183:, testified that Snow's techniques were "subtly coercive and highly questionable. There were several inconsistencies in the testimonies of the children. On April 6th, the children accused Hadfield of fondling them as they watched a television program, however telephone records showed that Hadfield was on the phone with Snow at the time the abuse was to have occurred. The children said their father had promised to buy them a toy four wheeler for not revealing abuse, but receipts showed that the toy was purchased before the abuse was to have occurred. Hadfield was convicted by an eight member jury on December 19, 1987, and the judge sentenced Hadfield to 6 months in the Utah County Jail. The court placed an order that barred Gay Hadfield, the mother, from hiring Snow as their therapist.
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therapist, not a law enforcement investigator, she needed to create an environment where hesitant children who might have been threatened to be silent could feel comfortable disclosing abuse. Judy Pugh, a colleague of Snows at the
Intermountain Sexual Abuse Treatment Center, told the court that she was concerned about how children's stories would homogeneously emerge after interviews with Snow. One ten-year-old girl testified that Snow asked her as many as fifty times in one session if Hadfield had touched her, and that she finally relented when she became afraid that Snow would yell at her otherwise.
127:, in 1985. Nelson himself was accused of using his influence to cover up the abuse. Snow was the therapist of the accusers in the 1980s, a fact used by defense attorneys to discredit both the lawsuit, and the therapeutic techniques used in uncovering the memories of the alleged abuse. The suit was dismissed in July 2020 due to it exceeding the statute of limitations.
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states, "The majority of children showed little symptomology at initial referral with significant increases during the disclosure process. ... This study suggests that ritual abuse in neighborhood settings appears secretive, coercive and complex." The study attributes the difficulty in detection in part to
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At the trial, a Utah County chief deputy attorney testified that he observed Snow coaching children through a two way mirror. "I was appalled", said the deputy attorney, " had so conditioned those children that I had serious concern about using them as witnesses in cases." Snow countered that as a
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in 1989, which upheld the conviction, but criticized Snow's "disturbing and irresponsible conduct." Snow responded to the criticism by saying, "Probably the best statement is simply that the jury heard the information that I heard and they convicted him on felony counts, ... It was my role to offer
165:'s Office began an extensive two-and-a-half-year investigation. The bishop's children were taken away by family services, but returned in several weeks after no evidence of harm was discovered. After the investigation, a Lehi resident named Alan Hadfield was the only one to be charged with abuse.
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Snow continues to believe
Satanic ritual abuse (SRA) is a problem, but feels the term is too general. In 2018 she wrote, "It's not accurately portrayed by the generalized term SRA. Child abuse in this context may include any one or combination of the following: multi-dimensional child abuse sex
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Also in collaboration with
Sorenson, in 1990 Snow authored a major academic article that helped fuel the Satanic panic titled "Ritualistic Child Abuse in a Neighborhood Setting." The study supported the notion that secretive ritualistic abuse was widespread but difficult to detect. The abstract
157:. Other parents who had their children babysat by the same sitter took their children to see Snow for therapy. These children also began to disclose sexual abuse by others, with eventually around forty adults were accused of being satanic ritual abusers of children. The
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defending her actions, writing, "Sexual predators are master manipulators. ... We cannot have it both ways, ... We cannot decry child abuse publicly and tolerate it privately if the offender is a white, upper-middle-class member of our religious congregation."
206:. The state alleged that Snow had convinced her relatives that they were victims of satanic ritual abuse and military testing and that Snow provided fabricated notes from her sessions. Snow admitted to destroying her relative's computer with a baseball bat.
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In 2008, Snow agreed to probation by the Utah
Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing to avoid protracted litigation, for violating the Utah codes of professional conduct and ethical principles defined by the
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Before the trial of
Hadfield, Snow resigned her position at the Intermountain Sexual Abuse Treatment Center amid controversy over her interviewing methods and opened a private practice in Salt Lake City.
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In the summer 1985, a resident of Lehi, Sheila Bowers took her children to see Snow, who divulged that they had been sexually abused by their babysitter, the teenage daughter of the local LDS Church
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Massimo
Introvigne "A Rumor of Devils: Allegations of Satanic Child Abuse and Mormonism, 1985-1994" Annual Conference of The Mormon History Association (MHA) - Park City, Utah, May 21, 1994
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In collaboration with Teena
Sorenson, she developed a framework that identified four stages children go through when disclosing sexual abuse. According to the study, the first stage,
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Snow, Barbara (1985) "Mild to Wild: Assessment and
Treatment of Sexually Abused Children," Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy:Vol. 11 : No. 1, Article 14. Available at:
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Nathan, D., & Snedeker, M. R. (2001). Satan's silence: Ritual abuse and the making of a modern
American witch hunt. New York: Authors Choice Press. Page 158
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during the 1980s. She led the investigation that in
December 1986 convicted Arden Bullock of sexually abusing his children. The case was appealed to the
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Shupe, A. D. (1991). The darker side of virtue: Corruption, scandal, and the Mormon empire. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. Chapter 5 pp 106-123
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Barbara Snow and Teena Sorenson, "Ritualistic abuse in a neighborhood setting", (Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 474-487)
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Jim Spiewak "Daughter of LDS Church president at center of decades-old sex abuse cover-up allegations" Wednesday, October 3rd 2018 online at:
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Jay Evensen, "THERAPIST WAS PUTTING DISSERTATION INTO PRACTICE, HADFIELD LAWYER SAYS" By Deseret News Feb 16, 1989, 12:00am MST online at:
218:"Ritualistic child abuse in a neighborhood setting" with Teena Sorenson (Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 474–487)
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Mauss, A. L. (1994). The angel and the beehive: The Mormon struggle with assimilation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. page 187
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Swedin, E. G. (2003). Healing souls psychotherapy in the Latter-day Saint community. Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press. page 174
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Tad Walch "Decades-old Bountiful case alleges church connection to abuse allegations" Oct 3, 2018, 6:12pm MDT. Online at:
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In the 1980s, Snow worked as the clinical director of the Intermountain Sexual Abuse Treatment Center in Salt Lake City.
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rings, medical/military sponsored mind control, commercial pornography and domestic sex trafficking of children, etc."
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Charles B. Schudson, "What Children Can't Tell Us and Why: Child sexual abuse, hearsay and the rule of completeness",
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Chris Hicks, "'PROMISE NOT TO TELL' IS COMPELLING AND FASCINATION" Deseret News Jan 20, 1992, 12:00am MST online at:
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https://kutv.com/news/local/daughter-of-lds-church-president-at-center-of-decades-old-sex-abuse-cover-up-allegations
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https://www.deseret.com/2018/10/3/20655037/decades-old-bountiful-case-alleges-church-connection-to-abuse-allegations
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Derek Jenson "Inmate is still adamant abuse conviction off-base" By Deseret News Sep 24, 2002, 2:53pm MDT online at:
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Snow was the therapist at the center of the high profile and controversial Allan Hadfield sex abuse case in 1987 in
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Lisa Rosetta "Embattled therapist agrees to probation" The Salt Lake Tribune February 22, 2008 1:49 am online at:
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https://www.deseret.com/1989/2/16/18795369/therapist-was-putting-dissertation-into-practice-hadfield-lawyer-says
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Ellen Fagg, "GAY HADFIELD DESCRIBES DREAM WORLD GONE BAD" By Deseret News Mar 3, 1989, 12:00am MST online at:
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215:"Mild to Wild: Assessment and Treatment of Sexually Abused Children," AMCAP Journal 11 (Mar. 1985): 84-88
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the information that the children had offered me. I testified to what I had heard and what I had seen."
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Lisa Rosetta "Therapist under investigation" The Salt Lake Tribune, January 20, 2007. online at:
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https://www.deseret.com/1992/1/20/18976085/promise-not-to-tell-is-compelling-and-fascination
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https://www.deseret.com/2002/9/24/19678220/inmate-is-still-adamant-abuse-conviction-off-base
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221:"How Children Tell: The Process of Disclosure in Child Sexual Abuse," with Teena Sorenson,
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published by: American Bar Association, Vol. 19 No. 1 (Summer 1996) pp. 56-61 online at:
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https://gizmodo.com/weve-launched-an-investigative-podcast-about-a-controve-1826416613
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https://www.deseret.com/1989/3/3/18797286/gay-hadfield-describes-dream-world-gone-bad
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385:"Abuse lawsuit against Latter-day Saint church president's family is dismissed"
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Rhea (Gavry) Monroe "Promise Not to Tell" Independent Media Network 1992.
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49:(AMCAP) and published research centered on the issue of sexual abuse.
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https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=8332832&itype=NGPSID
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https://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=%2Fnews%2Fci_5051155
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is a retraction of a prior disclosure. The final stage,
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Association of Mormon Counselors and Psychotherapists
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521:Satanic ritual abuse hysteria in the United States
330:https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/irp/vol11/iss1/14
304:Part 5: Memories, time 21:00, 27 June 2018. see:
99:Snow was involved in a string of prosecutions in
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300:Jennings Brown, host "The Gateway:Teal Swan",
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45:In the 1980s, Snow was a member of the
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204:National Association of Social Workers
111:In 2018, a daughter and son-in-law of
283:https://www.jstor.org/stable/25805819
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186:In 2002, Snow wrote an op-ed in the
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511:False allegations of sex crimes
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142:Lehi child sexual abuse scare
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105:Utah State Supreme Court
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163:Utah Attorney General
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70:Recant
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