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Heaven to rule China. At the same time, they also tried to retain their own indigenous culture. Due to the
Manchus' adoption of Han Chinese culture, most Han Chinese (though not all) did accept the Manchus as the legitimate rulers of China. Similarly, according to Fudan University historian Yao Dali, even the supposedly "patriotic" hero Wen Tianxiang of the late Song and early Yuan period did not believe the Mongol rule to be illegitimate. In fact, Wen was willing to live under Mongol rule as long as he was not forced to be a Yuan dynasty official, out of his loyalty to the Song dynasty. Yao explains that Wen chose to die in the end because he was forced to become a Yuan official. So, Wen chose death due to his loyalty to his dynasty, not because he viewed the Yuan court as a non-Chinese, illegitimate regime and therefore refused to live under their rule. Yao also says that many Chinese who were living in the Yuan-Ming transition period also shared Wen's beliefs of identifying with and putting loyalty towards one's dynasty above racial/ethnic differences. Many Han Chinese writers did not celebrate the collapse of the Mongols and the return of the Han Chinese rule in the form of the Ming dynasty government at that time. Many Han Chinese actually chose not to serve in the new Ming court at all due to their loyalty to the Yuan. Some Han Chinese also committed suicide on behalf of the Mongols as a proof of their loyalty. The founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, also indicated that he was happy to be born in the Yuan period and that the Yuan did legitimately receive the Mandate of Heaven to rule over China. On a side note, one of his key advisors, Liu Ji, generally supported the idea that while the Chinese and the non-Chinese are different, they are actually equal. Liu was therefore arguing against the idea that the Chinese were and are superior to the "Yi."
3151:"Whether the Pelasgi were anciently a foreign or Grecian tribe, has been a subject of constant and celebrated discussion. Herodotus, speaking of some settlements held to be Pelaigic, and existing in his time, terms their language 'barbarous;' but Mueller, nor with argument insufficient, considers that the expression of the historian would apply only to a peculiar dialect; and the hypothesis is sustained by another passage in Herodotus, in which he applies to certain Ionian dialects the same term as that with which he stigmatizes the language of the Pelasgic settlements. In corroboration of Mueller's opinion, we may also observe, that the 'barbarous-tongued' is an epithet applied by Homer to the Carians, and is rightly construed by the ancient critics as denoting a dialect mingled and unpolished, certainly not foreign. Nor when the Agamemnon of Sophocles upbraids Teucer with 'his barbarous tongue,' would any scholar suppose that Teucer is upbraided with not speaking Greek; he is upbraided with speaking Greek inelegantly and rudely. It is clear that they who continued with the least adulteration a language in its earliest form, would seem to utter a strange and unfamiliar jargon to ears accustomed to its more modern construction."
3125:"The status of being a foreigner, as the Greeks understood the term does not permit any easy definition. Primarily it signified such peoples as the Persians and Egyptians, whose languages were unintelligible to the Greeks, but it could also be used of Greeks who spoke in a different dialect and with a different accent ... Prejudice toward Greeks on the part of Greeks was not limited to those who lived on the fringes of the Greek world. The Boeotians, inhabitants of central Greece, whose credentials were impeccable, were routinely mocked for their stupidity and gluttony. Ethnicity is a fluid concept even at the best of times. When it suited their purposes, the Greeks also divided themselves into Ionians and Dorians. The distinction was emphasized at the time of the Peloponnesian War, when the Ionian Athenians fought against the Dorian Spartans. The Spartan general Brasidas even taxed the Athenians with cowardice on account of their Ionian lineage. In other periods of history the Ionian-Dorian divide carried much less weight."
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2761:"A look around us at this moment shows what the regression of bourgeois society into Barbarism means. This World War is a regression into Barbarism. The triumph of Imperialism leads to the annihilation of civilization. At first, this happens sporadically for the duration of a modern war, but then when the period of unlimited wars begins it progresses toward its inevitable consequences. Today, we face the choice exactly as Friedrich Engels foresaw it a generation ago: either the triumph of Imperialism and the collapse of all civilization as in ancient Rome, depopulation, desolation, degeneration – a great cemetery. Or the victory of Socialism, that means the conscious active struggle of the
1921:. Groups that conformed to this way of life were, generally speaking, considered Chinese. Those that turned away from it were considered to cease to be Chinese. ... It was the process of acculturation, transforming barbarians into Chinese, that created the great bulk of the Chinese people. The barbarians of Western Chou times were, for the most part, future Chinese, or the ancestors of future Chinese. This is a fact of great importance. ... It is significant, however, that we almost never find any references in the early literature to physical differences between Chinese and barbarians. Insofar as we can tell, the distinction was purely cultural.
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2307:" was formerly used by the Chinese almost innocently in the sense of 'aborigines' to refer to ethnic groups in South China, and Mao Zedong himself once used it in 1938 in a speech advocating equal rights for the various minority peoples. But that term has now been so systematically purged from the language that it is not to be found (at least in that meaning) even in large dictionaries, and all references to Mao's 1938 speech have excised the offending word and replaced it with a more elaborate locution, "Yao, Yi, and Yu."
2024:, he said that if the feudal lords use Yi ritual, then they should be called Yi; If they use Chinese rituals, then they should be called Chinese." Han Yu went on to lament in the same essay that the Chinese of his time might all become Yi because the Tang court wanted to put Yi laws above the teachings of the former kings. Therefore, Han Yu's essay shows the possibility that the Chinese can lose their culture and become the uncivilized outsiders, and that the uncivilized outsiders have the potential to become Chinese.
1906:," or "Chinese civilization." "There is a sense in which the traditional view of ancient Chinese history is correct (and perhaps it originated ultimately in the first appearance of dynastic civilization): those on the fringes and outside this esoteric event were "barbarians" in that they did not enjoy (or suffer from) the fruit of civilization until they were brought into close contact with it by an imperial expansion of the civilization itself." In a similar vein, Creel explained the significance of Confucian
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1941:) The Middle Kingdom , dominated by the assumption of its cultural superiority, measured outgroups according to a yardstick by which those who did not follow the "Chinese ways" were considered "barbarians." A Theory of "using the Chinese ways to transform the barbarian" as strongly advocated. It was believed that the barbarian could be culturally assimilated. In the Age of Great Peace, the barbarians would flow in and be transformed: the world would be one.
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its being cooked with fire. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned toward each other. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked with fire. Those on the west were called . They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called . They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them did not eat grain-food.
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1239:. In Montaigne's view, his own people – the Europeans – were the real "barbarians". In this way, the argument was turned around and applied to the European invaders. With this shift in meaning, a whole literature arose in Europe that characterized the indigenous Indian peoples as innocent, and the militarily superior Europeans as "barbarous" intruders invading a paradisical world.
2049:, "The delusive myth of a Chinese antiquity that abandoned racial standards in favour of a concept of cultural universalism in which all barbarians could ultimately participate has understandably attracted some modern scholars. Living in an unequal and often hostile world, it is tempting to project the utopian image of a racially harmonious world into a distant and obscure past."
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criterion of the we-group, whereas the consciousness of common origin remained secondary. What continued to be important were the factors of language, the acceptance of certain forms of material culture, the adherence to certain rituals, and, above all, the economy and the way of life. Agriculture was the only appropriate way of life for the
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The
Vikings, for instance, made for particularly convenient soldiers of fortune . Other 'barbarian' groups, including the Alans, Cumans, and Pechenegs, also found their services to be in demand, particularly from the Byzantine and Turkish empires (Vasary 2005). Perhaps the most famous, and certainly
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The people of those five regions – the Middle states, and the , (and other wild tribes around them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called . They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without
1689:
From ancient to modern times the
Chinese attitude toward people not Chinese in culture—"barbarians"—has commonly been one of contempt, sometimes tinged with fear ... It must be noted that, while the Chinese have disparaged barbarians, they have been singularly hospitable both to individuals and
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The
Chinese had at least two reasons for vilifying and depreciating the non-Chinese groups. On the one hand, many of them harassed and pillaged the Chinese, which gave them a genuine grievance. On the other, it is quite clear that the Chinese were increasingly encroaching upon the territory of these
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used it to characterize the activities of the
Spaniards in the New World – representatives of the more technologically advanced, higher European culture – as "barbarous," in a satirical essay published in the year 1580. It was not the supposedly "uncivilized" Indian tribes who were "barbarous", but
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From classical origins the
Hellenic stereotype of barbarism evolved: barbarians are like children, unable to speak or reason properly, cowardly, effeminate, luxurious, cruel, unable to control their appetites and desires, politically unable to govern themselves. Writers voiced these stereotypes with
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houses of pleasure, where drinking games were common, small puppets in the aspect of
Westerners, in a ridiculous state of drunkenness, were used in one popular permutation of the drinking game; so, in the form of blue-eyed, pointy nosed, and peak-capped barbarians, these puppets were manipulated in
2012:
texts record a belief that the respective natures of the
Chinese and the barbarian were incompatible. Mencius, for instance, once stated: "I have heard of the Chinese converting barbarians to their ways, but not of their being converted to barbarian ways." Dikötter says, "The nature of the Chinese
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Evidently, the barbarian tribes at first had individual names, but during about the middle of the first millennium B.C., they were classified schematically according to the four cardinal points of the compass. This would, in the final analysis, mean that once again territory had become the primary
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Christopher I. Beckwith's 2009 "The
Barbarians" epilogue provides many references, but overlooks H. G. Creel's 1970 "The Barbarians" chapter. Creel descriptively wrote, "Who, in fact, were the barbarians? The Chinese have no single term for them. But they were all the non-Chinese, just as for the
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Beckwith's second problem is with linguists and lexicographers of
Chinese. "If one looks up in a Chinese-English dictionary the two dozen or so partly generic words used for various foreign peoples throughout Chinese history, one will find most of them defined in English as, in effect, 'a kind of
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wrote, "the influence on China of the great fact of alien conquest under the Liao-Jin-Yuan dynasties is just beginning to be explored." During the Qing dynasty, the rulers of China adopted Confucian philosophy and Han Chinese institutions to show that the Manchu rulers had received the Mandate of
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peoples and concludes that the "ancients formed these characters with only one purpose in mind—to describe the different ways of living each of these people pursued." Despite the well-known examples of pejorative exonymic characters (such as the "dog radical" in Di), he claims there is no hidden
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These things show that many times, pre-modern Chinese did view culture (and sometimes politics) rather than race and ethnicity as the dividing line between the Chinese and the non-Chinese. In many cases, the non-Chinese could and did become the Chinese and vice versa, especially when there was a
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entry summarizes the semantic history. "The sense-development in ancient times was (with the Greeks) 'foreign, non-Hellenic,' later 'outlandish, rude, brutal'; (with the Romans) 'not Latin nor Greek,' then 'pertaining to those outside the Roman Empire'; hence 'uncivilized, uncultured,' and later
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in the spring of 1595 the Turks began to strike back against Christian armies and a major European war was detonated. There were advantages for the cossacks no matter which side was winning. Throughout the war there was a steady stream of envoys of foreign rulers coming to the sich to bid for
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Christopher I. Beckwith makes the extraordinary claim that the name "barbarian" should only be used for Greek historical contexts, and is inapplicable for all other "peoples to whom it has been applied either historically or in modern times." Beckwith notes that most specialists in East Asian
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The list of barbarians who have 'come' and 'seen' as mercenaries, before imposing themselves as conquerors, is a long one. The Turkish bodyguard of the 'Abbasid Caliphs in the ninth century of the Christian Era prepared the way for the Turkish buccaneers who carved up the Caliphate into its
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was found in the 17th century). The statue depicts with remarkable realism a dying Celt warrior with a typically Celtic hairstyle and moustache. He sits on his fallen shield while a sword and other objects lie beside him. He appears to be fighting against death, refusing to accept his fate.
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designating the historical "Yi peoples," composed of the characters for 大 "big (person)" and 弓 "bow", implies a big person carrying a bow, someone to perhaps be feared or respected, but not to be despised. However, differing from K. C. Wu, the scholar Wu Qichang believes that the earliest
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for uncivilised people, opposite to Greek or Roman, and in fact, it became a common term to refer to all foreigners among Romans after Augustus age (as, among the Greeks, after the Persian wars, the Persians), including the Germanic peoples, Persians, Gauls, Phoenicians and Carthaginians.
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Furthermore, slave-ownership no longer became the preserve of the rich: all but the poorest of Athenian households came to have slaves in order to supplement the work of their free members. The slaves of Athens that had "barbarian" origins were coming especially from lands around the
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said, "Throughout Chinese history "the barbarians" have been a constant motif, sometimes minor, sometimes very major indeed. They figure prominently in the Shang oracle inscriptions, and the dynasty that came to an end only in 1912 was, from the Chinese point of view, barbarian."
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More information on this Chinese system, and on how it was abolished in the 20th century, can be found in the article "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China," by Magnus Fiskesjö, Social Text 29.4 (2011) (No. 109, Special Issue, "China and the Human"),
2248:狖 "a kind of monkey," but not one "a kind of barbarian" definition. Besides faulting Chinese for lacking a general "barbarian" term, Beckwith also faults English, which "has no words for the many foreign peoples referred to by one or another Classical Chinese word, such as 胡
2741:, Engels had used not the term "Barbarism" but a less resounding formulation: "If the whole of modern society is not to perish, a revolution in the mode of production and distribution must take place." The case has been made that Luxemburg had remembered a passage from the "
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A "barbarian" may also be an individual reference to an aggressive, brutal, cruel, and insensitive person, particularly one who is also dim-witted, while cultures, customs and practices adopted by peoples and countries perceived to be primitive may be referred to as
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as "barbarian" or "barbarians." Beckwith concedes that the early Chinese "apparently disliked foreigners in general and looked down on them as having an inferior culture," and pejoratively wrote some exonyms. However, he purports, "The fact that the Chinese did not
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An alternative interpretation emphasizing power and state control as the main distinction at play, rather than the degree of cultural assimilation, is offered in Fiskesjö, Magnus. "On the 'Raw' and the 'Cooked' barbarians of imperial China." Inner Asia 1.2 (1999),
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The Master wanted to settle among the Nine Wild Tribes of the East. Someone said, I am afraid you would find it hard to put up with their lack of refinement. The Master said, Were a true gentleman to settle among them there would soon be no trouble about lack of
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262de) rejected the Greek–barbarian dichotomy as a logical absurdity on just such grounds: dividing the world into Greeks and non-Greeks told one nothing about the second group. Yet Plato used the term barbarian frequently in his seventh letter. In
359:, to deride other Greek tribes and states (such as Epirotes, Eleans, Boeotians and Aeolic-speakers) and also fellow Athenians in a pejorative and politically motivated manner. The term also carried a cultural dimension to its dual meaning. The verb
1949:, "The centrality of culture, rather than race, in the Chinese world view had an important corollary. Nearly always, this translated into a civilizing mission rooted in the premise that 'the barbarians could be culturally assimilated'"; namely
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from King Numedides, whom he strangled upon his throne. The story is clearly slanted to imply that the kingdom greatly benefited from power passing from a decadent and tyrannical hereditary monarch to a strong and vigorous Barbarian usurper.
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After the Song dynasty, many of China's rulers in the north were of Inner Asia ethnicities, such as the Khitans, Juchens, and Mongols of the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, the latter ended up ruling over the entire China. Hence, the historian
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This model of Byzantine 'state-owned slave-soldiers' and mercenaries from the Barbarian North of the 'Seventh Climate' was subsequently imitated by the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphs who also had their own 'Ṣaqālibah' troops and Varangian-like
3211:. "There is at the elite level at least no hint during the archaic period of this sharp dichotomy between Greek and Barbarian or the derogatory and the stereotypical representation of the latter that emerged so clearly from the 5th century."
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apart, and there were a thousand years between them. Yet when they had their way in the Central Kingdoms, their actions matched like the two halves of a tally. The standards of the two sages, one earlier and one later, were identical."
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GSR 1246c. Beckwith criticizes "a kind of X" definitions as "the dictionary maker either could not find out what it was or was too lazy to define it accurately" (2009), 359; compare listing "rakhbīn (a kind of cheese)" as an export from
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in south-eastern Attica after the discovery of a major vein of silver-bearing ore there in 483 BC, while the phenomenon of skilled slave craftsmen producing manufactured goods in small factories and workshops became increasingly common.
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Winkler, Markus; Boletsi, Maria, eds. (31 July 2023). "5.1.1. New Barbarians, Superior Barbarians, Technicized Barbarians: The Semantics of Barbarism in the Manifestoes and Aesthetic Writings of the Avant-Garde Movements, 1900-1930".
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peoples, getting the better of them by trickery, and putting many of them under subjection. By vilifying them and depicting them as somewhat less than human, the Chinese could justify their conduct and still any qualms of conscience.
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The Romans adapted the term in order to refer to anything that was non-Roman. The German cultural historian Silvio Vietta points out that the meaning of the word "barbarous" has undergone a semantic change in modern times, after
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n 1816 the Gurkha mercenary tradition began. Although the soldiers known as Gurkhas would fight in the British service and, later, in the Indian service as well, Nepalese rulers also hired out soldiers to other foreign
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the conquering Spaniards. Montaigne argued that Europeans noted the barbarism of other cultures but not the crueler and more brutal actions of their own societies, particularly (in his time) during the so-called
3232:. "Given the relative familiarity of the Karians to the Greeks, it has been suggested that barbarophonoi in the Iliad signifies not those who spoke a non-Greek language but simply those who spoke Greek badly."
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racial bias in the meanings of the characters used to describe these different peoples, but rather the differences were "in occupation or in custom, not in race or origin." K. C. Wu says the modern character
2113:." He believes that after academics read his published explanation of the problems, except for direct quotations of "earlier scholars who use the word, it should no longer be used as a term by any writer."
2172:), which Beckwith claims, "actually means 'wild man, savage'. That is very definitely not the same thing as 'barbarian'." Despite this semantic hypothesis, Chinese-English dictionaries regularly translate
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The fundamental criterion of "Chinese-ness," anciently and throughout history, has been cultural. The Chinese have had a particular way of life, a particular complex of usages, sometimes characterized as
1115:), preserves this old "barbarian" designation in its name – but it no longer consciously retains "barbarian" associations: the inhabitants of the area themselves use the name naturally and unaffectedly.
2343:) "prisoner, slave, captive". Beckwith says it means something like "those miscreants who should be locked up," therefore, "The word does not even mean 'foreigner' at all, let alone 'barbarian'."
1051:– used the term "barbarian" to describe himself. Because he was a noted satirist, this could have indicated self-deprecating irony. It might also have suggested descent from Samosata's original
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were probably most interested in trade. he Chinese frontier generals often hired them as mercenaries , which was a result of the Later Han policy of 'using barbaians to attack barbarians.'
1626:
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It now seems that the use of military mercenaries became widespread, with central Mexican groups brought in by the Maya and Maya-Gulf Coast groups penetrating the Central Mexican Highlands.
2005:, or 'cooked barbarians', were tame and submissive. The consumption of raw food was regarded as an infallible sign of savagery that affected the physiological state of the barbarian."
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referred to the incomprehensible, unfamiliar speech (perceived as "babbling", "incoherent stammering") of non-Vedic peoples ("wretch, foreigner, sinful people, low and barbarous".)
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Fiskesjö, Magnus "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China," Social Text 29.4 (2011) (No. 109, Special Issue, "China and the Human"), pp. 57–79. See:
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The statue serves both as a reminder of the Celts' defeat, thus demonstrating the might of the people who defeated them, and a memorial to their bravery as worthy adversaries. As
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has seen widespread use in English. Many peoples have dismissed alien cultures and even rival civilizations, because they were unrecognizably strange. For instance, the nomadic
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to groups that have adopted Chinese culture. And at times they seem to have had a certain admiration, perhaps unwilling, for the rude force of these peoples or simpler customs.
2442:'s Empire, in the north of Modern Mexico, and whom the Aztec people saw as primitive and uncivilized. One of the meanings attributed to the word "Chichimeca" is "dog people".
4320:"During his absence the French and savages had taken Fort George, on the frontier of that province, and the savages had massacred many of the garrison after capitulation...."
2614:, "Exhortatio ad Capesendam Italiam in Libertatemque a Barbaris Vinsicandam" (in English: Exhortation to take Italy and free her from the barbarians) in which he appeals to
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The new goths take their name from the old Goths . The origins and deed of the old Goths were constructed by Roman historians in fear of the Goth as a barbarian outsider .
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Meacham, William (1983). "Origins and Development of the Yueh Coastal Neolithic: A Microcosm of Culture Change on the Mainland of East Asia." In Keightley, David N., ed.,
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was regarded as impermeable to the evil influences of the barbarian; no retrogression was possible. Only the barbarian might eventually change by adopting Chinese ways."
796:, cited above from Homer, came into use not only for the sound of a foreign language but also for foreigners who spoke Greek improperly. In the Greek language, the word
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Beckwith (2009), pp. 361–2. The author describes his belief in religious terms; following his "enlightenment on this issue", he says no scholar who used the word
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or one of its relatives, or make up a new word that explicitly includes the same basic ideas, they cannot express the idea of the 'barbarian' in Chinese.". The usual
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Friedrich Engels, "Anti-Dühring" (1878), quoted in Michael Löwy, "Philosophy of Praxis & Rosa Luxemburg" in "Viewpoint", Online Issue No. 125, November 2, 2012
1520:(771–476 BC), the meanings of four exonyms were expanded. "These included Rong, Yi, Man, and Di—all general designations referring to the barbarian tribes." These
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Plutarch's "Life of Pyrrhos" records his apprehensive remark on seeing a Roman army taking the field against him in disciplined order: "These are not barbarians."
2105:"was used rather loosely for non-Chinese populations of the east. It carried the connotation of people ignorant of Chinese culture and, therefore, 'barbarians'."
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4712:. Volume 15 of Schriften zur Weltliteratur/Studies on World Literature. Vol. 2: Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries. Berlin: J. B. Metzler. pp. 1–2.
4486:(2009). "4: Muslim Communities of the European North-Eastern Frontiers: Islam in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth". In Marcinkowski, Christoph (ed.).
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came into use on a scale never before seen among the Greeks. Massive concentrations of slaves worked under especially brutal conditions in the silver mines at
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4115:. p. 356. Furthermore, "The entire construct is, appropriately enough, best summed up by popular European and American fiction and film treatments such as
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barbarian'. Even the works of well-known lexicographers such as Karlgren do this." Although Beckwith does not cite any examples, the Swedish sinologist
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maxim, "When the Emperor no longer functions, learning must be sought among the 'Four Barbarians,' north, west, east, and south." Professor Creel said,
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foreigner Y and occasionally picked a transcriptional character with negative meaning (in Chinese) to write the sound of his ethnonym, is irrelevant."
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Chinese historical records mention what may now perhaps be termed "barbarian" peoples for over four millennia, although this considerably predates the
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such a way as to occasionally fall down: then, whichever guest to whom the puppet pointed after falling was then obliged by honor to empty his cup of
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However, different thinkers and texts convey different opinions on this issue. The prominent Tang Confucian Han Yu, for example, wrote in his essay
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of ancient India, with the primary meaning of "cruel" and also "stammering" (बड़बड़), implying someone with an unfamiliar language. The Greek word
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4567:
Adams, Richard E. W. (1977). "7: Transformations: Epi-Classic Cultures, the Collapse of Classic Cultures, and the rise and fall of the Toltec".
1642:"furnished the primary Chinese term for 'barbarian'," but "Paradoxically the Yi were considered the most civilized of the non-Chinese peoples.
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2351:-. There is also no single native Chinese word for 'foreigner', no matter how pejorative," which meets his strict definition of "barbarian.".
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origin of the term "barbarian", at least as is known from the thirty-four centuries of written records in the Greek language. The sinologist
437:. Indeed, in the Greek of this period 'barbarian' is often used expressly to refer to Persians, who were enemies of the Greeks in this war.
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and warlike. Many cultures have referred to other cultures as barbarians, sometimes out of misunderstanding and sometimes out of prejudice.
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H. W. Janson, "History of Art: A survey of the major visual arts from the dawn of history to the present day", p. 141. H. N. Abrams, 1977.
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The Master said, The barbarians of the East and North have retained their princes. They are not in such a state of decay as we in China.
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The term "Barbarian" in traditional Chinese culture had several aspects. For one thing, Chinese has more than one historical "barbarian"
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Greeks the barbarians were all the non-Greeks." Beckwith prescriptively wrote, "The Chinese, however, have still not yet borrowed Greek
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As things stand today capitalist civilization cannot continue; we must either move forward into socialism or fall back into barbarism.
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One living outside the pale of the Roman Empire and its civilization, applied especially to the northern nations that overthrew them.
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Pulleyblank, E. G., (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times." In Keightley, David N., ed.
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A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages
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536:, which is an ancient Arabic term for the North African inhabitants west of Egypt. The Arabic word might be ultimately from Greek
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1599:"as generalized terms denoting 'non-Chinese,' 'foreigners,' 'barbarians'," and a statement such as "the Rong and Di are wolves" (
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as barbarians, and subsequent classically oriented historical narratives depicted the migrations associated with the end of the
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noted that, "A certain idealization of the 'noble savage' is to be found fairly often in early Chinese literature", citing the
1603:, Min 1) is "very much like the assertion that many people in many lands will make today, that 'no foreigner can be trusted'."
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into English. Some of the examples include "foreigners," "ordinary others," "wild tribes," "uncivilized tribes," and so forth.
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did not figure largely in archaic literature before the 5th century BC. It has been suggested that the "barbarophonoi" in the
130:
and follow classical Greek customs, but also for Greek populations on the fringe of the Greek world with peculiar dialects. In
4866:
7289:
7215:
6573:
6564:
2316:
2145:
1458:, which is often translated as "barbarians." Despite this conventional translation, there are also other ways of translating
202:
3005:
802:
expressed both the notions of "language" and "reason", so Greek-speakers readily conflated speaking poorly with stupidity.
341:, emphasizing their otherness. According to Greek writers, this was because the language they spoke sounded to Greeks like
7631:
4803:
4362:
The list of barbarians who have 'come' and 'seen' as mercenaries, before imposing themselves as conquerors, is a long one.
3253:. "a barbarian from a distinguished nation which given the political circumstances of the time might well mean a Persian."
2326:
2155:
933:, Xenophon's accounts of the Persians and other non-Greeks who he knew or encountered show few traces of the stereotypes.
3554:
2782:. In such fantasy, the negative connotations traditionally associated with "Barbarian" are often inverted. For example, "
5805:
5763:
3641:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 10–11. Liu believes the Chinese in early China did not originally think of
2222:戎 "weapons, armour; war, warrior; N. pr. of western tribes," "weapon; attack; war chariot; loan for tribes of the West"
41:
8830:
8566:
8169:
7981:
6044:
5075:
4955:
Studia Academica Šumenensia: The Empire and Barbarians in South-Eastern Europe in Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages
4746:. Emerald Studies in Alternativity and Marginalization. Bingley, West Yorkshire: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 3.
2365:
1490:
4483:
2287:
above) as "perhaps the only true generic at any time in Chinese literature, was practically the opposite of the word
4084:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE
2475:
service in a metropole repeatedly occurred in history as a standard way in which peripheral peoples from and beyond
1451:
between Hua ("Chinese") and Yi (commonly translated as "barbarian") was based on culture and power but not on race.
9049:
8416:
8071:
7020:
5028:
2533:
1782:, in which the insult derived not from the Chinese word but from the character used to write it. For instance, the
31:
9059:
8897:
8875:
8426:
8174:
6399:
6215:
6028:
5624:
2295:番 means "foreigner; barbarian; aborigine". The linguist Robert Ramsey illustrates the pejorative connotations of
1510:
1236:
570:
35:
2606:
often called anyone who lived outside of their country a barbarian. As an example, there is the last chapter of
1706:
was a Western barbarian; he was born in Ch'i Chou and died in Pi Ying. Their native places were over a thousand
8531:
8478:
8284:
8034:
7860:
7673:
7624:
7560:
2783:
1517:
698:
633:
80:
67:
4979:(H. Cancik & H. Schneider, Eds.; C. F. Salazar, Trans.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from Brill's New Pauly.
3306:, Monier Monier-Williams (1898), Ernst Leumann, Carl Cappeller, pub. Asian Educational Services (Google Books)
2790:'s "Conan" series, is set soon after the "Barbarian" protagonist had forcibly seized the turbulent kingdom of
1297:
were among the many peoples called "Barbarian" by the early Romans. The term continued to be used by medieval
817:
2479:
regions interact with imperial powers as part of a (semi-)foreign militarised proletariat. Examples include:
2210:夷 "barbarian, foreigner; destroy, raze to the ground," "barbarian (esp. tribes to the East of ancient China)"
1855:
that do not exist alphabetically. For the Yao ethnic group, there is a difference between the transcriptions
8995:
8621:
7958:
7850:
6341:
6230:
6208:
5912:
5342:
5318:
5153:
4882:
3380:(Austin) 1993, pp. 1–6, 39–49; Gerhart B. Ladner, "On Roman attitudes towards barbarians in late antiquity"
3328:
2195:
1748:
countries are therefore virtuous places where people live long lives. This is why Confucius wanted to go to
1399:
63:
57:
4434:
by the fifth century the Roman army had effectively been transformed into an army of barbarian mercenaries.
2884:
1575:
use compounds of these four generic names in localized "barbarian tribes" exonyms such as "west and north"
1448:
1414:
1024:, who were kind to Paul and his companions who had been shipwrecked off their coast, are called barbarians
440:
8848:
8352:
8204:
7997:
7973:
7923:
7263:
6368:
5823:
3352:
2627:
2619:
2611:
1966:
1961:
1475:
881:(flat land); for barbarians did not live in cities, making their abodes in the fields like wild animals".
614:
95:
4003:
Zhou Songfang, "Lun Liu Ji de Yimin Xintai" (On Liu Ji's Mentality as a Dweller of Subjugated Empire) in
2449:
of South America used the term "purum awqa" for all peoples living outside the rule of their empire (see
8139:
7918:
7195:
5953:
5021:
2729:
Bourgeois society stands at the crossroads, either transition to Socialism or regression into Barbarism.
2439:
2009:
1970:, the Chinese differentiated "raw" and "cooked" categories of barbarian peoples who lived in China. The
1699:
1159:(ruled 241–197 BC) commissioned (220s BC) a statue to celebrate his victory (ca 232 BC) over the Celtic
1004:
942:
905:
However, the disparaging Hellenic stereotype of barbarians did not totally dominate Hellenic attitudes.
8103:
7719:
3737:
Jettmar, Karl (1983). "The Origins of Chinese Civilization: Soviet Views." In Keightley, David N., ed.
4489:
The Islamic World and the West: Managing Religious and Cultural Identities in the Age of Globalisation
2920:
1698:
believed that Confucian practices were universal and timeless, and thus followed by both Hua and Yi, "
9054:
8973:
8865:
8050:
8043:
7714:
6448:
5894:
5583:
5188:
5110:
5044:
2634:
2580:
1864:
1635:
1219:
1075:
1017:
962:
951:
785:
735:
8184:
1182:
comments, the sculpture conveys the message that "they knew how to die, barbarians that they were".
685:'non-Christian,' whence 'Saracen, heathen'; and generally 'savage, rude, savagely cruel, inhuman.'"
9044:
8860:
8357:
8246:
8209:
7987:
7838:
7036:
6897:
6622:
5249:
3316:
2874:
2779:
2623:
2546:
2542:
2120:
into Chinese because the concept does not exist in Chinese," meaning a single "completely generic"
1887:
1231:
1223:
929:
229:
163:
4901:
4777:
2992:
2701:
continued the tradition, echoing the name and reputation of the barbarian outsider early-medieval
1882:
1454:
Historically, the Chinese used various words for foreign ethnic groups. They include terms like 夷
518:
In Aramaic, Old Persian and Arabic context, the root refers to "babble confusedly". It appears as
9013:
8526:
8506:
8496:
8369:
8307:
8264:
8078:
7950:
7910:
7865:
7780:
7765:
7663:
7658:
7446:
6468:
4416:. The Short Oxford History of Europe (1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 164.
2819:
2083:
2029:
1994:
1771:
1486:
1428:
1424:
1302:
1138:
1105:
811:
731:
430:
206:
6409:
3526:
A Theory of Global Civilization: Rationality and the Irrational as the Driving Forces of History
4381:
Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-barbarian Economic Relations
3863:
Dikötter, Frank (1990), "Group Definition and the Idea of 'Race' in Modern China (1793–1949),"
1935:, "all under heaven." The world was perceived as one homogenous unity named "great community" (
1096:
as "a land of barbarians", with these inhabitants also known by the manifestly pejorative term
9064:
8978:
8892:
8571:
8446:
8189:
7843:
7754:
7748:
7709:
7697:
6546:
5747:
4931:
4913:
4906:
4890:
4747:
4713:
4654:
4648:
4614:
4574:
4537:
4523:
4493:
4453:
4417:
4345:
4331:
4273:
4108:
4087:
4034:
3900:
3688:
3598:
3493:
3416:. Essay Index Reprint Series. Freeport, New York: Books For Libraries Press, Inc. p. 144.
3246:
3225:
3204:
3141:
3079:
3054:
2944:
2791:
2674:
2514:
2186:
2046:
1052:
557:
434:
3714:
Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China
2653:
The romantic reaction against reason and civilisation preceded some attempts to rehabilitate
2438:" to denominate a group of nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes that lived on the outskirts of the
1702:
was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao.
9074:
9023:
8887:
8733:
8589:
8558:
8259:
8057:
7827:
7729:
7668:
7311:
7295:
6782:
6652:
6636:
5880:
5202:
5137:
4980:
4318:
3450:
3098:
Siculus Diodorus, Ludwig August Dindorf, Diodori Bibliotheca historica – Volume 1 – Page 671
2787:
2734:
2592:
2490:
2133:
2091:
1851:(symbols used to write a language) can provide unique opportunities to write ethnic insults
1703:
1572:
1526:四夷 "Four Barbarians", most "probably the names of ethnic groups originally," were the Yi or
1268:
1151:
provides some insight into the Hellenistic perception of and attitude towards "Barbarians".
1079:
1071:
1048:
960:
makes the difference between Greeks and barbarians one of the central themes of his book on
553:
433:
in the first half of the 5th century BC. Here a hasty coalition of Greeks defeated the vast
234:
167:
135:
4492:. Freiburger sozialanthropologische Studien. Vol. 24. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 87.
426:
signifies not those who spoke a non-Greek language but simply those who spoke Greek badly.
8968:
8516:
8114:
7889:
7832:
7546:
7484:
6696:
6165:
6142:
4527:
4335:
4069:
3983:
3411:
3119:
2963:Εκδοτική Αθηνών, ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία: Τουρκοκρατία, Λατινοκρατία, 1980, p. 34
2698:
2662:
2504:
1903:
1814:
1783:
1543:
1522:
1418:
1356:
1322:
1207:
1171:
916:
715:
662:
300:
7279:
4999:
4887:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
4684:
4105:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
2738:
2291:. It meant simply 'foreign, foreigner' without any pejorative meaning." In modern usage,
1794:", who primarily live in the mountains of southwest China and Vietnam. When 11th-century
1667:
The Master said, The Way makes no progress. I shall get upon a raft and float out to sea.
3108:
2618:
to unite Italy and stop the "barbarian invasions" led by other European rulers, such as
8948:
8943:
8441:
8269:
8219:
8144:
7968:
7805:
7724:
7536:
7325:
7305:
7185:
7156:
7129:
6959:
6949:
6812:
6766:
6383:
6357:
6260:
6051:
5711:
5505:
5428:
5396:
5146:
4452:. De Gruyter Reference. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1746.
3594:
2976:
2742:
2722:
2678:
2638:
2558:
2508:
1946:
1908:
1899:
1471:
1365:
1252:
1147:
1124:
1083:
1063:
1056:
995:
991:
920:
895:
862:
833:
465:
330:
241:
171:
127:
123:
4824:
3876:
Alam, M. Shahid (2003), "Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms,"
3580:
Alam, M. Shahid (2003), "Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms",
1325:
based on that coast (and who were not necessarily Berbers) were also derived from it.
9038:
8843:
8720:
8693:
8389:
8298:
8231:
8199:
8154:
8149:
7872:
7855:
7467:
7359:
7239:
7056:
7014:
6943:
6748:
6432:
6415:
6118:
5590:
5491:
5463:
5382:
5293:
5242:
5195:
4854:
3944:
3315:
Onions, C.T. (1966), edited by, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, page 74,
2824:
1895:
1716:
1634:
as "Anc barbarian tribe on east border, any border or foreign tribe." The sinologist
1482:
1318:
1289:
987:
980:(384–322 B.C.) made derogatory comments in his speeches, using the word "barbarian".
858:, whereas bishops were appointed to supervise entire peoples among the less settled.
370:
254:
246:
3378:
Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul: Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition
3179:
2241:
1650:
Some Chinese classics romanticize or idealize barbarians, comparable to the western
8870:
8511:
8411:
8254:
8194:
8134:
7906:
7800:
7775:
7770:
7736:
7395:
6438:
5972:
5962:
5901:
5791:
5611:
5484:
5373:
4858:
4644:
4604:
4375:
3700:
2879:
2864:
2854:
2804:
2746:
2658:
2642:
2566:
2562:
2498:
2360:
2264:
1894:
According to the archeologist William Meacham, it was only by the time of the late
1813:(e.g., 腰 "waist", 遙 "distant", 搖 "shake"). During a series of 20th-century Chinese
1795:
1779:
1676:
1651:
1333:
1294:
1203:
1179:
1168:
1044:
1009:), and he also uses it to characterise one who merely speaks a different language (
947:
805:
352:
131:
6521:
4984:
4573:(3 ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press (published 2005). p. 277.
3541:
Rationalität. Eine Weltgeschichte. Europäische Kulturgeschichte und Globalisierung
1351:
Many languages define the "Other" as those who do not speak one's language; Greek
460:
was the etymological source for many words meaning "barbarian", including English
4741:
4707:
4608:
4568:
4531:
4487:
4447:
4411:
4379:
4339:
3851:
3841:
See Fiskesjö, "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China."
3773:
3760:
3738:
3303:
2934:
8937:
8922:
8855:
8698:
8683:
8673:
8626:
8584:
8576:
8406:
8179:
8085:
7795:
7760:
7273:
6936:
6879:
6514:
6316:
6253:
6186:
6097:
6083:
6010:
5846:
5498:
5181:
4709:
Barbarian: Explorations of a Western Concept in Theory, Literature, and the Arts
3696:
3593:
Suryakanta (1975), Sanskrit Hindi English Dictionary, reprinted 1986, page 417,
2869:
2834:
2766:
2690:
2603:
2596:
2520:
2402:
1937:
1848:
1564:
1383:
1067:
977:
866:
338:
3007:
Die Sprachbezeichnungen 'Latinus' und 'Romanus' im Lateinischen und Romanischen
8932:
8783:
8708:
8678:
8658:
8653:
8616:
8606:
8599:
8594:
8580:
8548:
8241:
8164:
7882:
7822:
7817:
7692:
7413:
7367:
7363:
7257:
7092:
7050:
6676:
6489:
6302:
5979:
5942:
5784:
5604:
5470:
5228:
5160:
4850:
3558:
2940:
2814:
2670:
2666:
2607:
2450:
2435:
2275:"prisoner", neither of which meant "barbarian." Beckwith says Tang texts used
2228:狄 "Northern Barbarians – "fire-dogs"," "name of a Northern tribe; low servant"
1844:
1822:
1791:
1621:
1559:
1506:
1436:
1199:
911:
841:
776:
714:
Greek attitudes towards "barbarians" developed in parallel with the growth of
666:
415:
175:
159:
4410:
Bispham, Edward (2008). "5: Warfare and the Army". In Bispham, Edward (ed.).
3639:
Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921–1945
3051:
Chirping like the swallows: Aristophanes' portrayals of the barbarian "other"
2757:
Luxemburg went on to explain what she meant by "Regression into Barbarism":
355:
word. In various occasions, the term was also used by Greeks, especially the
8983:
8773:
8688:
8668:
8501:
8337:
7877:
7059:
6989:
6913:
6760:
6706:
6598:
5874:
5449:
5402:
5263:
5082:
4825:"MR Online | The Origin of Rosa Luxemburg's Slogan "Socialism or Barbarism""
2849:
2839:
2809:
2694:
2682:
2576:
2472:
1852:
1833:
1681:
1260:
1256:
1152:
1040:
967:
957:
891:
780:
768:
748:
342:
326:
155:
151:
8109:
3659:
1825:") "jackal; the Yao" was replaced twice; first with the invented character
1624:
region, and generalized references to "barbarian; foreigner; non-Chinese."
1059:
settlers", and might have eventually taken up this appellation themselves.
894:
in the 4th century B.C., for example, called for a war of conquest against
134:, the Romans adapted and applied the term to tribal non-Romans such as the
373:
meant to behave or talk like a barbarian, or to hold with the barbarians.
8917:
8768:
8663:
8611:
8543:
8468:
8399:
8347:
8236:
7810:
7741:
7587:
7179:
6462:
6393:
6350:
5928:
5839:
5256:
5103:
5089:
4923:
4241:
3672:
Wandering on the way : early Taoist tales and parables of Chuang Tzu
2829:
2525:
2476:
2398:
2121:
2053:
1656:
1264:
1164:
1156:
1101:
1093:
1036:
906:
703:
476:
315:
147:
143:
2244:
finds various "a kind of" definitions for plant and animal names (e.g.,
2001:, literally 'raw barbarians', were considered savage and resisting. The
1974:熟番 "cooked barbarians" are sometimes interpreted as Sinicized, and the
1890:
was to stop the "barbarians" from crossing the northern border of China.
1591:"all kinds of barbarians." Creel says the Chinese evidently came to use
592:, A foreigner, one whose language and customs differ from the speaker's.
17:
8793:
8788:
8763:
8728:
8703:
8648:
8491:
8463:
8451:
8394:
7647:
7601:
7580:
7574:
7500:
7383:
7376:
7341:
7173:
7102:
6971:
6806:
6736:
6646:
6553:
6507:
5832:
5567:
5557:
5477:
5412:
5332:
5297:
5174:
4471:
the most reliable early mercenaries were the Byzantine Varangian Guard.
4394:
3695:. See "The Barbarians" chapter, pp. 194–241. Creel refers to the Shang
2936:
Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea
2844:
2762:
2718:
1931:
1695:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1377:
1329:
1314:
1306:
1195:
1191:
1160:
1129:
899:
851:
772:
756:
739:
647:
An uncultured person, or one who has no sympathy with literary culture.
621:
With the Italians of the Renaissance: One of a nation outside of Italy.
579:
532:
515:(بڑبڑانا) means 'to babble, to speak gibberish, to rave incoherently'.
407:
270:
218:
214:
210:
2098:
2078:
1840:
1829:
1818:
1809:猺 "jackal" from a lexical selection of over 100 characters pronounced
1100:("thieves with a rough garment in wool"). The region, still known as "
1055:
population – who were likely called "barbarians by later Hellenistic,
345:
represented by the sounds "bar..bar..;" the alleged root of the word
8882:
8798:
8778:
8758:
8456:
8421:
8362:
7790:
7785:
7595:
7529:
7477:
7348:
7086:
6906:
6872:
6847:
6616:
6323:
6309:
6288:
6267:
6246:
6159:
6152:
6111:
6090:
6065:
6004:
5867:
5860:
5718:
5697:
5618:
5573:
5537:
5523:
5435:
5418:
5389:
5283:
5235:
5216:
5167:
4743:
The Evolution of Goth Culture: The Origins and Deeds of the New Goths
4650:
Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies
3481:
Führer durch die öffenlicher Sammlungen Klassischer altertümer in Rom
2859:
2538:
2336:
2165:
1799:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1310:
1202:) as philosophers – but they regarded their culture as barbaric. The
1089:
1032:
974:
924:
855:
837:
760:
752:
719:
707:
356:
346:
292:
280:
264:
198:
182:
117:
103:
3628:, 3 vols. (Macao: East India Company Press, 1815), 1:61 and 586–587.
3398:
Medieval Worlds: Barbarians, Heretics and Artists in the Middle Ages
2311:
The Tang dynasty Chinese also had a derogatory term for foreigners,
2216:蛮 "barbarians of the South; barbarian, savage," "Southern barbarian"
2109:
history, including him, have translated Chinese exonyms as English "
4950:
4610:
Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Sixteenth Century Ukraine
2116:
The first problem is that, "it is impossible to translate the word
8988:
8958:
8927:
8838:
8820:
8753:
8748:
8633:
8431:
8384:
8342:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
7702:
7616:
7521:
7510:
7460:
7429:
7334:
7209:
7143:
7077:
7026:
6996:
6886:
6854:
6662:
6580:
6377:
6295:
6281:
6274:
6136:
6104:
5853:
5662:
5551:
5456:
5442:
5352:
5289:
5220:
5209:
5096:
5068:
3180:"The Internet Classics Archive | The Seventh Letter by Plato"
2702:
2588:
2584:
2570:
2446:
2431:
2377:
1881:
1558:
1539:
1278:
1211:
1128:
1021:
984:
937:
804:
798:
764:
727:
726:
continued in most Greek states, Athens banned this practice under
697:
547:
508:
444:
A preconnesian marble depiction of a barbarian. Second century AD.
439:
390:
385:
376:
334:
294:
240:
228:
139:
79:
is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive,
4168:"barbarians; savages" (1992) p. 1410; "savage; Shanghai Jiaotong
3451:
Harmon, A. M. "Lucian of Samosata: Introduction and Manuscripts."
846:
were appointed to sees connected to cities among the "civilized"
8963:
8805:
8638:
8521:
8436:
8379:
7422:
7402:
7232:
7166:
7120:
6690:
5777:
5690:
5676:
5634:
4998:
4446:
Snook, Ben (2015). "War and Peace". In Classen, Albrecht (ed.).
1980:
1360:
1298:
723:
512:
411:
126:, the Greeks used the term not only for those who did not speak
46:
7620:
5017:
5013:
4902:
http://socialtext.dukejournals.org/content/29/4_109/57.abstract
2981:
The Way of Herodotus: Travels with the Man who Invented History
2933:
Crespo, Emilio; Giannakis, Georgios; Filos, Panagiotis (2017).
1724:夷 as "men of the east" 東方之人也. The dictionary also informs that
8815:
8810:
8743:
8738:
8374:
7494:
7225:
7202:
7109:
6829:
6822:
6330:
5935:
5921:
5117:
4970:
Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy
4632:
cossack support mercenaries such as the cossacks were needed.
1497:
for foreigners, often in contexts of warfare or tribute. King
1215:
2697:
to justify/promote enslaving and killing Jews and Slavs. The
487:(stammering). This Indo-European root is also found in Latin
309:
286:
274:
258:
112:
2641:
in 1588, used the term 'savage' ('salvaje') to describe the
1929:
Thought in ancient China was oriented towards the world, or
1309:". In English, the term "Berber" continues to be used as an
970:
approvingly, "Tis meet that Greeks should rule barbarians".
429:
A change occurred in the connotations of the word after the
4951:"And now, what's going to happen to us without barbarians?"
2778:
Modern popular culture contains such fantasy barbarians as
789:
1.2–7; 3.14) characterises barbarians as slaves by nature.
2519:
Widespread use of ethnic mercenary forces in pre-historic
1082:) in the 15th century (1453 with the fall of capital city
4800:"Philosophy of praxis & Rosa Luxemburg: Michael Löwy"
4533:
A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of Volumes 1–6
4341:
A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of Volumes 1–6
1283:
Ransom of Christian slaves held in Barbary, 17th century
722:. Although the enslavement of Greeks for non-payment of
299:) 'city'. The earliest attested form of the word is the
4740:
Spracklen, Karl; Spracklen, Beverley (15 August 2018).
3761:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
1627:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
998:) – lived about A.D. 5 to about A.D. 67) uses the word
861:
Eventually the term found a hidden meaning through the
702:
Slaves in chains, relief found in Smyrna (present day
7566:
usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized
4685:"Captain Cuellar's Adventures in Connacht and Ulster"
1542:北狄 "northern barbarians." The Russian anthropologist
1447:瑤 "precious jade" in the modern period. The original
303:
4393:
Of all the barbarian peoples in the Han period, the
1744:
is associated with benevolence and human longevity.
1328:
The term has also been used to refer to people from
1198:
as heroic individuals – and even (as in the case of
641:
Applied by the Chinese contemptuously to foreigners.
192:
8910:
8829:
8719:
8557:
8477:
8306:
8297:
8218:
8127:
8095:
8033:
7949:
7905:
7898:
7682:
7412:
7358:
7324:
7249:
7119:
7076:
7006:
6981:
6923:
6896:
6864:
6839:
6723:
6608:
6590:
6563:
6531:
6499:
6481:
6367:
6340:
6238:
6229:
6200:
6178:
6128:
6075:
6036:
6027:
5996:
5952:
5911:
5822:
5755:
5746:
5739:
5515:
5372:
5273:
5136:
5127:
5060:
4119:." Also see "The Barbarians" epilogue, pp. 320–362.
1587:"barbarian tribes in the south and the north," and
1186:
Utter barbarism, civilization, and the noble savage
325:for all non-Greek-speaking people, including the
7388:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)
4912:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
4384:. University of California Press. pp. 108–109
3819:D.C Lau tran. (Middlesex:Penguin Books, 1970),128.
3724:
3722:
2921:Abolish Stoning and Barbaric Punishment Worldwide!
2234:Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus
1501:(r. 1250–1192 BC), for instance, fought with the
3943:. Confucianism.com.cn. 2006-10-04. Archived from
3674:(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998),315.
3468:Chattering Courtesans and Other Sardonic Sketches
3367:, 2009, 2nd ed., v. 4.0, Oxford University Press.
3122:, The American Forum for Global Education, 2000.
1092:(106–43 BC) described the mountain area of inner
4151:
4149:
4147:
2910:, 1972, p. 149, Simon & Schuster Publishing.
2199:(1957). Compare Karlgrlen's translations of the
2191:Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese
2101:"corpse". The historian John Hill explains that
1993:Dikötter explains the close association between
1778:non-Chinese peoples were graphically pejorative
824:Further changes occurred in the connotations of
4132:"needs to be blamed for such sins of the past".
1960:Two millennia before the French anthropologist
491:for "stammer / stammering" (leading to Italian
3832:說文解字 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1963), 213, 78.
2663:glorified the Germans' Teutonic barbarian past
2415:
2386:
2056:analyzes the origin of the characters for the
1364:"non-Arabic speakers; non-Arabs; (especially)
1002:in its Hellenic sense to refer to non-Greeks (
406:) ("of incomprehensible speech"), used of the
233:Routes taken by barbarian invaders during the
8065:The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
7632:
5029:
3355:, Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015)
3331:, Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015)
2908:Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary
2405:, who arrived later, were also called either
2330:
2320:
2159:
2149:
1756:could not be realized in the central states.
8:
4174:ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary
3785:3/5, 5/6, 9/14, tr. by Arthur Waley (1938),
1563:A scene of the Chinese campaign against the
1062:The term retained its standard usage in the
186:
4313:Franklin, Benjamin (first published 1791).
3687:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 194.
2401:ships appeared to sail from the South. The
1978:生番 "raw barbarians" as not Sinicized. The
1206:indiscriminately characterised the various
869:(c. 485 – c. 585). He stated that the word
503:) and Czech blblati "to stammer". The verb
464:, which was first recorded in 16th century
401:
395:
360:
8303:
8224:
7902:
7639:
7625:
7617:
6235:
6033:
5752:
5743:
5133:
5036:
5022:
5014:
4889:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
27:Person said to be uncivilized or primitive
9080:Pejorative terms for in-group non-members
3854:, p. 149. University of California Press.
3776:. p. 440. University of California Press.
3741:. p. 229. University of California Press.
2749:, and mistakenly attributed it to Engels:
2681:invoked an Asiatic nomad heritage of the
2020:the following: "When Confucius wrote the
1732:夏, which means Chinese. Elsewhere in the
1616:has both specific references, such as to
1031:About a hundred years after Paul's time,
946:, Prodicus of Ceos calls "barbarian" the
3984:"百家博谈第十三期:从文天祥与元代遗民看中国的"民族主义"_网易博客 网易历史"
3660:http://ctext.org/shang-shu/tribute-of-yu
3109:Foreigners and Barbarians (adapted from
2919:International Society for Human Rights,
2052:The politician, historian, and diplomat
909:(died 354 B.C.), for example, wrote the
40:
6166:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians
4778:"Rosa Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet""
3466:Keith Sidwell, introduction to Lucian:
2900:
1654:construct. For instance, the Confucian
915:, a laudatory fictionalised account of
730:in the early 6th century BC. Under the
388:'s works, the term appeared only once (
68:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4315:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
3626:The Dictionary of the Chinese Language
3483:(Tubingen 1963–71) vol. II, pp 240–42.
3165:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2995:, Word study tool of ancient languages
2733:Luxemburg attributed her statement to
1766:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
7993:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
4277:, p. 160. Princeton University Press.
4018:The Discourse of Race in Modern China
3376:See in particular Ralph W. Mathison,
3167:An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon
3076:The Bloomsbury Companion to Aristotle
2715:The Crisis of German Social Democracy
2528:units in the armies of (for example)
2128:. "Until the Chinese borrow the word
1847:") "precious jade; the Yao." Chinese
1074:used it widely until the fall of the
209:of North Africa, known in English as
7:
9090:Ancient Greek philosophy of language
5009:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
3265:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short,
3078:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 292.
1945:According to the Pakistani academic
1167:(the bronze original is lost, but a
5966:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people)
4613:. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 154.
4607:(1983). "14: Mercenary Diplomacy".
4166:Far East Chinese-English Dictionary
3852:The Origins of Chinese civilization
3774:The Origins of Chinese civilization
3739:The Origins of Chinese civilization
3571:, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy
3049:Delante Bravo, Chrostopher (2012).
2483:nomadic frontier tribes serving in
1957:漢化 "become Chinese; be sinicized."
1538:西戎 "western barbarians," and Di or
574:gives five definitions of the noun
187:
8954:LGBT themes in speculative fiction
8280:Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien
6045:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)
4869:from the original on May 25, 2011.
4555:eleventh-century successor-states.
4020:. Stanford University Press, p. 3.
3986:. History.news.163.com. 2009-11-17
3903:, Clarendon Press, part 1, p. 229.
3685:The Origins of Statecraft in China
3029:(Liddell & Scott), on Perseus"
3010:, Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1998, p.86
2616:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
1534:南蠻 "southern barbarians," Rong or
1348:meaning "land of the barbarians".
1243:In non-Western historical contexts
627:A rude, wild, uncivilized person.
217:, with the latter thereby being a
25:
4103:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
1439:, for instance, was changed from
1386:, the Sanskrit onomatopoeic word
1047:and made part of the province of
1043:, which had been absorbed by the
689:In classical Greco-Roman contexts
526:, itself derived from the Arabic
181:The Greek word was borrowed into
9019:
9018:
9008:
7552:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia
4185:Beckwith (2009), pp. 356–7.
3292:Apte English–Sanskrit Dictionary
3111:Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks
2422:, literally meaning "Red Hair."
1953:來化 "come and be transformed" or
1878:Cultural and racial barbarianism
1530:東夷 "eastern barbarians," Man or
1493:first recorded specific Chinese
1411:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
1332:, a region encompassing most of
1267:, were called barbarians by the
9009:
7964:Ballantine Adult Fantasy series
6540:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys
4910:The Golden Peaches of Samarkand
4317:. Chapter XIX. Online version:
4107:. Princeton University Press.
3470:(Penguin Classics, 2005) p. xii
3457:. Loeb Classical Library (1913)
2471:The entry of "barbarians" into
2457:European and American colonists
1694:In a somewhat related example,
7137:Jewish-American princess (JAP)
4949:Milosavljević, Monika (2014).
4930:. New York: Crown Publishers.
4413:Roman Europe: 1000 BC – AD 400
4033:. New York: Crown Publishers.
3798:Zhao 17, Waley (1938), p. 108.
3789:, Vintage, pp. 94–5, 108, 141.
3410:Dobson, John Frederic (1967).
3140:. Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
2713:In her 1916 anti-war pamphlet
2649:Twentieth-century barbarianism
2355:Barbarian puppet drinking game
2331:
2321:
2160:
2150:
1863:瑤 "jade" but none between the
1798:authors first transcribed the
1720:character dictionary, defines
351:, which is an echomimetic or
109:
45:19th century portrayal of the
1:
7042:eastern and central europeans
6416:English-speaking Welsh people
4985:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e212470
4536:. OUP USA. pp. 461–462.
4378:(1967). "5: Frontier trade".
4344:. OUP USA. pp. 461–462.
4176:"barbarians" (2003), p. 1131.
4172:"barbarian", (1993) p. 2973;
3941:"孔子之作春秋也,诸侯用夷礼,则夷之;进于中国,则中国之"
3400:. London: Polity, 1991, p. 3.
3294:, "Fool" entry, 3rd ed., Pune
2673:as an example to his troops,
1760:Pejorative Chinese characters
1431:for non-Chinese peoples were
1344:possibly from the Latin word
792:From this period, words like
631:Sometimes distinguished from
418:. In general, the concept of
94:The term originates from the
4449:Handbook of Medieval Culture
3243:Ancient Greeks West and East
2923:, accessed on 16 August 2024
2547:postcolonial Indian military
2434:civilization used the word "
2236:Project includes Karlgren's
1912:"ritual; rites; propriety".
1305:) before being replaced by "
1275:Middle East and North Africa
637:(perh. with a glance at 2).
347:
310:
293:
281:
265:
118:
104:
7982:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
7447:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.
5703:Central and South Americans
3763:, Chinese University Press.
2263:The third problem involves
2240:definitions. Searching the
2045:According to the historian
1728:is not dissimilar from the
1382:In the ancient Indian epic
1340:comes from the Arabic word
1039:, in the former kingdom of
193:
9106:
9085:Ethnic and religious slurs
4271:Ramsey, Robert S. (1987).
4170:Chinese-English Dictionary
3683:Creel, Herrlee G. (1970).
3136:Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton.
3074:Baracchi, Claudia (2014).
2556:
2513:Turkic mercenaries in the
1817:, this graphic pejorative
1763:
1408:
1397:
1375:
1336:. The name of the region,
1122:
304:
287:
275:
259:
113:
99:
32:Barbarian (disambiguation)
29:
9004:
8227:
8020:List of story collections
7861:Occult detective fiction
7654:
5051:
4484:Kopanski, Ataullah Bogdan
3921:D. C. Lau (1970), p. 103.
3912:Dikötter (1992), pp. 8–9.
3865:Ethnic and Racial Studies
3787:The Analects of Confucius
3365:Oxford English Dictionary
3138:Athens: Its Rise and Fall
3027:"A Greek-English Lexicon"
2763:International Proletariat
2695:pre-civilised nationalism
2657:in the 20th century. The
2416:
2395:Barbarians from the South
2387:
2189:edited two dictionaries:
1805:, they insultingly chose
1119:The Dying Galatian statue
571:Oxford English Dictionary
556:warriors" as depicted in
448:The Romans used the term
396:
361:
321:The Greeks used the term
221:of the word "barbarian".
166:and sometimes later, the
36:Barbarus (disambiguation)
8285:World Fantasy Convention
6057:westernized South Asians
4972:. Oxford, NY: Clarendon.
4883:Beckwith, Christopher I.
4016:Dikötter, Frank (1992).
2784:The Phoenix on the Sword
2769:and its method of war."
2279:番 or 蕃 "foreigner" (see
2041:Modern reinterpretations
1984:gives this description.
1836:") "the Yao", then with
1518:Spring and Autumn period
1435:. The character for the
1313:. The geographical term
814:in 410 by the Barbarians
734:established ca. 508 BC,
613:One outside the pale of
578:, including an obsolete
185:as well, under the form
9070:Greek words and phrases
8353:Fire-breathing monsters
5811:westernized East Asians
5769:westernized East Asians
5154:Black American princess
5006:Encyclopædia Britannica
4987:9789004122598, 20110510
4570:Prehistoric Mesoamerica
4073:(1993), vol. 3, p. 577.
3930:Dikötter (1992), p. 18.
3658:, "Tribute of Yu" from
3241:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.
2786:" (1932), the first of
2579:barbarian serves as an
2459:frequently referred to
2376:When Europeans came to
2196:Grammata Serica Recensa
2136:translation of English
1898:that one can speak of "
1714:The prominent (121 CE)
1466:History and terminology
1400:Little China (ideology)
1247:Historically, the term
694:Historical developments
511:(बड़बड़ाना) as well as
483:is related to Sanskrit
8104:Dungeons & Dragons
7264:Indigenous Australians
4975:Losemann, V. (2006). "
4274:The Languages of China
3539:Silvio Vietta (2012).
3524:Silvio Vietta (2013).
3153:
3127:
3118:June 29, 2011, at the
2774:Modern popular culture
2771:
2755:
2745:", written in 1892 by
2737:, but as was shown by
2731:
2637:, who sailed with the
2628:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2626:, both of France, and
2599:
2426:Pre-Columbian Americas
2309:
1991:
1967:The Raw and the Cooked
1943:
1923:
1891:
1692:
1610:
1568:
1557:
1476:Herrlee Glessner Creel
1321:, and the name of the
1284:
1142:
821:
711:
654:A native of Barbary.
615:Christian civilization
565:
445:
402:
250:
238:
56:This article contains
50:
8170:International Fantasy
7581:non-Jewish boy or man
7196:Rootless cosmopolitan
4253:Beckwith (2009), 359.
4194:Beckwith (2009), 358.
4007:no.4 (2005), 112–117.
3878:Science & Society
3699:inscriptions and the
3645:as a derogatory term.
3582:Science & Society
3441:Aristot. Pol. 1.1252b
3149:
3123:
2759:
2751:
2727:
2574:
2557:Further information:
2467:Barbarian mercenaries
2301:
2010:Warring States period
1986:
1927:
1914:
1885:
1736:, under the entry of
1687:
1605:
1562:
1548:
1427:. Several historical
1409:Further information:
1282:
1132:
919:, the founder of the
818:Joseph-Noël Sylvestre
808:
701:
551:
507:in both contemporary
475:is also found in the
443:
269:) 'barbarian' was an
244:
232:
44:
8974:Supernatural fiction
8051:Fantastic Adventures
6469:Scottish Highlanders
6400:Welsh-speaking elite
5450:Hillbilly / Hilljack
5405:of European descent)
4928:The Chinese Heritage
4286:Beckwith (2009), 360
4031:The Chinese Heritage
3899:Legge, James (1885)
3807:Creel (1970), 59–60.
3716:. SUNY Press. p. 45.
2983:, 2010, pp. 311–315.
2635:Francisco de Cuellar
2633:Spanish sea captain
2092:used interchangeably
1821:(written with the 犭"
1636:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
1220:Western Roman Empire
1076:Eastern Roman Empire
1018:Acts of the Apostles
952:Pittacus of Mytilene
902:for Greek problems.
885:Hellenic stereotypes
394:2.867), in the form
30:For other uses, see
8275:Tolkien's influence
7988:Fantasy Masterworks
7941:Television programs
7749:Fairy tale parodies
5886:westernized Chinese
4849:Howard, Robert E.;
4117:Conan the Barbarian
4082:Hill, John (2009),
3759:Lin Yutang (1972),
3561:on October 27, 2009
3317:The Clarendon Press
3031:. Perseus.tufts.edu
2875:Stateless societies
2780:Conan the Barbarian
2709:Marxist use of term
2612:Niccolò Machiavelli
2553:Early Modern period
2430:In Mesoamerica the
2380:, they were called
2317:traditional Chinese
2203:"four barbarians":
2146:traditional Chinese
2037:change in culture.
1962:Claude Lévi-Strauss
1888:Great Wall of China
1886:The purpose of the
1752:countries when the
1579:, "south and east"
1491:bronze inscriptions
1433:graphic pejoratives
1232:Michel de Montaigne
1224:barbarian invasions
1190:The Greeks admired
1098:latrones mastrucati
1078:, (later named the
164:early modern period
8497:Damsel in distress
8265:Mythopoeic Society
7866:Paranormal romance
7781:Historical fantasy
7766:Fantasy of manners
7720:Children's fantasy
5797:Chinese and Korean
5333:Redskin/Red Indian
4907:Schafer, Edward H.
4859:"The Hyborian Age"
4524:Toynbee, Arnold J.
4332:Toynbee, Arnold J.
4295:Creel (1970), 196.
4221:AD 949, GSR 1013a.
4041:. pp. 106–108
3973:Fairbank, 146–149.
3750:Creel (1970), 198.
3728:Creel (1970), 197.
3712:Pu Muzhou (2005).
3267:A Latin Dictionary
3182:. Classics.mit.edu
2885:White man’s burden
2820:Civilizing mission
2600:
2583:on a 16th-century
2327:simplified Chinese
2156:simplified Chinese
2084:oracle bone script
2030:John King Fairbank
1995:nature and nurture
1892:
1772:Chinese characters
1620:淮夷 peoples in the
1569:
1449:Hua–Yi distinction
1429:Chinese characters
1415:Hua–Yi distinction
1355:was paralleled by
1285:
1214:, and the raiding
1145:The statue of the
1143:
1139:Capitoline Museums
890:much shrillness –
822:
732:Athenian democracy
712:
566:
489:balbutire / balbus
446:
431:Greco-Persian Wars
285:) 'citizen', from
251:
239:
207:indigenous peoples
197:), and used as an
58:special characters
51:
9050:Cultural concepts
9032:
9031:
8906:
8905:
8831:Places and events
8293:
8292:
8123:
8122:
7844:Planetary romance
7755:Fairytale fantasy
7710:Alternate history
7698:Sword and sorcery
7689:Action-adventure
7614:
7613:
7072:
7071:
6767:Northern Italians
6225:
6224:
6196:
6195:
6143:Northeast Indians
6023:
6022:
5735:
5734:
5668:Mexican Americans
5000:"Barbarian"
4968:Hall, E. (1989).
4918:978-0-520-05462-2
4895:978-0-691-13589-2
4660:978-1-4833-6466-7
4620:978-0-87395-654-3
4580:978-0-8061-3702-5
4543:978-0-19-505080-6
4499:978-3-643-80001-5
4459:978-3-11-037761-3
4423:978-0-19-926600-5
4351:978-0-19-505080-6
4230:AD 117, GSR 856a.
4212:AD 590, GSR 178p.
4113:978-0-691-13589-2
4092:978-1-4392-2134-1
3624:Robert Morrison,
3479:Wolfgang Helbig,
3413:The Greek Orators
3387:(1976), pp. 1–25.
3281:SpokenSanskrit.de
3085:978-1-4411-0873-9
3060:978-1-248-96599-3
3004:Johannes Kramer,
2950:978-3-11-053213-5
2675:Russian symbolist
2534:pre-Soviet Russia
2515:Abbasid Caliphate
2497:of the declining
2187:Bernhard Karlgren
1823:dog/beast radical
1786:transcription of
848:gentes barbaricae
605:One not a Greek.
522:or in Old French
318:syllabic script.
249:, 13th century AD
64:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
9097:
9060:Stock characters
9022:
9021:
9012:
9011:
8888:Enchanted forest
8532:Occult detective
8304:
8260:Lovecraft fandom
8225:
7929:highest-grossing
7903:
7890:Western fantasy
7641:
7634:
7627:
7618:
7607:
7606:
7602:non-Jewish woman
7591:
7585:
7570:
7569:
7556:
7555:
7542:
7541:
7525:
7519:
7506:
7505:
7490:
7489:
7473:
7472:
7456:
7455:
7442:
7435:
7434:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7390:
7379:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7317:
7316:
7312:Pacific Islander
7301:
7300:
7296:Pacific Islander
7285:
7284:
7269:
7268:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7220:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7190:
7169:
7162:
7161:
7146:
7139:
7132:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7097:
7065:
7064:
7046:
7045:
7032:
7031:
6999:
6992:
6974:
6967:
6966:
6955:
6954:
6939:
6932:
6916:
6909:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6857:
6850:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6817:
6802:
6801:
6788:
6787:
6772:
6771:
6756:
6751:
6744:
6739:
6732:
6716:
6715:
6712:Anglophile Irish
6702:
6701:
6686:
6685:
6682:Anglophile Irish
6672:
6671:
6668:Irish Travellers
6658:
6657:
6653:Irish Travellers
6642:
6641:
6637:Irish Protestant
6628:
6627:
6601:
6583:
6576:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6492:
6474:
6473:
6458:
6457:
6444:
6443:
6428:
6421:
6420:
6405:
6404:
6389:
6388:
6360:
6353:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6236:
6218:
6211:
6201:Southeast Asians
6189:
6171:
6170:
6155:
6148:
6147:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6068:
6061:
6060:
6047:
6034:
6016:
6015:
5989:
5988:
5975:
5968:
5967:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5889:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5815:
5814:
5801:
5800:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5772:
5753:
5744:
5728:
5727:
5714:
5707:
5706:
5693:
5686:
5685:
5672:
5671:
5658:
5657:
5644:
5643:
5630:
5629:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5599:
5586:
5579:
5578:
5563:
5562:
5547:
5546:
5533:
5532:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5423:
5408:
5407:
5392:
5385:
5365:
5364:
5348:
5347:
5328:
5327:
5304:
5302:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5134:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5015:
5010:
5002:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4871:
4870:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4802:. Archived from
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4528:Somervell, D. C.
4520:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4336:Somervell, D. C.
4327:
4321:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4203:AD186, GSR 551a.
4201:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4126:
4120:
4101:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4029:Wu, K. C. 1982.
4027:
4021:
4014:
4008:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3904:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3874:
3868:
3861:
3855:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3783:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3681:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3652:
3646:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3557:. Archived from
3551:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3528:. Kindle Ebooks.
3521:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3500:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3388:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3279:Barbara (entry)
3276:
3270:
3260:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3220:Hall, Jonathan.
3218:
3212:
3199:Hall, Jonathan.
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3134:
3128:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3017:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2788:Robert E. Howard
2735:Friedrich Engels
2699:Goth sub-culture
2602:Italians in the
2593:Antonio Abbondio
2530:Poland-Lithuania
2505:Varangian guards
2493:soldiery in the
2485:pre-modern China
2461:Native Americans
2421:
2419:
2418:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2271:"foreigner" and
2163:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2134:Standard Chinese
1815:language reforms
1573:Chinese classics
1513:羌 "barbarians."
1303:Berber etymology
1259:, including the
1080:Byzantine Empire
1072:Byzantine Greeks
1053:Semitic-speaking
1020:, the people of
923:, effectively a
873:was "made up of
718:– especially in
562:Germania Antiqua
473:barbara- (बर्बर)
405:
399:
398:
364:
363:
350:
313:
307:
306:
298:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
268:
262:
261:
245:Routes taken by
237:, 5th century AD
235:Migration Period
205:to refer to the
196:
190:
189:
170:used it for the
168:Byzantine Greeks
121:
116:
115:
111:
107:
101:
21:
9105:
9104:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9028:
9000:
8969:Science fiction
8902:
8825:
8715:
8622:Magical weapons
8553:
8517:Fairy godmother
8473:
8417:Talking animals
8289:
8214:
8140:British Fantasy
8119:
8091:
8072:Science Fantasy
8029:
7945:
7894:
7833:Science fantasy
7678:
7650:
7648:Fantasy fiction
7645:
7615:
7610:
7598:
7594:
7577:
7573:
7563:
7559:
7549:
7545:
7532:
7528:
7513:
7509:
7497:
7493:
7480:
7476:
7463:
7459:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7425:
7421:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7386:
7382:
7375:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7320:
7308:
7304:
7292:
7288:
7276:
7272:
7260:
7256:
7245:
7238:
7233:Zhyd / Zhydovka
7231:
7224:
7212:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7089:
7085:
7068:
7053:
7049:
7039:
7035:
7017:
7013:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6977:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6946:
6942:
6935:
6930:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6791:
6779:
6775:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6747:
6742:
6735:
6730:
6719:
6709:
6705:
6697:Irish Catholics
6693:
6689:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6661:
6649:
6645:
6633:
6631:
6619:
6615:
6604:
6597:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6495:
6488:
6477:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6447:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6412:
6410:Dic Siôn Dafydd
6408:
6396:
6392:
6380:
6376:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6192:
6185:
6174:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6139:
6135:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6071:
6064:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6019:
6007:
6003:
5992:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5877:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5818:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5766:
5762:
5731:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5679:
5675:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5633:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5570:
5566:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5522:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5415:
5411:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5368:
5359:Native American
5355:
5351:
5339:Native American
5335:
5331:
5323:American Indian
5315:Native American
5311:
5307:
5286:
5282:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5243:Queen / Queenie
5241:
5234:
5227:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5129:
5128:North and South
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5056:
5047:
5042:
4997:
4994:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4945:
4943:Further reading
4874:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4809:
4807:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4387:
4385:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4127:
4123:
4102:
4098:
4081:
4077:
4070:Hanyu Da Cidian
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3950:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3784:
3780:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3711:
3707:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3653:
3649:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3564:
3562:
3555:"The Pechenegs"
3553:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3425:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:S Apte (1920),
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3261:
3257:
3245:, 1999, p. 60,
3240:
3236:
3219:
3215:
3198:
3194:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3135:
3131:
3120:Wayback Machine
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2943:. p. 218.
2932:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2893:
2801:
2776:
2711:
2651:
2569:
2555:
2469:
2440:Triple Alliance
2428:
2413:
2384:
2374:
2357:
2043:
1925:Dikötter says,
1904:Chinese culture
1880:
1859:猺 "jackal" and
1853:logographically
1784:Written Chinese
1768:
1762:
1675:The translator
1648:
1544:Mikhail Kryukov
1485:(1600–1046 BC)
1468:
1421:
1419:Four Barbarians
1407:
1402:
1396:
1380:
1374:
1323:Barbary pirates
1277:
1245:
1208:Germanic tribes
1188:
1127:
1121:
1066:throughout the
917:Cyrus the Great
887:
716:chattel slavery
696:
691:
667:A Barbary horse
663:Barbary pirates
546:
456:The Greek term
301:Mycenaean Greek
247:Mongol invaders
227:
203:Arab conquerors
73:
72:
71:
62:Without proper
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9103:
9101:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9037:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9016:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8949:Horror fiction
8946:
8944:Gothic fiction
8941:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8914:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8893:Thieves' guild
8890:
8885:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
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8841:
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8310:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8270:Tolkien fandom
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8216:
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8213:
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8022:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8005:
7998:List of novels
7995:
7990:
7985:
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7953:
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7246:
7244:
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7236:
7229:
7222:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7170:
7163:
7157:Ashkenazi Jews
7147:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
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7106:
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6859:
6858:
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6837:
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6819:
6813:South Italians
6803:
6789:
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6757:
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6406:
6390:
6384:English people
6373:
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6362:
6361:
6358:Turco-Albanian
6354:
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6115:
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6101:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6077:
6076:Bengali Hindus
6073:
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6070:
6069:
6062:
6048:
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5708:
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5645:
5631:
5625:Newfoundlander
5615:
5608:
5601:
5587:
5580:
5564:
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5534:
5519:
5517:
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5260:
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5232:
5225:
5213:
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5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5147:Alligator bait
5142:
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5131:
5125:
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5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
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5049:
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5018:
5012:
5011:
4993:
4992:External links
4990:
4989:
4988:
4973:
4966:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4921:
4904:
4898:
4873:
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4816:
4790:
4780:. Marxists.org
4769:
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4366:
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4297:
4288:
4279:
4264:
4262:Beckwith, 360.
4255:
4246:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4164:For instance,
4157:
4155:Beckwith, 358.
4143:
4141:Beckwith, 357.
4134:
4121:
4096:
4075:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4022:
4009:
3996:
3975:
3966:
3964:Fairbank, 127.
3957:
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3791:
3778:
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3663:
3647:
3637:Liu Xiaoyuan,
3630:
3617:
3607:
3595:Orient Longman
3586:
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3501:
3485:
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2997:
2985:
2977:Justin Marozzi
2969:
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2827:
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2812:
2807:
2800:
2797:
2775:
2772:
2743:Erfurt Program
2723:Rosa Luxemburg
2710:
2707:
2677:poets such as
2650:
2647:
2639:Spanish Armada
2591:. Sculpted by
2559:Viking revival
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2501:
2487:
2468:
2465:
2463:as "savages".
2427:
2424:
2397:, because the
2373:
2370:
2356:
2353:
2260:, and so on."
2242:STEDT Database
2230:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2047:Frank Dikötter
2042:
2039:
1947:M. Shahid Alam
1879:
1876:
1764:Main article:
1761:
1758:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1647:
1644:
1638:says the name
1567:in Hunan, 1795
1472:Greek language
1467:
1464:
1443:猺 "jackal" to
1406:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1373:
1370:
1276:
1273:
1253:Turkic peoples
1244:
1241:
1237:religious wars
1210:, the settled
1187:
1184:
1148:Dying Galatian
1135:Dying Galatian
1125:Dying Galatian
1123:Main article:
1120:
1117:
1084:Constantinople
1064:Greek language
1057:Greek-speaking
1035:– a native of
921:Persian Empire
886:
883:
863:folk etymology
834:Late Antiquity
695:
692:
690:
687:
675:
674:
648:
642:
622:
593:
590:Etymologically
558:Philipp Clüver
545:
542:
466:Middle English
435:Persian Empire
226:
223:
124:Ancient Greece
66:, you may see
54:
53:
52:
49:as barbarians.
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9102:
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9086:
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8994:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8939:
8938:Ghost stories
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
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8877:
8874:
8873:
8872:
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8859:
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8842:
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8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8800:
8797:
8795:
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8787:
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8782:
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8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8721:Fantasy races
8718:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8694:Shapeshifting
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8567:Hard and soft
8565:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8534:
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8515:
8513:
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8508:
8505:
8503:
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8495:
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8485:
8484:
8482:
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8476:
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8458:
8455:
8453:
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8448:
8445:
8443:
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8428:
8425:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8390:Shapeshifters
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8211:
8210:World Fantasy
8208:
8206:
8205:Tähtifantasia
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8175:Japan Fantasy
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8126:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
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8100:
8098:
8094:
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8080:
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8040:
8038:
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8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
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8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7873:Weird fiction
7871:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7856:Urban fantasy
7854:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
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7812:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
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7759:
7756:
7753:
7750:
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7740:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7630:
7628:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7604:
7603:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7576:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7539:
7538:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7496:
7492:
7487:
7486:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7469:
7462:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7323:
7314:
7313:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7297:
7291:
7287:
7282:
7281:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7223:
7218:
7217:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7197:
7193:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7181:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7130:Christ killer
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7095:
7094:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7022:
7016:
7015:Bulgarophiles
7012:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6951:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6793:Sheep shagger
6790:
6785:
6784:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6762:
6758:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6692:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6648:
6644:
6639:
6638:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6471:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6434:
6433:Sheep shagger
6430:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6013:
6012:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5725:
5720:
5719:Yank / Yankee
5716:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5492:Trailer trash
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5343:First Nations
5340:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5319:First Nations
5316:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:Black Diamond
5073:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5008:
5007:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4936:0-517-54475-X
4933:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4855:Walt Simonson
4852:
4845:
4842:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4806:on 2013-05-11
4805:
4801:
4794:
4791:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4755:
4753:9781787146778
4749:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4733:
4721:
4719:9783476046116
4715:
4711:
4710:
4701:
4698:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4645:Axelrod, Alan
4640:
4637:
4633:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4605:Gordon, Linda
4602:For example:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4501:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4376:Yu, Ying-shih
4373:For example:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4086:, BookSurge,
4085:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4039:0-517-54475-X
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4005:Xueshu Yanjiu
4000:
3997:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3947:on 2018-07-12
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3830:Shuowen Jieji
3825:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:0-226-12043-0
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:Victor Mair,
3667:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:James Legge,
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3603:0-86125-248-9
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3498:0-13-389296-4
3495:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:90-04-10230-2
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:0-226-31329-8
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:0-226-31329-8
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3146:1-4191-0808-5
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3053:. p. 9.
3052:
3045:
3042:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2993:Palaeolexicon
2989:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Ethnocentrism
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:cultivated a
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:Shang dynasty
1889:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:romanizations
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:human radical
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:Shuowen Jiezi
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1717:Shuowen Jiezi
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:Shang dynasty
1480:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:Barbary Coast
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:north of the
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
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1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:1 Corinthians
1008:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:New Testament
986:
981:
979:
976:
973:The renowned
971:
969:
966:, and quotes
965:
964:
959:
955:
953:
950:dialect that
949:
945:
944:
939:
934:
932:
931:
927:text. In his
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
815:
813:
807:
803:
801:
800:
795:
794:barbarophonos
790:
788:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
744:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
705:
700:
693:
688:
686:
683:
680:
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
583:
581:
577:
573:
572:
563:
559:
555:
550:
543:
541:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
451:
442:
438:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:fighting for
409:
404:
403:barbarophonos
393:
392:
387:
382:
378:
374:
372:
371:ancient Greek
368:
358:
354:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
314:, written in
312:
302:
297:
296:
283:
272:
267:
256:
255:Ancient Greek
248:
243:
236:
231:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
184:
179:
177:
174:in a clearly
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
106:
97:
96:Ancient Greek
92:
90:
84:
82:
78:
69:
65:
61:
59:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
8996:Urban legend
8898:Magic school
8871:Astral plane
8866:Hollow Earth
8559:Magic system
8512:Dragonslayer
8486:
8407:Skin-walkers
8255:The Inklings
8248:Harry Potter
8247:
8102:
8084:
8077:
8070:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8042:
7980:
7801:Magical girl
7776:High fantasy
7771:Hard fantasy
7737:Dark fantasy
7715:Contemporary
7600:
7579:
7565:
7551:
7547:Reffo / Balt
7534:
7516:non-believer
7515:
7499:
7482:
7465:
7451:
7439:
7427:
7387:
7310:
7294:
7278:
7262:
7214:
7184:
7178:
7155:
7091:
7055:
7041:
7025:
7019:
6963:
6947:
6811:
6797:
6781:
6765:
6711:
6695:
6681:
6667:
6651:
6635:
6621:
6467:
6454:Welsh people
6453:
6439:Welsh people
6437:
6414:
6398:
6382:
6164:
6141:
6056:
6029:South Asians
6009:
5985:also Chinese
5984:
5973:Gaoli bangzi
5963:Ban-jjokbari
5885:
5879:
5810:
5796:
5768:
5723:
5702:
5681:
5667:
5653:
5639:
5623:
5595:
5572:
5556:
5542:
5528:
5485:Swamp Yankee
5417:
5400:
5357:
5337:
5313:
5309:Indian/Injun
5288:
5054:by ethnicity
5045:Ethnic slurs
5004:
4976:
4969:
4958:. Retrieved
4954:
4927:
4909:
4886:
4877:Bibliography
4876:
4875:
4862:
4844:
4833:. Retrieved
4831:. 2014-10-22
4828:
4819:
4808:. Retrieved
4804:the original
4793:
4782:. Retrieved
4772:
4764:
4759:20 September
4757:. Retrieved
4742:
4735:
4725:20 September
4723:. Retrieved
4708:
4700:
4689:. Retrieved
4679:
4670:
4664:. Retrieved
4653:. CQ Press.
4649:
4639:
4630:
4624:. Retrieved
4609:
4598:
4590:
4584:. Retrieved
4569:
4562:
4553:
4547:. Retrieved
4532:
4518:
4509:
4503:. Retrieved
4488:
4478:
4469:
4463:. Retrieved
4448:
4441:
4433:
4427:. Retrieved
4412:
4404:
4392:
4386:. Retrieved
4380:
4369:
4361:
4355:. Retrieved
4340:
4325:
4314:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4272:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4244:(2009), 327.
4235:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4104:
4099:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4064:
4055:
4046:
4030:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4004:
3999:
3988:. Retrieved
3978:
3969:
3960:
3949:. Retrieved
3945:the original
3935:
3926:
3917:
3908:
3895:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3846:
3837:
3829:
3828:Xu Shen 許慎,
3824:
3816:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3768:
3755:
3746:
3733:
3713:
3708:
3701:Qing dynasty
3684:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3655:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3563:. Retrieved
3559:the original
3549:
3540:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3511:On Cannibals
3510:
3504:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3396:Arno Borst.
3392:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3311:
3299:
3286:
3274:
3269:, on Perseus
3266:
3258:
3242:
3237:
3221:
3216:
3200:
3195:
3184:. Retrieved
3174:
3169:, on Perseus
3166:
3158:
3150:
3148:, pp. 9–10.
3137:
3132:
3124:
3110:
3103:
3094:
3075:
3069:
3050:
3044:
3033:. Retrieved
3026:
3022:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2959:
2935:
2928:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2880:Makwerekwere
2805:Mixobarbaroi
2777:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:Karl Kautsky
2739:Michael Löwy
2732:
2728:
2714:
2712:
2659:Second Reich
2655:barbarianism
2654:
2652:
2643:Irish people
2632:
2620:Charles VIII
2601:
2567:Philistinism
2563:Noble savage
2507:in imperial
2499:Roman Empire
2470:
2455:
2444:
2429:
2410:
2406:
2394:
2393:, literally
2381:
2375:
2366:Chinese wine
2361:Tang dynasty
2358:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2335:;
2325:;
2312:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:Tang dynasty
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:;
2154:;
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1907:
1893:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1845:jade radical
1837:
1826:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:Song dynasty
1787:
1780:ethnic slurs
1769:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:羌, the term
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1677:Arthur Waley
1674:
1655:
1652:noble savage
1649:
1646:Idealization
1639:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1549:
1521:
1515:
1481:
1469:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1422:
1387:
1381:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:North Africa
1327:
1295:North Africa
1288:
1286:
1248:
1246:
1228:
1189:
1180:H. W. Janson
1177:
1146:
1144:
1134:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1088:
1061:
1045:Roman Empire
1030:
1025:
1010:
1003:
999:
982:
972:
961:
956:
941:
935:
928:
910:
904:
888:
878:
877:(beard) and
874:
870:
860:
847:
842:
829:
825:
823:
812:Sack of Rome
809:
797:
793:
791:
784:
745:
713:
681:
678:
676:
670:
659:
655:
651:
644:
638:
632:
628:
624:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
589:
586:
575:
569:
567:
561:
537:
531:
527:
523:
519:
517:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
470:
461:
457:
455:
449:
447:
428:
423:
419:
397:βαρβαρόφωνος
389:
380:
375:
366:
353:onomatopoeic
322:
320:
252:
180:
132:Ancient Rome
93:
88:
85:
76:
74:
55:
9055:Stereotypes
8923:Epic poetry
8784:Leprechauns
8699:Thaumaturgy
8674:Incantation
8627:Magic sword
8185:Méliès d'Or
8086:Weird Tales
7839:Dying Earth
7818:Mythopoeia
7796:Low fantasy
7761:Fantastique
7216:German Jews
7186:Crypto-Jews
7021:Macedonians
6964:(Mercheros)
6623:Republicans
6515:China Swede
6098:Danchi babu
6011:Benshengren
5847:Ching chong
5748:East Asians
5499:White trash
5182:House Negro
4977:Barbarians"
4511:bodyguards.
4304:Schafer, 23
4059:Wu, 107–108
3697:Oracle bone
3565:October 27,
3509:Montaigne.
3453:in Lucian,
3222:Hellenicity
3201:Hellenicity
2835:Ethnography
2767:Imperialism
2691:Third Reich
2661:in Germany
2604:Renaissance
2597:Leone Leoni
2521:Mesoamerica
2193:(1923) and
2124:from Greek
1849:orthography
1671:refinement.
1630:translates
1589:Manyirongdi
1546:concluded.
1516:During the
1384:Mahabharata
1346:barbaricum,
1287:The native
1172:marble copy
1068:Middle Ages
1026:(Acts 28:2)
978:Demosthenes
867:Cassiodorus
850:such as in
499:and French
414:during the
339:Phoenicians
9045:Barbarians
9039:Categories
8984:Tokusatsu
8933:Fairy tale
8876:Dreamworld
8774:Hobgoblins
8709:Witchcraft
8679:Necromancy
8659:Divination
8654:Demonology
8617:Magic ring
8607:Magic item
8590:Ceremonial
8479:Characters
8400:Werewolves
8338:Elementals
8242:Filk music
8190:Mythopoeic
8025:Publishers
7951:Literature
7911:television
7883:Weird West
7823:Omegaverse
7693:Lost world
7664:Literature
7258:Blackfella
7240:Żydokomuna
7051:Yestonians
6982:Ukrainians
6798:Sardinians
6783:Sardinians
6777:Sardegnolo
6743:Greaseball
6490:Cheesehead
6303:Mat Salleh
6216:Vietnamese
6179:Pakistanis
5980:Sangokujin
5943:Xiao Riben
5785:Sangokujin
5640:Oklahomans
5605:Half-breed
5471:Peckerwood
5275:Indigenous
5229:Pickaninny
5161:Black Buck
4851:Roy Thomas
4835:2018-09-25
4810:2012-11-08
4784:2013-09-30
4691:2013-09-30
4666:2016-08-03
4626:2016-08-02
4586:2016-08-02
4549:2016-07-30
4505:2016-07-30
4465:2016-07-30
4429:2016-07-30
4388:2016-07-29
4357:2016-07-30
3990:2013-09-30
3951:2018-07-12
3880:67.2, 214.
3867:13:3, 421.
3584:67.2, 206.
3428:Protagoras
3343:Wiktionary
3224:, p. 111,
3203:, p. 111,
3186:2018-07-12
3035:2018-07-12
3021:"The term
2965:(in Greek)
2941:De Gruyter
2891:References
2865:Philistine
2815:Chichimeca
2689:, and the
2667:Wilhelm II
2608:The Prince
2451:Promaucaes
2436:Chichimeca
2399:Portuguese
2303:The word "
2267:usages of
1792:Yao people
1776:transcribe
1622:Huai River
1612:This word
1585:Nanyibeidi
1437:Yao people
1398:See also:
1376:See also:
1269:Byzantines
1200:Anacharsis
1016:). In the
943:Protagoras
912:Cyropaedia
843:catholikoi
777:Asia Minor
775:came from
495:, Spanish
493:balbettare
416:Trojan War
176:pejorative
160:Sarmatians
8979:Superhero
8964:Mythology
8861:Lost city
8769:Halflings
8689:Shamanism
8684:Runecraft
8669:Evocation
8527:Magicians
8502:Dark lord
8487:Barbarian
8447:Skeletons
8370:Gargoyles
8348:Familiars
8308:Creatures
8044:Fantastic
8035:Magazines
7878:New weird
7683:Subgenres
7452:immigrant
7440:Barbarian
7414:Outsiders
7250:Oceanians
7180:Conversos
7060:Estonians
7057:Russified
6924:Spaniards
6914:Serbomans
6761:Polentone
6707:West Brit
6599:Grecomans
6522:Finnjävel
6342:Albanians
6231:Europeans
6209:Filipinos
5997:Taiwanese
5875:Jook-sing
5724:Americans
5654:Americans
5543:Canadians
5403:Bahamians
5264:Uncle Tom
5130:Americans
5083:Boerehaat
4924:Wu, K. C.
4829:MR Online
4408:Compare:
4329:Compare:
4130:barbarian
4094:, p. 123.
3901:The Li ki
3341:बड़बड़ाना
3329:Barbarian
3319:, Oxford.
3163:βαρβαρίζω
2850:Mongoloid
2840:Ethnology
2810:Berserker
2792:Aquilonia
2721:theorist
2665:, Kaiser
2624:Louis XII
2577:Sarmatian
2509:Byzantium
2473:mercenary
2289:barbarian
2138:barbarian
2130:barbarian
2118:barbarian
2111:barbarian
1682:Zuo Zhuan
1660:records:
1394:East Asia
1261:Pechenegs
1257:Black Sea
1249:barbarian
1196:Galatians
1192:Scythians
1161:Galatians
1153:Attalus I
1106:Sardinian
1041:Commagene
1000:barbarian
968:Euripides
958:Aristotle
892:Isocrates
871:barbarian
781:Aristotle
769:Phrygians
763:), while
749:Black Sea
710:), 200 AD
682:barbarous
576:barbarian
544:Semantics
505:baṛbaṛānā
501:balbutier
497:balbucear
462:barbarian
381:Statesman
367:barbarízō
362:βαρβαρίζω
357:Athenians
343:gibberish
327:Egyptians
323:barbarian
225:Etymology
162:. In the
156:Illyrians
152:Thracians
136:Germanics
77:barbarian
9065:Warriors
9024:Category
8918:Allegory
8794:Mermaids
8764:Gremlins
8729:Centaurs
8664:Egregore
8645:Schools
8612:Grimoire
8572:Elements
8544:Wild man
8464:Unicorns
8452:Vampires
8395:Werecats
8237:Fanspeak
8145:Crawford
8115:Podcasts
7828:Romantic
7811:Mythpunk
7742:Grimdark
7730:Bangsian
7588:Shkutzim
7485:Japanese
7093:Shi'ites
6950:Catalans
6937:Gachupín
6865:Russians
6724:Italians
6463:Teuchter
6394:Crachach
6317:Wasi'chu
5929:Jjokbari
5913:Japanese
5881:overseas
5840:Chinaman
5682:Chileans
5558:Mestizos
5529:Mexicans
5257:Tar-Baby
5189:Jim Crow
5104:Golliwog
5090:Choc ice
5061:Africans
4926:(1982).
4885:(2009):
4867:Archived
4687:. Ucc.ie
4647:(2013).
4526:(1988).
4395:Hsien-pi
4334:(1988).
4242:Khwarezm
3817:Mencius,
3656:Shangshu
3263:barbarus
3116:Archived
3023:barbaros
2870:Skræling
2830:Hannibal
2799:See also
2765:against
2725:writes:
2685:and the
2671:the Huns
2669:offered
2543:colonial
2491:Germanic
2477:frontier
2281:shengfan
2174:yemanren
2170:yěmánrén
2142:yemanren
2122:loanword
2054:K. C. Wu
2018:Yuan Dao
1999:shengfan
1976:shengfan
1774:used to
1704:King Wen
1657:Analects
1601:Zuozhuan
1553:Hua-Hsia
1388:barbara-
1366:Persians
1353:barbaroi
1338:Barbary,
1265:Kipchaks
1263:and the
1222:as the "
1165:Anatolia
1157:Pergamon
1109:Barbàgia
1102:Barbagia
1094:Sardinia
1037:Samosata
992:St. Paul
963:Politics
930:Anabasis
907:Xenophon
830:barbaroi
786:Politics
751:such as
740:Laureion
554:Germanic
538:barbaria
524:barbarie
485:barbaras
481:barbaros
477:Sanskrit
458:barbaros
450:barbarus
420:barbaros
348:bárbaros
331:Persians
316:Linear B
311:pa-pa-ro
266:bárbaros
260:βάρβαρος
178:manner.
148:Helvetii
144:Iberians
119:barbaroi
114:βάρβαροι
105:barbaros
100:βάρβαρος
89:barbaric
18:Barbaric
9075:Exonyms
9014:Outline
8911:Related
8789:Merfolk
8779:Kobolds
8759:Goblins
8744:Treants
8734:Dwarves
8704:Theurgy
8649:Alchemy
8581:neutral
8549:Witches
8492:Caveman
8457:Zombies
8442:Mummies
8412:Spirits
8363:Dragons
8358:Chimera
8343:Faeries
8160:Gemmell
8155:Gandalf
8110:Féeries
8079:Unknown
7959:Authors
7934:S&S
7674:Sources
7659:History
7575:Shegetz
7537:Chinese
7501:non-Jew
7384:Gypsies
7377:Didicoy
7306:Coconut
7174:Marrano
7103:Raghead
6990:Khokhol
6972:Xarnego
6960:Quinqui
6807:Terrone
6737:Goombah
6677:Shoneen
6647:Knacker
6565:Germans
6554:Gabacho
6508:Chukhna
6369:British
6261:Cracker
6239:General
6129:Indians
6052:Coconut
6037:General
5954:Koreans
5833:Ah Beng
5824:Chinese
5806:Twinkie
5756:General
5712:Wetback
5584:Greaser
5568:Coonass
5478:Redneck
5429:Cracker
5413:Coonass
5298:Unangan
5175:Colored
4960:25 June
4672:powers.
4530:(ed.).
4338:(ed.).
4050:Wu, 109
3890:139–68.
3543:. Fink.
3426:Plato,
3353:Barbary
2845:Mleccha
2719:Marxist
2687:Mongols
2541:in the
2539:Gurkhas
2532:and of
2526:Cossack
2503:Viking
2489:mainly
2359:In the
2126:barbar-
2022:Chunqiu
1997:. "The
1932:tianxia
1900:Chinese
1696:Mencius
1509:氐, and
1503:Guifang
1499:Wu Ding
1495:exonyms
1487:oracles
1378:Mleccha
1342:Barbar,
1330:Barbary
1315:Barbary
1307:Amazigh
1290:Berbers
1113:Barbàza
985:Bible's
983:In the
954:spoke.
948:Aeolian
925:utopian
900:panacea
852:Armenia
838:bishops
836:, when
826:barbari
773:Carians
765:Lydians
757:Taurica
736:slavery
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580:Barbary
520:barbary
471:A word
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282:politēs
276:πολίτης
271:antonym
219:cognate
215:Berbers
211:Amazigh
201:by the
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8844:Worlds
8839:Quests
8821:Trolls
8799:Mermen
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8749:Giants
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8432:Ghosts
8422:Undead
8385:Nymphs
8331:Ghouls
8326:Devils
8321:Demons
8316:Angels
8299:Tropes
8250:fandom
8220:Fandom
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8150:Dragon
8135:Balrog
8128:Awards
7969:Comics
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7791:LitRPG
7786:Isekai
7725:Comedy
7703:Wuxia
7596:Shiksa
7561:Savage
7530:Laowai
7522:Kuffar
7478:Gaijin
7468:Romani
7366:, and
7360:Romani
7349:Kanake
7342:Mongol
7290:Kanaka
7151:Khazar
7087:Rafida
7007:Others
6944:Polaco
6907:Shkije
6873:Moskal
6848:Polack
6755:Guinea
6617:Fenian
6591:Greeks
6532:French
6351:Šiptar
6324:Wigger
6310:Redleg
6289:Gweilo
6268:Farang
6247:Ang mo
6160:Keling
6153:Coolie
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6112:Malaun
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6066:Coolie
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5868:Coolie
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5764:Banana
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5596:Cubans
5591:Gusano
5574:Cajuns
5538:Canuck
5524:Beaner
5516:Others
5506:Whitey
5436:Gringo
5419:Cajuns
5390:Buckra
5374:Whites
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2337:pinyin
2285:shufan
2166:pinyin
2090:夷 was
2072:, and
2003:shufan
1972:shufan
1964:wrote
1955:Hanhua
1951:laihua
1938:datong
1800:exonym
1618:Huaiyi
1593:Rongdi
1577:Rongdi
1536:Xirong
1532:Nanman
1528:Dongyi
1425:exonym
1417:, and
1357:Arabic
1311:exonym
1204:Romans
1141:, Rome
1104:" (in
1090:Cicero
1033:Lucian
1005:Romans
996:Tarsus
994:(from
975:orator
896:Persia
856:Persia
820:, 1890
761:Crimea
753:Thrace
720:Athens
708:Turkey
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634:savage
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305:𐀞𐀞𐀫
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8739:Elves
8634:Runes
8585:light
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8469:Yōkai
8427:Death
8180:Locus
8096:Other
8058:Locus
7924:Films
7919:Anime
7899:Media
7669:Magic
7586:(pl.
7520:(pl.
7511:Kafir
7461:Gadjo
7430:Arabs
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7335:Kebab
7326:Turks
7280:Māori
7210:Yekke
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7078:Arabs
7037:Hunky
7027:Serbs
6997:Ukrop
6898:Serbs
6887:Tibla
6855:Pshek
6840:Poles
6749:Guido
6663:Pikey
6609:Irish
6581:Kraut
6500:Finns
6482:Dutch
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6378:Limey
6296:Honky
6282:Guizi
6275:Guiri
6105:Dkhar
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1301:(see
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938:Plato
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799:logos
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377:Plato
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335:Medes
295:polis
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8537:list
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7974:list
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4932:ISBN
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1194:and
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840:and
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599:Hist
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412:Troy
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8232:Art
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