Music of Barbados - Knowledge (XXG)

586:, and the island's musical culture is perceived as a mixture of African and British musics, with certain unique elements that may derive from indigenous sources. Tension between African and British culture has long been a major element of Barbadian history, and has included the banning of certain African-derived practices and black Barbadian parodies of British traditions. Simple entertainment is the basis for most Barbadians' participation in music and dance activities, though religious and other functional musics also occur. Barbadian folk culture declined in importance in the 20th century, but then rekindled in the 1970s, when many Barbadians became interested in their national culture and history. This change was heralded by the arrival of 1516:

Quebec who added his own creativity by infusing African rhythms and Latin patterns. Each track on the album carries its own unique blend. The track "Come and Buy (Isaiah 55)" has a Meringue pattern that was altered to fit the Spouge rhythm; "In the Same Boat" has a Senagalese mbalax pattern. The congas are playing a Guaguancó pattern in "Drop by Drop"; and in the "Christmas I Believe In" track, the Spouge and the Cuban Bomba rhythms are played alternatively on the drum set. Very interesting combination! Of note, the song "Singing Over Me" is most likely the first Spouge song to be ever composed in the 3/4 time signature.

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constantly available, providing entertainment, edification and general education to all people of Barbados. North American love songs, parlor songs, African-American spirituals and folk hymns, and hillbilly music have also contributed to a cultural mixture in which the love of a song, the expression through movement, and demand for theater continue to be of paramount importance".

876:" dance was an important part of Barbadian culture until it was banned in the 19th century. This was a popular fertility dance performed outdoors at plantation fairs and other festivals, and was functional in that it allowed women to show off to men and, more rarely, vice versa. The dance was eventually banned because it was associated with non-Christian African traditions. 1279:", which is one of the most-played songs on the party scene in Barbados and through the world. "Walk Away From Love" remained at number one on the charts for months both in Barbados and throughout the Caribbean. The new wave of singers, largely soca, include Rupee, Lil' Rick and Jabae with lead vocalist Bruce and Barry Chandler, all recent winners at 1696:, and there are few opportunities for most people to become formally educated in music of any kind. The elders of the island, who are the most educated in oral traditions, are held in high esteem due to their knowledge of folk culture. Modern Barbados is home to several institutions of musical education. There are dedicated schools for 1205: 1689:. Due to a lack of archaeological and historical records, the island's indigenous music is unknown. Since the 1970s, an increase in general interest in Barbadian culture has spurred greater study of music, and given an incentive to radio and television stations to create and maintain archives of cultural practices. 1082:

accompaniment was provided by triangle, fiddle, drums and a guitar, played by slave entertainers. Crop over festivals continue to play a part of Barbadian culture, and always feature music by performers in sugarcane-cutting costumes, even though many modern performers are not themselves sugarcane-cutters.

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Early Barbadian folk music, despite legal restrictions, was a major part of life among the island's slave population. For the slaves, music was "essential for recreation and dancing and as a part of the life cycle for communication and religious meaning". African musicians also provided the music for

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Barbadian culture and music are mixtures of European and African elements, with minimal influence from the indigenous peoples of the island, about whom little is known. Significant numbers of Asian, specifically Chinese and Japanese, people have moved to Barbados, but their music is unstudied and has

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to the island which featured a mixture of Latin music with African influences which soon developed into Soca-Samba which is indigenous to Barbados. Modern Barbadian music is thus largely a combination of English and African elements, with Irish, Scottish, and modern American and Caribbean (especially

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Though inhabited prior to the 16th century, little is known about Barbadian music before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1536 and then the English in 1627. The Portuguese left little influence, but English culture and music helped shape the island's heritage. Irish and Scottish settlers emigrated in

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tradition and many folk songs come from slaves parodying the practices of white authorities. British-Barbadians used music for cultural and intellectual enrichment and to feel a sense of kinship and connection with the British Isles through the maintenance of British musical forms. Plantation houses

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Millington, p. 820. Millington lists the American and British influences as including Welsh, Scottish and Irish elements, "transmitted through literature and poetry (Shakespeare and Milton), rhymes, folk songs, sea shanties, classical music, hymns, and other songs of praise (all of which have) been

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flute. Tuk bands are now most common in Landship events, but are still sometimes independent. On their own, tuk bands are generally accompanied by a range of iconic Barbadian characters, including "shaggy bears", "mother sally", "the steel donkey" and "green monkeys". The upbeat modern sound of tuk

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triangle and a snare and double-headed bass drum. The kittle and bass drum provide the rhythm, while the flute gives the melody. The drums are light-weight so they can be carried easily, and are made by both rural villagers and drummers using cured sheepskin and goatskin. Tuk bands are based on the

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The original crop over festival celebrated the end of the sugarcane harvest. These festivals were held in the great house of the plantations, and included both slaves and plantation managers. Celebrations included drinking competitions, feasting, song and dance, and climbing a greased pole. Musical

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Rock music is alive and well in Barbados, there have been several bands through the years that perform alternative, rock and even metal music. Most recently the Alt/Rock/Metal band Standing Penance formed in 2009. The band continues to operate in present-day and is the only act of this genre to be

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and other navy ranks. Each unit is named like a typical navy ship and may include actual names of British ships or places. Landship performances symbolize and reflect the passage of ships through rough seas. Parades, jigs, hornpipes, maypole dances and other music and dance types are a part of the

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In 2024 "Pure Spouge Gospel" EP album was released which features five original songs written and performed by Lana Spooner-Jack in the Barbadian-owned genre Spouge. The music for the album was composed by mixing and mastering engineer Jeffrey Y. Grosvenor at his studio "Edge Cliff", in Gatineau,

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By the 19th century, the Barbadian colonialists grew to fear slave revolts, and specifically, the use of music as a tool of communication and planning for revolution. As a result, the government passed laws to restrict musical activities among slaves. At the same time, American and other forms of

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The earliest reference to Afro-Barbadian music may come from a description of a slave rebellion, in which the rebels were inspired to fight by music played on skin drums, conch trumpets and animal horns. Slavery continued, however, and the colonial and slaveowning authorities eventually outlawed

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is a distinctive instrument, made by stretching a guitar string between two sides of a house. Traditional Barbadian wind instruments are largely metal, but in their folk origins, were made out of locally found materials. Barbadian villagers burned fingerholes, for example, on bamboo tubes, made

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style. Calypso was the first popular music in Barbados, and dates back to the 1930s. Barbadian calypso is a comedic song form, accompanied by guitar and banjo. More recent styles of calypso have also kept a local scene alive, and produced a number of famous calypsonians. Spouge is a mixture of

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harvest, and is inaugurated by the ritual delivery of the last of the harvest on a cart pulled by mules. The champion sugarcane workers are crowned King and Queen for the event. In addition to crop over, music plays an important role in many other Barbadian holidays and festivals. The Easter

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festivals, for example, are popular and an iconic part of Barbadian culture, known for dancing in the costumes of sugarcane-cutters. The Landship movement features song and dance meant to imitate the passage of a Royal Navy ship through rough seas; Landship and other occasions also feature

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featured music as entertainment at balls, dances and other gatherings. For Afro-Barbadians, drum, vocal and dance music was an integral part of everyday life, and songs and performance practices were created for normal, everyday events, as well as special celebrations including

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Academic study of Barbadian music remains limited. Some song collections and other activities have been conducted, but there remain significant holes in scholarship, such as the musics of recent immigrants from China and India, who presumably have brought with them styles of

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in 1984 helped to promote and administer calypso festivals, which attracted tourists, stimulating the calypso industry. As a result, calypso has become a very visible and iconic part of Barbadian culture, and some calypsonians have become internationally renowned, including

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British military's regimental bands, which played for many years for special occasions, such as visiting royalty and coronations. The tuk sound has evolved over the years, as has the instrumentation, with the bow-fiddle used before being most commonly replaced by the

1196:, tea meetings have recently been revived and have regained their widespread popularity. They are held at nighttime, beginning at 9:00 pm and continuing until midnight, when there is a two-hour break for food and drink before the tea meeting is resumed. 1019:

Though Western classical and other musics play an important role in Anglican church services on Barbados, religion and folk music are closely intertwined in the everyday lives of most Barbadians. The basis for religious folk music is the Anglican

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in Bridgetown in 1961 helped to keep this scene alive. With independence in 1966 came a focus on black Barbadian culture, and music like calypso, reggae and spouge, rather than the preoccupation with British standards of musical development.

1592:, a pianist who had learned to play many styles while living in Trinidad during a time when American soldiers were stationed there, providing a ready market for bands that could play American music. Other musicians of this period included 1386:. The first calypso competitions were held in 1960, and they quickly grew larger and more prominent. The Merrymen became the island's most prominent contribution to calypso by the 1970s and into the 1980s. Their style, known as 601:

The religious music of the Barbadian Christian churches plays an important role in Barbadian musical identity, especially in urban areas. Many distinctive Barbadian musical and other cultural traditions derive from parodies of

840:), exemplify his eclectic style. More than any of his contemporaries, Kellman, through his songs, poems and novels, demonstrates what it means to be Barbadian through a hybrid mix of African and European cultural elements. 2023:

Millington, p. 818. Millington notes that crop over festivals "continue, with newspaper articles telling of choices of venues where dances are organized by a local who is popular and credible in the eyes of the

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of the Draytons Two being among people indicating that spouge should be encouraged because it is a national form that can reach international audiences and inspire the nation's pride in their cultural heritage.

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were well-known forerunners of modern Barbadian calypso. Their song tradition embraced sentimentality, humour, and opinionated lyrics that continued to the 1960s, often by then accompanied by guitar or banjo.

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Millington, p. 821. Millington describes the keepers of oral knowledge as "guardians of the cultural heritage (of Barbados)", whose positions of respect have made them "especially revered" within their local

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The Barbadian folk tradition is home to a great variety of musical instruments, imported from Africa, Great Britain or other Caribbean islands. The most central instrument group in Barbadian culture is the

1716:, though it has a campus on Barbados, does not offer degree programmes in music. As a matter of fact, only recently has the university started offering students the opportunity to pursue a minor in music. 1655:. In 1983, however, the Belair Jazz Club closed, and was not replaced by any long-term clubs. Later in the 1980s, jazz declined greatly in popularity, though The National Cultural foundation organized the 590:, a popular national genre that reflects Barbadian heritage and African origins; spouge helped kindle a resurgence in national pride, and became viewed as Barbados' answer to the popular Caribbean genres 760:

musical instruments among slaves. By the end of the 17th century, a distinctly Barbadian folk culture developed, based around influences and instruments from Africa, Britain and other Caribbean islands.

1632:. The genre had developed by 1965, when original works such as "Jouvert Morning" and "Calypso Lament" were composed. Artists including the pianist Adrian Clarke became popular during the '60s as well. 1085:

The Barbadian Landship movement is an informal entertainment organization which mocks, through mimicry and satire, the Royal Navy. Landship began in 1837, founded by an individual known variously as

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has become a part of Barbadian religious and musical traditions since the 1920s. Music plays a role in Pentecostal ceremonies, and is provided by emotional and improvised performances accompanied

1145:. In more recent years, calypso, reggae and other new elements have become a part of local Christmas traditions. As recently as the 1960s, Barbados was home to a distinctive practice, in which 349: 1712:. Music is a part of the curriculum for early childhood as well as primary and secondary education. The Barbados Community College has an associate degree programme in music. However, the 1024:, a kind of praise song mostly sung on Sundays, a day when Christian Barbadians come together with family members to sing and praise God to ask for strength for the next week's work. 3938: 810:; this song tradition dates back to 1650. The most influential Barbadian folk songs are associated with the island's lower-class labourers, who have held on to their folk heritage. 813:

Some Barbadian songs and stories made their way back to England, most famously "Inckle the English Sailor" and "Yarico the Indian Maid", which became English plays and an opera by

828:, show a bold fusion of indigenous rhythms such as tuk and calypso with African, Latin, jazz, pop, and East Indian influences. Kellman's songs such as "Mountain" (from 2000 album 1472:. Of these, the cowbell and the guitar are widely seen as the most integral part of the instrumentation, and are said to reflect the African origin of much of Barbadian music. 685:

and other religious music, chamber music of the Western tradition remains an important part of Barbadian music through an integral role in the services of the Anglican church.

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writes thoughtful poetic lyrics delivered in a musical style deeply rooted in Barbadian indigenous folk music with strong elements of African and Latin influences. His albums

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is a syncretic mix of African and British elements, and the island's music reflects this mix through song types and styles, instrumentation, dances, and aesthetic principles.

1659:, which after a brief hiatus due to lack of sponsorship was resurrected by Gilbert Rowe of GMR international tours. Other performances were organized by a group called the 1778:. On 30 November, the Barbadian Independence Day, military bands in parades play marches, calypsos and other popular songs. This is preceded for several weeks by the 1779: 342: 451: 2861: 1565:

had risen to fame advocating reform. In that year, Payne was deported and riots broke out in Bridgetown, spreading throughout the island. The following year, the

3659: 1097:. The structure of the Landship organization mirrors the structure of the Royal Navy, with a "ship" which is connected to a "dock" (a wooden house similar to a 475: 1663:. More jazz calypso fusion musicians appeared on the scene during this period, including Arturo Tappin, Nicholas Brancker, Andre Woodvine and Raf Robertson. 1619:. Though mainstream audiences were still listening to R&B and rock, modern jazz retained a small core of followers into the 1960s. The foundation of the 798:. Many traditional songs concern events current at the time of their composition, such as the emancipation of the slaves of Barbados, and the coronations of 3968: 556: 2488:

De Ledesma, Charles; Georgia Popplewell (2000). "Put Water in the Brandy?". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.).

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Millington, p. 816. Millington notes that "(l)inks, fusion and tension between African and British cultural expressions are still currently manifested."

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became popular on the island, and many jazz bands found themselves pushed aside. A wave of Guyanese musicians also appeared on the island, including

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comprises an all-star orchestra accompanied by pop and rock stars, Broadway performers, opera singers, and film composers as featured guests.

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industry, bringing still more new music to the island. The middle of the 17th century saw the decline of the tobacco industry and the rise of

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is a genre of music from the United States that reached Barbados by the end of the 1920s. The first major performer from the island was

3205: 3104: 2800: 2790: 2759: 807: 466: 1409:, a form of stage-presented calypso pioneered in Trinidad, was widespread at crop over and other celebrations. The foundation of the 523: 3652: 2697: 2639: 2501: 2478: 2421: 2070: 1115: 1368: 547: 3875: 3720: 3557: 3340: 1709: 1652: 522: 274: 4008: 3770: 3410: 3031: 2810: 928: 803: 799: 498: 243: 223: 32: 708:, as well as the introduction of large numbers of African slaves. Brazilian exiles however, along with sugarcane introduced 499: 3512: 3134: 2922: 2785: 2775: 2739: 2245: 2180:

Millington, pp. 813–814, 817, 820–821. Millington describes a 1981 collection of narrative, social, and children's songs,

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cult that spread to Barbados in the 1960s. One of the more Internationally known religious music groups from Barbados are

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being the most famous. It has, however, created a well-developed local scene playing imported styles such as American

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A number of holidays, festivals and other celebrations play an integral role in Barbadian folk, and popular, music.

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and Mike Wilkinson. These performers set the stage for the development of popular Barbadian calypso in the 1960s.

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are celebrations held in society lodges or school halls, and feature both solo and group performance, theatrical

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Barbadian Christmas music is mostly based on church and concert hall performances, where typical North American

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s, also emerged. In the 20th century, many new styles were imported to Barbados, most influentially including

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Contemporary Barbadian folk songs, especially through the pioneering albums of author and singer-songwriter

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the white landowners' private parties, while the slaves developed their own party music, culminating in the

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imported music were brought to Barbados, while many important elements of modern Barbadian music, such as

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to Barbados, and the Barbadian calypso style came to be viewed as lowbrow or inferior. Promoters such as

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had a major influence. In 1937, riots over poverty and disenfranchisement occurred, and people such as

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Millington, p. 817. Millington refers to the hymn as the "basis for Barbadians' religious experience".

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to both provide security for the island's population, as well as intimidate slaves. Modern Barbadian

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Okada, Yuki. JVC Smithsonian Folkways Video Anthology of Music and Dance of the Americas, 4 (1995).

1830: 1540: 1528: 1508: 1460:, bass guitar, trap set and various other electronic and percussion instruments, later augmented by 1320: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3978: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3840: 3705: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3507: 3464: 3325: 3198: 3159: 3126: 3036: 3003: 2991: 2967: 2767: 1822: 1806: 1359:, however, kept the popular tradition alive through shows at the Globe Theatre, featuring pioneers 1356: 1075: 623: 390: 383: 299: 279: 213: 1794:. NCF also assists with the Holers Opera Season, Oistins Fish Festival, Holetown Festival and the 1360: 1352: 1316: 3845: 3760: 3735: 3522: 3445: 3390: 3360: 3280: 3111: 2608: 2490:

Rough Guide to World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific

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String and wind instruments play an important role in Barbadian folk culture, especially the bow-

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Barbados has produced few internationally popular musicians, with worldwide pop superstar

1169: 1122: 1000: 825: 563: 379: 284: 86: 2429: 2062: 1315:, and was performed by labourers in village-tenantry areas. Itinerant minstrels such as 3815: 3740: 3482: 3370: 3315: 2780: 1775: 1725: 1686: 1682: 1644: 1643:'s performance in Bridgetown in 1972 is said to be the first Caribbean jazz festival. 1574: 1552: 996: 814: 490: 289: 1833:. The island's music industry is home to several recording studios, the largest being 1584:, a kind of jazz which was associated, in the United States, with social activism and 405:

and numerous traditional songs and dances. In modern Barbados, popular styles include

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festival, which began in 1688. The earliest crop over festivals featured dancing and

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travelled from house to house singing hymns and receiving rewards from households.

1134: 1130: 1043: 482: 458: 116: 106: 1708:. A number of schools sponsor orchestras, steelbands and tuk bands, including the 647:. These songs remain a part of Barbadian culture and form a rich folk repertoire. 1749:, for example features a street party with music to celebrate the signing of the 554: 521: 497: 473: 449: 1701: 1544: 1532: 1437: 1193: 1181: 1067: 628: 615: 418: 398: 3916: 2253: 1736:

competitions and parades, especially leading up to the first Monday in August,

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As political awareness among the black majority on the island spread, so did

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In the early 1960s, Barbadian calypso grew in popularity and stature, led by

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is the most socially accepted form of musical expression for Barbadians in

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ensembles are a distinctly Barbadian blend of African and British musics.

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have been described as groundbreaking due to his highly original style.

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Carrington, Sean; Addington Forde; Henry Frasier; John Gilmore (2004).

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David, Hinkson (26 March 2004). "Does spouge have a future? Part two".

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have used modern popular music with instrumentation borrowed from folk

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African-derived improvised and complexly-rhythmic dances, and British

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Barbadian folk dances include a wide variety of styles, performed at

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bands. Two of the more popular bands of Barbadian popular music are

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movement, which is a satirical, informal organization based on the

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On modern Barbados, oral transmission remains the primary mode of

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Barbadian traditional folk songs are heavily influenced by the

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Barbadian Popular Music and the Politics of Caribbean Culture

1990:"Anthony Kellman | Limestone | CD Baby Music Store" 1283:. A more experimental artist such as poet and fiction writer 431: 2091:(Video). Montpelier, Vermont: Multicultural Media VTMV-228. 1639:

launched a project to keep jazz alive on the island, while

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bands are Barbadian musical ensembles, consisting of a bow-

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Pinckney, Warren R. Jr (Spring 1994). "Jazz in Barbados".

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The Civilised Island, Barbados: A Social History 1750-1816

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has spread to the island in more recent years, along with

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Other major musical institutions in Barbados include the

1588:. The first Barbadian bebop musician from the island was 1543:. These bandleaders played a variety of music, including 1475:

Two different kinds of spouge were popular in the 1960s,

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Marshall, Trevor; Peggy McGeary; Grace Thompson (1981).

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Spouge is a style of Barbadian popular music created by

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arose during this period, pioneered by groups like the

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from Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and Cuba, and the

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has gone on to produce hit songs such as the classic "

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The mid-20th century brought new forms of music from

3799: 3673: 3463: 3264: 3125: 3059: 2990: 2894: 2843: 2766: 1740:. The crop over festival celebrates the end of the 1440:in the 1960s. It is primarily a fusion of Jamaican 931:are also widespread, and include the pan-Antillean 2681: 1955:(Thesis). PhD dissertation. University of Florida. 1192:, and other activities. After declining following 1133:", alongside works by English composers including 1456:. Spouge instrumentation originally consisted of 786:and bottles containing varying amounts of water. 1755:and the fishing industry of the island, and the 899:, made from a hollowed-out tree trunk, the side 1780:National Independence Festival of Creative Arts 889:. These include numerous drums, among them the 1657:International Barbados/Caribbean Jazz Festival 3932: 3653: 3241: 2740: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 1050:religion, which derives from the Trinidadian 343: 8: 3578:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2711:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean. 1547:, a kind of pop-jazz, Barbadian calypso and 1116:Council of the Barbados Landship Association 2623:Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Vol. 2 2471:Caribbean Islands Handbook with the Bahamas 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 481:Song by long-running popular calypso group 3939: 3925: 3917: 3660: 3646: 3638: 3248: 3234: 3226: 3065: 2996: 2900: 2849: 2747: 2733: 2725: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2280:University of the West Indies at Cave Hill 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1774:and sports are a major part of the Easter 1596:, a trumpeter and pianist, and bandleader 1062:Holidays, festivals and other celebrations 350: 336: 162: 151: 145: 28: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1710:St. Lucy Secondary School Steel Orchestra 821:, and first performed in London in 1787. 598:from Jamaica and Trinidad, respectively. 1946: 1944: 1732:, which is celebrated with song, dance, 1635:In the early 1970s, jazz fan and critic 1203: 366:includes distinctive national styles of 2620:Millington, Janice (1999). "Barbados". 1850: 251: 165: 156: 38: 2650:"Barbados Cropover Road March Winners" 2104:"Barbados Cropover Road March Winners" 907:of tuk bands. Folk musicians also use 756:had little impact on Barbadian music. 657:, including a variety of vocal music, 572: 389:Barbadian folk traditions include the 2136:from the original on 3 September 2005 1233:calypso and other styles, especially 1114:Landship Society's celebrations. The 7: 1996:from the original on 4 February 2016 1672:signed to an American record label. 425:Characteristics and musical identity 2720:. Bridgetown: Macmarson Associates. 2378:"Independence Day Military Parades" 3969:Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles 2398:"Independence Day Military Parade" 2349:"Independence Day Military Parade" 2330:from the original on 13 March 2015 2286:from the original on 13 March 2007 1857:De Ledesma and Popplewell, p. 518. 573:Problems playing these files? See 529:Popular song by ragga-soca artist 25: 2093:cited in Millington, pp. 813–821. 1957:cited in Millington, pp. 813–821. 923:, bottles filled with water, and 700:the 17th century, working in the 610:. The British military performed 33:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean 4019:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3781:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3454: 3421:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1720:Music institutions and festivals 1369:Lord Radio and the Bimshire Boys 552: 519: 495: 471: 447: 1653:Caribbean Broadcast Corporation 1403:By the beginning of the 1980s, 457:Song by well-known calypsonian 2811:Barbados Independence Act 1966 2106:. Toronto-Lime. Archived from 1819:Barbados Dance Theatre Company 1307:Prior to the 1930s, Barbadian 1271:, the lead singer of the band 987:vines. Many modern groups use 911:made from tree trunks, bones, 713:Jamaican) influences as well. 219:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1: 2833:2021 Constitutional Amendment 1714:University of the West Indies 3948:Music of the Lesser Antilles 3906:United States Virgin Islands 1784:National Cultural Foundation 1411:National Cultural Foundation 1228:, as well as the indigenous 562:Popular song by soca artist 260:Aruba and the Dutch Antilles 1809:. There are also dance and 1056:The Silvertones of Barbados 4068: 2862:Cities, towns and villages 2597:Society for American Music 1803:Barbados Chamber Orchestra 1429: 1153:Tuk bands and tea meetings 692: 505:Song by well-known singer 3954: 3881:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3596: 3563:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3452: 3192: 3068: 2999: 2903: 2852: 2324:"Class acts at Apes Hill" 2130:"Barbados Music: Calypso" 1837:, a 48-track system, and 1273:The Escorts International 695:Music history of Barbados 3901:Turks and Caicos Islands 3583:Turks and Caicos Islands 2908:Administrative divisions 2353:All Info About Barbbados 1951:Watson, Karl S. (1975). 1918:Millington, pp. 813–821. 1676:Education and musicology 1125:are performed, such as " 1118:regulates the movement. 1101:), and leaders known as 1040:African-American musical 374:, including elements of 244:Other Anglophone islands 3668:Music of North America 2796:Windward Islands colony 2469:Cameron, Sarah (1996). 2450:All Info About Barbados 2446:"The Barbados Landship" 2426:All Info About Barbados 2402:All Info About Barbados 2382:Class acts at Apes Hill 2067:All Info About Barbados 2038:All Info About Barbados 2034:"The Barbados Landship" 1764:Classical/Pops Festival 1093:, in Britton's Hall in 772:singing accompanied by 651:Western classical music 3831:British Virgin Islands 3498:British Virgin Islands 2828:Parliamentary republic 2806:West Indies Federation 2718:Folk Songs of Barbados 2709:A–Z Barbadian Heritage 2536:Government of Barbados 2220:Government of Barbados 2182:Folk Songs of Barbados 1815:Dance National Afrique 1796:Barbados Jazz Festival 1531:, who was followed by 1213: 983:shells and pipes from 887:percussion instruments 436: 4009:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3771:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3411:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2943:Deputy Prime Minister 2680:Best, Curwen (1999). 2557:The Barbados Advocate 2313:Cameron, pp. 770–771. 2276:"Academic Programmes" 2250:Ministry of Education 1936:The Barbados Advocate 1747:Oistins Fish Festival 1567:Barbados Labour Party 1493:Escorts International 1207: 606:and British military 604:Anglican church hymns 435: 18:Barbados Music Awards 2660:on 11 September 2006 2496:. pp. 507–526. 2359:25 June 2006 at the 2171:Pinckney, pp. 58–88. 2073:25 June 2006 at the 2044:25 June 2006 at the 1845:References and notes 1786:(NCF); the other is 1762:The annual December 1139:Henry Walford Davies 903:and a double-headed 869:dances and Marches. 4024:Trinidad and Tobago 3964:Antigua and Barbuda 3786:Trinidad and Tobago 3681:Antigua and Barbuda 3588:U.S. Virgin Islands 3431:Trinidad and Tobago 3276:Antigua and Barbuda 2801:Confederation riots 2791:British West Indies 1966:Millington, p. 817. 1752:Charter of Barbados 1289:Wings of a Stranger 1277:Walk Away From Love 830:Wings of A Stranger 384:culture of Barbados 320:Trinidad and Tobago 224:St. Kitts and Nevis 179:Antigua and Barbuda 3721:Dominican Republic 3341:Dominican Republic 3032:Telecommunications 2688:. Rochester, Vt.: 2565:"Inkle and Yarico" 2473:. Passport Books. 2384:. 15 December 2014 2371:General references 1617:Ebe Gilkes Quartet 1489:Cassius Clay style 1481:Draytons Two style 1349:Dominican Republic 1267:. Artists such as 1214: 1042:forms, especially 943:de shot and rattle 539:The Isley Brothers 437: 275:Dominican Republic 4052:Music of Barbados 4037: 4036: 3914: 3913: 3803:other territories 3635: 3634: 3223: 3222: 3188: 3187: 3055: 3054: 3014:Barbadian dollar 2986: 2985: 2978:Political parties 2923:Foreign relations 2890: 2889: 2542:on 5 October 2006 2226:on 5 October 2006 1757:Holetown Festival 1706:Liz Mahon Dancers 1630:Schofield Pilgrim 1598:St. Clare Jackman 1571:C. A. Braithwaite 1497:Blue Rhythm Combo 1444:with Trinidadian 1103:Lord High Admiral 1074:festival and the 1048:Spiritual Baptist 1036:Rastafarian music 1028:Pentecostal music 770:call-and-response 612:exhibition drills 582:Bajan culture is 557: 524: 500: 476: 452: 415:contemporary folk 376:Western classical 364:music of Barbados 360: 359: 327: 326: 239:US Virgin Islands 234:UK Virgin Islands 199:British Caribbean 152: 146: 16:(Redirected from 4059: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3918: 3871:Saint Barthélemy 3801:Dependencies and 3674:Sovereign states 3662: 3655: 3648: 3639: 3553:Saint Barthélemy 3513:Falkland Islands 3458: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3227: 3208: 3201: 3066: 3017: 2997: 2901: 2850: 2821:Governor-General 2749: 2742: 2735: 2726: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2687: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2656:. Archived from 2645: 2616: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2570:Holders Barbados 2560: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2538:. Archived from 2527: 2525: 2523: 2507: 2484: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2452:. Archived from 2441: 2439: 2437: 2428:. Archived from 2417: 2415: 2413: 2404:. Archived from 2393: 2391: 2389: 2364: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2252:. Archived from 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2222:. Archived from 2212: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2132:. 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Barbados.org 2516:Barbados Music 2508: 2502: 2485: 2479: 2466: 2442: 2422:"The Tuk Band" 2418: 2394: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2341: 2315: 2297: 2267: 2237: 2196: 2186: 2173: 2157: 2147: 2121: 2095: 2079: 2063:"The Tuk Band" 2050: 2026: 2016: 2007: 1981: 1968: 1959: 1940: 1920: 1868: 1859: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1839:Paradise Alley 1831:Dancing Africa 1776:Holders Season 1726:music festival 1721: 1718: 1687:Chinese musics 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1645:Oscar Peterson 1603:In the 1950s, 1590:Keith Campbell 1575:Grantley Adams 1569:was formed by 1553:Willis Conover 1541:Clevie Gittens 1529:Lionel Gittens 1521: 1518: 1509:Desmond Weekes 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1321:Shilling Agard 1304: 1301: 1201: 1198: 1154: 1151: 1063: 1060: 1016: 1013: 881: 878: 845: 842: 817:with music by 815:George Coleman 791: 788: 752: 749: 693:Main article: 690: 687: 570: 561: 551: 546: 545: 528: 518: 513: 512: 504: 494: 489: 488: 480: 470: 465: 464: 456: 446: 441: 440: 439: 430: 429: 428: 426: 423: 358: 357: 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