladder. Despite his recent orders to take no prisoners from U-boats, Herbert claimed in his report to the Admiralty to have been worried that the German survivors might try to scuttle the steamer as
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The German government delivered a memorandum on the incident via the American ambassador in Berlin, who received it on 6 December 1915. In it, they cited six US citizens as witnesses, stating they had made sworn depositions regarding the incident before
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s crew were arrested after destroying a local pub. Herbert paid their bail, then left port with the bailed crewmen aboard. Beginning in April 1915, Herbert ordered his subordinates to cease calling him "Sir", and to address him only by the
745:. For them this was no time to cease firing, even as the survivors of the crew appeared on the outer casing, struggling out of their clothes to swim away from her. There was a mighty hiss of compressed air from her tanks and the 908:
on 15 January 1916, where the incident was described as a "cowardly murder" and Grey's note as being "full of insolence and arrogance". It was announced that reprisals had been decided, but not what they would be.
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Interviews with his subordinate officers have established Herbert's undisciplined manner of commanding his ship. Herbert allowed his men to engage in drunken binges during shore leave. During one such incident, at
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The Admiralty, upon receiving Herbert's report, immediately ordered its suppression, but the strict censorship imposed on the event failed when Americans who had witnessed the incident from
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vanished from sight in a vortex of giant rumbling bubbles, leaving a pall of smoke over the spot where she had been. It had taken only a few minutes to fire the thirty-four shells into her.
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The event was also commemorated by a propaganda medal designed by the German engraver Karl Goetz. This was one of many medals that were popular in Germany from about 1910 to 1940.
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an explanation for why he ordered his men to open fire with small arms, killing all in the water. Wegener is described by some accounts as being shot while trying to swim to the
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opened fire with starboard and rear guns, marines aiding with rifle fire. The conning tower was struck killing the captain and six crew, and other shots struck the hull.
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in France. The Germans allowed the freighter's crew and passengers to board lifeboats, and prepared to sink the freighter with the U-boat's deck gun.
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began its attack, the submarine was firing on the freighter. It is not known if the escaping sailors actually intended to scuttle the freighter.
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Twelve men survived the sinking of the submarine: the crews of her two deck guns and those who had been on the conning tower. They swam to
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with the loss of 44 lives – this included three Americans and resulted in a diplomatic incident between Germany and the United States. HMS
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Unlike the neutral Americans in the first incident, the only witnesses to the second attack were the German and British sailors present.
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be tried for the murder of unarmed German sailors, threatening to "take the serious decision of retribution for an unpunished crime".
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were killed by the freighter's engine room staff; this report apparently came from the officer commanding the muleteers.
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followed U-41's instructions while at the same time manoevring to 700 yards and an angle where her guns could fire.
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replied through the American ambassador that the incident could be grouped together with the Germans' sinking of SS
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Medicine and Duty: The World War I Memoir of Captain Harold W. McGill, Medical Officer, 31st Battalion, C.E.F
1024:. A bounty of £1,000 was also awarded. Wilmot-Smith, was later awarded £170 prize bounty by the Prize Court. 336: 252: 1012:, for which its commanding officer at the time, Lieutenant-Commander Andrew Wilmot-Smith was awarded the 1308: 795: 567:
had been about 20 mi (32 km) from the scene, and had received a distress call from the ship.
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s crew were cheering from the lifeboats. Captain Manning was heard to yell, "If any of those bastard
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at a range of 600 yd (550 m), firing 34 rounds for only a single shot from the submarine.
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s engine room and propeller shaft tunnel, and were killed. According to the witness statements,
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Naval engagements of WWI, involving the Royal Navy Q-ship HMS Baralong and two German U-boats
1132: 1127: 557: 518: 147: 137: 802:, you bastard!" An alternative allegation by the Admiralty is that the Germans who boarded 513:
business is shocking. Unofficially, we are telling you... take no prisoners from U-boats."
418:. About a dozen of the crewmen managed to escape from the sinking submarine and Lieutenant 196: 913: 554: 490: 419: 384: 257: 122: 1091:
had run down the lifeboat he was in; he leapt clear and was soon afterward taken aboard
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s crew. Wegener acknowledged the signal, then ordered his men to cease firing, and took
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Meanwhile, the Military Bureau for the Investigation of Violations of the Laws of War (
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and the helmsman) from a hatch before it sank again. The two crew and the crew of the
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began to list then dived. It abruptly resurfaced and only two crew escaped (a wounded
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Iwan Crompton, after returning to Germany from a prisoner-of-war camp, reported that
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As a precaution to protect the ships against any reprisals against their crews, HMS
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Herbert screamed, "Cease fire!" But his men's blood was up. They were avenging the
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s lifeboats spoke to newspaper reporters after their return to the United States.
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The Annual Register Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1916
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s crew was infuriated by the attack and by their inability to locate survivors.
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Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
857:, he gave the order "take no prisoners". Four German sailors were found in 972:, and the crew was issued new Discharge Books, with the voyage omitted. 1142: 548: 1382:"Medal commemorating the sinking of 'U.27' by Q-ship 'Baralong', 1915" 1122: 669:. As the submarine disappeared behind the steamship, Herbert steered 401: 391: 642:
appeared on the scene, flying the ensign of the United States as a
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U-boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-submarine Warfare 1914–1918
414:, which had been preparing to attack a nearby merchant ship, the 1672:"Scandal of The Baralong Incident Was Hidden in Veil of Secrecy" 621:
was carrying munitions and 250 American mules earmarked for the
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Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine
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ran up a signal flag indicating that she was going to rescue
1685:(4). The Maritime Institute of Ireland: 8–10. Archived from 960:
returned to the Ellerman & Bucknall Line under the name
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Militäruntersuchungstelle für Verletzungen des Kriegsrechts
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hauled down the American flag, hoisted the Royal Navy's
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by a German submarine in May 1915, Lieutenant-Commander
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before it returned to Falmouth the following morning.
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The memorandum demanded that the captain and crew of
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Slaughter at Sea: The Truth Behind a Naval War Crime
934:A German medal was issued commemorating the event. 1632:McGill, Harold W.; Norris, Majorie Barron (2007). 1490:Sea Killers in Disguise: Q Ships and Decoy Raiders 1456:"The sinking of 'U.41' by Q-ship 'Baralong', 1915" 461:in an incident which has also been described as a 437:s sinking, including several who had reached the 25: 1285: 1283: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1414: 1412: 845:The statements said that five survivors from 212: 8: 871:s commander was shot while swimming towards 387:in August and September 1915, involving the 1535:Gibson, R.H.; Prendergast, Maurice (2002). 601:Bernd Wegener, stopped the British steamer 1264: 1262: 455:under command of Andrew Wilmot-Smith sank 236: 219: 205: 197: 22: 1756:Deaths by firearm in international waters 1369:The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau 1939–1945 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1636:. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. 1252: 1250: 228:Atlantic naval operations of World War I 1153: 638:s port quarter and firing into it when 540:continued routine patrol duties in the 318: 265: 38:Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I 1653:Verschollen: World War I U-boat Losses 1354: 1352: 1298:McGill & Norris 2007, pp. 320–321. 945:and transferred to the Mediterranean. 764:come up, lads, hit 'em with an oar!" 497:, was visited by two officers of the 7: 613:. A boarding party of six men from 1746:Atlantic operations of World War I 1537:The German Submarine War 1914–1918 14: 1030:was in the process of sinking SS 1020:, and two of the crew received a 646:. When she was half a mile away, 1244:Gibson & Prendergast, p. 53. 1077:Aftermath of the second incident 544:without encountering the enemy. 99: 84: 1577:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 1016:, the engineer J. M. Dowie the 730:rolled over and began to sink. 536:Throughout the summer of 1915, 52:19 August and 24 September 1915 1670:O'Neill, Gerry (Spring 2006). 1594:A Naval History of World War I 1507:Chatterton, E. Keble (1980) . 1106:, which termed the sinking of 1104:U-41: der zweite Baralong-Fall 722:began shooting with its three 383:were two incidents during the 1: 1484:Bridgland, Tony (1999). "The 985:185 prize bounty for sinking 733:According to Tony Bridgland; 687:The action of 19 August 1915. 1651:Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). 1558:. Periscope Publishing Ltd. 1539:. Periscope Publishing Ltd. 710:, and unmasked her guns. As 1573:Hadley, Michael L. (1995). 1358:Hesperides 2007, pp. 58–59. 1337:. 6 January 1916. p. 7 998:Action of 24 September 1915 902:A debate took place in the 714:came into view from behind 673:on a parallel course along 533:"Captain William McBride". 1777: 1712:Massie, Robert K. (2003). 1462:. National Maritime Museum 1388:. National Maritime Museum 1169:Bridgland 1999, pp. 20–55. 1110:a "second Baralong case". 981:s crew were later awarded 1736:British military scandals 1716:. New York: Random House. 1655:. Naval Institute Press. 1592:Halpern, Paul G. (1994). 1554:Grant, Robert M. (2002). 1436:Messimer 2002, pp. 61–62. 1335:The Sydney Morning Herald 1226:Messimer 2002, pp. 29–30. 1217:Messimer 2002, pp. 46–47. 275:Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 234: 182: 160: 113: 76: 44: 33: 1488:: Germany is Outraged". 1460:Royal Museums, Greenwich 952:s name was deleted from 815:Herbert. Moments before 493:, commanding officer of 474:Action of 19 August 1915 422:, commanding officer of 1509:Q-Ships and Their Story 1418:Chatterton 1980, p. 26. 661:along the port side of 605:in accordance with the 589:) south of Queenstown, 430:. All the survivors of 1751:Extrajudicial killings 1427:Chatterton, 1980, p 30 1289:Bridgland 1999, p. 43. 1178:Bridgland 1999, p. 21. 1002:On 24 September 1915, 917: 751: 688: 114:Commanders and leaders 1731:World War I massacres 1311:. WWW Virtual Library 1277:Messimer 2002, p. 42. 1268:Halpern 1994, p. 301. 1235:Messimer 2002, p. 30. 1187:Messimer 2002, p. 23. 796:Gordon Charles Steele 735: 686: 521:, several members of 509:. He was told, "This 505:at the naval base at 503:Secret Service branch 183:Casualties and losses 1526:Coles, Alan (1986). 1406:O'Neill 2006, p. 10. 1367:Alfred M. de Zayas, 1102:s exploits in 1917, 1084:Oberleutnant zur See 577:Meanwhile, about 70 1692:on 19 November 2007 1611:Hesperides (2007). 1511:. Ayer Publishing. 1445:Hadley 1995, p. 36. 1203:O'Neill 2006, p. 9. 547:On 19 August 1915, 507:Queenstown, Ireland 136:Bernd Wegener  1706:General references 1679:Journal of the Sea 1530:. London: R. Hale. 1256:Grant 2002, p. 27. 1058:were picked up by 1034:with gunfire when 929:commanding officer 779:Herbert then sent 689: 680:s starboard side. 611:London Declaration 188:2 steamers damaged 146:Klaus Hansen  1761:Massacres in 1915 1741:Conflicts in 1915 849:managed to board 833:German memorandum 609:specified by the 463:British war crime 369: 368: 364: 363: 248:U-boat operations 195: 194: 191:2 submarines sunk 72: 71: 1768: 1717: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1691: 1676: 1666: 1647: 1628: 1607: 1588: 1569: 1550: 1531: 1522: 1503: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1378: 1372: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1204: 1201: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1133:Commerce raiding 1128:Merchant raiders 1101: 1006:sank the U-boat 980: 954:Lloyd's Register 951: 941:was renamed HMS 926: 870: 863: 828: 785: 759: 701: 679: 656: 637: 617:discovered that 573: 555:White Star Liner 527: 447: 436: 347:17 November 1917 327:Falkland Islands 237: 229: 221: 214: 207: 198: 152: 142: 109: 105: 103: 102: 94: 90: 88: 87: 46: 45: 40: 23: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1721: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1650: 1644: 1631: 1625: 1610: 1604: 1591: 1585: 1572: 1566: 1553: 1547: 1534: 1525: 1519: 1506: 1500: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1331:"Baralong Case" 1329: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1207: 1202: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1119: 1099: 1079: 1000: 995: 993:Second incident 978: 949: 924: 900: 898:German reaction 884:Sir Edward Grey 868: 861: 840:notaries public 835: 826: 812: 783: 757: 724:12-pounder guns 699: 677: 654: 635: 598:Kapitänleutnant 595:, commanded by 571: 525: 491:Godfrey Herbert 476: 471: 445: 441:, were shot by 434: 420:Godfrey Herbert 400:and two German 385:First World War 372: 371: 370: 365: 357:14 October 1918 342:15 October 1917 332:16 January 1916 258:Northern Patrol 230: 227: 225: 175: 156: 148: 138: 130: 127:A. Wilmot-Smith 123:Godfrey Herbert 100: 98: 97: 85: 83: 82: 68: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1774: 1772: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1667: 1661: 1648: 1643:978-1552381939 1642: 1629: 1624:978-1406751987 1623: 1617:. Read Books. 1608: 1602: 1589: 1583: 1570: 1564: 1551: 1545: 1532: 1523: 1517: 1504: 1498: 1492:. Leo Cooper. 1479: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1447: 1438: 1429: 1420: 1408: 1399: 1386:The Collection 1373: 1360: 1348: 1322: 1300: 1291: 1279: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1205: 1189: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1115: 1078: 1075: 1069:surfaced near 999: 996: 994: 991: 899: 896: 834: 831: 811: 808: 631:was lying off 579:nautical miles 475: 472: 470: 469:First incident 467: 367: 366: 362: 361: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 321: 320: 316: 315: 314: 313: 306: 299: 292: 285: 278: 268: 267: 263: 262: 261: 260: 255: 250: 245: 235: 232: 231: 226: 224: 223: 216: 209: 201: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 180: 179: 176: 174: 173: 170: 169:1 decoy vessel 166: 163: 162: 158: 157: 155: 154: 144: 133: 131: 129: 128: 125: 119: 116: 115: 111: 110: 95: 92:United Kingdom 79: 78: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66:Atlantic Ocean 60: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 31: 30: 21: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1773: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1596:. 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In 1916 644:false flag 585:; 81  581:(130  478:After the 389:Royal Navy 172:2 steamers 905:Reichstag 810:Aftermath 800:Lusitania 743:Lusitania 553:sank the 542:Irish Sea 531:pseudonym 519:Dartmouth 511:Lusitania 499:Admiralty 486:Lusitania 484:RMS  448:s crew. 395:HMS  381:incidents 296:Lusitania 289:Gulflight 62:Irish Sea 29:incidents 1486:Baralong 1117:See also 1093:Baralong 1089:Baralong 1071:Baralong 1060:Baralong 1052:Leutnant 1044:Baralong 1040:Baralong 1036:Baralong 1004:Baralong 976:Baralong 970:Nevisian 966:Nicosian 947:Baralong 939:Baralong 922:Baralong 920:) added 880:Baralong 873:Baralong 859:Nicosian 855:Nicosian 851:Nicosian 824:Nicosian 817:Baralong 804:Nicosian 792:Nicosian 781:Baralong 774:Baralong 769:Nicosian 755:Nicosian 741:and the 720:Baralong 716:Nicosian 704:Baralong 697:Nicosian 675:Nicosian 671:Baralong 667:Baralong 663:Nicosian 652:Nicosian 648:Baralong 640:Baralong 633:Nicosian 619:Nicosian 603:Nicosian 569:Baralong 565:Baralong 558:SS  538:Baralong 523:Baralong 495:Baralong 453:Baralong 443:Baralong 439:Nicosian 428:Nicosian 424:Baralong 416:Nicosian 406:Baralong 397:Baralong 377:Baralong 310:Carolina 303:Baralong 243:Blockade 161:Strength 57:Location 34:Part of 27:Baralong 1466:20 June 1341:28 July 1143:HMS E13 958:Wyandra 943:Wyandra 702:s bow, 691:Before 480:sinking 451:Later, 402:U-boats 319:Actions 266:Attacks 253:Convoys 150:† 140:† 107:Germany 1659:  1640:  1621:  1600:  1581:  1562:  1543:  1515:  1496:  1371:, p 8. 1123:Q-ship 1056:Urbino 1032:Urbino 962:Manica 914:German 888:Arabic 739:Arabic 560:Arabic 392:Q-ship 104:  89:  1690:(PDF) 1675:(PDF) 1100:' 1065:When 979:' 950:' 925:' 869:' 862:' 827:' 786:s 12 784:' 758:' 700:' 678:' 655:' 636:' 572:' 526:' 446:' 435:' 408:sank 1698:2011 1657:ISBN 1638:ISBN 1619:ISBN 1598:ISBN 1579:ISBN 1560:ISBN 1541:ISBN 1513:ISBN 1494:ISBN 1468:2016 1394:2011 1343:2013 1317:2012 1108:U-41 1097:U-41 1067:U-41 1048:U-41 1028:U-41 1009:U-41 987:U-27 892:Ruel 866:U-27 847:U-27 762:Huns 747:U-27 728:U-27 712:U-27 693:U-27 659:U-27 629:U-27 615:U-27 592:U-27 550:U-24 458:U-41 432:U-27 411:U-27 374:The 49:Date 36:the 1022:DSM 1018:DSC 1014:DSO 964:. 501:'s 482:of 1727:: 1681:. 1677:. 1458:. 1411:^ 1384:. 1351:^ 1333:. 1282:^ 1261:^ 1249:^ 1208:^ 1192:^ 989:. 927:s 916:: 875:. 776:. 718:, 587:mi 583:km 465:. 404:. 64:, 1700:. 1683:1 1665:. 1646:. 1627:. 1606:. 1587:. 1568:. 1549:. 1521:. 1502:. 1470:. 1396:. 1345:. 1319:. 983:£ 220:e 213:t 206:v

Index

Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I
Irish Sea
Atlantic Ocean
United Kingdom
Germany
Godfrey Herbert


v
t
e
Blockade
U-boat operations
Convoys
Northern Patrol
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse
Cap Trafalgar
Gulflight
Lusitania
Baralong
Carolina
Falkland Islands
16 January 1916
10 March 1917
15 October 1917
17 November 1917
21 July 1918
14 October 1918
First World War
Royal Navy

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