445:
546:, soldiers from Barbaristan march upon the orders of their king, coordinating with Himavarin. Their forces capture renowned Persian warriors such as Giv, Gidarz, and Tus. Ka'us, the epic's protagonist, responds by rallying his forces, leading them towards Barbaristan. The encounter is fierce, with Barbaristan's forces ultimately becoming overwhelmed. The elders of Barbaristan, recognizing their defeat, seek peace and offer tribute to Ka'us, who accepts and imposes new laws.
2716:
504:
46:
350:
465:, his kinsfolk from near and far come to condole. Each person, flourishing a sword in his hand, goes in and asks the mourners the cause of the person's death. "If he was killed by the hand of man," each one says, "we will revenge him on the murderer with these swords." Should the mourners reply that he was not killed by anyone, but that he came to his end by the will of
440:
There are many sorcerers among them who are able to change themselves into birds, beasts, or aquatic animals, and by these means keep the ignorant people in a state of terror. If some of them, in trading with some foreign ship, have a quarrel, the sorcerers pronounce a charm over the ship, so that it
556:
The great Shah unlocks his treasury to celebrate his victory. He distributes lavish gifts, including jewels, crowns, finger-rings, brocade, and slaves adorned with earrings and crowns. Among these gifts were items from Barbar, which included a hundred steeds. Hosts from
Barbaristan and Rúm, led by
473:
measuring two hundred feet in length and twenty feet through the body. The people do not eat the flesh of these fish, but they cut out their brains, marrow, and eyes, from which they get oil, often as much as three hundred odd tong (from a single fish). They mix this oil with lime to caulk their
417:
is a privilege reserved to the ministers and the king's courtiers. The king lives in a brick house covered with glazed tiles, but the people live in huts made of palm leaves and covered with grass thatched roofs. Their daily food consists of baked flour cakes, sheep's and camel's milk. There are
457:
Every year countless numbers of birds of passage (飛 禽) alight in the desert parts of this country. When the sun rises, they suddenly disappear, so that one cannot find a trace of them. The people catch them with nets, and eat them; they are remarkably savory. They are in season till the end of
395:
with brown, white and black stripes around its body. These animals wander about the mountain wilds; they are a variety of the camel (膝馬它之別種也). The inhabitants of this country, who are great huntsmen, hunt these animals with poisoned
400:
The Book of Tang also provides a detailed account of Chung-Li, another region in
Barbaria. This account offers a fascinating look into the customs, lifestyle, and unique phenomena of the area. Below is an excerpt describing
493:
comes; it suddenly appears in lumps of from three to five or ten catties in weight, driven on the shore by the wind. The people of the country make haste to divide it up, or ships run across it at sea and fish it
388:(但蝶); it resembles a camel in shape, an ox in size, and is of a yellow color. Its fore legs are five feet long, its hind legs only three feet. Its head is high up and turned upwards. Its skin is an inch thick.
477:
There is a mountain (or island, 山) in this country which forms the boundary of Pi-p'a-lo. It is four thousand li around it — for the most part uninhabited. Dragon's-blood is procured from this mountain, also
2793:
553:
captures and subdues key figures, including the king of
Himavarin, significantly weakening the coalition. Guraza, a key Sassanid figure, captures the monarch of Barbaristan and forty chiefs.
294:
In the historical work known as the Book of Tang, an extensive chronicle compiled during the Tang dynasty, a region of
Barbaria is described in great detail. This area, specifically the
474:
boats and use it also in lamps. The poor people use the ribs of these fish to make rafters, the backbones for door leaves, and they cut off vertebrae to make mortars with.
286:). Most of these usages are associated with Somalia. The Chinese term, although probably derived from Berbera, refers to the coast and hinterland and not just the port.
2788:
1206:
298:
coast, is referred to as Pi-p'a-lo (皮波羅). The text provides valuable insights into the geography, culture, economy, and unique fauna of this part of the world.
841:
Paul
Wheatley, "The Land of Zanj: Exegetical Notes on Chinese Knowledge of East Africa prior to AD 1500", in Robert W. Steel and R. Mansell Prothero (eds.),
549:
Later, the combined forces of
Barbaristan and Himavarin, consisting of over two hundred elephants and a two-mile-long battle line, clash with the Persians.
2480:
2339:
441:
can neither go forward nor backward, and they only release the ship when it has settled the dispute. The government has formally forbidden this practice.
234:
of other ancient geographers. The
Moschophagoi may correspond to the Rhizophagoi (root eaters) and Spermatophagoi (seed eaters) of other geographers.
309:
The country of Pi-p'a-lo contains four cities (州); the other (places) are all villages which are (constantly) at feud and fighting with each other.
2753:
2473:
2359:
2468:
2402:
1157:
1130:
1103:
1076:
1049:
1022:
995:
925:
899:
826:
718:
691:
664:
959:
2768:
2758:
2463:
2427:
2366:
2456:
2451:
2397:
2325:
1199:
2666:
2407:
1176:
381:" (馬它鶴), which measures from the ground to its crown from six to seven feet. It has wings and can fly, but not to any great height.
2783:
2422:
2412:
2354:
2332:
2315:
2310:
2229:
915:
889:
557:
Kishwaristin join the Shah's left wing, contributing thirty thousand strong in horse and foot to the left wing. Afterwards, the
2763:
2432:
2261:
2127:
2041:
1991:
2376:
102:
51:
2686:
2671:
1192:
942:
469:, they throw away their swords and break into violent wailing. Every year there are driven on the coast a great many dead
444:
230:(fish eaters), Agriophagoi (wild beast eaters) and Moschophagoi (shoot eaters). These are probably the same people as the
2719:
2371:
2001:
1728:
1433:
346:
horns. There are elephants' tusks which weigh over one hundred catties, and rhinoceros horns of over ten catties weight.
1120:
2748:
1858:
2036:
2021:
1319:
1304:
654:
31:
1147:
1093:
708:
681:
2417:
2349:
2320:
2305:
2046:
1971:
875:
Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the
Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï
858:
Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the
Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï
856:
1039:
985:
2778:
2773:
2006:
1923:
1506:
1219:
2653:
2344:
2251:
1928:
1638:
1633:
766:
1012:
2630:
2437:
2031:
1834:
176:
2723:
2587:
2507:
2150:
2051:
1660:
172:
115:
873:
2597:
1573:
1291:
2246:
1911:
1848:
1824:
1655:
1516:
1462:
1403:
1374:
1314:
1309:
385:
168:
143:
1184:
742:
2534:
2155:
2118:
1996:
1442:
1364:
1324:
1299:
561:
selects twelve thousand efficient martial cavaliers from the men of Rūm, Misr, and
Barbaristan.
503:
2615:
2234:
2061:
2026:
1887:
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1863:
1672:
1499:
1259:
1153:
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1018:
991:
921:
895:
822:
762:
714:
687:
660:
405:
The inhabitants of the Chung-li country go bareheaded and barefooted, they wrap themselves in
331:, and the people feed themselves with the flesh and milk of camels and with baked cakes (燒餅).
255:
187:
1536:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2610:
2287:
2241:
2184:
2113:
1976:
1870:
1819:
1797:
1650:
1597:
790:
516:
363:
355:
279:
191:
148:
131:
119:
67:
523:” which stretches from Barbaria to India. Barbaria in this context alludes to the city of
2582:
2083:
2071:
2056:
2011:
1961:
1901:
1843:
1804:
1792:
1785:
1694:
1511:
1494:
1469:
585:
512:
2727:
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2519:
2502:
2442:
2206:
2098:
2076:
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1918:
1896:
1780:
1775:
1760:
1755:
1682:
1628:
1580:
1551:
1457:
1447:
558:
535:, refers to 'Barbaristan', which according to J. Darmester corresponds with modern-day
458:
spring, but, as soon as summer comes, they disappear, to come back the following year.
378:
63:
45:
214:, Barbaria is said to lack a central government and is ruled by local chiefs. In the
17:
2742:
2701:
2570:
2562:
2529:
2266:
2216:
2108:
2103:
2093:
1943:
1906:
1814:
1809:
1711:
1616:
738:
483:
371:
227:
203:
123:
37:
2605:
2544:
2524:
2514:
2224:
2196:
1951:
1689:
1623:
1592:
1541:
1413:
1342:
1279:
1269:
617:
Michael Peppard, "A Letter Concerning Boats in Berenike and Trade on the Red Sea",
580:
449:
434:
199:
186:
The first contact of the Greeks with Barbaria came in the 3rd century BC, when the
374:
of extraordinary thickness, for which there is a great demand in other countries.
1066:
816:
744:
The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
2661:
2620:
2256:
2145:
2088:
2016:
1966:
1853:
1829:
1718:
1556:
1474:
1452:
1428:
1274:
1264:
543:
271:
180:
81:
349:
2191:
2160:
1986:
1981:
1645:
1606:
1568:
1486:
1359:
1244:
1239:
794:
590:
343:
317:
231:
107:
2638:
2297:
2271:
2201:
2179:
2172:
1956:
1733:
1667:
1563:
1386:
1369:
1254:
1249:
1223:
575:
532:
490:
479:
335:
84:. The name of Barbaria is preserved today in the name of the Somali city of
301:
Below is an excerpt from the Book of Tang, offering a glimpse into life in
262:
to their south. From Arabic, this terminology for northeast Africa entered
138:. This second Barbaria was the location of the so-called "far-side" ports.
2165:
1770:
1706:
1677:
1587:
1546:
1354:
1334:
528:
339:
223:
152:
127:
461:
When one of the inhabitants dies, and they are about to bury him in his
433:
Among the countries of the Ta-shii, this is the only one which produces
151:(2nd century), Barbaria is said to extend even further, as far south as
2137:
1875:
1765:
1723:
1611:
1423:
1418:
1347:
920:. Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1968. p. 26.
894:. Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1968. p. 63.
595:
570:
536:
524:
295:
251:
85:
2643:
1747:
1701:
1408:
1395:
550:
466:
462:
419:
414:
410:
313:
263:
164:
156:
71:
636:
David M. Goldenberg, "Geographia Rabbinica: The Toponym Barbaria",
2551:
2494:
2389:
1933:
1231:
1215:
502:
470:
443:
427:
423:
392:
367:
348:
328:
324:
207:
202:
throughout antiquity. There were many smaller ports that exported
195:
135:
111:
89:
44:
1528:
507:
Guraza captures and subdues the ruler of Barbaria during battle
406:
259:
106:, a 1st-century travelogue written by a Greek merchant based in
1188:
683:
Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon
167:
as the "metropolis of Barbaria". Barbaria is also mentioned in
1092:
Warner, Arthur George; Firdawsī, Firdawsī (12 October 2018).
250:
and its inhabitants as the Berbera or Berābir. They are the
49:
The northern Red Sea coast, referred to as Barbaria in the
773:(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 334.
1146:
Warner, Arthur George; Warner, Edmond (5 November 2013).
1065:
Warner, Arthur George; Warner, Edmond (5 November 2013).
1038:
Warner, Arthur George; Warner, Edmond (5 November 2013).
1011:
Warner, Arthur George; Warner, Edmond (5 November 2013).
984:
Warner, Arthur George; Warner, Edmond (5 November 2013).
194:. These bases remained in use as ports for the export of
2794:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
656:
Foundations of Ethnobotany (21st Century Perspective)
409:, but they dare not wear jackets, for the wearing of
384:
There is also (in this country) a wild animal called
2652:
2629:
2596:
2560:
2493:
2387:
2295:
2286:
2215:
2136:
1942:
1746:
1527:
1485:
1394:
1385:
1333:
1290:
1230:
1122:The Sháhnáma of Firdausí, Vol. 4 (Classic Reprint)
771:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
134:), after which the "rest of Barbaria" extended to
878:. Imperial Academy of Sciences. pp. 130–131.
519:, the third part of the world is designated the “
218:, the inhabitants of the first Barbaria, or the
377:The country brings forth also the (so-called) "
1200:
1098:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 269.
843:Geographers and the Tropics: Liverpool Essays
155:, although the land south of Opone is called
8:
960:"Geographia Rabbinica: The Toponym Barbaria"
861:. Imperial Academy of Sciences. p. 128.
821:. Cambridge University Press. p. 136.
782:Ramzi Rouighi, "The Berbers of the Arabs",
653:Chandra, S.; Jain, A. K. (1 January 2017).
353:A Japanese illustration of Barbaria in the
2292:
1391:
1207:
1193:
1185:
1119:Warner, Arthur George (29 November 2018).
757:
755:
753:
747:(Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 45.
734:
732:
730:
619:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
391:There is also (in this country) a kind of
222:(Barbarian region), include the eponymous
845:(Longmans, 1964), pp. 139–187, at 142–43.
613:
611:
242:Arabic sources refer to the coast as the
713:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 17.
607:
110:, Barbaria extended from the border of
2789:Ancient Greek geography of East Africa
659:. Scientific Publishers. p. 100.
482:(廣蒼), and from the waters (around it)
179:) place it on the African side of the
80:(land of the Barbar), was used in the
632:
630:
7:
947:(in French). F. Vieweg. p. 223.
815:Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1975).
448:Ming depiction of Barbaria from the
1149:The Shahnama of Firdausi: Volume VI
1068:The Shahnama of Firdausi: Volume II
1041:The Shahnama of Firdausi: Volume II
1014:The Shahnama of Firdausi: Volume II
987:The Shahnama of Firdausi: Volume II
958:Goldenberg, David M. (April 1999).
710:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
88:, the city known to the Greeks as
25:
1125:. Fb&c Limited. p. 148.
2715:
2714:
2047:West South Central United States
226:(Barbarians, Berbers), but also
163:. Ptolemy describes the city of
2262:Latin America and the Caribbean
2128:Latin America and the Caribbean
818:The Cambridge History of Africa
1178:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
761:Lionel Casson, "Barbaria", in
103:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
52:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
2754:History of the Horn of Africa
680:Allen, James De Vere (1993).
1729:Middle East and North Africa
1434:Middle East and North Africa
2769:Maritime history of Somalia
2759:Countries in ancient Africa
2810:
2022:Northeastern United States
1152:. Routledge. p. 114.
35:
32:Ancient Somali city-states
29:
2710:
1071:. Routledge. p. 97.
1044:. Routledge. p. 96.
1017:. Routledge. p. 83.
990:. Routledge. p. 90.
967:Journal of Jewish Studies
795:10.1163/19585705-12341252
707:Society, Hakluyt (1980).
686:. J. Currey. p. 64.
638:Journal of Jewish Studies
362:The land is also rich in
334:The (other) products are
254:, distinguished from the
126:was the kingdom ruled by
62:was the name used by the
2503:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1507:Transantarctic Mountains
769:and Oleg Grabar (eds.),
312:The inhabitants pray to
36:Not to be confused with
2784:Ancient Greek geography
2252:Caribbean South America
805:Casson 1989, pp. 98–99.
489:It is not known whence
323:The land produces many
258:to their north and the
2764:History of the Red Sea
2032:Southern United States
1835:Scandinavian Peninsula
1095:The Shahnama; Volume 3
643:, 1 (1999), pp. 67–69.
508:
496:
454:
398:
359:
177:Stephanus of Byzantium
56:
18:Barbaria (East Africa)
2508:Antarctic Convergence
2052:Western United States
872:Chau, Ju-kua (1912).
855:Chau, Ju-kua (1912).
506:
447:
403:
366:, liquid storax gum,
352:
307:
173:Cosmas Indicopleustes
116:Berenice Troglodytica
48:
1574:Greater Central Asia
1181:- Schoff translation
941:Darmesteter (1883).
917:The Letter of Tansar
891:The Letter of Tansar
624:(2009), pp. 193–198.
248:al-Khalīj al-Berberī
122:. From there to the
70:. The corresponding
2720:Continents of Earth
2247:Brazilian Highlands
1656:Indian subcontinent
1517:Antarctic Peninsula
1315:Southern Hemisphere
1310:Northern Hemisphere
789:, 1 (2011), 49–76.
511:In the 6th-century
169:Marcian of Heraclea
2749:Historical regions
2535:Great Barrier Reef
2156:Mainland Australia
1864:Apennine Peninsula
1325:Western Hemisphere
1300:Eastern Hemisphere
521:Land of the Blacks
509:
455:
360:
57:
2736:
2735:
2616:Mediterranean Rim
2489:
2488:
2428:Mediterranean Sea
2282:
2281:
2235:Amazon Rainforest
2062:Canadian Prairies
2027:Pacific Northwest
1888:Iberian Peninsula
1673:Arabian Peninsula
1500:Antarctic Plateau
1260:Three/Four Worlds
1159:978-1-136-39645-8
1132:978-0-666-68556-8
1105:978-0-342-70855-0
1078:978-1-136-39533-8
1051:978-1-136-39533-8
1024:978-1-136-39533-8
997:978-1-136-39533-8
944:Etudes iraniennes
927:978-88-6323-043-7
901:978-88-6323-043-7
828:978-0-521-20981-6
763:Glen W. Bowersock
720:978-0-904180-05-3
693:978-0-85255-075-5
666:978-93-87307-44-5
531:in his epic, the
418:great numbers of
190:set up bases for
171:. Later sources (
118:to just north of
100:According to the
16:(Redirected from
2801:
2718:
2717:
2697:Global Southwest
2692:Global Southeast
2682:Global Northwest
2677:Global Northeast
2667:Global Heartland
2611:Indian Ocean Rim
2293:
2185:Island Melanesia
1876:Balkan Peninsula
1651:Himalayan states
1598:Russian Far East
1392:
1320:Water Hemisphere
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1164:
1163:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1008:
1002:
1001:
981:
975:
974:
964:
955:
949:
948:
938:
932:
931:
912:
906:
905:
886:
880:
879:
869:
863:
862:
852:
846:
839:
833:
832:
812:
806:
803:
797:
780:
774:
759:
748:
736:
725:
724:
704:
698:
697:
677:
671:
670:
650:
644:
634:
625:
615:
517:Letter of Tansar
356:Wakan Sansai Zue
342:' tusks and big
192:elephant hunting
120:Ptolemais Theron
68:northeast Africa
21:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2779:Historical eras
2774:Ancient Somalia
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2706:
2648:
2625:
2592:
2556:
2485:
2474:South China Sea
2383:
2326:Central America
2278:
2211:
2132:
2084:Northern Mexico
2072:Northern Canada
2057:Atlantic Canada
2012:Mountain states
1938:
1793:European Russia
1786:Southern Russia
1742:
1695:Iranian Plateau
1523:
1512:West Antarctica
1495:East Antarctica
1481:
1381:
1329:
1305:Land Hemisphere
1286:
1226:
1213:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1010:
1009:
1005:
998:
983:
982:
978:
962:
957:
956:
952:
940:
939:
935:
928:
914:
913:
909:
902:
888:
887:
883:
871:
870:
866:
854:
853:
849:
840:
836:
829:
814:
813:
809:
804:
800:
784:Studia Islamica
781:
777:
760:
751:
737:
728:
721:
706:
705:
701:
694:
679:
678:
674:
667:
652:
651:
647:
635:
628:
616:
609:
604:
586:Kingdom of Kush
567:
501:
499:Persian sources
486:and ambergris.
316:and not to the
292:
290:Chinese sources
240:
220:Barbarike chora
98:
77:bilad al-Barbar
41:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2728:Physical Earth
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
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2579:
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2481:Southern Ocean
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2067:Eastern Canada
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1343:Africa-Eurasia
1339:
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1307:
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1296:
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1171:External links
1169:
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527:. The Persian
500:
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484:tortoise-shell
372:tortoise shell
291:
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238:Arabic sources
236:
114:just south of
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64:ancient Greeks
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2418:Caribbean Sea
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2240:
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204:tortoiseshell
201:
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124:Bab-el-Mandeb
121:
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96:Greek sources
95:
93:
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73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
53:
47:
43:
39:
38:Barbary Coast
33:
19:
2726: /
2724:List of seas
2722: /
2687:Global South
2672:Global North
2606:Atlantic Rim
2545:Ring of Fire
2525:Indian Ocean
2515:Arctic Ocean
2457:Persian Gulf
2452:Indian Ocean
2433:Adriatic Sea
2398:Arctic Ocean
2230:Amazon Basin
2225:Amazon Plain
2197:Near Oceania
2002:Mid-Atlantic
1952:Aridoamerica
1912:Northwestern
1825:Northwestern
1798:Southeastern
1690:Greater Iran
1629:Southeastern
1624:Pacific Asia
1593:Pacific Asia
1581:Northeastern
1537:Asia–Pacific
1280:Fourth World
1270:Second World
1177:
1148:
1141:
1121:
1114:
1094:
1087:
1067:
1060:
1040:
1033:
1013:
1006:
986:
979:
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786:
783:
778:
770:
743:
709:
702:
682:
675:
655:
648:
640:
637:
621:
618:
581:Land of Punt
555:
548:
541:
520:
510:
488:
476:
460:
456:
451:Sancai Tuhui
450:
439:
435:frankincense
432:
404:
399:
390:
383:
376:
361:
354:
333:
322:
311:
308:
302:
300:
293:
283:
275:
267:
247:
244:Baḥr Berberā
243:
241:
219:
215:
211:
200:frankincense
185:
160:
142:
140:
101:
99:
76:
75:
66:for coastal
59:
58:
50:
42:
2702:Global West
2662:Global East
2621:Pacific Rim
2563:waterbodies
2552:World Ocean
2377:New Zealand
2257:The Guianas
2146:Australasia
2089:West Indies
2017:New England
1997:Great Lakes
1967:Mesoamerica
1854:Middle East
1830:Scandinavia
1719:Middle East
1557:Caspian Sea
1463:Great Lakes
1443:Sub-Saharan
1429:Middle East
1292:Hemispheres
1275:Third World
1265:First World
1218:'s primary
767:Peter Brown
379:camel-crane
278:) and even
276:Barbaristan
181:Arabian Sea
82:Middle Ages
2743:Categories
2443:Ionian Sea
2438:Aegean Sea
2408:Baltic Sea
2340:Antarctica
2192:Micronesia
2161:New Guinea
2119:Portuguese
2042:West Coast
1992:East Coast
1987:Bible Belt
1982:Appalachia
1661:Subregions
1569:Inner Asia
1487:Antarctica
1387:Continents
1360:Antarctica
1335:Landmasses
1245:Down Under
1240:Arab World
1224:subregions
602:References
515:text, the
344:rhinoceros
232:Trogodytes
130:(possibly
108:Alexandria
30:See also:
2639:Antarctic
2423:Irish Sea
2413:Black Sea
2372:Australia
2321:Caribbean
2298:continent
2272:Patagonia
2202:Polynesia
2180:Melanesia
2173:Zealandia
2151:Australia
2037:Southwest
1957:Caribbean
1734:Near East
1375:submerged
1370:Zealandia
1365:Australia
1255:Old World
1250:New World
576:Barbarian
544:epic poem
491:ambergris
401:Chung-Li:
340:elephants
336:ambergris
303:Pi-p'a-lo
210:. In the
188:Ptolemies
144:Geography
2166:Tasmania
2114:Hispanic
1977:Northern
1924:Germanic
1902:Atlantic
1844:Southern
1805:Northern
1771:Caucasus
1707:Dead Sea
1678:Caucasus
1646:Southern
1639:Maritime
1634:Mainland
1607:Northern
1588:Far East
1547:Aral Sea
1470:Southern
1414:Northern
591:Macrobia
565:See also
533:Shahnama
529:Firdawsi
513:Sassanid
364:putchuck
284:Pi-pa-li
224:Barbaroi
216:Periplus
212:Periplus
161:Periplus
153:Zanzibar
128:Zoskales
60:Barbaria
2367:Oceania
2355:by area
2311:America
2288:Islands
2138:Oceania
2007:Midwest
1962:Central
1929:Romance
1897:Western
1766:Balkans
1761:Eastern
1756:Central
1724:Mashriq
1668:Western
1612:Siberia
1564:Eastern
1542:Central
1475:Western
1448:Central
1424:Mashriq
1419:Maghreb
1409:Saharan
1355:America
1348:Eurasia
1220:regions
741:(ed.),
596:Aromata
571:Barabra
542:In the
537:Somalia
525:Berbera
415:turbans
411:jackets
396:arrows.
386:isii-la
296:Berbera
280:Chinese
272:Persian
268:Barbara
252:Somalis
159:in the
149:Ptolemy
141:In the
86:Berbera
2654:Global
2644:Arctic
2583:Rivers
2561:Other
2495:Oceans
2350:Europe
2306:Africa
2099:French
1972:Middle
1934:Slavic
1919:Celtic
1820:Nordic
1810:Baltic
1748:Europe
1702:Levant
1396:Africa
1232:Worlds
1156:
1129:
1102:
1075:
1048:
1021:
994:
924:
898:
825:
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663:
559:Caesar
551:Rustam
467:Heaven
463:coffin
428:camels
426:, and
420:cattle
370:, and
338:, big
325:camels
318:Buddha
314:Heaven
264:Hebrew
256:Habash
165:Rhapta
157:Azania
74:term,
72:Arabic
2631:Polar
2576:lists
2571:Lakes
2390:ocean
2109:Ibero
2104:Latin
2094:Anglo
1216:Earth
973:: 68.
963:(PDF)
480:aloes
424:sheep
368:myrrh
329:sheep
208:ivory
196:myrrh
136:Opone
132:Aksum
112:Egypt
90:Malao
2588:Seas
2345:Asia
1617:Ural
1529:Asia
1458:Horn
1453:East
1222:and
1154:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1019:ISBN
992:ISBN
922:ISBN
896:ISBN
823:ISBN
715:ISBN
688:ISBN
661:ISBN
471:fish
413:and
393:mule
327:and
260:Zanj
206:and
198:and
175:and
2598:Rim
2388:By
2296:By
791:doi
787:106
622:171
539:.
494:up.
270:),
246:or
147:of
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765:,
752:^
729:^
641:50
629:^
610:^
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