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753:, in order to stop these attacks and demands for more and more money. The United States had signed treaties with all of the Barbary states after its independence was recognized between 1786 and 1794 to pay tribute in exchange for leaving American merchantmen alone, and by 1797, the United States had paid out $ 1.25 million or a fifth of the government's annual budget in tribute. These demands for tribute imposed a heavy financial drain and by 1799 the U.S. was in arrears of $ 140,000 to Algiers and some $ 150,000 to Tripoli. Many Americans resented these payments, arguing that the money would be better spent on a navy that would protect American ships from the attacks of the Barbary pirates, and in the
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606:. Originally starting out with the goal of capturing individuals for the domestic North African slave trade, the focus later shifted to kidnapping for ransom. By the 19th century, pirate activity had declined, but Barbary pirates continued to demand tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean. Refusal to pay would result in the capture of American ships and goods, and often the enslavement or ransoming of crew members.
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requisite by the
President" to protect the "commerce and seamen" of the United States on the "Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas." Congress also authorized the president to grant the U.S. Navy the ability to seize all vessels and goods belonging to Algiers. The legislation also authorized the president to commission
899:(April 30, 1789 – 1797), and after America failed to form an American-European alliance against the Maghreb countries, the U.S. announced its desire to establish friendly relations with Algiers in February 1792, and reported this to the Dey Hassan III Pasha, like how Great Britain bought peace and security for its ships.
1153:(1809-1815) confirming to him the bonds of friendship that united the two countries and declaring his country's readiness to defend Algiers against every aggressor as long as these ties remained. By that he intended to win over Algiers to Britain against America, or at least convince Algiers to adopt a position of
1205:
followed on April 12, 1815 informing him of
America's decision to enter into war against him and giving him the choice between peace and war after reminding him of the horrors of war and the advantages of peace and understanding. In the year 1816, Dey Omar answered this letter and offered America the
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recommended that
Congress declare the "existence of a state of war between the United States and the Dey and Regency of Algiers." While Congress did not formally declare a state of war, they did pass legislation, enacted on March 3, 1815, that authorized the president to use the U.S. Navy, "as judged
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objected to it for fear of its high financial costs, and more
Algerian ships attacked American ships because of their lack of association with Algiers by any treaty in this period. Thus, in February 1, 1791, the US Congress was forced to allocate $ 40,000 to free American captives in Algiers. But two
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tried to refloat her by casting off all of her guns and other objects that weighed it down. The ship was eventually captured and the crew taken prisoners and enslaved. To prevent this powerful warship from being used by the
Barbary pirates, the ship was later destroyed by a raiding party of American
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administration to suppress the piracy. The
Federalist Party had adopted the slogan, "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute," but had failed to end the attacks on merchant ships. From 1796 to 1797 French raiders seized some 316 American merchant ships flying American colors. To counter
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When the
American government began negotiating with Algiers, the Dey asked for $ 2,435,000 as the price for the peace contract and the ransom of the prisoners, then reduced the amount to $ 642,500 and $ 21,000 in military equipment that is presented to Algiers every year. Reconciliation took place
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Since the 1600s, the
Barbary pirates had attacked British shipping along the northern coast of Africa, holding captives for ransom or enslaving them. Ransoms were generally raised by families and local church groups, including the Roman Catholic Church. The British became familiar with
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ARTICLE 2d It is distinctly understood between the
Contracting parties, that no tribute either as biennial presents, or under any other form or name whatever, shall ever be required by the Dey and Regency of Algiers from the United States of America on any pretext
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renewal of the previous treaty concluded during the reign of Hassan Pasha (1791-1798). Madison answered him on August 21 and asked him to resume negotiations. These were renewed and ended with a peace agreement in favor of
America. The
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concluded a peace treaty with Algiers in 1785, the Algerian corsair captains entered the waters of the Atlantic and attacked American ships, refusing to release them except for large sums of money. Two American ships, the
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and had no seagoing military force, its government agreed in 1786 to pay tribute to stop the attacks. On March 20, 1794, at the urging of President George Washington, Congress voted to authorize the building of
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I was very unwilling that we should acquiesce in the European humiliation of paying a tribute to those lawless pirates and endeavored to form an association of the powers subject to habitual depredations from
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The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitian War or the Barbary Coast War, was the first of two wars fought by the alliance of the United States and several European countries against the
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on North Africa. When this proposal was presented to the concerned countries, France refused, and Spain apologized for not accepting it, because of its recent treaty with Algiers. The proposal was favored by
1031:. This war began during Thomas Jefferson's term when he refused to pay an amount that greatly increased when he became president. A U.S. naval fleet was sent on May 13, 1801, under the command of Commodore
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940:, to also sign this treaty, and peace would be achieved for America in the entire Mediterranean basin. On September 5, 1795, American negotiator Joseph Donaldson signed a peace treaty with the
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raiding the coasts of Ireland and western Britain, and going as far north as Iceland, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing ships, they engaged in
628:, with the encouragement of the United Kingdom, the Barbary corsairs resumed their attacks on American vessels. Following the conclusion of the War of 1812 and America's peace with Britain,
1157:. Thus, the countries of Europe and the United States of America failed to ally against the countries of the Islamic Maghreb and Algiers in particular, and the matter so remained until the
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declared that merchant ships of the new American nation would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage into the Mediterranean and along the coast. The
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fleet to the Mediterranean to combat the Barbary pirates. The fleet bombarded numerous fortified cities in present-day Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, ultimately extracting concessions of
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states known collectively as the Barbary states. These were Tripoli and Algiers, quasi-independent entities nominally belonging to the Ottoman Empire, and (briefly) the independent
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in part by noting that the United States was "subjected to the spoliations of foreign cruisers" and was humiliated by paying "an enormous tribute to the petty tyrant of Algiers".
632:, Jefferson's successor, directed military forces against the Barbary states in the Second Barbary War. Lasting only three days, the second conflict ended the need for further
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The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes] A Political, Social, and Military History
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1185:(1815-1817), American-Algerian relations worsened when the Dey began to demand an increase in the annual tribute. The Americans went to Algiers to fight under Commodore
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Banham, Cynthia, and Brett Goodin. "Negotiating Liberty: The Use of Political Opportunities and Civil Society by Barbary State Captives and Guantánamo Bay Detainees."
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Schifalacqua, John F. "James Madison and America's First Encounter with Islam: Tracing James Madison's Engagement with Barbary Affairs Through the 1st Barbary War."
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892:" on the need to establish a defensive naval fleet, but stipulated in one of its articles that the project be stopped if an agreement was reached with Algiers.
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stands as America's oldest unbroken friendship treaty with a foreign power. In 1787, Morocco became one of the first nations to recognize the United States.
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Page, Kate. "Those Pirates and Muslim Barbarians: The American Public View of the Barbary Nations and the United States Participation in the Barbary War."
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A treaty was reached on June 30, 1805, under which America paid Algiers $ 60,000 ransom for the prisoners, and agreed to continue sending gifts to the
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from the United States, granted the U.S. full shipping rights in the Mediterranean Sea, and significantly reduced incidents of piracy in the region.
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Colás, Alejandro. "Barbary Coast in the expansion of international society: Piracy, privateering, and corsairing as primary institutions."
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in 1800, "It is a maxim of the Barbary States, that 'The Christians who would be on good terms with them must fight well or pay well.'"
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Bow, C. B. "Waging War for the Righteous: William Eaton on Enlightenment, Empire, and Coup d'état in the First Barbary War, 1801–1805."
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Vick, Brian. "Power, Humanitarianism and the Global Liberal Order: Abolition and the Barbary Corsairs in the Vienna Congress System."
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Ribeiro, Jorge Martins. "Conflict and peace in the Mediterranean: barbary privateering in the late 18th and early 19th centuries." in
825:, who was elected to the presidency twice, was inclined to the idea of confronting Algiers with force. He wrote in his autobiography:
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who operated out of North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers. This area was known in Europe as the
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101.348 (2016): 692–709. Argues that the First Barbary War was not a 'Holy War' nor the first American war on Islamic terrorism.
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were captured by Algerian pirates in July 1785 and the survivors forced into slavery, their ransom set at $ 60,000. A rumor that
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Fullmer, Jason. "Jeffersonian Nationalism vs. Enlightenment: Securing American Core Values amidst the Barbary Wars, 1801–1809."
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Commodore Decatur's Squadron capturing the Algerian pirate ship Mashuda, on 17 June 1815. Mashuda, flagship of the Algerian Navy
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lasting only three days, ending on 19 June 1815. The Barbary Wars were the first major American war fought entirely outside the
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The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler: What They Did, What They Said, What Was Said About Them, with Full Source Notes
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The First Americans in North Africa: William Eaton's Struggle for a Vigorous Policy Against the Barbary Pirates, 1799–1805
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When the United States military efforts of the early 19th century were successful against the pirates, partisans of the
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1823:""Millions for Credit: Peace with Algiers and the Establishment of America's Commercial Reputation Overseas, 1795–96.""
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854:, provided that naval operations would be directed against Algerian vessels in particular, and then impose a maritime
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602:. Since the 16th century, North African pirates had captured ships and even raided European coastal areas across the
2075:"Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications"
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705:, but in practice they were operating independently and the Ottoman government in Constantinople was not involved.
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contrasted their presidents' refusals to buy off the pirates by paying tribute with the failure of the preceding
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Rejeb, Lotfi Ben. "‘The general belief of the world’: Barbary as genre and discourse in Mediterranean history."
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1384:"Research Guides: Battle Studies, Country Studies, & Staff Rides: Barbary Wars & the Battle of Tripoli"
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1978:
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Gawalt, Gerard W. "America and the Barbary pirates: An international battle against an unconventional foe."
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Christian slaves, Muslim masters: white slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800
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royal court and family. America suffered another humiliation when it sent tribute carried by the large armed
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Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation
1436:"Avalon Project - The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 - Treaty of Peace, Signed Algiers June 30 and July 3, 1815"
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2699::An online exhibit on the Barbary Wars with images and transcriptions of primary documents from the period.
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694:, Ireland, and as far away as Iceland. The main purpose of their attacks was to capture Europeans for the
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Turner, Robert F. "President Thomas Jefferson and the Barbary Pirates." In Bruce A Elleman, et al. eds.,
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Wolfe, Stephen. "Borders, Bodies, and Writing: American Barbary Coast Captivity Narratives, 1816-1819."
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Tripoli and the United States at War: A History of American Relations with the Barbary States, 1785-1805
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and replace its consul with another one, then withdrew its fleet from the Mediterranean in 1807.
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Starting in the 1780s, realizing that American vessels were no longer under the protection of the
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1527:"Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History"
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was forced to pay $ 10,000 in compensation and to renounce all that America had been paying him.
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Pirates of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean
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Crane, Jacob. "Barbary (an) Invasions: The North African Figure in Republican Print Culture."
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about that time, had been captured by Barbary pirates, caused considerable upset in the U.S.
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Kilmeade, Brian and Yeager, Don. "Thomas Jefferson and the Tripoli Pirates" (Sentinel, 2015)
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when she ran aground on an uncharted reef. Under fire from shore batteries and Tripolitan
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Sayre, Gordon M. "Renegades from Barbary: The Transnational Turn in Captivity Studies."
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America paid to Algiers during the presidency of George Washington and his successor,
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of Algiers, with 22 articles that included an upfront payment of $ 642,500 in specie (
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White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives
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Crane, Jacob. "Peter Parley in Tripoli: Barbary Slavery and Imaginary Citizenship."
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990:(1797-1801), $ 1,000,000, or a fifth of the government's annual budget, in tribute.
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948:) for peace, the release of American captives, expenses, and various gifts for the
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The End of Barbary Terror, America's 1815 War Against the Pirates of North Africa
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1471:"BBC - History - British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
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The Tripolitan war, 1801-1805; America meets the menace of the Barbary pirates
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725:, the pirates attacked American ships. On December 20, 1777, Morocco's sultan
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664:. The corsairs predation covered the Mediterranean, and extended south along
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2310:الموجز في تاريخ الجزائر - الجزء الثاني (Brief history of Algeria - Part Two)
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Captives and Countrymen: Barbary Slavery and the American Public, 1785–1816
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Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present
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The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge, United States Navy
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carrying tribute to the Ottoman sultan in 1800. As Lieutenant and consul
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678:, raids on European coastal towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France,
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The wars in Barbary; Arab piracy and the birth of the United States Navy
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The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776-1815
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between America and Britain in 1812, the regent on the British throne,
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The American Spirit: The Story of Commodore William Phillip Bainbridge
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Life of Stephen Decatur: a commodore in the Navy of the United States
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Houghton Mifflin & Co., Boston, New York & Chicago. pp.
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1942:(principally collected from his correspondence and other manuscripts)
1884:
American Travelers on the Nile: Early US Visitors to Egypt, 1774-1839
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to hoist an Ottoman Algerian flag over his warship before sailing to
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Sacred Interests: The United States and the Islamic World, 1821–1921
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ESQ: A Journal of Nineteenth-Century American Literature and Culture
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The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power.
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919:, and his subjects: a scan of the original document handwritten in
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Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León
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2289:. Naval Institute Press, 2004, Annapolis, Maryland. p. 245.
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Marines and soldiers and allied sailors from the armed forces of
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To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines
2706:
1746:
1744:
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Thomas Barclay 1728–1793: Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary
1452:
A 44-gun Algerian corsair appeared at Río de la Plata in 1720.
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1959:(from The Oxford Companion to American Military History). 2000
1083:
Painting depicting the bombardment of Tripoli on 3 August 1804
1005:, during the boarding of a Tripolitan gunboat on 3 August 1804
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Piracy and Maritime Crime: Historical and Modern Case Studies
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The Papers of George Washington: September 1791-February 1792
3989:
789:
Brigantine Polly of Newburyport Captured by Algerine Pirates
1397:
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/barbary-wars
668:'s Atlantic, even to the eastern coast of Brazil, into the
579:
since 1800 and was joined by the newly independent US. The
575:
in the early 19th century. Sweden had been at war with the
2115:"Treaty of Peace, Signed Algiers June 30 and July 3, 1815"
5179:
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
2702:
1333:
Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror 1801–1805
2073:
Elsea, Jennifer K.; Weed, Matthew C. (April 18, 2014).
1003:
Stephen Decatur's Conflict with the Algerine at Tripoli
19:
For the articles examining each war individually, see
5149:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
1688:
Emperor of Liberty: Thomas Jefferson's Foreign Policy
964:" to Algiers; Dey Mustapha Pasha forced US commodore
2562:
The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820
1863:
Horrors of Slavery, Or, the American Tars in Tripoli
1359:"Presidential War Powers: The Constitutional Answer"
613:
became president of the US in March 1801, he sent a
583:
extended from 10 May 1801 to 10 June 1805, with the
5039:
4998:
4991:
4939:
4904:
4821:
4719:
4521:
4508:
4436:
4367:
3984:
3882:
3790:
3154:
3147:
3073:
3037:
2994:
2947:
2940:
2785:
2740:
2489:
Lords of the sea: a history of the Barbary corsairs
1501:
Captives: Britain, Empire, and the World, 1600–1850
846:A proposal was made to put up a coalition of naval
621:from the Barbary states and ending the first war.
74:
May 10, 1801 – June 10, 1805 & June 17–19, 1815
2255:
1887:. American University in Cairo Press. p. 50.
718:written by Barbary pirates' prisoners and slaves.
2637:(University of North Carolina Press, 2015) 457pp
2583:Borders and conflicts in the Mediterranean Basin
2346:Barbary Pirate: The Life and Crimes of John Ward
2313:(in Arabic). الجزائر: ديوان المطبوعات الجامعية.
1645:(Simon & Schuster Paperbacks), 2001, p. 352.
2197::Carey Lea & Blanchard, New York. pp.
1979:"War with the Barbary Pirates (Tripolitan War)"
1254:, were built to answer the call for security.
1220:Original six frigates of the United States Navy
1035:. Other notable officers in the fleet included
827:
36:
2101:
2055:
1750:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1512:Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts,
1487:
701:The Barbary states were nominally part of the
2718:
2613:( Riverhead, 2010), about the earlier period.
2571:(Johns Hopkins University Press. 2009). 256pp
2456:Barbary General: the life of William H. Eaton
1769:. University Press of Virginia. p. 403.
1516:, Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223.
496:
419:
8:
4763:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
2513:American Light and Medium Frigates 1794–1836
2357:Australian Journal of Politics & History
2287:Stephen Decatur: a life most bold and daring
838:Map of Algiers during the Barbary wars, by
4995:
4518:
3151:
2944:
2725:
2711:
2703:
2595:22.2 (2010): 347–359 on converts to Islam.
1866:. Rutgers University Press. pp. xvi.
503:
489:
481:
426:
412:
404:
33:
4394:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
2532:Murphy, Martin N. "The Barbary Pirates."
5021:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
2697:The Barbary Wars at the Clements Library
2686:(The University of Chicago Press, 1999).
2214:. Oxford University Press. p. 240.
2068:
2066:
2064:
1792:"Jefferson, American Minister in France"
1735:
1711:
755:1800 United States presidential election
547:were a series of two wars fought by the
16:Wars in coastal North Africa, 1801, 1815
1933:The life of the late Gen. William Eaton
1304:
761:won against incumbent second President
2667:Wright, Louis B. and Julia H Macleod.
2051:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2002:
1936:. E. Merriam & Co. 1813. pp.
1808:
1723:
1653:
1651:
1503:, New York: Anchor Books Edition, 2000
1284:Ottoman Empire–United States relations
731:Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship
4180:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
2243:Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell (1846).
1691:. Yale University Press. p. 69.
923:, signed September 5, 1795 in Algiers
903:United States pays tribute to Algiers
7:
4922:International Talk Like a Pirate Day
2258:The United States Marines: A History
1330:Joseph Wheelan (21 September 2004).
1313:"Start Here! About the Barbary Wars"
1233:this ongoing advent three frigates,
598:The wars were largely a reaction to
2551:Fairmount Folio: Journal of History
1108:of Sicily, led by Stephen Decatur.
5144:History of international relations
2522:. (John Wiley & Sons, 2005).
2262:. Naval Institute Press. pp.
2249:. C. C. Little and J. Brown, 1846.
883:. But the project failed when the
815:, who was en route from France to
774:United States Mediterranean policy
27:. For an earlier Barbary war, see
14:
4812:Silver: Return to Treasure Island
2161:Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs
1269:American-Algerian War (1785-1795)
928:between the two parties, and the
780:Algerian–American War (1785–1795)
5184:Anti-slavery military operations
5174:Wars involving the United States
5108:
5107:
5095:
4948:A General History of the Pyrates
4770:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
4291:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
2348:(The History Press, 2010) about
2178:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006).
1658:Nowlan, Robert A. (2014-01-10).
1551:"Cohen Renews U.S.-Morocco Ties"
1336:. PublicAffairs. pp. 128–.
1058:'s squadron which also included
1054:which was attached to Commodore
379:
367:
355:
346:
338:
330:
320:
303:
291:
278:
265:
253:
241:
229:
217:
205:
193:
167:
155:
144:
128:
113:
101:
42:
2659:American Studies in Scandinavia
2413:Review of International Studies
2181:The Wars of the Barbary Pirates
1902:Williams, Thomas (2010-10-18).
1460:, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 185
1289:Tunisia–United States relations
1279:Morocco–United States relations
1264:Algeria–United States relations
4306:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
4301:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
4054:Anti-piracy in the West Indies
2515:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
2082:Congressional Research Service
2026:
1790:Parton, James (October 1872).
1294:Turkey–United States relations
1:
4162:Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
2370:New York: Basic Books, 2002.
1881:Oliver, Andrew (2015-01-01).
1827:Journal of the Early Republic
1685:Cogliano, Francis D. (2014).
1274:Libya–United States relations
994:First Barbary War (1801–1805)
850:from nations at war with the
4735:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
3985:Pirate battles and incidents
2628:International History Review
2480:(Library of Congress, 2011)
2210:Leiner, Frederic C. (2007).
2158:Allen, Gardner Weld (1905).
1798:. Vol. 30. p. 413.
1193:and the death of the famous
1181:During the reign of the Dey
888:years later, it passed the "
682:, and Portugal, but also in
600:piracy by the Barbary states
5169:Piracy in the Mediterranean
4134:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
3617:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
2671:(Princeton UP, 1945), 227pp
2189:Harris, Gardner W. (1837).
2014:
1908:. AuthorHouse. p. 91.
1763:Washington, George (2000).
5200:
5159:1800s in the United States
5011:Pirate films and TV series
4451:African Slave Trade Patrol
4019:Action of 11 November 2008
2808:Barbary pirates (corsairs)
2647:. Bluejacket Books, 1991.
2576:European Review of History
2254:Simmons, Edwin H. (2003).
1664:. McFarland. p. 141.
1558:U.S. Department of Defense
1408:Spencer C. Tucker (2014).
1217:
1189:, which culminated in the
1133:Commodore Decatur and the
1122:
1039:, assigned to the frigate
1008:
777:
723:American Revolutionary War
18:
5164:1815 in the United States
5089:
4500:Trans-Saharan slave trade
4099:Battle off Minicoy Island
4074:Battle of Cape Fear River
4044:Anti-piracy in the Aegean
4014:Action of 28 October 2007
4009:Action of 9 November 1822
2593:American Literary History
2424:Early American Literature
1137:of Algiers Haji Ali Pasha
976:informed newly appointed
895:During the presidency of
522:
445:
183:
94:
66:
41:
4495:Indian Ocean slave trade
4384:International piracy law
4321:Pirate attacks in Borneo
4193:Capture of the schooner
4185:Capture of the schooner
4119:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
3845:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2508:. (Hill and Wang, 2005).
2285:Tucker, Spencer (2004).
1531:U.S. Department of State
1414:. ABC-CLIO. p. 33.
56:Battle of Tripoli Harbor
4954:Captain Charles Johnson
4378:1717–1718 Acts of Grace
4089:Battle of Mandab Strait
4069:Battle of Boca Teacapan
4064:Balanguingui Expedition
4029:Action of 23 March 2010
2534:Mediterranean Quarterly
2491:(Reaktion Books, 2013).
2478:Thomas Jefferson Papers
1821:Farber, Hannah (2014).
1214:Effect in United States
1149:, sent a letter to Dey
450:Action of 1 August 1801
5154:19th century in Africa
5139:19th-century conflicts
4311:Operation Ocean Shield
4139:Battle of Tonkin River
4084:Battle of Doro Passage
4039:Action of 5 April 2010
4034:Action of 1 April 2010
4024:Action of 9 April 2009
4004:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
3994:
3830:Jose Campuzano-Polanco
3815:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
2962:British Virgin Islands
2497:Kitzen, Michael L. S.
2400:Chidsey, Donald Barr.
1454:Cesáreo Fernández Duro
1226:Democratic-Republicans
1178:
1170:for the same purpose.
1138:
1084:
1006:
924:
911:Hassan Pasha]] Dey of
843:
832:
792:
660:, in reference to the
460:Action of 22 June 1803
184:Commanders and leaders
4927:Pirates versus Ninjas
4354:Slave raid of Suðuroy
4316:Persian Gulf Campaign
4201:Capture of the sloop
4129:Battle of the Leotung
4114:Battle of New Orleans
3993:
3855:Richard Avery Hornsby
3607:Piet Pieterszoon Hein
3567:Moses Cohen Henriques
3537:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
3282:Christina Anna Skytte
2820:Brethren of the Coast
2803:Baltic Slavic pirates
2750:Ancient Mediterranean
2630:40.4 (2018): 939–960.
2437:65.3 (2019): 512-550
2426:50.2 (2015): 331-358
2415:42.5 (2016): 840-857
2359:62.2 (2016): 171-185
2307:بوعزيز, يحيى (2007).
1860:Ray, William (2008).
1839:10.1353/jer.2014.0028
1176:
1132:
1082:
1001:
932:pledged to work with
910:
837:
787:
4849:skull and crossbones
4805:Mistress of the Seas
4487:Capture of the brig
4464:Atlantic slave trade
4225:Falklands Expedition
4079:Battle of Cape Lopez
3999:1582 Cagayan battles
3926:Queen Anne's Revenge
3477:José Joaquim Almeida
3462:John Newland Maffitt
3382:Hayreddin Barbarossa
3222:Bartolomeu Português
3212:Artemisia I of Caria
3207:Alexandre Exquemelin
3045:Baltic Slavic piracy
2798:Anglo-Turkish piracy
2609:Tinniswood, Adrian.
2567:Peskin, Lawrence A.
2536:24.4 (2013): 19–42.
1363:Libertyclassroom.com
1191:Battle off Cape Gata
716:captivity narratives
670:North Atlantic Ocean
4866:No purchase, no pay
4834:Davy Jones's locker
4777:The Angel's Command
4621:Guybrush Threepwood
4469:Barbary slave trade
4446:African slave trade
4243:Jiajing wokou raids
4144:Battle of Ty-ho Bay
3367:François l'Olonnais
3227:Bartholomew Roberts
3115:Republic of Pirates
2633:Walther, Karine V.
2600:Penn History Review
2578:19.1 (2012): 15-31.
2553:13 (2011) pp 21–34.
2119:avalon.law.yale.edu
2102:Fremont-Barnes 2006
2056:Fremont-Barnes 2006
1751:Fremont-Barnes 2006
1625:Fremont-Barnes 2006
1613:Fremont-Barnes 2006
1601:Fremont-Barnes 2006
1589:Fremont-Barnes 2006
1577:Fremont-Barnes 2006
1488:Fremont-Barnes 2006
1440:avalon.law.yale.edu
285:Stephen Decatur Jr.
5026:Timeline of piracy
4983:Piracy kidnappings
4636:Jacquotte Delahaye
4591:Charlotte de Berry
4581:Captain Sabertooth
4474:Blockade of Africa
4429:Piracy Law of 1820
4359:Turkish Abductions
4296:Operation Atalanta
4230:Great Lakes Patrol
4109:Battle of Nam Quan
4059:Attack on Veracruz
3995:
3577:Nicholas van Hoorn
3562:Michel de Grammont
3427:Jacquotte Delahaye
3412:Hippolyte Bouchard
3332:Elise Eskilsdotter
3272:Charlotte de Berry
3237:Benjamin Hornigold
2682:Baepler, Paul ed.
2661:43.2 (2011): 5-30
2643:Whipple, A. B. C.
2620:(2010): 157–172.
2518:London, Joshua E.
2501:(McFarland, 1993).
2487:Jamieson, Alan G.
2454:Edwards, Samuel.
2236:2012-10-19 at the
1201:. A letter to the
1179:
1139:
1125:Second Barbary War
1119:Second Barbary war
1101:William Bainbridge
1085:
1048:William Bainbridge
1007:
978:Secretary of State
966:William Bainbridge
925:
844:
793:
751:United States Navy
749:and establish the
747:six heavy frigates
585:Second Barbary War
551:, Sweden, and the
514:Second Barbary War
465:2nd Tripoli Harbor
455:1st Tripoli Harbor
362:Slimane of Morocco
25:Second Barbary War
5121:
5120:
5102:Piracy portal
5085:
5084:
5062:Fictional pirates
4961:Truce of Ratisbon
4935:
4934:
4896:Walking the plank
4756:On Stranger Tides
4696:Tony Tony Chopper
4586:Captain Stingaree
4523:Fictional pirates
4339:Sack of Baltimore
4334:Raid on Cartagena
4276:Moscow University
4155:Beluga Nomination
4124:Battle of Pianosa
4049:Antelope incident
3940:Marquis of Havana
3878:
3877:
3587:Olivier Levasseur
3527:Louis-Michel Aury
3492:Klaus Störtebeker
3442:Jeanne de Clisson
3362:François Le Clerc
3197:Anne Dieu-le-Veut
3143:
3142:
3060:South China Coast
3024:Strait of Malacca
2564:(E.J.Brill, 2002)
2560:Panzac, Thomas.
2542:Oren, Michael B.
2467:Crescast Scientia
2462:, popular history
2444:Davis, Robert C.
2408:, popular history
2352:in earlier times.
2337:Allison, Robert.
2320:978-9961-0-1045-7
2230:
2221:978-0-19-532540-9
2184:. London: Osprey.
1983:veteranmuseum.org
1915:978-1-4520-7267-8
1894:978-1-61797-632-2
1873:978-0-8135-4413-7
1776:978-0-8139-1922-5
1698:978-0-300-17993-4
1671:978-1-4766-0118-2
1603:, pp. 36–37.
1579:, pp. 32–33.
1421:978-1-59884-157-2
1343:978-0-7867-4020-8
1018:Northwest African
1011:First Barbary War
960:George Washington
897:George Washington
890:Naval Act of 1794
813:Benjamin Franklin
698:in North Africa.
604:Mediterranean Sea
581:First Barbary War
571:) and Morocco of
553:Kingdom of Sicily
540:
539:
478:
477:
437:First Barbary War
402:
401:
335:Rais Mahomet Rous
310:Rudolf Cederström
178:
139:
124:
90:
89:
60:First Barbary War
29:Dutch–Barbary war
21:First Barbary War
5191:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5099:
5098:
4996:
4798:Pirate Latitudes
4791:Long John Silver
4784:Voyage of Slaves
4651:Long John Silver
4546:Captain Birdseye
4519:
4389:Letter of marque
4349:Salvador Pirates
4344:Sack of Campeche
4167:Chepo Expedition
4149:Battle of Tysami
4104:Battle off Mukah
4094:Battle of Manila
3933:Quedagh Merchant
3891:Adventure Galley
3737:Victual Brothers
3722:Thomas Cavendish
3687:Sayyida al Hurra
3672:Samuel Hall Lord
3652:Roche Braziliano
3637:Robert Culliford
3572:Nathaniel Gordon
3542:Martin Frobisher
3502:Laurens de Graaf
3472:Jørgen Jørgensen
3407:Henry Strangways
3387:Hendrick Lucifer
3337:Eustace the Monk
3202:António de Faria
3152:
3120:Republic of Salé
3090:Île Sainte-Marie
2945:
2922:Victual Brothers
2830:Cilician pirates
2727:
2720:
2713:
2704:
2506:The Barbary Wars
2504:Lambert, Frank.
2324:
2300:
2277:
2261:
2250:
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1957:Encyclopedia.com
1953:"Tripolitan War"
1949:
1943:
1941:
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1922:
1919:
1898:
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1796:Atlantic Monthly
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1093:Tripoli's harbor
823:Thomas Jefferson
759:Thomas Jefferson
742:Continental Navy
646:Barbary corsairs
611:Thomas Jefferson
517:
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5047:Barbary pirates
5035:
5031:Women in piracy
4987:
4931:
4900:
4829:Buried treasure
4817:
4749:Facing the Flag
4742:Treasure Island
4715:
4661:Vaas Montenegro
4656:Monkey D. Luffy
4626:Hector Barbossa
4611:Elizabeth Swann
4576:Captain Pugwash
4513:
4511:
4504:
4481:Veloz Passagera
4479:Capture of the
4432:
4363:
4172:Capture of the
3980:
3912:Flying Dutchman
3874:
3840:Miguel Enríquez
3792:
3786:
3752:William Dampier
3707:Simon Mascarino
3702:Shirahama Kenki
3682:Samuel Pallache
3647:Roberto Cofresí
3557:Mary Wolverston
3532:Mansel Alcantra
3507:Lawrence Prince
3187:Albert W. Hicks
3139:
3077:
3069:
3033:
2990:
2936:
2932:Women in piracy
2897:Sindhi corsairs
2850:French corsairs
2840:Cossack pirates
2793:Albanian piracy
2786:Types of pirate
2781:
2736:
2731:
2693:
2679:
2677:Primary sources
2674:
2469:(2016): 37–54.
2390:Castor, Henry.
2333:
2331:Further reading
2321:
2306:
2302:Book (par view)
2297:
2284:
2280:Book (par view)
2274:
2253:
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2238:Wayback Machine
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1260:
1222:
1216:
1187:Stephen Decatur
1161:ended in 1815.
1159:Napoleonic Wars
1127:
1121:
1091:was blockading
1037:Stephen Decatur
1013:
996:
905:
782:
776:
771:
711:
642:
541:
536:
518:
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479:
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326:Yusuf Karamanli
314:
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298:Gustav IV Adolf
290:
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129:
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86:
54:burning at the
47:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5197:
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5105:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5072:Piracy by year
5069:
5064:
5059:
5057:Female pirates
5054:
5052:By nationality
5049:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5034:
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5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
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4249:Maersk Alabama
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3860:Robert Maynard
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3742:Vincenzo Gambi
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3667:Samuel Bellamy
3664:
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3642:Robert Surcouf
3639:
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3632:Richard Glover
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3602:Pierre Lafitte
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3377:Grace O'Malley
3374:
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3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Edward England
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:Cheung Po Tsai
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Benito de Soto
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Abraham Samuel
3174:
3172:Adam Baldridge
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
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3125:Saint Augustin
3122:
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3009:
3002:Horn of Africa
2998:
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2991:
2989:
2988:
2986:Gulf of Guinea
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
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2974:
2972:Lake Nicaragua
2964:
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2951:
2949:Atlantic World
2942:
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2904:
2899:
2894:
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2878:
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2862:
2857:
2855:Jewish pirates
2852:
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2691:External links
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2511:Lardas, Mark.
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1833:(2): 187–217.
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1151:Haji Ali Pasha
1123:Main article:
1120:
1117:
1106:King Ferdinand
1050:in command of
1009:Main article:
995:
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970:Constantinople
946:silver coinage
904:
901:
852:Barbary states
778:Main article:
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4940:Miscellaneous
4938:
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4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:Miscellaneous
4903:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:Pirate utopia
4884:
4882:
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4709:
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4609:
4607:
4606:Elaine Marley
4604:
4602:
4601:Edward Kenway
4599:
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4582:
4579:
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4561:Captain Flint
4559:
4557:
4556:Captain Crook
4554:
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4551:Captain Blood
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4379:
4375:
4374:Acts of grace
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4267:Orkim Harmony
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4210:Carré d'As IV
4207:
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4174:Ambrose Light
4170:
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3954:Royal Fortune
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3898:Ambrose Light
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3871:
3870:Woodes Rogers
3868:
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3865:Thomas Warren
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3825:Julius Caesar
3823:
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3808:
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3805:Chaloner Ogle
3803:
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3777:Zheng Zhilong
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3662:Sadie Farrell
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3612:Princess Sela
3610:
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3592:Pedro Gilbert
3590:
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3512:Liang Daoming
3510:
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3148:Major figures
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3085:Barataria Bay
3083:
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3076:
3075:Pirate havens
3072:
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3056:
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3050:Barbary Coast
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2902:Timber pirate
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2653:1-55750-966-2
2650:
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2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2005:pp.63–64, 251
2004:
1999:
1996:
1984:
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1971:
1958:
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1759:
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1753:, p. 35.
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Cogliano 2014
1732:
1729:
1725:
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1713:
1712:Cogliano 2014
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1614:
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1597:
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1591:, p. 33.
1590:
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1496:
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1490:, p. 20.
1489:
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1475:www.bbc.co.uk
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1251:Constellation
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1237:United States
1231:
1227:
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1211:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1163:James Madison
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:war broke out
1136:
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989:
984:
982:
981:John Marshall
979:
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974:William Eaton
971:
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658:Barbary Coast
655:
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639:
637:
635:
631:
630:James Madison
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
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594:
591:, and in the
590:
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582:
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549:United States
546:
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275:
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268:
263:
261:
260:Edward Preble
256:
251:
249:
248:William Eaton
244:
239:
237:
232:
227:
225:
220:
215:
213:
212:James Madison
208:
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196:
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175:
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158:
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142:
136:
121:
110:
109:United States
99:
98:
93:
85:
84:Barbary Coast
81:
78:
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73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
45:
40:
35:
30:
26:
22:
5134:Barbary Wars
5093:
4966:Pirate Round
4946:
4917:Space pirate
4891:Treasure map
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4681:Roronoa Zoro
4631:Jack Sparrow
4571:Captain Nemo
4566:Captain Hook
4488:
4480:
4456:
4326:
4283:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4235:
4218:Dai Hong Dan
4217:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4173:
4154:
3973:
3968:Whydah Gally
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3919:Ganj-i-Sawai
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3883:Pirate ships
3835:Luis Fajardo
3820:James Brooke
3810:David Porter
3782:Zheng Yi Sao
3757:William Kidd
3712:Stede Bonnet
3697:Shap-ng-tsai
3677:Samuel Mason
3597:Peter Easton
3547:Mary Lindsey
3497:Lai Choi San
3487:Joseph Barss
3482:Joseph Baker
3452:John Hawkins
3447:Johanna Hård
3437:Jean Lafitte
3432:Jan Janszoon
3422:Israel Hands
3402:Henry Morgan
3392:Henri Caesar
3307:Dirk Chivers
3242:Black Caesar
3167:Abshir Boyah
3038:Other waters
3019:Persian Gulf
3007:Somali Coast
2995:Indian Ocean
2967:Spanish Main
2882:River pirate
2860:Moro pirates
2835:Child pirate
2760:21st century
2683:
2668:
2658:
2644:
2634:
2627:
2617:
2610:
2602:21.1 (2014)
2599:
2592:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2550:
2543:
2533:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2488:
2477:
2466:
2455:
2445:
2434:
2423:
2412:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2367:
2356:
2345:
2338:
2309:
2286:
2257:
2245:
2211:
2191:
2180:
2160:
2152:Bibliography
2143:Simons, 2003
2138:
2129:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
2104:, p. 77
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:
2058:, p. 76
2041:, p. 61
2034:
2022:
2015:Tucker, 1937
2010:
2003:Harris, 1837
1998:
1988:February 11,
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1963:February 11,
1961:. Retrieved
1947:
1932:
1926:
1904:
1883:
1862:
1855:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1811:, p. 60
1804:
1795:
1785:
1765:
1758:
1738:, p. 74
1731:
1726:, p. 59
1719:
1714:, p. 68
1707:
1687:
1680:
1660:
1640:
1632:
1627:, p. 7.
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1392:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:
1357:Woods, Tom.
1352:
1332:
1325:
1317:daddezio.com
1316:
1307:
1250:
1244:Constitution
1243:
1236:
1223:
1207:
1202:
1199:Raïs Hamidou
1180:
1140:
1134:
1112:
1110:
1089:Philadelphia
1088:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1061:Philadelphia
1060:
1056:Richard Dale
1051:
1042:
1033:Richard Dale
1014:
1002:
985:
959:
949:
945:
941:
929:
926:
894:
845:
828:
821:
817:Philadelphia
808:
804:
794:
788:
738:British navy
735:
727:Mohammed III
720:
712:
700:
696:slave market
673:
643:
623:
619:safe conduct
608:
597:
573:North Africa
555:against the
545:Barbary Wars
544:
542:
391:
386:Raïs Hamidou
224:Richard Dale
161:Tripolitania
95:Belligerents
51:Philadelphia
50:
37:Barbary Wars
4881:Pirate code
4856:Keelhauling
4844:Jolly Roger
4706:Will Turner
4641:José Gaspar
4541:Barbe Rouge
4438:Slave trade
3692:Sister Ping
3622:Rachel Wall
3417:Huang Bamei
3397:Henry Every
3352:Fūma Kotarō
3347:Flying Gang
3262:Calico Jack
3252:Bully Hayes
3055:Falcon Lake
3029:Nosy Boraha
2887:Sea Beggars
2875:Confederate
2845:Filibusters
2366:Boot, Max.
2344:Bak, Greg.
2124:February 4,
2039:بوعزيز 2007
1809:بوعزيز 2007
1724:بوعزيز 2007
885:US Congress
840:Samuel Dunn
721:During the
692:Netherlands
666:West Africa
626:War of 1812
624:During the
577:Tripolitans
559:(including
177:(1802–1804)
138:(1801–1805)
123:(1800–1802)
58:during the
5128:Categories
5040:Categories
5016:Privateers
4978:Matelotage
4912:Air pirate
4876:Pet parrot
4728:The Pirate
4676:Nico Robin
4596:Davy Jones
4536:Tom Ayrton
4510:Pirates in
4399:Piracy Act
4368:Piracy law
4284:North Star
3947:My Revenge
3800:Angelo Emo
3762:Zheng Jing
3727:Thomas Tew
3522:Lo Hon-cho
3342:Flora Burn
3322:Edward Low
3292:Dan Seavey
3287:Chui A-poo
3247:Blackbeard
3192:Anne Bonny
3130:Saint-Malo
3110:Port Royal
3095:Libertatia
2907:Ushkuyniks
2870:Privateers
2865:Narentines
2825:Buccaneers
2755:Golden Age
2029:pp.331–335
1642:John Adams
1563:2009-03-12
1536:2007-12-17
1300:References
1230:Federalist
1218:See also:
1183:Omar Pasha
1168:privateers
1155:neutrality
1099:, Captain
1073:Enterprise
988:John Adams
807:, and the
763:John Adams
654:privateers
640:Background
593:Arab World
532:Cape Palos
343:Hassan Bey
4861:Marooning
4489:Brillante
4278:hijacking
4269:hijacking
4260:hijacking
4251:hijacking
3552:Mary Read
3457:John Hoar
3327:Eli Boggs
3297:Diabolito
3078:and bases
3014:Indonesia
2979:Venezuela
2957:Caribbean
2350:Jack Ward
2131:whatever.
1847:154186346
1249:USS
1242:USS
1235:USS
1147:George IV
1141:When the
1087:The ship
1067:President
1041:USS
1025:Sultanate
615:U.S. Navy
589:New World
527:Cape Gata
374:Omar Agha
5113:Category
4839:Eyepatch
4711:Zanzibar
4686:Sandokan
4666:Mr. Smee
4531:Askeladd
4459:Incident
4329:incident
4238:incident
4220:incident
4212:incident
4157:incident
3772:Zheng Yi
3767:Zheng Qi
3747:Wang Zhi
3627:Redbeard
3517:Limahong
3467:John Pro
3372:Gan Ning
3257:Cai Qian
3065:Sulu Sea
2892:Sea Dogs
2585:(2016).
2234:Archived
2229:par view
2087:17 March
1258:See also
1197:captain
1097:gunboats
861:Portugal
856:blockade
848:warships
802:schooner
688:Scotland
79:Location
5077:Pirates
5006:Pirates
4514:culture
4512:popular
4457:Amistad
4258:Zafirah
3961:Saladin
3793:hunters
3582:Ng Akew
3182:Alfhild
3155:Pirates
3135:Tortuga
2917:Vikings
2813:Algiers
2742:Periods
2458:(1968)
2448:(2004)
2404:(1971)
2394:(1971)
2382:History
2145:, p. 20
1195:corsair
1029:Morocco
954:frigate
938:Tripoli
934:Tunisia
921:Osmanli
913:Algiers
877:Denmark
809:Dauphin
769:History
709:Attacks
684:England
675:razzias
662:Berbers
650:pirates
634:tribute
569:Tripoli
565:Algiers
392:†
174:Morocco
151:Algiers
62:in 1804
5067:Piracy
4973:Mutiny
4871:Pegleg
4822:Tropes
4720:Novels
4616:Franky
4286:affair
3850:Pompey
3791:Pirate
3732:Veborg
3217:Awilda
3105:Mamora
2912:Uskoks
2734:Piracy
2663:online
2651:
2622:online
2604:online
2587:online
2555:online
2546:(2007)
2538:online
2526:
2482:online
2471:online
2460:online
2450:online
2439:online
2428:online
2417:online
2406:online
2396:online
2386:online
2374:
2361:online
2341:(2000)
2317:
2293:
2270:
2227:Book (
2218:
2205:E'book
2173:E'book
1912:
1891:
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