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901:, are the only surviving love letters of the period. However, they are formulaic and use flowery language. Above all, her letters show her humility and subservience to her husband. Barbara habitually refers to herself as his most humble and smallest servant. She inquires about his health, thanks him for any sign of his good grace and favor, asks him not to forget her. Letters written to others, particularly those by her secretary, are similarly standard though she manages to include more honest and warm greetings and wishes. Initially, Sigismund Augustus lectured her on the proper use of the
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252:. Her life became surrounded by many rumors and myths. She was a heroine of many legends in a wide range of literary works. From the 18th century, the life of Barbara became romanticized as the great tragic love affair. It has been used as an example of "love conquers all" with Bona Sforza often acting as the chief villain. It caught public imagination and has inspired many artists to create poems, plays, films, and other works. That made Barbara Radziwiłł one of the best known and most recognized women in the history of the
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679:. While they worked with her husband to secure her the Polish crown, she made no gestures to win support from the nobles or favor from the people. When a compromise solution was offered – recognize Barbara as Sigismund Augustus' wife but not to crown her as Queen of Poland – Sigismund Augustus refused because that would cast a doubt on legitimacy of any future children. In summer 1549, to protect himself from a possible armed rebellion, Sigismund Augustus concluded an alliance with
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746:. However, her reign lasted only five months. Almost since her wedding in 1547, she complained of poor health, particularly of stomach pain or "internal stones". After the coronation her health took a turn for worse. She had fever, stomach pain, lost appetite. A lump appeared on her stomach full of pus. Sigismund Augustus asked to send women healers, including a Jewish woman, from Lithuania.
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806:. While the wooden coffin rotted away, the lime hardened and formed a protective shell that preserved her bones rather well. She was buried with regal symbols (silver gilded crown, silver scepter, golden orb with a cross) and jewelry (long gold necklace, three gold rings; one of them, gifted to her by Sigismund Augustus, was covered with black
300:. From a February 1549 letter, it could be inferred that she understood at least some Latin, but her letters to Sigismund Augustus had not a single Latin phrase. According to her contemporaries, Barbara was very beautiful. Moreover, Barbara had an interest in fashion and cosmetics; she used perfumes and face powder.
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King
Sigismund I the Old died on 1 April 1548. Sigismund Augustus, who briefly returned to Vilnius, had to travel back to Kraków to attend the funeral and secure himself on the Polish throne. Barbara stayed in Vilnius. It seems that around the same time Barbara informed him of another pregnancy; it
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On 6 October 2018, a musical titled "The Legend of
Zygimantas Augustas and Barbora Radvilaite," was performed at the Auditorium Theater in Chicago. The musical was directed and choreographed by Anzelika Cholina, composed by Mantas Jankavicius, and the libretto was authored by Romas Lileikis. The
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after she sent letters with singular "I". She rarely writes about herself or politics. She often inquired about the recipients' health and wished them good health, trusting God and His good grace. Her correspondence with her brother was controlled by
Sigismund Augustus; therefore she wrote several
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In March 1551, her condition improved somewhat and she was able to receive a messenger from Bona Sforza who informed her that Bona recognized her marriage to
Sigismund Augustus. It was described as her last victory. Her health continued to decline and she had fever, diarrhea, nausea. Sigismund
418:. Sigismund Augustus and Barbara were free to enjoy each other's company – rumors spread about their romantic rendezvous, hunts, and parties. Sigismund Augustus spent 223 days in 1546 hunting. It was said that Sigismund Augustus ordered construction of a secret tunnel connecting the
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too ended in a miscarriage. Since it is known only from
Radziwiłł reports, it is unknown whether it was a real pregnancy or another intrigue. In September 1548, Sigismund Augustus invited Barbara to Poland to show the strength of their marriage. The issue was discussed by the
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to inform the Polish court that
Sigismund Augustus and Barbara were married since 25 November 1545. It seems he failed the assignment and Sigismund Augustus had to travel to Poland himself. He departed Vilnius on 15 November; Barbara was sent to the Radziwiłł estate in
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to destroy his personal correspondence, while Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł was particularly careful to preserve all his correspondence. 52 letters are in Polish (15 of them written by
Barbara herself; the rest were written by her secretary Stanisław Koszutski).
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recorded the doubtful claim that
Sigismund Augustus was forced into the marriage when he was caught with Barbara by the Radziwiłł cousins. According to research by Władysław Pociecha, the wedding probably took place between 26 July and 6 August. Her cousin
767:. Her death was a severe loss to the King; it is said that for a good portion of the journey he followed her coffin on foot. It was said that Sigismund Augustus became more serious, avoided parties, and liked to dress black for the rest of his life.
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In 1936 director Józef Lejtes directed the film "Barbara
Radziwiłłówna" starring Witold Zacharewicz as the King Sigismund and Jadwiga Smosarska as Barbrara. The film gained international fame and recognition during Venice and Cannes film festivals.
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where he hoped that spring weather would lessen her suffering. When there was a doubt whether a special wagon to transport
Barbara could fit through the city gates, Sigismund Augustus ordered the gate demolished. Barbara died on 8 May 1551 in
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was one of the most vocal opponents. In the ensuing campaign against recognizing the marriage, Barbara was widely accused of promiscuous behavior and of using witchcraft or poison to seduce Sigismund Augustus. Various authors, including
833:. They calculated her height at 160.2 cm (5 ft 3 in), which was rather tall for her times. Her teeth were white and straight; her body was slim; her face and nose were narrow. They also noted anatomical abnormalities – a
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by the Belarusian folkmetal band Litvintroll, a lyrical account of Sigismund's pain and grief after Barbara's death. The band claims the song not only to have given the name to the album but also to have "set its whole outline."
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with the nearby Radziwiłł Palace so that the couple could meet frequently and discreetly. At the same time, Sigismund Augustus and his parents searched for a new bride. Sigismund I the Old contemplated a marriage to
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in October 1543 to take over the estate. It is likely that it was when Barbara and Sigismund Augustus became lovers, though there is no evidence of the affair until after the death of Sigismund Augustus' first wife.
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At the next sejm in May–July 1550, no one objected to the marriage. Therefore, while neither the sejm nor the senate gave an express permission, Barbara was crowned as Queen of Poland on 7 December 1550 in
296:, or 1523, as recorded on a plaque found in her tomb. Details of her education are unknown, but it is unlikely that it was extensive. From her correspondence, it is known that she could speak and write in
845:, but the rest of her skeleton showed no signs of the disease. However, they were unable to complete their monograph on the subject due to World War II. Barbara's remains were moved to a crypt under the
221:. Barbara, a great beauty and already widowed, became a royal mistress most likely in 1543 and they married in secret in July or August 1547. The marriage caused a scandal; it was vehemently opposed by
315:, elder sister of Barbara. Jerzy Radziwiłł then offered the hand of Barbara even though it was against custom for a younger sister to wed first. The wedding treaty was signed on 20 October 1536 in
292:. Her exact birth date is unknown. It is known that she was born on 6 December, but the year is not known. Historians usually provide either 1520, as recorded in Radziwiłł genealogy found in
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believers in the east. He also worked to threaten, bribe, or otherwise persuade Polish nobles not to oppose the marriage. His mother and one of the most vocal opponents, dowager Queen
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Her remains were found in Vilnius Cathedral after a flood in 1931. To preserve her body during the long summer trip from Kraków to Vilnius, it was covered in a mixture of ash and
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604:, pleaded the King to abandon the marriage and even threatened to take up arms. Sigismund Augustus steadfastly refused and stood by his wife; reportedly he even considered
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580:, published and distributed various derogatory pamphlets. The charge of promiscuity often enters works of modern historians though it is not based on any actual evidence.
237:, worked tirelessly to gain recognition of their marriage and to crown Barbara as Queen of Poland. They succeeded and Barbara's coronation was held on 7 December 1550 at
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to the child. Another explanation could be that the bleeding was caused by a rupture of an internal abscess, an early sign of her terminal illness.
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Barboros Radvilaitės laiškai Žygimantui Augustui ir kitiems: studija apie XVI a. Lietuvos Didžiosios kunigaikštystės moterų korespondenciją
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Barbara Radziwiłł in coronation robes and pearls that became her signature jewelry. 18th-century copy of an original 16th-century portrait.
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535:. If that indeed was true, and not an elaborate intrigue by the Radziwiłłs, it would explain the secret marriage – an attempt to provide
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of Hungary. The surviving letters do not represent actual number or frequency: Sigismund Augustus in his last will asked his sister
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885:(one letter in Latin). It is known that she wrote many more letters to a wider circle of recipients, including Polish nobles and
241:. However, her health was already failing and she died just five months later. Even though it was brief, her reign propelled the
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and remained untouched until 2001. Her height was recalculated at 162 cm (5 ft 4 in). Using methods developed by
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claimed that her illness was caused by her use of contraceptive measures. Radziwiłłs in their letters debated whether she had a
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972:(Epitaph for Barbara Radziwiłł) about Barbara's romance with King Sigismund August, her death and her posthumous return to
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on 31 October – 12 December in Piotrków Trybunalski. The sessions were loud and rowdy. The nobles, including voivodes
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to Barbara. Their marriage was childless. Stanislovas died unexpectedly after a brief illness on 18 December 1542.
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Her skeleton was cleaned, conserved, and glued together by Michał Reicher and Witold Sylwanowicz, professors at
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In total, there are 53 surviving letters from Barbara. 44 of them were published by Alexander Przezdziecki in
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Augustus personally tended to his sick wife even though reportedly she stank of pus. He wanted to take her to
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Barbara's life and death have inspired legends, paintings, literary works and film. The popular legend of
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The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569
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did not openly protest the marriage, but were distrustful of the Radziwiłłs and their rise to power.
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and, according to law regarding childless widows, the majority of his possessions were inherited by
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2313:"LDK istorija: Barboros Radvilaitės kūno rekonstrukcija – antropologinės charakteristikos šaltinis"
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decorated with gold and precious stones. In exchange, Stanislovas transferred property worth 8,000
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Her contemporaries generally viewed Barbara in a negative light, accusing her of promiscuity and
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2212:(in Lithuanian). 65–66 (Lietuvos kultūros karališkasis dėmuo: įvaizdžiai, simboliai, reliktai).
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The story of Barbara Radziwiłł served as an inspiration for the title track from the 2013 album
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Her eight letters to Sigismund Augustus, all written between November 1547 and March 1548 from
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The cause of her illness has been debated by contemporaries and historians. Secretary of
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2206:"Karališkųjų palaikų atradimas Vilniaus arkikatedroje 1931 m.: atvaizdų kolekcija"
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by Anželika Cholina was described as the biggest and most expensive in Lithuania.
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allowing Barbara's coronation, Sigismund Augustus issued an edict prohibiting
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Sigismund Augustus informed his parents of the marriage on 2 February 1548 in
531:, informed Sigismund Augustus that due to the difficult journey Barbara had a
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414:, where Barbara resided with her mother. On 15 June 1545, Elizabeth died from
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2273:(in Lithuanian). Translated by Birutė Mikalonienė; Vyturys Jarutis. Vilnius:
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After the sejm, Sigismund and Barbara entered Kraków on 13 February 1549. In
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as King Sigismund August. Barbara has also appeared as a major character in
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and directed by Jonas Jurašas. It was also turned into a film, directed by
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Jonynas, Ignas (1934). "Barbora Radvilaitė". In Biržiška, Vaclovas (ed.).
937:-like figure summoning Barbara's ghost for King Sigismund August. In 1817
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763:, where she was buried on 23 June next to Sigismund Augustus' first wife
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Ragauskienė, Raimonda (1999). "Barboros Radvilaitės korespondencija".
16:"Barbara Radziwiłłówna" redirects here. For the 1936 Polish film, see
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2254:(in Lithuanian). Translated by Viktorija Skliutaitė. Versus aureus.
869:(1868). They are addressed to her family (41 letters to her brother
759:. She asked to be buried in Vilnius and her body was transported to
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567:. What was worse, Barbara was his subject and lover. Queen mother
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Lithuanian Choral Ensemble "Dainava" was utilized as the chorus.
390:. On 15 June 1543, Sigismund transferred the property to his son
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523:. In a letter dated 20 November, courtier Stanisław Dowojno,
2349:(in Lithuanian). Translated by Romualdas Petraitis. Mintis.
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to fend for herself in the succession disputes in the
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as Sigismund Augustus wed without the approval of the
505:. Neither exact date nor circumstances are known. The
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Stanislovas Goštautas was the last male member of the
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2468:"Michalas Reicheris ir anatomija Vilniuje 1919–1939"
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Remains of Barbara (painting by Ludomir Sleńdziński)
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229:. Sigismund Augustus, assisted by Barbara's cousin
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2466:Žalnora, Aistis; Miežutavičiūtė, Vitalija (2011).
699:– a controversial move in a country that had many
2413:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vaga. pp. 96–112.
2345:Kirkor, Adam Honory; Kuchowicz, Zbigniew (1991).
1017:Žygimanto Augusto ir Barboros Radvilaitės legenda
957:is considered among the painter's notable works.
501:Sometime in 1547, Sigismund Augustus and Barbara
245:to new heights of political power and influence.
2428:Ragauskienė, Raimonda; Ragauskas, Aivas (2001).
2332:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Spaudos fondas.
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3232:Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
2969:Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
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2451:"LDK istorija: Mitai apie Barborą Radvilaitę"
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402:In July 1544, Sigismund Augustus traveled to
8:
3227:Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien
2964:Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien
2387:Lietuvos diduomenė XIV a. pabaigoje – XV a.
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2449:Ragauskienė, Raimonda (27 December 2013).
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2453:. Orbis Lituaniae (in Lithuanian). 15min
2275:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras
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2367:Witchcraft Mythologies and Persecutions
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857:, a feature absent from her portraits.
205:; 6 December 1520/23 – 8 May 1551) was
2311:Jankauskas, Rimantas (20 March 2013).
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1007:in 1972. The latter was staged by the
921:summons Barbara's ghost. Painting by
2370:. Central European University Press.
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2364:Klaniczay, Gábor; Pócs, Éva (2008).
2225:Budrys, Romualdas (12 August 2011).
3282:Mistresses of Sigismund II Augustus
970:Epitafium dla Barbary Radziwiłłówny
2571:Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania
559:. The news caused an uproar among
543:Political struggle for recognition
329:Goštautas' residence in Hieraniony
268:Barbara was the youngest child of
57:Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania
14:
1973:Žalnora & Miežutavičiūtė 2011
1958:Žalnora & Miežutavičiūtė 2011
608:. The sejm ended in a stalemate.
264:Marriage to Stanislovas Goštautas
42:Portrait of Barbara Radziwiłł by
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2135:Ragauskienė & Ragauskas 2001
2111:Ragauskienė & Ragauskas 2001
2099:Ragauskienė & Ragauskas 2001
2063:Ragauskienė & Ragauskas 2001
2051:Ragauskienė & Ragauskas 2001
2039:Ragauskienė & Ragauskas 2001
1530:Ragauskienė & Ragauskas 2001
1518:Ragauskienė & Ragauskas 2001
881:), her husband (8 letters), and
486:
476:
466:
2210:Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis
949:. A 19th-century lithograph by
867:Jagiellonki polskie x XVI wieku
356:Love affair and secret marriage
323:, the only son of Great Hetman
217:, the last male monarch of the
3302:Wives of Sigismund II Augustus
2149:(date of access: 11 July 2013)
1043:Ancestors of Barbara Radziwiłł
851:Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov
351:Marriage to Sigismund Augustus
1:
2475:Medicinos Teorija Ir Praktika
2385:Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2003).
941:wrote a tragedy, and in 1858
772:Giovanni Francesco Commendone
673:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł
512:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł
231:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł
3277:Burials at Vilnius Cathedral
2269:Duczmal, Małgorzata (2012).
2250:Cynarski, Stanisław (2007).
1015:, in 1982. In 2012, musical
776:sexually transmitted disease
431:. Other candidates included
311:, canceled his betrothal to
18:Barbara Radziwiłłówna (film)
3021:Royal consorts of Lithuania
2796:Elizabeth Richeza of Poland
2296:. Oxford University Press.
2227:"Vilniaus katedros lobynas"
1482:Kirkor & Kuchowicz 1991
988:(Queen Bona), TV series on
877:, one letter to her mother
871:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
677:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
406:and returned with his wife
235:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
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1009:Kaunas State Drama Theater
724:Death of Barbara Radziwiłł
681:Ferdinand, King of Hungary
211:Grand Duchess of Lithuania
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3212:Cecilia Renata of Austria
2949:Cecilia Renata of Austria
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2204:Andriulytė, Algė (2012).
1882:Klaniczay & Pócs 2008
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1166:
1162:
1127:
1109:
1101:
1092:Mikalojus Radvila the Old
1074:
1059:
1003:in 1946 (unfinished) and
367:and Barbara Radziwiłł in
225:, including Queen mother
44:Lucas Cranach the Younger
35:
3242:Maria Josepha of Austria
3061:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2979:Maria Josepha of Austria
2653:Maria Dobroniega of Kiev
2612:Royal consorts of Poland
2389:(in Lithuanian). Aidai.
2315:. Orbis Lituaniae. 15min
995:In Lithuania, two plays
980:starred as Barbara, and
831:Stefan Batory University
254:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
66:Summer 1547 – 8 May 1551
2773:Margaret of Brandenburg
2703:Viacheslava of Novgorod
2547:Queen consort of Poland
2434:(in Lithuanian). Vaga.
883:Albert, Duke of Prussia
861:Personal correspondence
847:Chapel of Saint Casimir
841:, which could indicate
810:and had three stones –
429:Albert, Duke of Prussia
388:Grand Duke of Lithuania
313:Anna Elżbieta Radziwiłł
282:Great Lithuanian Hetman
53:Queen consort of Poland
25:Queen consort of Poland
3292:Polish Roman Catholics
2763:Matilda of Brandenburg
2648:Richeza of Lotharingia
2292:Frost, Robert (2015).
926:
837:and particularly flat
799:
730:
552:
375:
202:
194:
2231:Lithuanian Art Museum
1204:Sofija Ona Manvydaitė
947:Barbara Radziwiłłówna
943:Antoni Edward Odyniec
917:
797:
744:Archbishop of Gniezno
722:
683:, leaving his sister
598:Jan Gabriel Tęczyński
594:Piotr Kmita Sobieński
574:Stanisław Orzechowski
550:
507:Lithuanian Chronicles
459:Sigismund II Augustus
392:Sigismund II Augustus
365:Sigismund II Augustus
363:
309:Voivode of Nowogrodek
305:Stanislovas Goštautas
215:Sigismund II Augustus
195:Barbara Radziwiłłówna
147:Sigismund II Augustus
143:Stanislovas Goštautas
3217:Marie Louise Gonzaga
3207:Constance of Austria
3161:Catherine of Austria
3151:Elizabeth of Austria
3131:Elizabeth of Austria
3029:Kingdom of Lithuania
2954:Marie Louise Gonzaga
2944:Constance of Austria
2916:Catherine of Austria
2906:Elizabeth of Austria
2886:Elizabeth of Austria
2863:Jagiellonian dynasty
2628:Doubravka of Bohemia
2562:Catherine of Austria
2525:at Wikimedia Commons
835:cervical (extra) rib
765:Elizabeth of Austria
740:Mikołaj Dzierzgowski
557:Piotrków Trybunalski
492:Catherine of Austria
472:Elisabeth of Austria
408:Elizabeth of Austria
345:Lithuanian groschens
3287:People from Vilnius
3237:Catherine Opalińska
3222:Eleonore of Austria
3070:House of Gediminids
2974:Catherine Opalińska
2959:Eleonore of Austria
2876:Elizabeth Granowska
2853:Elizabeth of Bosnia
2845:Capet-Anjou dynasty
2825:Aldona of Lithuania
2728:Grzymisława of Łuck
2633:Oda of Haldensleben
2252:Žygimantas Augustas
2237:on 12 December 2007
2137:, pp. 152–153.
2065:, pp. 168–177.
2041:, pp. 138–139.
1884:, pp. 186–187.
1442:, pp. 437–438.
953:depicting her with
384:Sigismund I the Old
325:Konstanty Ostrogski
3197:Louise of Lorraine
3122:House of Jagiellon
3038:House of Mindaugas
2934:Louise of Lorraine
2881:Sophia of Halshany
2791:Judith of Habsburg
2698:Agnes of Babenberg
2658:Wyszesława of Kiev
2558:Title next held by
2407:Barbora Radvilaitė
2347:Barbora Radvilaitė
1013:Vidmantas Bačiulis
997:Barbora Radvilaitė
927:
910:In popular culture
887:Isabella Jagiellon
800:
731:
689:Kingdom of Hungary
685:Isabella Jagiellon
617:Trakai Voivodeship
553:
449:Margaret of France
416:epileptic seizures
376:
290:Voivode of Podolia
203:Barbora Radvilaitė
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3175:Polish–Lithuanian
3169:
3168:
3156:Barbara Radziwiłł
3094:Jadwiga of Poland
3055:
3054:
2987:
2986:
2926:Elective monarchy
2911:Barbara Radziwiłł
2830:Adelaide of Hesse
2820:Jadwiga of Kalisz
2783:Přemyslid dynasty
2768:Richeza of Sweden
2758:Gryfina of Halych
2743:Hedwig of Silesia
2663:Judith of Bohemia
2579:
2578:
2523:Barbara Radziwiłł
2521:Media related to
2496:on 4 October 2018
2477:(in Lithuanian).
2420:978-5-415-01395-1
2303:978-0-19-820869-3
2284:978-5-420-01703-6
2261:978-9955-699-59-0
2229:(in Lithuanian).
1814:, pp. 74–75.
1761:, pp. 73–74.
1749:, pp. 67–68.
1670:, pp. 71–72.
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1257:Barbara Radziwiłł
999:were written, by
968:directed a film,
761:Vilnius Cathedral
715:Illness and death
582:Lithuanian nobles
499:
498:
482:Barbara Radziwiłł
445:Mary I of England
274:Voivode of Trakai
258:Kingdom of Poland
219:Jagiellon dynasty
187:Barbara Radziwiłł
184:
183:
132:Vilnius Cathedral
31:Barbara Radziwiłł
3309:
3297:Radziwiłł family
3184:
3136:Helena of Moscow
3109:Uliana Olshanska
3084:Maria of Vitebsk
3066:
3034:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2891:Helena of Moscow
2801:Viola of Teschen
2718:Helena of Znojmo
2673:Zbyslava of Kiev
2668:Judith of Swabia
2605:
2598:
2591:
2582:
2537:Preceded by
2529:
2520:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2489:. Archived from
2472:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2445:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2381:
2360:
2341:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2288:
2265:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2233:. Archived from
2221:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2123:Ragauskienė 1999
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2087:Ragauskienė 1999
2084:
2078:
2075:Ragauskienė 1999
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2027:Ragauskienė 1999
2024:
2015:
2012:Ragauskienė 1999
2009:
2003:
2000:Ragauskienė 1999
1997:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1455:Ragauskienė 2013
1452:
1443:
1437:
1324:
1049:
1040:
990:Telewizja Polska
790:Physical remains
701:Eastern Orthodox
602:Piotr Boratyński
490:
480:
470:
454:
441:Anna of Lorraine
437:Duchy of Ferrara
380:Goštautai family
243:Radziwiłł family
159:Radziwiłł family
111:
40:
28:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3246:
3202:Anne of Austria
3177:
3165:
3141:Barbara Zápolya
3116:
3051:
3023:
3018:
2988:
2983:
2939:Anne of Austria
2920:
2896:Barbara Zápolya
2857:
2839:
2835:Hedwig of Sagan
2805:
2777:
2753:Kinga of Poland
2748:Anne of Bohemia
2713:Eudoxia of Kiev
2689:
2682:
2678:Salomea of Berg
2614:
2609:
2574:
2559:
2550:
2542:
2513:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2470:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2384:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2291:
2285:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2224:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2188:Petrauskas 2003
2186:
2182:
2176:Petrauskas 2003
2174:
2165:
2159:Petrauskas 2003
2157:
2153:
2147:litvintroll.com
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:, pp. 5–6.
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1988:Jankauskas 2013
1986:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1931:Andriulytė 2012
1929:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:, p. 1239.
1868:
1864:
1856:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1802:, p. 1238.
1798:
1794:
1786:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:, p. 1234.
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1377:Barbara Kolanka
1318:
1145:Jerzy Radziwiłł
1067:Radvila Astikas
1037:
966:Janusz Majewski
939:Alojzy Feliński
923:Wojciech Gerson
912:
879:Barbara Kolanka
875:Jerzy Radziwiłł
863:
808:vitreous enamel
792:
736:Wawel Cathedral
717:
545:
458:
358:
353:
286:Barbara Kolanka
284:, and his wife
270:Jerzy Radziwiłł
266:
239:Wawel Cathedral
207:Queen of Poland
179:Barbara Kolanka
169:Jerzy Radziwiłł
145:
134:
129:
113:
109:
89:
88:6 December 1520
76:7 December 1550
55:
47:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Uliana of Tver
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Lucia of Rügen
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Oda of Meissen
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2532:Regnal titles
2527:
2526:
2512:
2511:External links
2509:
2507:
2506:
2463:
2446:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2401:
2395:
2382:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2342:
2325:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2266:
2260:
2247:
2222:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2190:, p. 215.
2180:
2178:, p. 267.
2163:
2161:, p. 282.
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2113:, p. 138.
2103:
2101:, p. 158.
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2053:, p. 140.
2043:
2031:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1977:
1975:, p. 136.
1962:
1960:, p. 135.
1947:
1935:
1933:, p. 335.
1918:
1903:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1843:
1841:, p. 119.
1831:
1829:, p. 529.
1816:
1804:
1792:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1706:
1689:
1687:, p. 437.
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1595:
1593:, p. 527.
1583:
1581:, p. 434.
1571:
1546:
1534:
1532:, p. 152.
1522:
1520:, p. 160.
1507:
1486:
1474:
1459:
1444:
1431:
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1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
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1217:
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1211:
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1207:
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1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:Jonas Manvydas
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
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1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1024:Czornaja Panna
951:Michał Kulesza
931:Pan Twardowski
919:Pan Twardowski
911:
908:
891:Anna Jagiellon
862:
859:
791:
788:
784:ovarian cancer
716:
713:
544:
541:
497:
496:
495:
494:
484:
474:
461:
460:
427:, daughter of
410:in October to
357:
354:
352:
349:
321:Ilia Ostrogski
288:, daughter of
265:
262:
213:as consort of
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
150:
149:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
122:
121:
112:(aged 30)
106:
102:
101:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3314:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3243:
3240:
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3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
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3213:
3210:
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3200:
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3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3159:
3157:
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3152:
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3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3107:
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3100:
3097:
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3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
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3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
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3067:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3048:
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3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
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2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
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2935:
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2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Anna of Cilli
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2812:Piast dynasty
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Agafia of Rus
2736:
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2688:Fragmentation
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2620:Piast dynasty
2617:
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2396:9955-445-67-X
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2377:9789637326875
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2017:
2013:
2008:
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1996:
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1989:
1984:
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1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1916:, p. 73.
1915:
1914:Cynarski 2007
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:, p. 76.
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
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1859:
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1796:
1793:
1790:, p. 74.
1789:
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1776:
1773:, p. 68.
1772:
1771:Cynarski 2007
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:Cynarski 2007
1743:
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1736:
1735:Cynarski 2007
1731:
1728:
1725:, p. 73.
1724:
1719:
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1703:
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1657:
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1634:, p. 62.
1633:
1632:Cynarski 2007
1628:
1625:
1622:, p. 60.
1621:
1620:Cynarski 2007
1616:
1613:
1610:, p. 71.
1609:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:, p. 70.
1568:
1563:
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1559:
1557:
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1553:
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1547:
1544:, p. 72.
1543:
1542:Cynarski 2007
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1505:, p. 69.
1504:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
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1484:, p. 42.
1483:
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1471:
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1005:Juozas Grušas
1002:
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868:
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858:
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855:aquiline nose
852:
848:
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728:Józef Simmler
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621:Kaunas Castle
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
562:
561:Polish nobles
558:
549:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
513:
508:
504:
503:wed in secret
493:
489:
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483:
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443:, Princesses
442:
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279:
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263:
261:
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223:Polish nobles
220:
216:
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208:
204:
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196:
192:
188:
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177:
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127:
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50:
45:
39:
34:
29:
23:
19:
3179:Commonwealth
3155:
3113:Anna of Tver
2910:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2498:. Retrieved
2491:the original
2478:
2474:
2455:. Retrieved
2430:
2406:
2386:
2366:
2346:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2293:
2271:Jogailaičiai
2270:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2209:
2197:Bibliography
2183:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2089:, p. 5.
2082:
2077:, p. 4.
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2029:, p. 3.
2014:, p. 2.
2007:
2002:, p. 1.
1995:
1938:
1899:Duczmal 2012
1877:
1870:Jonynas 1934
1865:
1858:Duczmal 2012
1839:Duczmal 2012
1834:
1827:Duczmal 2012
1812:Duczmal 2012
1807:
1800:Jonynas 1934
1795:
1788:Duczmal 2012
1766:
1759:Duczmal 2012
1754:
1742:
1730:
1723:Duczmal 2012
1702:Duczmal 2012
1668:Duczmal 2012
1663:
1656:Duczmal 2012
1651:
1644:Jonynas 1934
1639:
1627:
1615:
1608:Duczmal 2012
1591:Duczmal 2012
1586:
1574:
1567:Duczmal 2012
1537:
1525:
1503:Duczmal 2012
1477:
1470:Duczmal 2012
1435:
1256:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1001:Balys Sruoga
996:
994:
986:Królowa Bona
985:
982:Jerzy Zelnik
969:
963:
959:
946:
928:
896:
866:
864:
828:
824:World War II
801:
769:
748:
732:
723:
691:. To obtain
675:and brother
619:, including
610:
590:general sejm
586:
554:
514:was sent to
500:
481:
420:Royal Palace
401:
394:who visited
377:
302:
267:
247:
233:and brother
186:
185:
128:23 June 1551
110:(1551-05-08)
22:
3272:1551 deaths
3267:1520 births
3190:(1569–1795)
3146:Bona Sforza
3124:(1440–1569)
3072:(1285–1440)
3040:(1236–1263)
2901:Bona Sforza
2540:Bona Sforza
1943:Budrys 2011
1319: [
752:Niepołomice
705:Bona Sforza
693:papal brief
669:Darsūniškis
661:Skirsnemunė
578:Mikołaj Rej
569:Bona Sforza
533:miscarriage
433:Anna d'Este
425:Anna Sophia
373:Jan Matejko
227:Bona Sforza
3261:Categories
2575:1547–1551
2551:1547–1551
1685:Frost 2015
1579:Frost 2015
1440:Frost 2015
1428:References
1325:of Dalejów
1316:Paweł Kola
978:Anna Dymna
903:royal "we"
804:burnt lime
649:Stakliškės
645:Žiežmariai
637:Nemunaitis
606:abdication
537:legitimacy
439:, widowed
396:Hieraniony
250:witchcraft
199:Lithuanian
108:8 May 1551
72:Coronation
46:(ca. 1551)
2810:Restored
2487:1392-1312
2457:15 August
2218:1392-0316
1035:Ancestors
945:a drama,
933:has that
899:Dubingiai
812:brilliant
653:Karmėlava
641:Birštonas
625:Rumšiškės
521:Dubingiai
303:In 1536,
99:Lithuania
95:Dubingiai
964:In 1983
780:cervical
665:Veliuona
525:starosta
457:Wives of
3188:Elected
2733:Ludmila
2638:Emnilda
2500:19 July
2338:1012854
2319:19 July
2241:19 July
974:Vilnius
843:rickets
820:emerald
709:Mazovia
657:Vilkija
633:Merkinė
529:Merkinė
412:Vilnius
369:Vilnius
294:Nesvizh
278:Vilnius
91:Vilnius
3099:Birutė
2690:period
2555:Vacant
2485:
2481:(17).
2438:
2417:
2393:
2374:
2353:
2336:
2300:
2281:
2258:
2216:
955:pearls
839:sacrum
818:, and
757:Kraków
697:heresy
629:Alytus
600:, and
565:Senate
516:Kraków
337:damask
298:Polish
191:Polish
175:Mother
165:Father
139:Spouse
125:Burial
119:Poland
115:Kraków
63:Tenure
3079:Jaunė
3047:Morta
2708:Maria
2494:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2411:(PDF)
1323:]
935:Faust
613:Wawel
404:Brest
341:kopas
333:satin
317:Radun
154:House
3104:Anna
2502:2015
2483:ISSN
2459:2015
2436:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2334:OCLC
2321:2015
2298:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2243:2015
2214:ISSN
1233:Anna
816:ruby
576:and
447:and
335:and
280:and
276:and
256:and
209:and
105:Died
85:Born
782:or
738:by
726:by
527:of
435:of
371:by
343:of
93:or
3263::
2473:.
2277:.
2208:.
2166:^
2019:^
1980:^
1965:^
1950:^
1921:^
1906:^
1889:^
1846:^
1819:^
1778:^
1709:^
1692:^
1675:^
1598:^
1549:^
1510:^
1489:^
1462:^
1447:^
1321:pl
992:.
976:.
826:.
814:,
786:.
742:,
711:.
667:,
663:,
659:,
655:,
651:,
647:,
643:,
639:,
635:,
631:,
627:,
623:,
596:,
451:.
386:,
307:,
272:,
260:.
201::
197:,
193::
117:,
97:,
3013:e
3006:t
2999:v
2604:e
2597:t
2590:v
2504:.
2479:1
2461:.
2444:.
2423:.
2399:.
2380:.
2359:.
2340:.
2323:.
2306:.
2287:.
2264:.
2245:.
2220:.
1990:.
1945:.
1457:.
925:.
189:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
